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Al-Hassany L, Boucherie DM, Creeney H, van Drie RWA, Farham F, Favaretto S, Gollion C, Grangeon L, Lyons H, Marschollek K, Onan D, Pensato U, Stanyer E, Waliszewska-Prosół M, Wiels W, Chen HZ, Amin FM. Future targets for migraine treatment beyond CGRP. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:76. [PMID: 37370051 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a disabling and chronic neurovascular headache disorder. Trigeminal vascular activation and release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine. This knowledge has led to the development of CGRP(-receptor) therapies. Yet, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to these treatments. Therefore, alternative targets for future therapies are warranted. The current narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of these possible non-CGRP targets in migraine. FINDINGS We covered targets of the metabotropic receptors (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), amylin, and adrenomedullin), intracellular targets (nitric oxide (NO), phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE3) and -5 (PDE5)), and ion channels (potassium, calcium, transient receptor potential (TRP), and acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC)). The majority of non-CGRP targets were able to induce migraine-like attacks, except for (i) calcium channels, as it is not yet possible to directly target channels to elucidate their precise involvement in migraine; (ii) TRP channels, activation of which can induce non-migraine headache; and (iii) ASICs, as their potential in inducing migraine attacks has not been investigated thus far. Drugs that target its receptors exist for PACAP, NO, and the potassium, TRP, and ASIC channels. No selective drugs exist for the other targets, however, some existing (migraine) treatments appear to indirectly antagonize responses to amylin, adrenomedullin, and calcium channels. Drugs against PACAP, NO, potassium channels, TRP channels, and only a PAC1 antibody have been tested for migraine treatment, albeit with ambiguous results. CONCLUSION While current research on these non-CGRP drug targets has not yet led to the development of efficacious therapies, human provocation studies using these targets have provided valuable insight into underlying mechanisms of migraine headaches and auras. Further studies are needed on these alternative therapies in non-responders of CGRP(-receptor) targeted therapies with the ultimate aim to pave the way towards a headache-free future for all migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Al-Hassany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deirdre M Boucherie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Creeney
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruben W A van Drie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fatemeh Farham
- Department of Headache, Iranian Centre of Neurological Researchers, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Silvia Favaretto
- Headache Center, Neurology Clinic, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cédric Gollion
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lou Grangeon
- Neurology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Hannah Lyons
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karol Marschollek
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dilara Onan
- Spine Health Unit, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Pensato
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emily Stanyer
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Wietse Wiels
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hui Zhou Chen
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Neurorehabilitation/Traumatic Brain Injury, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Garelja ML, Hay DL. A narrative review of the calcitonin peptide family and associated receptors as migraine targets: Calcitonin gene-related peptide and beyond. Headache 2022; 62:1093-1104. [PMID: 36226379 PMCID: PMC9613588 DOI: 10.1111/head.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the pharmacology of the calcitonin peptide family of receptors and explore their relationship to migraine and current migraine therapies. BACKGROUND Therapeutics that dampen calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling are now in clinical use to prevent or treat migraine. However, CGRP belongs to a broader peptide family, including the peptides amylin and adrenomedullin. Receptors for this family are complex, displaying overlapping pharmacologic profiles. Despite the focus on CGRP and the CGRP receptor in migraine research, recent evidence implicates related peptides and receptors in migraine. METHODS This narrative review summarizes literature encompassing the current pharmacologic understanding of the calcitonin peptide family, and the evidence that links specific members of this family to migraine and migraine-like behaviors. RESULTS Recent work links amylin and adrenomedullin to migraine-like behavior in rodent models and migraine-like attacks in individuals with migraine. We collate novel information that suggests females may be more sensitive to amylin and CGRP in the context of migraine-like behaviors. We report that drugs designed to antagonize the canonical CGRP receptor also antagonize a second CGRP-responsive receptor and speculate as to whether this influences therapeutic efficacy. We also discuss the specificity of current drugs with regards to CGRP isoforms and how this may influence therapeutic profiles. Lastly, we emphasize that receptors related to, but distinct from, the canonical CGRP receptor may represent underappreciated and novel drug targets. CONCLUSION Multiple peptides within the calcitonin family have been linked to migraine. The current focus on CGRP and its canonical receptor may be obscuring pathways to further therapeutics. Drug discovery schemes that take a wider view of the receptor family may lead to the development of new anti-migraine drugs with favorable clinical profiles. We also propose that understanding these related peptides and receptors may improve our interpretation regarding the mechanism of action of current drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Garelja
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BiodiscoveryUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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3
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McCorkindale AN, Mundell HD, Guennewig B, Sutherland GT. Vascular Dysfunction Is Central to Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis in APOE e4 Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7106. [PMID: 35806110 PMCID: PMC9266739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and the leading risk factor, after age, is possession of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE4). Approximately 50% of AD patients carry one or two copies of APOE4 but the mechanisms by which it confers risk are still unknown. APOE4 carriers are reported to demonstrate changes in brain structure, cognition, and neuropathology, but findings have been inconsistent across studies. In the present study, we used multi-modal data to characterise the effects of APOE4 on the brain, to investigate whether AD pathology manifests differently in APOE4 carriers, and to determine if AD pathomechanisms are different between carriers and non-carriers. Brain structural differences in APOE4 carriers were characterised by applying machine learning to over 2000 brain MRI measurements from 33,384 non-demented UK biobank study participants. APOE4 carriers showed brain changes consistent with vascular dysfunction, such as reduced white matter integrity in posterior brain regions. The relationship between APOE4 and AD pathology was explored among the 1260 individuals from the Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP). APOE4 status had a greater effect on amyloid than tau load, particularly amyloid in the posterior cortical regions. APOE status was also highly correlated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Bulk tissue brain transcriptomic data from ROSMAP and a similar dataset from the Mount Sinai Brain Bank showed that differentially expressed genes between the dementia and non-dementia groups were enriched for vascular-related processes (e.g., "angiogenesis") in APOE4 carriers only. Immune-related transcripts were more strongly correlated with AD pathology in APOE4 carriers with some transcripts such as TREM2 and positively correlated with pathology severity in APOE4 carriers, but negatively in non-carriers. Overall, cumulative evidence from the largest neuroimaging, pathology, and transcriptomic studies available suggests that vascular dysfunction is key to the development of AD in APOE4 carriers. However, further studies are required to tease out non-APOE4-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. McCorkindale
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (A.N.M.); (H.D.M.)
| | - Hamish D. Mundell
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (A.N.M.); (H.D.M.)
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Boris Guennewig
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; (A.N.M.); (H.D.M.)
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Song Z, Chen B, Tsai CH, Wu D, Liu E, Hawkins IS, Phan A, Auman JT, Tao Y, Mei H. Differentiation Trajectory of Limbal Stem and Progenitor Cells under Normal Homeostasis and upon Corneal Wounding. Cells 2022; 11:cells11131983. [PMID: 35805068 PMCID: PMC9266118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11131983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cells (LSCs) reside discretely at limbus surrounded by niche cells and progenitor cells. The aim of this study is to identify the heterogeneous cell populations at limbus under normal homeostasis and upon wounding using single-cell RNA sequencing in a mouse model. Two putative LSC types were identified which showed a differentiation trajectory into limbal progenitor cell (LPC) types under normal homeostasis and during wound healing. They were designated as “putative active LSCs” and “putative quiescent LSCs”, respectively, because the former type actively divided upon wounding while the later type stayed at a quiescent status upon wounding. The “putative quiescent LSCs” might contribute to a barrier function due to their characteristic markers regulating vascular and epithelial barrier and growth. Different types of LPCs at different proliferative statuses were identified in unwounded and wounded corneas with distinctive markers. Four maturation markers (Aldh3, Slurp1, Tkt, and Krt12) were screened out for corneal epithelium, which showed an increased expression along the differentiation trajectory during corneal epithelial maturation. In conclusion, our study identified two different types of putative LSCs and several types of putative LPCs under normal homeostasis and upon wounding, which will facilitate the understanding of corneal epithelial regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Z.S.); (C.-H.T.); (E.L.); (I.S.H.)
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, 371 Tongzipo Road, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.C.); (D.W.)
| | - Chi-Hao Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Z.S.); (C.-H.T.); (E.L.); (I.S.H.)
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (B.C.); (D.W.)
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Research, Adams School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emily Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Z.S.); (C.-H.T.); (E.L.); (I.S.H.)
| | - Isha Sharday Hawkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Z.S.); (C.-H.T.); (E.L.); (I.S.H.)
| | - Andrew Phan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - James Todd Auman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.T.A.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yazhong Tao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (J.T.A.); (Y.T.)
| | - Hua Mei
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Z.S.); (C.-H.T.); (E.L.); (I.S.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lan G, Wang P, Chan RB, Liu Z, Yu Z, Liu X, Yang Y, Zhang J. Astrocytic VEGFA: An essential mediator in blood-brain-barrier disruption in Parkinson's disease. Glia 2021; 70:337-353. [PMID: 34713920 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is essential for normal brain functions, synaptic remodeling, and angiogenesis. BBB disruption is a common pathology during Parkinson's disease (PD), and has been hypothesized to contribute to the progression of PD. However, the molecular mechanism of BBB disruption in PD needs further investigation. Here, A53T PD mouse and a 3-cell type in vitro BBB model were used to study the roles of α-synuclein (α-syn) in BBB disruption with the key results confirmed in the brains of PD patients obtained at autopsy. The A53T PD mouse studies showed that the expression of tight junction-related proteins decreased, along with increased vascular permeability and accumulation of oligomeric α-syn in activated astrocytes in the brain. The in vitro BBB model studies demonstrated that treatment with oligomeric α-syn, but not monomeric or fibrillar α-syn, resulted in significant disruption of BBB integrity. This process involved the expression and release of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and nitric oxide (NO) from oligomeric α-syn treated astrocytes. Increased levels of VEGFA and iNOS were also observed in the brain of PD patients. Blocking the VEGFA signaling pathway in the in vitro BBB model effectively protected the barrier against the harmful effects of oligomeric α-syn. Finally, the protective effects on BBB integrity associated with inhibition of VEGFA signaling pathway was also confirmed in PD mice. Taken together, our study concluded that oligomeric α-syn is critically involved in PD-associated BBB disruption, in a process that is mediated by astrocyte-derived VEGFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Lan
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zongran Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Yu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University First Affiliated Hospital and School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Sigaud R, Dussault N, Berenguer-Daizé C, Vellutini C, Benyahia Z, Cayol M, Parat F, Mabrouk K, Vázquez R, Riveiro ME, Metellus P, Ouafik L. Role of the Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-2 in Mediating Adrenomedullin Proangiogenic Activity in Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:753244. [PMID: 34692535 PMCID: PMC8531523 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.753244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
VE-cadherin is an essential adhesion molecule in endothelial adherens junctions, and the integrity of these complexes is thought to be regulated by VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation. We have previously shown that adrenomedullin (AM) blockade correlates with elevated levels of phosphorylated VE-cadherin (pVE-cadherinY731) in endothelial cells, associated with impaired barrier function and a persistent increase in vascular endothelial cell permeability. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that the AM-mediated dephosphorylation of pVE-cadherinY731 takes place through activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, as judged by the rise of its active fraction phosphorylated at tyrosine 542 (pSHP-2Y542) in HUVECs and glioblastoma-derived-endothelial cells. Both pre-incubation of HUVECs with SHP-2 inhibitors NSC-87877 and SHP099 and SHP-2 silencing hindered AM-induced dephosphorylation of pVE-cadherinY731 in a dose dependent-manner, showing the role of SHP-2 in the regulation of endothelial cell contacts. Furthermore, SHP-2 inhibition impaired AM-induced HUVECs differentiation into cord-like structures in vitro and impeded AM-induced neovascularization in in vivo Matrigel plugs bioassays. Subcutaneously transplanted U87-glioma tumor xenograft mice treated with AM-receptors-blocking antibodies showed a decrease in pSHP-2Y542 associated with VE-cadherin in nascent tumor vasculature when compared to control IgG-treated xenografts. Our findings show that AM acts on VE-cadherin dynamics through pSHP-2Y542 to finally modulate cell-cell junctions in the angiogenesis process, thereby promoting a stable and functional tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Sigaud
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Nadège Dussault
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Berenguer-Daizé
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Vellutini
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Zohra Benyahia
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Mylène Cayol
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Parat
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
| | - Kamel Mabrouk
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (ICR), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7273 Chimie Radicalaire Organique et Polymères de Spécialité (CROPS), Marseille, France
| | - Ramiro Vázquez
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Center for Genomic Science of Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Genomic Science, European School of Molecular Medicine (IIT@SEMM), Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Maria E Riveiro
- Preclinical Department, Early Drug Development Group (E2DG), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Philippe Metellus
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.,Centre Hospitalier Clairval, Département de Neurochirurgie, Marseille, France
| | - L'Houcine Ouafik
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurophysiopathologie( INP), Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Centre Hospitalo Universitaire (CHU) Nord, Service d'OncoBiologie, Marseille, France
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7
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Ghanizada H, Al-Karagholi MAM, Arngrim N, Mørch-Rasmussen M, Walker CS, Hay DL, Ashina M. Effect of Adrenomedullin on Migraine-Like Attacks in Patients With Migraine: A Randomized Crossover Study. Neurology 2021; 96:e2488-e2499. [PMID: 33827963 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the IV infusion of adrenomedullin, a potent vasodilator belonging to calcitonin family of peptides, provokes attacks of migraine in patients. METHODS Twenty patients with migraine without aura participated in a placebo-controlled and double-blind clinical study. In a randomized crossover design, the patients received an IV infusion of human adrenomedullin (19.9 pmol/kg/min) or placebo (saline) administrated via an automated IV pump (20 minutes). The patients participated in 2 study days with a washout period of minimum of 7 days. The primary outcome of the study was predefined as a difference in migraine incidence (0-12 hours), and the secondary outcomes were the area under curve (AUC0-12 hours) for the headache intensity score and AUC0-90 minutes for mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), flushing, and heart rate (HR). RESULTS Eleven patients with migraine without aura (55%) fulfilled migraine attacks criteria after adrenomedullin infusion compared to only 3 patients who reported attack (15%) after placebo (p = 0.039). We found that patients reported in a period of 0 to 12 hours stronger headache intensity after adrenomedullin compared to placebo infusion (p = 0.035). AUC0-90 minutes value for HR and flushing (p < 0.05) was significant and for MAP (p = 0.502) remained unchanged. Common reported adverse events were facial flushing, heat sensation, and palpitation (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our data implicate adrenomedullin in migraine pathogenesis. This suggests that adrenomedullin or its receptors are novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of migraine. However, we cannot discount the possibility that adrenomedullin may be acting through the canonical calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04111484.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Ghanizada
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mohammad Al-Mahdi Al-Karagholi
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nanna Arngrim
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mette Mørch-Rasmussen
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Messoud Ashina
- From the Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology (H.G., M.A.-M.A.-K., N.A., M.M.-R., M.A.), Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Brain Research (C.S.W., D.L.H.), University of Auckland; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.L.H.), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Molecular Dambusters: What Is Behind Hyperpermeability in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:318-347. [PMID: 33725263 PMCID: PMC7962090 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a substantial body of evidence underlined the pivotal role of bradykinin in certain types of angioedema. The formation and breakdown of bradykinin has been studied thoroughly; however, numerous questions remained open regarding the triggering, course, and termination of angioedema attacks. Recently, it became clear that vascular endothelial cells have an integrative role in the regulation of vessel permeability. Apart from bradykinin, a great number of factors of different origin, structure, and mechanism of action are capable of modifying the integrity of vascular endothelium, and thus, may participate in the regulation of angioedema formation. Our aim in this review is to describe the most important permeability factors and the molecular mechanisms how they act on endothelial cells. Based on endothelial cell function, we also attempt to explain some of the challenging findings regarding bradykinin-mediated angioedema, where the function of bradykinin itself cannot account for the pathophysiology. By deciphering the complex scenario of vascular permeability regulation and edema formation, we may gain better scientific tools to be able to predict and treat not only bradykinin-mediated but other types of angioedema as well.
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Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Ferreira Francisco DM, Vos R, van het Hof B, Rijnsburger M, Schroten H, Ishikawa H, Beaino W, Bruggmann R, Kooij G, de Vries HE. Altered secretory and neuroprotective function of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:35. [PMID: 32192527 PMCID: PMC7083003 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a key regulator of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis through its secretory, immunological and barrier properties. Accumulating evidence suggests that the CP plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. To get a comprehensive view on the role of the CP in MS, we studied transcriptomic alterations of the human CP in progressive MS and non-neurological disease controls using RNA sequencing. We identified 17 genes with significantly higher expression in progressive MS patients relative to that in controls. Among them is the newly described long non-coding RNA HIF1A-AS3. Next to that, we uncovered disease-affected pathways related to hypoxia, secretion and neuroprotection, while only subtle immunological and no barrier alterations were observed. In an ex vivo CP explant model, a subset of the upregulated genes responded in a similar way to hypoxic conditions. Our results suggest a deregulation of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 pathway in progressive MS CP. Importantly, cerebrospinal fluid levels of the hypoxia-responsive secreted peptide PAI-1 were higher in MS patients with high disability relative to those with low disability. These findings provide for the first time a complete overview of the CP transcriptome in health and disease, and suggest that the CP environment becomes hypoxic in progressive MS patients, highlighting the altered secretory and neuroprotective properties of the CP under neuropathological conditions. Together, these findings provide novel insights to target the CP and promote the secretion of neuroprotective factors into the CNS of progressive MS patients.
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Ferrero H, Larrayoz IM, Gil-Bea FJ, Martínez A, Ramírez MJ. Adrenomedullin, a Novel Target for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8799-8814. [PMID: 29600350 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders whose common characteristic is the progressive degeneration of neuronal structure and function. Although much knowledge has been accumulated on the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases over the years, more efforts are needed to understand the processes that underlie these diseases and hence to propose new treatments. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide involved in vasodilation, hormone secretion, antimicrobial defense, cellular growth, and angiogenesis. In neurons, AM and related peptides are associated with some structural and functional cytoskeletal proteins that interfere with microtubule dynamics. Furthermore, AM may intervene in neuronal dysfunction through other mechanisms such as immune and inflammatory response, apoptosis, or calcium dyshomeostasis. Alterations in AM expression have been described in neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. This review addresses the current state of knowledge on AM and its possible implication in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ferrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, CIBERNED, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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11
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Hendrikse ER, Bower RL, Hay DL, Walker CS. Molecular studies of CGRP and the CGRP family of peptides in the central nervous system. Cephalalgia 2018; 39:403-419. [PMID: 29566540 DOI: 10.1177/0333102418765787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide is an important target for migraine and other painful neurovascular conditions. Understanding the normal biological functions of calcitonin gene-related peptide is critical to understand the mechanisms of calcitonin gene-related peptide-blocking therapies as well as engineering improvements to these medications. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is closely related to other peptides in the calcitonin gene-related peptide family of peptides, including amylin. Relatedness in peptide sequence and in receptor biology makes it difficult to tease apart the contributions that each peptide and receptor makes to physiological processes and to disorders. SUMMARY The focus of this review is the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide, related peptides and their receptors in the central nervous system. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is expressed throughout the nervous system, whereas amylin and adrenomedullin have only limited expression at discrete sites in the brain. The components of two receptors that respond to calcitonin gene-related peptide, the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (calcitonin receptor-like receptor with receptor activity-modifying protein 1) and the AMY1 receptor (calcitonin receptor with receptor activity-modifying protein 1), are expressed throughout the nervous system. Understanding expression of the peptides and their receptors lays the foundation for more deeply understanding their physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R Hendrikse
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebekah L Bower
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,2 Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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González-Mariscal L, Raya-Sandino A, González-González L, Hernández-Guzmán C. Relationship between G proteins coupled receptors and tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1414015. [PMID: 29420165 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1414015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are sites of cell-cell adhesion, constituted by a cytoplasmic plaque of molecules linked to integral proteins that form a network of strands around epithelial and endothelial cells at the uppermost portion of the lateral membrane. TJs maintain plasma membrane polarity and form channels and barriers that regulate the transit of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway. This structure that regulates traffic between the external milieu and the organism is affected in numerous pathological conditions and constitutes an important target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe how a wide array of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by diverse stimuli including light, ions, hormones, peptides, lipids, nucleotides and proteases, signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, arrestins and kinases to regulate TJs present in the blood-brain barrier, the blood-retinal barrier, renal tubular cells, keratinocytes, lung and colon, and the slit diaphragm of the glomerulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura González-González
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Christian Hernández-Guzmán
- a Department of Physiology , Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) , Mexico City , Mexico
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Modarres HP, Janmaleki M, Novin M, Saliba J, El-Hajj F, RezayatiCharan M, Seyfoori A, Sadabadi H, Vandal M, Nguyen MD, Hasan A, Sanati-Nezhad A. In vitro models and systems for evaluating the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy and diseased brain. J Control Release 2018; 273:108-130. [PMID: 29378233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis and transport of drugs to the brain. The conventional animal and Transwell BBB models along with emerging microfluidic-based BBB-on-chip systems have provided fundamental functionalities of the BBB and facilitated the testing of drug delivery to the brain tissue. However, developing biomimetic and predictive BBB models capable of reasonably mimicking essential characteristics of the BBB functions is still a challenge. In addition, detailed analysis of the dynamics of drug delivery to the healthy or diseased brain requires not only biomimetic BBB tissue models but also new systems capable of monitoring the BBB microenvironment and dynamics of barrier function and delivery mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in microengineering of BBB models with different functional complexity and mimicking capability of healthy and diseased states. It also discusses new technologies that can make the next generation of biomimetic human BBBs containing integrated biosensors for real-time monitoring the tissue microenvironment and barrier function and correlating it with the dynamics of drug delivery. Such integrated system addresses important brain drug delivery questions related to the treatment of brain diseases. We further discuss how the combination of in vitro BBB systems, computational models and nanotechnology supports for characterization of the dynamics of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Pezeshgi Modarres
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mohsen Janmaleki
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Mana Novin
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - John Saliba
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Fatima El-Hajj
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mahdi RezayatiCharan
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Breast Cancer Research Center (BCRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran; School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadabadi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Milène Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract and Ginkgolide B against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and glucose injury in a new in vitro multicellular network model. Front Med 2017; 12:307-318. [PMID: 29058254 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS), as the third leading cause of death worldwide, is characterized by its high incidence, mortality rate, high incurred disability rate, and frequent reoccurrence. The neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against several cerebral diseases have been reported in previous studies, but the underlying mechanisms of action are still unclear. Using a novel in vitro rat cortical capillary endothelial cell-astrocyte-neuron network model, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of GBE and one of its important constituents, Ginkgolide B (GB), against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and glucose (OGD/R) injury. In this model, rat cortical capillary endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons were cocultured so that they could be synchronously observed in the same system. Pretreatment with GBE or GB increased the neuron cell viability, ameliorated cell injury, and inhibited the cell apoptotic rate through Bax and Bcl-2 expression regulation after OGD/R injury. Furthermore, GBE or GB pretreatment enhanced the transendothelial electrical resistance of capillary endothelial monolayers, reduced the endothelial permeability coefficients for sodium fluorescein (Na-F), and increased the expression levels of tight junction proteins, namely, ZO-1 and occludin, in endothelial cells. Results demonstrated the preventive effects of GBE on neuronal cell death and enhancement of the function of brain capillary endothelial monolayers after OGD/R injury in vitro; thus, GBE could be used as an effective neuroprotective agent for AIS/reperfusion, with GB as one of its significant constituents.
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Imai A, Toriyama Y, Iesato Y, Hirabayashi K, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Tanaka M, Liu T, Xian X, Zhai L, Dai K, Tanimura K, Liu T, Cui N, Yamauchi A, Murata T, Shindo T. Adrenomedullin Suppresses Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Vascular Hyperpermeability and Inflammation in Retinopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:999-1015. [PMID: 28322199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is caused by blood-retinal barrier breakdown associated with retinal vascular hyperpermeability and inflammation, and it is the major cause of visual dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. Adrenomedullin (ADM) is an endogenous peptide first identified as a strong vasodilator. ADM is expressed in the eyes and is up-regulated in various eye diseases, although the pathophysiological significance is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of ADM on DME. In Kimba mice, which overexpress human vascular endothelial growth factor in their retinas, the capillary dropout, vascular leakage, and vascular fragility characteristic of diabetic retinopathy were observed. Intravitreal or systemic administration of ADM to Kimba mice ameliorated both the capillary dropout and vascular leakage. Evaluation of the transendothelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran permeability of an endothelial cell monolayer using TR-iBRB retinal capillary endothelial cells revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor enhanced vascular permeability but that co-administration of ADM suppressed the effect, in part by enhancing tight junction formation between endothelial cells. In addition, a comprehensive PCR array analysis showed that ADM administration suppressed various molecules related to inflammation and NF-κB signaling within retinas. From these results, we suggest that by exerting inhibitory effects on retinal inflammation, vascular permeability, and blood-retinal barrier breakdown, ADM could serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuichi Toriyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iesato
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hirabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Xian Xian
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Liuyu Zhai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kun Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Keiya Tanimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Teng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nanqi Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | | | - Toshinori Murata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan.
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16
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Helms HC, Abbott NJ, Burek M, Cecchelli R, Couraud PO, Deli MA, Förster C, Galla HJ, Romero IA, Shusta EV, Stebbins MJ, Vandenhaute E, Weksler B, Brodin B. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:862-90. [PMID: 26868179 PMCID: PMC4853841 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16630991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial interface for exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolites between blood and brain, and as a barrier for neurotoxic components of plasma and xenobiotics. This "blood-brain barrier" function is a major hindrance for drug uptake into the brain parenchyma. Cell culture models, based on either primary cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines, have been developed, in order to facilitate in vitro studies of drug transport to the brain and studies of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology. In this review, we aim to give an overview of established in vitro blood-brain barrier models with a focus on their validation regarding a set of well-established blood-brain barrier characteristics. As an ideal cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier is yet to be developed, we also aim to give an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of the different models described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Helms
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carola Förster
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Babette Weksler
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wan W, Cao L, Liu L, Zhang C, Kalionis B, Tai X, Li Y, Xia S. Aβ(1-42) oligomer-induced leakage in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model is associated with up-regulation of RAGE and metalloproteinases, and down-regulation of tight junction scaffold proteins. J Neurochem 2015; 134:382-93. [PMID: 25866188 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that abnormal deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the brain is responsible for endothelial cell damage and consequently leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB disruption are not well described. We employed an monolayer BBB model comprising bEnd.3 cell and found that BBB leakage was induced by treatment with Aβ(1-42), and the levels of tight junction (TJ) scaffold proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin) were decreased. Through comparisons of the effects of the different components of Aβ(1-42), including monomer (Aβ(1-42)-Mono), oligomer (Aβ(1-42)-Oligo), and fibril (Aβ(1-42)-Fibril), our data confirmed that Aβ(1-42)-Oligo is likely to be the most important damage factor that results in TJ damage and BBB leakage in Alzheimer's disease. We found that the incubation of bEnd.3 cells with Aβ(1-42) significantly up-regulated the level of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). Co-incubation of a polyclonal antibody to RAGE and Aβ(1-42)-Oligo in bEnd.3 cells blocked RAGE suppression of Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced alterations in TJ scaffold proteins and reversed Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced up-regulation of RAGE, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. Furthermore, we found that these effects induced by Aβ(1-42)-Oligo treatment were effectively suppressed by knockdown of RAGE using small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. We also found that GM 6001, a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, partially reversed the Aβ(1-42)-Oligo-induced inhibitor effects in bEnd.3 cells. Thus, these results suggested that RAGE played an important role in Aβ-induced BBB leakage and alterations of TJ scaffold proteins, through a mechanism that involved up-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lumei Liu
- Geriatrics Department of Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Dongfang Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiantao Tai
- School of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yaming Li
- Geriatrics Department of Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tominaga N, Kosaka N, Ono M, Katsuda T, Yoshioka Y, Tamura K, Lötvall J, Nakagama H, Ochiya T. Brain metastatic cancer cells release microRNA-181c-containing extracellular vesicles capable of destructing blood-brain barrier. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6716. [PMID: 25828099 PMCID: PMC4396394 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is an important cause of mortality in breast cancer patients. A key event during brain metastasis is the migration of cancer cells through blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, the molecular mechanism behind the passage through this natural barrier remains unclear. Here we show that cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), mediators of cell–cell communication via delivery of proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs), trigger the breakdown of BBB. Importantly, miR-181c promotes the destruction of BBB through the abnormal localization of actin via the downregulation of its target gene, PDPK1. PDPK1 degradation by miR-181c leads to the downregulation of phosphorylated cofilin and the resultant activated cofilin-induced modulation of actin dynamics. Furthermore, we demonstrate that systemic injection of brain metastatic cancer cell-derived EVs promoted brain metastasis of breast cancer cell lines and are preferentially incorporated into the brain in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate a novel mechanism of brain metastasis mediated by EVs that triggers the destruction of BBB. A key event during metastasis to the brain is the migration of cancer cells through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here the authors show that cancer-cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote metastasis by promoting BBB breaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoomi Tominaga
- 1] Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan [2] Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [3] Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- 1] Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan [2] Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom [3] The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Postdoctoral Fellow for Research Abroad, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Makiko Ono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kenji Tamura
- Division of Breast and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Box 424, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- 1] Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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19
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Wolff A, Antfolk M, Brodin B, Tenje M. In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models-An Overview of Established Models and New Microfluidic Approaches. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2727-46. [PMID: 25630899 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The societal need for new central nervous system (CNS) medicines is substantial, because of the global increase in life expectancy and the accompanying increase in age-related CNS diseases. Low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability has been one of the major causes of failure for new CNS drug candidates. There has therefore been a great interest in cell models, which mimic BBB permeation properties. In this review, we present an overview of the performance of monocultured, cocultured, and triple-cultured primary cells and immortalized cell lines, including key parameters such as transendothelial electrical resistance values, permeabilities of paracellular flux markers, and expression of BBB-specific marker proteins. Microfluidic systems are gaining ground as a new automated technical platform for cell culture and systematic analysis. The performance of these systems was compared with current state-of-the-art models and it was noted that, although they show great promise, these systems have not yet reached beyond the proof-of-concept stage. In general, it was found that there were large variations in experimental protocols, BBB phenotype markers, and paracellular flux markers used. It is the author's opinion that the field may benefit greatly from developing standardized methodologies and initiating collaborative efforts on optimizing culture protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Wolff
- Lund University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Antfolk
- Lund University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birger Brodin
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Tenje
- Lund University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Wan WB, Cao L, Liu LM, Kalionis B, Chen C, Tai XT, Li YM, Xia SJ. EGb761 provides a protective effect against Aβ1-42 oligomer-induced cell damage and blood-brain barrier disruption in an in vitro bEnd.3 endothelial model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113126. [PMID: 25426944 PMCID: PMC4245095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia which is characterized by abnormal amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and deposition in brain parenchyma and cerebral capillaries, and leads to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Despite great progress in understanding the etiology of AD, the underlying pathogenic mechanism of BBB damage is still unclear, and no effective treatment has been devised. The standard Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 has been widely used as a potential cognitive enhancer for the treatment of AD. However, the cellular mechanism underlying the effect remain to be clarified. In this study, we employed an immortalized endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) and incubation of Aβ1–42 oligomer, to mimic a monolayer BBB model under conditions found in the AD brain. We investigated the effect of EGb761 on BBB and found that Aβ1–42 oligomer-induced cell injury, apoptosis, and generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), were attenuated by treatment with EGb761. Moreover, treatment of the cells with EGb761 decreased BBB permeability and increased tight junction scaffold protein levels including ZO-1, Claudin-5 and Occludin. We also found that the Aβ1–42 oligomer-induced upregulation of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), which mediates Aβ cytotoxicity and plays an essential role in AD progression, was significantly decreased by treatment with EGb761. To our knowledge, we provide the first direct in vitro evidence of an effect of EGb761 on the brain endothelium exposed to Aβ1–42 oligomer, and on the expression of tight junction (TJ) scaffold proteins and RAGE. Our results provide a new insight into a possible mechanism of action of EGb761. This study provides a rational basis for the therapeutic application of EGb761 in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-bin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-mei Liu
- Geriatrics Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-tao Tai
- School of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ya-ming Li
- Geriatrics Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YML); (SJX)
| | - Shi-jin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YML); (SJX)
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21
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Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Tamás A, Tóth G, Reglődi D, Krizbai IA. PACAP enhances barrier properties of cerebral microvessels. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:469-76. [PMID: 24614973 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral microvascular endothelial cells-coming in contact with pericytes and astrocytes-constitute the structural basis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The continuous belt of interendothelial tight junctions (TJs) and the presence of specific transport systems, enzymes, and receptors in the brain endothelium regulate the molecular and cellular traffic into the central nervous system. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide having several cellular protective effects. However, little is known about the effects of PACAP on the cerebral endothelium and BBB functions. Here, we show that PACAP has no significant pro-survival role in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells; however, it improves the barrier properties of the brain endothelium. PACAP induces an increase in the transendothelial electrical resistance, which is the most important marker of the tightness of the TJs. Moreover, PACAP has a protective role against glucose deprivation- and oxidative stress-induced junctional damage in microvascular brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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22
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Erdinc K, Sarici SU, Akgul EO, Agilli M, Ozcan O. Relationship between neonatal adrenomedullin and bilirubin levels. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 27:30-5. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.799655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Xue Q, Liu Y, Qi H, Ma Q, Xu L, Chen W, Chen G, Xu X. A novel brain neurovascular unit model with neurons, astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells of rat. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:174-89. [PMID: 23412420 PMCID: PMC3572400 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel triple cell neurovascular unit (NVU) model co-culturing with neurons, brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and astrocytes was established in this study for investigating the cerebral diseases and screening the candidates of therapeutic drug. We have first performed the cell identification and morphological characterization, analyzed the specific protein expression and determined the blood-brain barrier (BBB) function of the co-culture model under normal condition. Then, we further determined the BBB function, inflammation, cell injury and the variation of neuroprotective factor in this model after anoxia-reoxygenation. The results suggest that this model exhibited a better BBB function and significantly increased expression of P-glycoprotein (Pg-P) and ZO-1 compared with BMECs only or co-culture with astrocytes or neurons. After anoxia-reoxygenation, the pathological changes of this model were basically resemblance to the pathological changes of brain cells and BBB in vivo. And nimodipine, an antagonist of calcium, could reverse those changes as well. According to our observations, we deduce that this triple cell co-culture model exhibits the basic structure, function and cell-cell interaction of NVU, which may offer a more proper in vitro system of NVU for the further investigation of cerebral diseases and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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24
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Gesuete R, Packard AEB, Vartanian KB, Conrad VK, Stevens SL, Bahjat FR, Yang T, Stenzel-Poore MP. Poly-ICLC preconditioning protects the blood-brain barrier against ischemic injury in vitro through type I interferon signaling. J Neurochem 2012; 123 Suppl 2:75-85. [PMID: 23050645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07946.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning with a low dose of harmful stimulus prior to injury induces tolerance to a subsequent ischemic challenge resulting in neuroprotection against stroke. Experimental models of preconditioning primarily focus on neurons as the cellular target of cerebral protection, while less attention has been paid to the cerebrovascular compartment, whose role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury is crucial. We have shown that preconditioning with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) protects against cerebral ischemic damage. To delineate the mechanism of poly-ICLC protection, we investigated whether poly-ICLC preconditioning preserves the function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in response to ischemic injury. Using an in vitro BBB model, we found that poly-ICLC treatment prior to exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation maintained the paracellular and transcellular transport across the endothelium and attenuated the drop in transendothelial electric resistance. We found that poly-ICLC treatment induced interferon (IFN) β mRNA expression in astrocytes and microglia and that type I IFN signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells was required for protection. Importantly, this implicates a potential mechanism underlying neuroprotection in our in vivo experimental stroke model, where type I IFN signaling is required for poly-ICLC-induced neuroprotection against ischemic injury. In conclusion, we are the first to show that preconditioning with poly-ICLC attenuates ischemia-induced BBB dysfunction. This mechanism is likely an important feature of poly-ICLC-mediated neuroprotection and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting BBB signaling pathways to protect the brain against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Gesuete
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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25
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Cilostazol Strengthens Barrier Integrity in Brain Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:291-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Martínez-Herrero S, Larráyoz IM, Ochoa-Callejero L, García-Sanmartín J, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin as a growth and cell fate regulatory factor for adult neural stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:804717. [PMID: 23049570 PMCID: PMC3462413 DOI: 10.1155/2012/804717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells as a strategy for tissue repair and regeneration is one of the biomedical research areas that has attracted more interest in the past few years. Despite the classic belief that the central nervous system (CNS) was immutable, now it is well known that cell turnover occurs in the mature CNS. Postnatal neurogenesis is subjected to tight regulation by many growth factors, cell signals, and transcription factors. An emerging molecule involved in this process is adrenomedullin (AM). AM, a 52-amino acid peptide which exerts a plethora of physiological functions, acts as a growth and cell fate regulatory factor for adult neural stem and progenitor cells. AM regulates the proliferation rate and the differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of stem/progenitor cells, probably through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The active peptides derived from the AM gene are able to regulate the cytoskeleton dynamics, which is extremely important for mature neural cell morphogenesis. In addition, a defective cytoskeleton may impair cell cycle and migration, so AM may contribute to neural stem cell growth regulation by allowing cells to pass through mitosis. Regulation of AM levels may contribute to program stem cells for their use in medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
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27
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Hoopes SL, Willcockson HH, Caron KM. Characteristics of multi-organ lymphangiectasia resulting from temporal deletion of calcitonin receptor-like receptor in adult mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45261. [PMID: 23028890 PMCID: PMC3444480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and its receptor complexes, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (Calcrl) and receptor activity modifying protein 2/3, are highly expressed in lymphatic endothelial cells and are required for embryonic lymphatic development. To determine the role of Calcrl in adulthood, we used an inducible Cre-loxP system to temporally and ubiquitously delete Calcrl in adult mice. Following tamoxifen injection, Calcrlfl/fl/CAGGCre-ER™ mice rapidly developed corneal edema and inflammation that was preceded by and persistently associated with dilated corneoscleral lymphatics. Lacteals and submucosal lymphatic capillaries of the intestine were also dilated, while mesenteric collecting lymphatics failed to properly transport chyle after an acute Western Diet, culminating in chronic failure of Calcrlfl/fl/CAGGCre-ER™ mice to gain weight. Dermal lymphatic capillaries were also dilated and chronic edema challenge confirmed significant and prolonged dermal lymphatic insufficiency. In vivo and in vitro imaging of lymphatics with either genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of AM signaling revealed markedly disorganized lymphatic junctional proteins ZO-1 and VE-cadherin. The maintenance of AM signaling during adulthood is required for preserving normal lymphatic permeability and function. Collectively, these studies reveal a spectrum of lymphatic defects in adult Calcrlfl/fl/CAGGCre-ER™ mice that closely recapitulate the clinical symptoms of patients with corneal, intestinal and peripheral lymphangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Hoopes
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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28
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Cardoso FL, Kittel Á, Veszelka S, Palmela I, Tóth A, Brites D, Deli MA, Brito MA. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide and/or unconjugated bilirubin impair the integrity and function of brain microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35919. [PMID: 22586454 PMCID: PMC3346740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis and jaundice are common conditions in newborns that can lead to brain damage. Though lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to alter the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), little is known on the effects of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) and even less on the joint effects of UCB and LPS on brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). Methodology/Principal Findings Monolayers of primary rat BMEC were treated with 1 µg/ml LPS and/or 50 µM UCB, in the presence of 100 µM human serum albumin, for 4 or 24 h. Co-cultures of BMEC with astroglial cells, a more complex BBB model, were used in selected experiments. LPS led to apoptosis and UCB induced both apoptotic and necrotic-like cell death. LPS and UCB led to inhibition of P-glycoprotein and activation of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in mono-cultures. Transmission electron microscopy evidenced apoptotic bodies, as well as damaged mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in BMEC by either insult. Shorter cell contacts and increased caveolae-like invaginations were noticeable in LPS-treated cells and loss of intercellular junctions was observed upon treatment with UCB. Both compounds triggered impairment of endothelial permeability and transendothelial electrical resistance both in mono- and co-cultures. The functional changes were confirmed by alterations in immunostaining for junctional proteins β-catenin, ZO-1 and claudin-5. Enlargement of intercellular spaces, and redistribution of junctional proteins were found in BMEC after exposure to LPS and UCB. Conclusions LPS and/or UCB exert direct toxic effects on BMEC, with distinct temporal profiles and mechanisms of action. Therefore, the impairment of brain endothelial integrity upon exposure to these neurotoxins may favor their access to the brain, thus increasing the risk of injury and requiring adequate clinical management of sepsis and jaundice in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa L. Cardoso
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Veszelka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Inês Palmela
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrea Tóth
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mária A. Deli
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria A. Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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29
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The Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of 18β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid, a Major Metabolite of Glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza Root, a Constituent of the Traditional Japanese Medicine Yokukansan. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Karpinich NO, Hoopes SL, Kechele DO, Lenhart PM, Caron KM. Adrenomedullin Function in Vascular Endothelial Cells: Insights from Genetic Mouse Models. Curr Hypertens Rev 2011; 7:228-239. [PMID: 22582036 PMCID: PMC3349984 DOI: 10.2174/157340211799304761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin is a highly conserved peptide implicated in a variety of physiological processes ranging from pregnancy and embryonic development to tumor progression. This review highlights past and present studies that have contributed to our current appreciation of the important roles adrenomedullin plays in both normal and disease conditions. We provide a particular emphasis on the functions of adrenomedullin in vascular endothelial cells and how experimental approaches in genetic mouse models have helped to drive the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie O Karpinich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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31
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Lorger M, Lee H, Forsyth JS, Felding-Habermann B. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo approaches to studying brain colonization by breast cancer cells. J Neurooncol 2011; 104:689-96. [PMID: 21359851 PMCID: PMC4836850 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases occur in 20 to 40% of patients with metastatic breast cancer. The process is complex and depends on successful cancer cell evasion from the primary tumor, distribution and survival within the blood stream and cerebral microvasculature, penetration of the blood brain barrier and proliferation within the brain microenvironment. The initial steps of brain colonization are difficult to study in vivo. Therefore, in vitro assays have been developed to mimic this process. Most commonly, in vitro studies of brain colonization focus on tumor cell adhesion to brain endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. We previously investigated breast cancer brain colonization from the blood stream in vivo and defined the time and process of brain entry for five different cancer cell lines in a mouse model. We now investigated if in vitro approaches can reliably emulate the initial steps that determine successful brain colonization in vivo. To this end, we optimized an in vitro model of the vascular blood brain barrier and compared the brain invasion properties of the in vivo characterized cell models with their ability to interact with and penetrate the blood brain barrier model in vitro. Our results show that the in vitro findings correlate only poorly with the vivo results. The limitations of the in vitro approaches are discussed in light of the in vivo processes. We conclude that investigation of mechanisms supporting the earliest steps of breast cancer brain metastasis from the blood stream will depend on in vivo analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lorger
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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The Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Geissoschizine Methyl Ether in Uncaria Hook, a Galenical Constituent of the Traditional Japanese Medicine Yokukansan. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:787-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Jhala SS, Hazell AS. Modeling neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology in thiamine deficiency: Consequences of impaired oxidative metabolism. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:248-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Xu X, Wang Z, Li Q, Xiao X, Lian Q, Xu W, Sun X, Tao H, Li R. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression is progressively increased in primary cerebral microvascular endothelial cells during hyperbaric oxygen exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2:7-13. [PMID: 20046639 PMCID: PMC2763225 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.2.1.7697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) can lead to seizures. Many studies have demonstrated that there exist a very close relationship between the alteration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the onset of seizures. Nitric oxide (NO) may play a key role in the change of CBF during exposure, and modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived NO by HBO is responsible for early vasoconstriction, whereas late HBO-induced vasodilation depends upon a large amount of NO from both eNOS and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). To investigate the effect of HBO on the activity and expression of eNOS in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) in vitro, primarily cultured CMEC from neonatal rats were exposed to oxygen at 500 kPa [5 atmosphere absolute (ATA)] for 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes (min), then eNOS activity, protein and mRNA contents in cells were detected. Our results showed that immediately after exposure, 30, 60 and 120 min HBO exposures did not alter NOS activity. When detected no matter immediately or six hours (h) after exposure, these exposures also did not alter eNOS protein and mRNA levels. However, when detected 24 h after exposure, 30, 60 and 120 min exposures upregulated eNOS protein content by 39%, 60% and 40% respectively. 10 and 20 min exposures upregulated eNOS mRNA content by about 15%, while 30, 60 and 120 min exposures upregulated it by about 20-30%. The increased eNOS protein and mRNA contents at 24 h after exposure may reflect new protein synthesis for eNOS. Our studies showed that with the exposing protocols we used, HBO did induce eNOS expression increase in CMEC. However, compared with the decrease of CBF in vivo, which occurred in a relative short time after rat was exposed to HBO above 4 ATA, the responses of eNOS in CMEC in vitro were a little slow. Thus we considered that for the vasodilation in the late period of HBO exposure before seizure, the effect of NO produced by eNOS was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Xu
- Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Cyclosporin A induces hyperpermeability of the blood-brain barrier by inhibiting autocrine adrenomedullin-mediated up-regulation of endothelial barrier function. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 644:5-9. [PMID: 20553921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A, a potent immunosuppressant, can often produce neurotoxicity in patients, although its penetration into the brain is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain pericytes and astrocytes, which are periendothelial accessory structures of the BBB, can be involved in cyclosporin A-induced BBB disruption. However, the mechanism by which cyclosporin A causes BBB dysfunction remains unknown. Here, we show that in rodent brain endothelial cells, cyclosporin A decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) by inhibiting intracellular signal transduction downstream of adrenomedullin, an autocrine regulator of BBB function. Cyclosporin A stimulated adrenomedullin release from brain endothelial cells, but did not affect binding of adrenomedullin to its receptors. This cyclosporin A-induced decrease in TEER was attenuated by exogenous addition of adrenomedullin. Cyclosporin A dose-dependently decreased the total cAMP concentration in brain endothelial cells. A combination of cyclosporin A (1microM) with an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor, 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SQ22536; 10microM), or a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H89; 1microM), markedly increased sodium fluorescein permeability in brain endothelial cells, whereas each drug alone had no effect. Thus, these data suggest that cyclosporin A inhibits the adenylyl cyclase/cyclic AMP/PKA signaling pathway activated by adrenomedullin, leading to impairment of brain endothelial barrier function.
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Potential use of tight junction modulators to reversibly open membranous barriers and improve drug delivery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:892-910. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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A new blood–brain barrier model using primary rat brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Petersen KA, Birk S, Kitamura K, Olesen J. Effect of Adrenomedullin on the Cerebral Circulation: Relevance to Primary Headache Disorders. Cephalalgia 2009; 29:23-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is closely related to calcitonin gene-related peptide, which has a known causative role in migraine. Animal studies have strongly suggested that ADM has a vasodilatory effect within the cerebral circulation. For these reasons, ADM is also likely to be involved in migraine. However, the hypothetical migraine-inducing property and effect on human cerebral circulation of ADM have not previously been investigated. Human ADM (0.08 µg kg−1 min−1) or placebo (saline 0.9%) was administered as a 20-min intravenous infusion to 12 patients suffering from migraine without aura in a crossover double-blind study. The occurrence of headache and associated symptoms were registered regularly 24 h post infusion. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by 133Xenon single-photon emission computed tomography, mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (VMCA) by transcranial Doppler and the diameter of peripheral arteries by transdermal ultrasound (C-scan). ADM did not induce significantly more headache or migraine compared with placebo ( P = 0.58). CBF was unaffected by ADM infusion (global CBF, P = 0.32 and rCBFMCA, P = 0.38) and the same applied for the VMCA ( P = 0.18). The superficial temporal artery dilated compared with placebo ( P < 0.001), and facial flushing was seen after ADM administration ( P = 0.001). In conclusion, intravenous ADM is not a mediator of migraine headache and does not dilate intracranial arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- KA Petersen
- Danish Headache Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - S Birk
- Danish Headache Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - K Kitamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - J Olesen
- Danish Headache Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
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Dunworth WP, Fritz-Six KL, Caron KM. Adrenomedullin stabilizes the lymphatic endothelial barrier in vitro and in vivo. Peptides 2008; 29:2243-9. [PMID: 18929609 PMCID: PMC2639781 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system functions to maintain fluid homeostasis by removing fluid from the interstitial space and returning it to venous circulation. This process is dependent upon the maintenance and modulation of a semi-permeable barrier between lymphatic endothelial cells of the lymphatic capillaries. However, our understanding of the lymphatic endothelial barrier and the molecular mechanisms that govern its function remains limited. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid secreted peptide which has a wide range of effects on cardiovascular physiology and is required for the normal development of the lymphatic vascular system. Here, we report that AM can also modulate lymphatic permeability in cultured dermal microlymphatic endothelial cells (HMVEC-dLy). AM stimulation caused a reorganization of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and the adherens protein VE-cadherin at the plasma membrane, effectively tightening the endothelial barrier. Stabilization of the lymphatic endothelial barrier by AM occurred independently of changes in junctional protein gene expression and AM(-/-) endothelial cells showed no differences in the gene expression of junctional proteins compared to wildtype endothelial cells. Nevertheless, local administration of AM in the mouse tail decreased the rate of lymph uptake from the interstitial space into the lymphatic capillaries. Together, these data reveal a previously unrecognized role for AM in controlling lymphatic endothelial permeability and lymphatic flow through reorganization of junctional proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Dunworth
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Kimberly L. Fritz-Six
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599 USA
- Corresponding Author: Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, CB # 7545, 6330 MBRB 111 Mason Farm Rd., The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Phone: (919) 966-5215. FAX: (919) 966-5230. e-mail:
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Hiu T, Nakagawa S, Hayashi K, Kitagawa N, Tsutsumi K, Kawakubo J, Honda M, Suyama K, Nagata I, Niwa M. Tissue Plasminogen Activator Enhances the Hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced Impairment of the Blood–brain Barrier in a Primary Culture of Rat Brain Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:1139-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-008-9294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nakagawa S, Deli MA, Nakao S, Honda M, Hayashi K, Nakaoke R, Kataoka Y, Niwa M. Pericytes from brain microvessels strengthen the barrier integrity in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:687-94. [PMID: 17823866 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
(1) The blood-brain barrier (BBB) characteristics of cerebral endothelial cells are induced by organ-specific local signals. Brain endothelial cells lose their phenotype in cultures without cross-talk with neighboring cells. (2) In contrast to astrocytes, pericytes, another neighboring cell of endothelial cells in brain capillaries, are rarely used in BBB co-culture systems. (3) Seven different types of BBB models, mono-culture, double and triple co-cultures, were constructed from primary rat brain endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes on culture inserts. The barrier integrity of the models were compared by measurement of transendothelial electrical resistance and permeability for the small molecular weight marker fluorescein. (4) We could confirm that brain endothelial monolayers in mono-culture do not form tight barrier. Pericytes induced higher electrical resistance and lower permeability for fluorescein than type I astrocytes in co-culture conditions. In triple co-culture models the tightest barrier was observed when endothelial cells and pericytes were positioned on the two sides of the porous filter membrane of the inserts and astrocytes at the bottom of the culture dish. (5) For the first time a rat primary culture based syngeneic triple co-culture BBB model has been constructed using brain pericytes beside brain endothelial cells and astrocytes. This model, mimicking closely the anatomical position of the cells at the BBB in vivo, was superior to the other BBB models tested. (6) The influence of pericytes on the BBB properties of brain endothelial cells may be as important as that of astrocytes and could be exploited in the construction of better BBB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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András IE, Deli MA, Veszelka S, Hayashi K, Hennig B, Toborek M. The NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors are involved in glutamate-induced alterations of occludin expression and phosphorylation in brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007; 27:1431-43. [PMID: 17245419 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate levels increase dramatically in cerebral ischemia and stroke. This may lead to opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce further brain damage. Because endothelial tight junctions are critical elements of the BBB integrity, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of glutamate-induced alterations of the tight-junction protein occludin in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Transient exposure to glutamate resulted in cellular redistribution of occludin, followed by a decrease in the total level of this protein and diminished barrier function of BMECs. Inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate/kainate (AMPA/KA) receptors attenuated glutamate-induced changes in occludin redistribution but not in the total protein levels. Treatment with glutamate also increased tyrosine phosphorylation and decreased threonine phosphorylation of occludin. Inhibition of the NMDA receptors by MK-801 partially protected against glutamate-induced elevation of occludin tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, pretreatment with MK-801-attenuated glutamate-mediated disruption of endothelial barrier function. Blocking of the AMPA/KA receptors by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2.3-dione (DNQX) protected against hypophosphorylation of threonine residues of occludin; however, it did not affect disruption of endothelial integrity. These findings indicate the opposite effects of the NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors on occludin phosphorylation and disruption of the BBB functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya E András
- Molecular Neuroscience and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Weidenfeller C, Svendsen CN, Shusta EV. Differentiating embryonic neural progenitor cells induce blood-brain barrier properties. J Neurochem 2007; 101:555-65. [PMID: 17254017 PMCID: PMC2657050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a multifunctional endothelial interface separating the bloodstream from the brain interior. Although the mature BBB is well characterized, the embryonic development of this complex system remains poorly understood. Embryonic neural progenitor cells (NPC) are a potential inductive cell type populating the developing brain, and their ability to influence BBB properties was therefore examined. When puromycin-purified brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) were co-cultured with embryonic NPC in a two-compartment Transwell system, the BMEC exhibited enhanced barrier properties in the form of increased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and decreased permeability to the small molecule tracer, sodium fluorescein. These changes required the presence of NPC in the early stages of differentiation and were accompanied by alterations in the fidelity of BMEC tight junctions as indicated by occludin, claudin 5, and zonula occluden-1 redistribution at cell-cell borders. In contrast to the findings with NPC, post-natal astrocytes elicited a delayed, but longer duration response in BMEC TEER. BMEC co-culture also suppressed neuronal differentiation of NPC indicating a reciprocal signaling between the two cell populations. This study demonstrates that NPC-BMEC interactions are prevalent and for the first time demonstrates that NPC are capable of inducing BBB properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weidenfeller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Eric V. Shusta, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, , Ph: (608) 265-5103, Fax: (608) 262-5434
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Veszelka S, Pásztói M, Farkas AE, Krizbai I, Ngo TKD, Niwa M, Abrahám CS, Deli MA. Pentosan polysulfate protects brain endothelial cells against bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced damages. Neurochem Int 2007; 50:219-28. [PMID: 16997427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral inflammation can aggravate local brain inflammation and neuronal death. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key player in the event. On a relevant in vitro model of primary rat brain endothelial cells co-cultured with primary rat astroglia cells lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in several BBB functions have been investigated. LPS-treatment resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in the integrity of endothelial monolayers: transendothelial electrical resistance dropped, while flux of permeability markers fluorescein and albumin significantly increased. Immunostaining for junctional proteins ZO-1, claudin-5 and beta-catenin was significantly weaker in LPS-treated endothelial cells than in control monolayers. LPS also reduced the intensity and changed the pattern of ZO-1 immunostaining in freshly isolated rat brain microvessels. The activity of P-glycoprotein, an important efflux pump at the BBB, was also inhibited by LPS. At the same time production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide was increased in brain endothelial cells treated with LPS. Pentosan polysulfate, a polyanionic polysaccharide could reduce the deleterious effects of LPS on BBB permeability, and P-glycoprotein activity. LPS-stimulated increase in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide was also decreased by pentosan treatment. The protective effect of pentosan for brain endothelium can be of therapeutical significance in bacterial infections affecting the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Veszelka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Nishioku T, Takata F, Yamauchi A, Sumi N, Yamamoto I, Fujino A, Naito M, Tsuruo T, Shuto H, Kataoka Y. Protective Action of Indapamide, a Thiazide-Like Diuretic, on Ischemia-Induced Injury and Barrier Dysfunction in Mouse Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103:323-7. [PMID: 17332692 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0060222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of indapamide on ischemic damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro. The ischemia/reperfusion conditions employed here significantly decreased the viability of mouse brain capillary endothelial (MBEC4) cells, an effect ameliorated by indapamide. Ischemia increased the permeability of MBEC4 cells to two cellular transport markers, sodium fluorescein and Evan's blue-albumin. Indapamide reduced the ischemia-induced hyperpermeability of cells. These results suggest that indapamide may have a protective role against ischemia-induced injury and dysfunction of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nishioku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Honda M, Nakagawa S, Hayashi K, Kitagawa N, Tsutsumi K, Nagata I, Niwa M. Adrenomedullin improves the blood-brain barrier function through the expression of claudin-5. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006; 26:109-18. [PMID: 16763778 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Brain vascular endothelial cells secret Adrenomedullin (AM) has multifunctional biological properties. AM affects cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. We studied the role of AM on the permeability and tight junction proteins of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). METHODS BMEC were isolated from rats and a BBB in vitro model was generated. The barrier functions were studied by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the permeability of sodium fluorescein and Evans' blue albumin. The expressions of tight junction proteins were analyzed using immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. RESULTS AM increased TEER of BMEC monolayer dose-dependently. Immunocytochemistry revealed that AM enhanced the claudin-5 expression at a cell-cell contact site in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoblotting also showed an overexpression of claudin-5 in AM exposure. CONCLUSIONS AM therefore inhibits the paracellular transport in a BBB in vitro model through claudin-5 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Honda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
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47
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Chen L, Kis B, Hashimoto H, Busija DW, Takei Y, Yamashita H, Ueta Y. Adrenomedullin 2 protects rat cerebral endothelial cells from oxidative damage in vitro. Brain Res 2006; 1086:42-9. [PMID: 16616051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin 2 (AM2, intermedin) is a recently identified new member of the calcitonin gene-related peptide family. We examined whether AM2 can attenuate the increased blood-brain barrier permeability and cerebral endothelial cell (CEC) death induced by oxidative stress in vitro. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2), 0.5 mM) induced a continuous decrease of the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and resulted in intercellular gap formations in rat CECs co-cultured with astrocytes. AM2 induced cAMP and nitric oxide production, increased TEER, enhanced peripheral localization of F-actin bands, and attenuated the increased permeability induced by H(2)O(2). AM2 treatment preserved mitochondrial membrane potential and improved CEC viability in H(2)O(2) treated cultures. These effects of AM2 were similar to those what were reported for adrenomedullin. These results suggest that AM2 protects CECs against oxidative injury in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka 1-1, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Abbott NJ, Rönnbäck L, Hansson E. Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7:41-53. [PMID: 16371949 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3570] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier, which is formed by the endothelial cells that line cerebral microvessels, has an important role in maintaining a precisely regulated microenvironment for reliable neuronal signalling. At present, there is great interest in the association of brain microvessels, astrocytes and neurons to form functional 'neurovascular units', and recent studies have highlighted the importance of brain endothelial cells in this modular organization. Here, we explore specific interactions between the brain endothelium, astrocytes and neurons that may regulate blood-brain barrier function. An understanding of how these interactions are disturbed in pathological conditions could lead to the development of new protective and restorative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Joan Abbott
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, UK.
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Calabria AR, Weidenfeller C, Jones AR, de Vries HE, Shusta EV. Puromycin-purified rat brain microvascular endothelial cell cultures exhibit improved barrier properties in response to glucocorticoid induction. J Neurochem 2006; 97:922-33. [PMID: 16573646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models using primary rat brain microvessel endothelial cells (BMEC) are often hampered by a lack of culture purity and poor barrier properties. To address these problems, the translation inhibitor puromycin was used to purify rat BMEC cultures. BMEC purities of 99.8% were routinely attained using puromycin treatment, and this technique proved to be far superior to other purification methods of similar difficulty. In contrast to cultures without puromycin treatment, purity of puromycin-treated cultures was unaffected by initial seeding density. Next, rat BMEC monolayer transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was increased by glucocorticoid treatment with either corticosterone (CORT) or hydrocortisone (HC), and a corresponding decrease in monolayer permeability to small molecules was observed. Importantly, cultures treated with both puromycin and glucocorticoid attained significantly higher TEER values (CORT 168 +/- 13 Omega x cm2; HC 218 +/- 66 Omega x cm2) than those treated by the glucocorticoid alone (CORT 57 +/- 5 Omega x cm2; HC 70 +/- 2 Omega x cm2). Glucocorticoid induction resulted in BMEC morphological changes that accompanied the increases in TEER, and BMEC tight junctions exhibited improved integrity as visualized by the localization of tight junction proteins zonula occluden-1, occludin and claudin-5. The combined use of puromycin and glucocorticoid therefore provides an in vitro system that is well suited for molecular level BBB investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Calabria
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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50
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Xia CF, Yin H, Borlongan CV, Chao J, Chao L. Postischemic infusion of adrenomedullin protects against ischemic stroke by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting angiogenesis. Exp Neurol 2006; 197:521-30. [PMID: 16343485 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone widely distributed in the central nervous system. Our previous study showed that AM gene delivery immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) protected against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by promoting glial cell survival and migration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of delayed AM peptide infusion on ischemic brain injury at 24 h after MCAO. AM infusion significantly reduced neurological deficit scores at days 2, 4, and 8 after cerebral I/R. AM reduced cerebral infarct size at 8 and 15 days after surgery as determined by quantitative analysis. Double staining showed that AM infusion reduced TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in both neurons and glial cells, as well as reduced caspase-3 activity in the ischemic area of the brain. In addition, AM treatment increased capillary density in the ischemic region at 15 days after I/R injury. Parallel studies revealed that AM treatment enhanced the proliferation of cultured endothelial cells as measured by both (3)H-thymidine incorporation and in situ BrdU labeling. Both in vitro and in vivo AM effects were blocked by calcitonin gene-related peptide (8-37), an AM receptor antagonist. Moreover, AM's effects were associated with increased cerebral nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as decreased NAD(P)H oxidase activities and superoxide anion production. These results indicate that a continuous supply of exogenous AM peptide protects against I/R injury by improving the survival of neuronal and glial cells, and promoting angiogenesis through elevated NO formation and suppression of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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