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Quina M, Ramos D, Silva C, Pádua E. Diversity of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Cosmopolitan Subtype (HTLV-1a) Circulating in Infected Residents in Portugal. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:171-180. [PMID: 37462999 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2023.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) prevalence in Portugal is low and mainly affects immigrants from endemic areas where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents a public health problem. Despite the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remains asymptomatic, severe pathologies may develop after prolonged viral persistence, namely an aggressive form of leukemia. An increased mortality rate and faster progression to death is often related to HTLV-1/HIV coinfection. Nevertheless, studies showed that some antiretrovirals used in HIV treatment lead to a positive immune response against HTLV-1. This study aimed to analyze epidemiological and clinical data, and to assess the diversity of HTLV-1 strains circulating in infected residents diagnosed in the Portuguese national reference laboratory between 2010 and 2021. Long terminal repeat and env proviral sequences derived from 20 individuals were used to generate phylogenetic trees along with multiples reference sequences from different geographic origins retrieved from the database. Three samples belong to Portuguese natives and 17 belong to immigrants: 15 from several countries of Africa, 1 from South America, and 1 from Europe; 6 patients (30%, mean age 40.3 years) showed HTLV-1-related diseases, and 6 (30%, mean age 45.2 years) were coinfected with HIV/AIDS. The results show that the Cosmopolitan subtype is circulating in Portugal, with 10 sequences being classified as subgroup A, that include Portuguese and natives from S. Tomé and Príncipe with a mean age of 39.4 years, and 10 sequences that segregated into the Senegal cluster derived from natives born in Guinea-Bissau with a mean age of 43.5 years. A high proportion of HTLV-1-related diseases and HIV/AIDS coinfection was observed. Risk behavior practices and the absence of specific control measures, including diagnostic and treatment, may contribute to a silent dissemination of a broad diversity of HTLV-1 strains and, therefore, the increased rate of progression to debilitating diseases. In this manner, an early diagnostic and a molecular surveillance of HTLV-1 transmission remains necessary in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Quina
- Reference Laboratory of HIV and Hepatitis B and C, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Ramos
- Reference Laboratory of HIV and Hepatitis B and C, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Silva
- Reference Laboratory of HIV and Hepatitis B and C, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth Pádua
- Reference Laboratory of HIV and Hepatitis B and C, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
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Nagata K, Tezuka K, Kuramitsu M, Fuchi N, Hasegawa Y, Hamaguchi I, Miura K. Establishment of a novel human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection model using cell-free virus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0186223. [PMID: 38294250 PMCID: PMC10878273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01862-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary mode of infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is cell-to-cell transmission during contact between infected cells and target cells. Cell-free HTLV-1 infections are known to be less efficient than infections with other retroviruses, and transmission of free HTLV-1 is considered not to occur in vivo. However, it has been demonstrated that cell-free HTLV-1 virions can infect primary lymphocytes and dendritic cells in vitro, and that virions embedded in biofilms on cell membranes can contribute to transmission. The establishment of an efficient cell-free HTLV-1 infection model would be a useful tool for analyzing the replication process of HTLV-1 and the clonal expansion of infected cells. We first succeeded in obtaining supernatants with high-titer cell-free HTLV-1 using a highly efficient virus-producing cell line. The HTLV-1 virions retained the structural characteristics of retroviruses. Using this cell-free infection model, we confirmed that a variety of cell lines and primary cultured cells can be infected with HTLV-1 and demonstrated that the provirus was randomly integrated into all chromosomes in the target cells. The provirus-integrated cell lines were HTLV-1-productive. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that cell-free HTLV-1 is infectious in vivo using a humanized mouse model. These results indicate that this cell-free infection model recapitulates the HTLV-1 life cycle, including entry, reverse transcription, integration into the host genome, viral replication, and secondary infection. The new cell-free HTLV-1 infection model is promising as a practical resource for studying HTLV-1 infection.IMPORTANCECo-culture of infected and target cells is frequently used for studying HTLV-1 infection. Although this method efficiently infects HTLV-1, the cell mixture is complex, and it is extremely difficult to distinguish donor infected cells from target cells. In contrast, cell-free HTLV-1 infection models allow for more strict experimental conditions. In this study, we established a novel and efficient cell-free HTLV-1 infection model. Using this model, we successfully evaluated the infectivity titers of cell-free HTLV-1 as proviral loads (copies per 100 cells) in various cell lines, primary cultured cells, and a humanized mouse model. Interestingly, the HTLV-1-associated viral biofilms played an important role in enhancing the infectivity of the cell-free infection model. This cell-free HTLV-1 infection model reproduces the replication cycle of HTLV-1 and provides a simple, powerful, and alternative tool for researching HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Komatsu N, Iwanaga M, Hasegawa Y, Miura S, Fuchi N, Moriuchi H, Yanagihara K, Miura K. Frequency of HTLV-1 seroconversion between pregnancies in Nagasaki, Japan, 2011–2018. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1036955. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1036955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is transmitted vertically from an infected mother to her child via breastfeeding during infancy or horizontally via sexual contact. However, little information is available on the HTLV-1 seroconversion rate in pregnant mothers and the impact of new HTLV-1 infection on mothers and babies during the perinatal period.MethodsFrom the database of a prefecture-wide antenatal adult T-cell leukemia prevention program in Nagasaki, Japan, we extracted data on 57,323 pregnant women who were screened for anti-HTLV-1 antibody during 2011–2018. Data on the 16,863 subjects whose HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) was measured more than twice were included in our analyses.ResultsIn total, 133 (0.79%) pregnant women were HTLV-1-positive during their first pregnancy and nine (0.05%) seroconverted before or during subsequent pregnancies (between pregnancies). The median PVL (per 100 peripheral blood mononuclear cells) was significantly lower in the seroconverted mothers (0.10%) than in the initially seropositive mothers (0.15%). A repeated measures correlation analysis for the individual PVLs of the HTLV-1-positive pregnant women showed that PVL increased with parity number (rrm = 0.25) with no perinatal problems.ConclusionThe HTLV-1 seroconversion rate between pregnancies was 0.05%, and their HTLV-1 PVL increased annually but no perinatal problems were noted.
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da Silva Malta MCF, Silva SMN, de Oliveira MB, Ribeiro MA, Martins ML. Decline in human T-cell lymphotropic virus seroprevalence in blood donors from Minas Gerais, Brazil over a 12-year period (2006-2017). J Med Virol 2022; 94:5535-5542. [PMID: 35855523 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate a 12-year historical series (2006-2017) of human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-positive blood donations from Fundação Hemominas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, an observational retrospective study was performed to evaluate data of blood donor candidates who were screened for HTLV-1/2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or chemiluminescence assays and confirmed by Western blot. We analyzed 3 309 716 blood donations covering 2006-2017 that were extracted from the institutional database. In a total of 3 308 738 donations that have complete algorithm tests, the global frequency of HTLV-positive donations was 0.012%. The seroprevalence in first-time blood donors was 28.82/100 000 donors; 0.95/100 000 donations were HTLV-positive in repeat blood donors. The frequency of HTLV-seropositive females was significantly higher than males (odds ratio = 1.85, p < 0.001) in first-time donors. The median age of HTLV-positive first-time and repeat donors was similar (36 and 32 years, respectively). First-time donors ≥41 years had higher odds to be infected. There was a clear tendency of decline in the HTLV-positive donations in the period analyzed, going from 19.26/100 000 donations to 8.50/100 000 donations. The increase in the proportion of repeat donors over the period analyzed (from 23% in 2006 to 67% in 2017) must be the principal factor that contributed to this drop. Our results showed a continuous decline in the frequency of HTLV-positive donations from Minas Gerais, Brazil throughout 12 years and emphasize the importance of having a high rate of repeat donors in blood centers to reduce the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted infections.
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Mouinga-Ondémé A, Boundenga L, Koumba Koumba IP, Idam Mamimandjiami A, Diané A, Engone-Ondo JD, Djuicy DD, Sica J, Mombo LE, Gessain A, Aghokeng Fobang A. Human T-Lymphotropic virus type 1 and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in rural Gabon. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271320. [PMID: 35867643 PMCID: PMC9307203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) co-infection occur in many populations. People living with HIV-1 and infected with HTLV-1 seem more likely to progress rapidly towards AIDS. Both HTLV-1 and HIV-1 are endemic in Gabon (Central Africa). We investigated HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infection in the Haut-Ogooué province, and assessed factors that may favor the rapid evolution and progression to AIDS in co-infected patients. Methods Plasma samples from HTLV-1 patients were tested using ELISA, and positive samples were then tested by western blot assay (WB). We used the polymerase chain reaction to detect HTLV-1 Tax/Rex genes using DNA extracted from the buffy coat of ELISA-positives samples. Results We recruited 299 individuals (mean age 46 years) including 90 (30%) men and 209 (70%) women, all of whom are under treatment at the Ambulatory Treatment Centre of the province. Of these, 45 were ELISA HTLV-1/2 seropositive. According to WB criteria, 21 of 45 were confirmed positive: 20 were HTLV-1 (44%), 1 was HTLV-1/2 (2%), 2 were indeterminate (4%) and 22 were seronegative (49%). PCR results showed that 23 individuals were positive for the Tax/Rex region. Considering both serological and molecular assays, the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection was estimated at 7.7%. Being a woman and increasing age were found to be independent risk factors for co-infection. Mean CD4+ cell counts were higher in HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infected (578.1 (± 340.8) cells/mm3) than in HIV-1 mono-infected (481.0 (± 299.0) cells/mm3) Individuals. Similarly, the mean HIV-1 viral load was Log 3.0 (± 1.6) copies/ml in mono-infected and Log 2.3 (± 0.7) copies/ml in coinfected individuals. Conclusion We described an overall high prevalence of HTLV-1/HIV-1 co-infection in Gabon. Our findings stress the need of strategies to prevent and manage these co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Mouinga-Ondémé
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- * E-mail:
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Groupe Evolution et Transmission Inter-espèces des Pathogènes (GETIP), Département de Parasitologie, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ingrid Précilya Koumba Koumba
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Antony Idam Mamimandjiami
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Abdoulaye Diané
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jéordy Dimitri Engone-Ondo
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Delia Doreen Djuicy
- Unité des Infections Rétrovirales et Pathologies Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Jeanne Sica
- Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Landry Erik Mombo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes (EPVO), et CNRS UMR3569, Institut Pasteur de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Avelin Aghokeng Fobang
- Unité Mixte de Recherche sur le VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses Associées, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD – Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Simioli FR, Bouzas MB, Mijalovsky D, Pineda MV, Mammana L, Mangano A, Orduna TA. Making Visible HTLV Infection in a Non-endemic Area of Argentina. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:892159. [PMID: 35879924 PMCID: PMC9307993 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.892159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection has been documented mainly among blood banks with a prevalence of ~0.02–0.046% for Buenos Aires city, 0.8% for the northeast, and 1% for the northwest; both areas are considered endemic for HTLV-2 and 1, respectively. Policies and specific guidelines for testing blood donors for HTLV are included since 2005. Screening for antibodies is performed at blood banks and confirmatory testing is performed at reference laboratories. There are no specific recommendations for the assistance of communities and individuals affected, nor referral to specialized clinics on the HTLV infection. In 2016, as a strategy of intervention, we opened a specialized clinical attendance in a referral infectious diseases public hospital for the comprehensive approach to patients with HTLV, offering follow-up and counseling for patients and their families for the early diagnosis of HTLV-1/2 and related diseases. During the study, 124 patients with presumptive HTLV positive diagnosis from blood bank, symptomatic patients (SPs), relatives, and descendants visited the unit. A total of 46 patients were HTLV positive (38 HTLV-1 and 8 HTLV-2). There were nine SPs (2 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [ATL] and 7 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis [HAM/TSP]). All patients with HTLV-1 and−2 were offered to study their relatives. Two out of 37 (5.4%) descendants tested were positive for HTLV-1. Sexual partners were studied; among 6 out of 11 couples (54.5%) were found positive (5 HTLV-1 and 1 HTLV-2). Other relatives, such as mothers (1/2) and siblings (1/6), were positive for HTLV-1. According to the place of birth among HTLV-1 carriers, 58% were born in an endemic area or in countries where HTLV infection is considered endemic while for HTLV-2 carriers, 12.5% were born in an endemic area of Argentina. The proviral load (pVL) was measured in all, patients with HTLV-1 being higher in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic carriers. In addition, two pregnant women were early diagnosed during their puerperium and breastmilk replacement by formula was indicated. Inhibition of lactation was also indicated. Our study provides tools for a multidisciplinary approach to the infection and reinforces the importance of having specialized clinical units in neglected diseases, such as HTLV for counseling, clinical and laboratory follow-up, and providing useful information for patients for self-care and that of their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico R. Simioli
- Centro Municipal de Patología Regional Argentina y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria B. Bouzas
- Division Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maria B. Bouzas
| | - Dana Mijalovsky
- Centro Municipal de Patología Regional Argentina y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria V. Pineda
- Unidad de Virología y Epidemiología Molecular-CONICET- Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, ” Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilia Mammana
- Unidad de Virología, División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mangano
- Unidad de Virología y Epidemiología Molecular-CONICET- Hospital de Pediatría “Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan, ” Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Andrea Mangano
| | - Tomas A. Orduna
- Centro Municipal de Patología Regional Argentina y Medicina Tropical (CEMPRA-MT), Hospital de Infecciosas F.J. Muñiz, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Barr RS, Drysdale SB, Boullier M, Lyall H, Cook L, Collins GP, Kelly DF, Phelan L, Taylor GP. A Review of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) With a Proposed Management Algorithm. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:941647. [PMID: 35872787 PMCID: PMC9304803 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.941647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that is endemic in a number of regions across the world. There are an estimated 5–10 million people infected worldwide. Japan is currently the only country with a national antenatal screening programme in place. HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted sexually in adulthood, however it can be transmitted from mother-to-child perinatally. This can occur transplacentally, during the birth process or via breastmilk. If HTLV-1 is transmitted perinatally then the lifetime risk of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma rises from 5 to 20%, therefore prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 is a public health priority. There are reliable immunological and molecular tests available for HTLV-1 diagnosis during pregnancy and screening should be considered on a country by country basis. Further research on best management is needed particularly for pregnancies in women with high HTLV-1 viral load. A first step would be to establish an international registry of cases and to monitor outcomes for neonates and mothers. We have summarized key risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 and subsequently propose a pragmatic guideline for management of mothers and infants in pregnancy and the perinatal period to reduce the risk of transmission. This is clinically relevant in order to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-1 and it's complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S. Barr
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Rachael S. Barr
| | - Simon B. Drysdale
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Oxford Vaccine Group and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Boullier
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hermione Lyall
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Cook
- National Centre for Human Retrovirology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Collins
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic F. Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Level 2, Children's Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Phelan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Fowler F, Einsiedel L. A Qualitative Study Exploring Perceptions to the Human T Cell Leukaemia Virus Type 1 in Central Australia: Barriers to Preventing Transmission in a Remote Aboriginal Population. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:845594. [PMID: 35572972 PMCID: PMC9100826 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.845594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Central Australia has the highest recorded prevalence of infection with the human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) worldwide. Each of the clinical diseases associated with HTLV-1 have been reported in this region, including deaths due to adult T cell leukaemia, which is causally linked to HTLV-1. Nevertheless, no public health response has been implemented to reduce HTLV-1 transmission among the affected Aboriginal population. In the first study to explore the perceptions of healthcare professionals along with those of Aboriginal people whose communities are actually impacted by HTLV-1, we sought to understand the barriers to preventing HTLV-1 transmission in this remote area. Methodology/Principal Findings Semi and un-structured interviews were conducted with 30 Australian Aboriginal people, 26 non-Aboriginal healthcare professionals and 3 non-Aboriginal community workers. The purpose of the interviews was to explore perceptions towards HTLV-1 in a health context with a focus on sexual and reproductive rights. Deductive and inductive analyses were applied to the data and a decolonizing lens brought peripheral stories to the fore. A major finding was the contrast between views expressed by Aboriginal participants and healthcare professionals regarding the provision of knowledge to those affected. Aboriginal participants consistently articulated that they and their communities should be informed of, and can hold, knowledges pertaining to HTLV-1. This finding controverted the perceptions of healthcare professionals that the complexities of the virus would not be well-understood by their Aboriginal patients and that sharing HTLV-1 knowledges might overwhelm Aboriginal people. Further analyses revealed a spectrum of understanding and clinical practice, while also delineating signs of an imagined public health response. Conclusions/Significance HTLV-1 remains a neglected infection in Australia. Knowledge of HTLV-1 is held by a privileged medical elite and does not flow to marginalised Aboriginal people living in affected communities. We demonstrate that differences in the perspectives of stakeholders presents a significant barrier to the development of cohesive, culturally safe prevention programs that foster a shared knowledge of HTLV-1. The interview data suggests that a successful public health program is likely to require a dual approach that includes clinical care and community-driven health promotion. Aspects of this approach, which would raise awareness and potentially reduce transmission and lower HTLV-1 prevalence in Central Australia, may be applicable to other endemic settings with similar conditions of social disadvantage, geographic remoteness, resource limitations and cross-cultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fowler
- Department of Social Work, Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
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Clinical and Public Health Implications of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0007821. [PMID: 35195446 PMCID: PMC8941934 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00078-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is estimated to affect 5 to 10 million people globally and can cause severe and potentially fatal disease, including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The burden of HTLV-1 infection appears to be geographically concentrated, with high prevalence in discrete regions and populations. While most high-income countries have introduced HTLV-1 screening of blood donations, few other public health measures have been implemented to prevent infection or its consequences. Recent advocacy from concerned researchers, clinicians, and community members has emphasized the potential for improved prevention and management of HTLV-1 infection. Despite all that has been learned in the 4 decades following the discovery of HTLV-1, gaps in knowledge across clinical and public health aspects persist, impeding optimal control and prevention, as well as the development of policies and guidelines. Awareness of HTLV-1 among health care providers, communities, and affected individuals remains limited, even in countries of endemicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview on HTLV-1 epidemiology and on clinical and public health and highlights key areas for further research and collaboration to advance the health of people with and at risk of HTLV-1 infection.
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Miranda C, Utsch-Gonçalves D, Piassi FCC, Loureiro P, Gomes I, Ribeiro MA, de Almeida-Neto C, Blatyta P, Amorim L, Garcia Mateos SO, Murphy EL, Custer B, Carneiro-Proietti ABF, Sabino EC. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) in Blood Donors in Brazil-A 10-Year Study (2007-2016). Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:844265. [PMID: 35355612 PMCID: PMC8959844 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.844265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether HTLV-1/2 prevalence has been stable or changing with time in Brazil. We present a 10-year (2007–2016) analysis of HTLV-1/2 infection in first-time blood donors from four blood banks in Brazil. The Brazilian blood centers participating in this multicenter Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study (REDS) are located in Recife in the Northeast and in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte located in the Southeast of the country. A previous REDS study using the same database from 2007 to 2009 showed that the prevalence per 100,000 donors was 222 in Recife, 83 in Belo Horizonte and 101 in São Paulo. From 2007 to 2016, HTLV-1/2 prevalence was calculated by year, blood center and birth cohort. Covariates included age, gender, schooling, self-reported skin color and type of donation. From 1,092,174 first-blood donations, in the general analysis, HTLV-1/2 infection predominated in females, donors over 50 years of age, black skin color and less educated. The average prevalence was 228 per 100,000 donors in Recife, 222 in Rio de Janeiro, 104 in Belo Horizonte and 103 in São Paulo. In the 10-year analysis, HTLV-1/2 prevalence was stable, but a trend was observed toward an increase in HTLV-1/2 infection among younger people (p < 0.001), males (p = 0.049), those with white skin color (p < 0.001), and higher education (p = 0.014). Therefore, this 10-year surveillance of the infection showed stable HTLV-1/2 prevalence overall but a trend toward increased prevalence among the younger and more educated donors despite Brazilian policies to control sexually transmitted infections being in place for more than 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Denise Utsch-Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Chagas Camargos Piassi
- Departamento de Propedêutica Complementar, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paula Loureiro
- Fundação Hemope, Recife, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Isabel Gomes
- Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paula Blatyta
- Fundação Pró-Sangue, Hemocentro de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Amorim
- Fundação Hemorio, Hemocentro do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Edward L Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brian Custer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Ester C Sabino
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, São Paulo, Brazil
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Halecker S, Krabben L, Kristiansen Y, Krüger L, Möller L, Becher D, Laue M, Kaufer B, Reimer C, Denner J. Rare isolation of human-tropic recombinant porcine endogenous retroviruses PERV-A/C from Göttingen minipigs. Virol J 2022; 19:30. [PMID: 35189916 PMCID: PMC8862210 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) can infect human cells and pose a risk for xenotransplantation when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted to human recipients. Xenotransplantation holds great promise to overcome the shortage of human donor organs after solving the problems of rejection, functionality and virus safety. We recently described the transmission of a human-tropic recombinant PERV-A/C, designated PERV-F, from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a Göttingen Minipig (GöMP) to human 293 cells (Krüger et al., in Viruses 12(1):38, 2019). The goal of this study was to characterize PERV-F in more detail and to analyze the probability of virus isolation from other animals. Methods The recombination site in the envelope (env) gene, the long terminal repeats (LTR), the proteins and the morphology of the recombinant PERV-F were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequencing, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and transmissible electron microscopy. Mitogen-stimulated PBMCs from 47 additional pigs, including 17 new GöMP, were co-cultured with highly susceptible human 293 T cells, and the PERV-A/C prevalence and PERV transmission was analyzed by PCR. Results PERV-F, isolated from a GöMP, is an infectious human-tropic PERV-A/C virus with a novel type of recombination in the env gene. The length of the LTR of PERV-F increased after passaging on human cells. In a few minipigs, but not in German landrace pigs, PERV-A/C were found. There was no transmission of human-tropic PERV-A/C from additional 47 pigs, including 17 GöMP, to human cells. Conclusion These data show that human-tropic recombinant PERV-A/C proviruses can only be found in a very small number of minipigs, but not in other pigs, and that their isolation as infectious virus able to replicate on human cells is an extremely rare event, even when using highly susceptible 293 cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01742-0.
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12
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Einsiedel L, Pham H, Talukder MR, Taylor K, Wilson K, Kaldor J, Gessain A, Woodman R. Very high prevalence of infection with the human T cell leukaemia virus type 1c in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: Results of a large cross-sectional community survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009915. [PMID: 34879069 PMCID: PMC8654171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human T cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) subtype C is endemic among Aboriginal people in central Australia. To provide insights into the risk factors for transmission, we conducted the first large-scale, community-based prevalence study in seven remote Aboriginal communities. Residents >2 years old were invited to participate in the study between August 2014 and June 2018. HTLV-1 infection was defined as a positive western blot (WB) test or a positive HTLV-1 PCR. 720 community residents participated in the study (children <15 years, 142; adults, 578). Prevalences for children and adults were 3.5% (5/142) and 36.8% (213/578), respectively, reaching 49.3% (106/215) for those older than 45 years. A wide range of proviral loads were measured for both asymptomatic and symptomatic participants with no difference within groups according to age or gender; however, median PVL was 1.34 log10 higher for symptomatic participants. The adult prevalence of HTLV-1 infection in central Australia is the highest reported worldwide. Sexual contact is likely to be the predominant mode of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hai Pham
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | - Kerry Taylor
- Poche Centre for Indigenous Health and Wellbeing, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Bhandari HM, Mitchell T, Duffy J, Mania A, Konsta N, Sarris I, Boyer P, Calhaz-Jorge C, Matik S, Ma Q, Ma F, Siristatidis C, Bosco L, Pomeroy KO, von Byern J, Mocanu E, Drakeley A, Kupka MS, Lara-Molina EE, Le Clef N, Ombelet W, Patrat C, Pennings G, Semprini AE, Tilleman K, Tognon M, Tonch N, Woodward B. ESHRE guideline: medically assisted reproduction in patients with a viral infection/disease. Hum Reprod Open 2021; 2021:hoab037. [PMID: 36733615 PMCID: PMC9887941 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the recommended management for medically assisted reproduction (MAR) in patients with a viral infection or disease, based on the best available evidence in the literature? SUMMARY ANSWER The ESHRE guideline on MAR in patients with a viral infection/disease makes 78 recommendations on prevention of horizontal and vertical transmission before, during and after MAR, and the impact on its outcomes, and these also include recommendations regarding laboratory safety on the processing and storage of gametes and embryos testing positive for viral infections. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The development of new and improved anti-viral medications has resulted in improved life expectancy and quality of life for patients with viral infections/diseases. Patients of reproductive age are increasingly exploring their options for family creation. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION The guideline was developed according to the structured methodology for the development of ESHRE guidelines. After the formulation of nine key questions for six viruses (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papilloma virus, human T-lymphotropic virus I/II and Zika virus) by a group of experts, literature searches and assessments were performed. Papers published up to 2 November 2020 and written in English were included in the review. Evidence was analyzed by female, male or couple testing positive for the virus. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS Based on the collected evidence, recommendations were formulated and discussed until consensus was reached within the guideline group. There were 61 key questions to be answered by the guideline development group (GDG), of which 12 were answered as narrative questions and 49 as PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) questions. A stakeholder review was organized after the finalization of the draft. The final version was approved by the GDG and the ESHRE Executive Committee. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE This guideline aims to help providers meet a growing demand for guidance on the management of patients with a viral infection/disease presenting in the fertility clinic.The guideline makes 78 recommendations on prevention of viral transmission before and during MAR, and interventions to reduce/avoid vertical transmission to the newborn. Preferred MAR treatments and interventions are described together with the effect of viral infections on outcomes. The GDG formulated 44 evidence-based recommendations-of which 37 were formulated as strong recommendations and 7 as weak-33 good practice points (GPP) and one research only recommendation. Of the evidence-based recommendations, none were supported by high-quality evidence, two by moderate-quality evidence, 15 by low-quality evidence and 27 by very low-quality evidence. To support future research in the field of MAR in patients with a viral infection/disease, a list of research recommendations is provided. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Most interventions included are not well-studied in patients with a viral infection/disease. For a large proportion of interventions, evidence was very limited and of very low quality. More evidence is required for these interventions, especially in the field of human papilloma virus (HPV). Such future studies may require the current recommendations to be revised. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The guideline provides clinicians with clear advice on best practice in MAR for patients with a viral infection/disease, based on the best evidence currently available. In addition, a list of research recommendations is provided to stimulate further studies in the field. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The guideline was developed and funded by ESHRE, covering expenses associated with the guideline meetings, with the literature searches and with the dissemination of the guideline. The guideline group members did not receive any financial incentives, all work was provided voluntarily. A.D. reports research fees from Ferring and Merck, consulting fees from Ferring, outside the submitted work. C.P. reports speakers fees from Merck and MSD outside the submitted work. K.T. reports speakers fees from Cooper Surgical and Ferring and consultancy fees as member of the advisory board BioTeam of Ferring, outside the submitted work. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. DISCLAIMER This guideline represents the views of ESHRE, which were achieved after careful consideration of the scientific evidence available at the time of preparation. In the absence of scientific evidence on certain aspects, a consensus between the relevant ESHRE stakeholders has been obtained. Adherence to these clinical practice guidelines does not guarantee a successful or specific outcome, nor does it establish a standard of care. Clinical practice guidelines do not replace the need for application of clinical judgment to each individual presentation, nor variations based on locality and facility type. ESHRE makes no warranty, express or implied, regarding the clinical practice guidelines and specifically excludes any warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular use or purpose. (Full disclaimer available at www.eshre.eu/guidelines.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edgar Mocanu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Rotunda Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Drakeley
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital , Liverpool, UK
| | - Markus S Kupka
- Department Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Gynaekologicum Hamburg , Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie Le Clef
- European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology , Grimbergen, Belgium
| | - Willem Ombelet
- Genk Institute for Fertility Technology, ZOL Hospitals, Genk Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University , Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Catherine Patrat
- APHP Centre—University of Paris, Cochin, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction—CECOS , Paris, France
| | - Guido Pennings
- Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG) Ghent University , Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Kelly Tilleman
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital , Gent, Belgium
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara School of Medicine , Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nino Tonch
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location AMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Natural Infection of Dairy Cows with Bovine Leukemia Virus Affects Immunoglobulin Levels in Saliva and Serum but Not Milk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070907. [PMID: 34358057 PMCID: PMC8308649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retroviral infection that disrupts the immune function of infected animals. It is widespread among U.S. dairy cattle. In this pilot study, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations in milk, saliva, and serum samples from BLV ELISA-positive (ELISA+) dairy cows were compared against samples from BLV ELISA-negative (ELISA−) cows using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with ties). The results from ELISA+ cows were also stratified by lymphocyte count (LC) and proviral load (PVL). In milk and saliva from ELISA+ cows, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations were decreased compared to ELISA− cows, although this was only statistically significant for saliva IgM in cows with low PVL (p = 0.0424). Numerically, the average total IgA concentrations were 33.6% lower in milk and 23.7% lower in saliva, and the average total IgM concentrations were 42.4% lower in milk and 15.5% lower in saliva. No significant differences were observed in the total serum IgA concentrations, regardless of PVL and LC. The total serum IgM from ELISA+ cows was significantly decreased (p = 0.0223), with the largest decreases occurring in the highest PVL and LC subgroups. This pilot study is a first step in investigating the impact of BLV on mucosal immunity and will require further exploration in each of the various stages of disease progression.
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15
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Bartlett PC, Ruggiero VJ, Hutchinson HC, Droscha CJ, Norby B, Sporer KRB, Taxis TM. Current Developments in the Epidemiology and Control of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis as Caused by Bovine Leukemia Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1058. [PMID: 33352855 PMCID: PMC7766781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been eradicated in over 20 countries. In contrast, the U.S. and many other nations are experiencing increasing prevalence in the absence of efforts to control transmission. Recent studies have shown that BLV infection in dairy cattle has a greater impact beyond the long-recognized lymphoma development that occurs in <5% of infected cattle. Like other retroviruses, BLV appears to cause multiple immune system disruptions, affecting both cellular and humoral immunity, which are likely responsible for increasingly documented associations with decreased dairy production and decreased productive lifespan. Realization of these economic losses has increased interest in controlling BLV using technology that was unavailable decades ago, when many nations eradicated BLV via traditional antibody testing and slaughter methods. This traditional control is not economically feasible for many nations where the average herd antibody prevalence is rapidly approaching 50%. The ELISA screening of cattle with follow-up testing via qPCR for proviral load helps prioritize the most infectious cattle for segregation or culling. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in at least four herds. Breeding cattle for resistance to BLV disease progression also appears to hold promise, and several laboratories are working on BLV vaccines. There are many research priorities for a wide variety of disciplines, especially including the need to investigate the reports linking BLV and human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Bartlett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Vickie J. Ruggiero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.J.D.); (K.R.B.S.)
| | - Bo Norby
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (B.N.)
| | - Kelly R. B. Sporer
- CentralStar Cooperative, East Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.J.D.); (K.R.B.S.)
| | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Maali Y, Journo C, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. Microbial Biofilms: Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 First in Line for Viral Biofilm but Far Behind Bacterial Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2041. [PMID: 33042035 PMCID: PMC7523422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). To date, it is the unique published example of a virus able to form a biofilm at the surface of infected cells. Deeply studied in bacteria, bacterial biofilms represent multicellular assemblies of bacteria in contact with a surface and shielded by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Microbial lifestyle in biofilms, either viral or bacterial, is opposed structurally and physiologically to an isolated lifestyle, in which viruses or bacteria freely float in their environment. HTLV-1 biofilm formation is believed to be promoted by viral proteins, mainly Tax, through remodeling of the ECM of the infected cells. HTLV-1 biofilm has been linked to cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. However, in comparison to bacterial biofilms, very little is known on kinetics of viral biofilm formation or dissemination, but also on its pathophysiological roles, such as escape from immune detection or therapeutic strategies, as well as promotion of leukemogenesis. The switch between production of cell-free isolated virions and cell-associated viral biofilm, although not fully apprehended yet, remains a key step to understand HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Maali
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
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Mohanty S, Harhaj EW. Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by HTLV-1 Tax. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070543. [PMID: 32645846 PMCID: PMC7399876 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a neoplasm of CD4+CD25+ T cells that occurs in 2-5% of infected individuals after decades of asymptomatic latent infection. Multiple HTLV-1-encoded regulatory proteins, including Tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), play key roles in viral persistence and latency. The HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein interacts with a plethora of host cellular proteins to regulate viral gene expression and also promote the aberrant activation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB to drive clonal proliferation and survival of T cells bearing the HTLV-1 provirus. Tax undergoes various post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination that regulate its function and subcellular localization. Tax shuttles in different subcellular compartments for the activation of anti-apoptotic genes and deregulates the cell cycle with the induction of DNA damage for the accumulation of genomic instability that can result in cellular immortalization and malignant transformation. However, Tax is highly immunogenic and therefore HTLV-1 has evolved numerous strategies to tightly regulate Tax expression while maintaining the pool of anti-apoptotic genes through HBZ. In this review, we summarize the key findings on the oncogenic mechanisms used by Tax that set the stage for the development of ATLL, and the strategies used by HTLV-1 to tightly regulate Tax expression for immune evasion and viral persistence.
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Caswell RJ, Manavi K. Emerging sexually transmitted viral infections: Review of human T-lymphotropic virus-1 disease. Int J STD AIDS 2020; 31:92-99. [PMID: 31964238 DOI: 10.1177/0956462419886940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 is a preventable sexually transmitted infection. In the majority of people it is asymptomatic, remaining undiagnosed and thereby contributing to its silent transmission. When it does manifest it causes significant morbidity and mortality. This review summarises the existing evidence for its role in sexual transmission and offers suggestions for those working in the area of sexual health. This is the third part of a series looking at novel sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Caswell
- Department of HIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Manavi
- Department of HIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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Tang AR, Taylor GP, Dhasmana D. Self-Flagellation as Possible Route of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-1 Transmission. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:811-813. [PMID: 30882326 PMCID: PMC6433044 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.180984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection associated with self-flagellation in 10 UK residents. These persons were heterosexual men from Pakistan, India, and Iraq. One person showed seroconversion in adulthood; 1 was co-infected with hepatitis C virus. No other risk factors for bloodborne virus acquisition were identified. Onward sexual transmission has occurred.
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Ngoma AM, Mutombo PB, Omokoko MD, Mvika ES, Nollet KE, Ohto H. Prevalence and Molecular Epidemiology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 among Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 101:908-915. [PMID: 31407658 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) imposes a substantial disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which is arguably the world's largest endemic area for HTLV-1. Evidence that mother-to-child transmission persists as a major mode of transmission in SSA prompted us to estimate the pooled prevalence of HTLV-1 among pregnant women throughout the region. We systematically reviewed databases including EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews from their inception to November 2018. We selected studies with data on HTLV-1 prevalence among pregnant women in SSA. A random effect meta-analysis was conducted on all eligible data and heterogeneity was assessed through subgroup analyses. A total of 18 studies, covering 14,079 pregnant women, were selected. The evidence base was high to moderate in quality. The pooled prevalence, per 100 women, of the 18 studies that screened HTLV-1 was 1.67 (95% CI: 1.00-2.50), a figure that masks regional variations. In Western, Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa, the numbers were 2.34 (1.68-3.09), 2.00 (0.75-3.79), 0.30 (0.10-0.57), and 0.00 (0.00-0.21), respectively. The prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among pregnant women in SSA, especially in Western and Central Africa, strengthens the case for action to implement routine screening of pregnant women for HTLV-1. Rigorous studies using confirmatory testing and molecular analysis would characterize more accurately the prevalence of this infection, consolidate the evidence base, and further guide beneficial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain M Ngoma
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Paulin B Mutombo
- School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Magot D Omokoko
- Hôpital de la Cité-de-la Santé, Affiliated to the University of Montreal, Laval, Canada
| | - Eddy S Mvika
- Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kenneth E Nollet
- Radiation Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Blood Transfusion and Transplantation Immunology and Radiation Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohto
- Radiation Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Ruggiero VJ, Norby B, Benitez OJ, Hutchinson H, Sporer KRB, Droscha C, Swenson CL, Bartlett PC. Controlling bovine leukemia virus in dairy herds by identifying and removing cows with the highest proviral load and lymphocyte counts. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9165-9175. [PMID: 31378496 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this field trial was to reduce bovine leukemia virus (BLV) transmission and prevalence in commercial dairy herds using proviral load (PVL) and lymphocyte count (LC) measurements as indicators of the most infectious animals for culling or segregation. Bovine leukemia virus causes lymphoma in <5% of infected cattle, and increased lymphocyte counts (lymphocytosis) in about one-third. Recent research has shown that dairy cows infected with BLV have altered immune function associated with decreases in milk production and lifespan. Recent findings show that a minority of infected cattle have PVL concentrations in blood and other body fluids of over 1,000 times that of other infected cattle. In combination with a high LC, these animals are thought to be responsible for most transmission of BLV in a herd. Milk or blood samples from adult cows in our 3 Midwestern dairy farm field trials were tested semiannually with ELISA for BLV antibodies, and ELISA-positive cattle were then retested using a blood LC and a quantitative PCR test for PVL to identify the animals presumed to be most infectious. Herd managers were encouraged to consider PVL and LC status when making cull decisions, and to segregate cows with the highest PVL and LC from their BLV ELISA-negative herd mates where possible. After 2 to 2.5 yr of this intervention, the incidence risk of new infections decreased in all 3 herds combined, from 13.8 to 2.2, and the overall herd prevalence decreased in all 3 herds combined from 62.0 to 20.7%, suggesting that this approach can efficiently reduce BLV transmission as well as prevalence. This is encouraging, because a very low prevalence of BLV infection would make it economically feasible to cull the remaining ELISA-positive cattle, as was achieved in national eradication programs in other countries decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Ruggiero
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| | - B Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - O J Benitez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - H Hutchinson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R B Sporer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C Droscha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824; NorthStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910
| | - C L Swenson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - P C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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22
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Jensen MM, Olesen JS, Kjerulff B, Byberg S, da Silva ZJ, Rodrigues A, Jespersen S, Wejse C, Aaby P, Erikstrup C, Hønge BL. HTLV prevalence is no longer following the decreasing HIV prevalence - 20 years of retroviral surveillance in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Acta Trop 2019; 192:144-150. [PMID: 30771284 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The HIV-2 and HTLV-1 prevalences in Bissau have followed similar trends in surveys from 1996 and 2006 with HTLV-1 prevalences of 3.6% and 2.3%, respectively. However, following the introduction of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and informative campaigns about HIV, the epidemics may have shifted. To evaluate the current HTLV prevalence and the continued association with HIV, we performed a third survey. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed from November 2014 to February 2016. In total, 2583 participants were interviewed, tested for HIV, and had blood samples collected. Samples were analysed for anti-HTLV using chemiluminescence and immunoblot assays. We calculated the HTLV prevalence for 2016 and examined risk factors for HTLV and associations with HIV using binominal regression. RESULTS The prevalence of HTLV was 2.8% (71/2583), 1.5% (16/1,089) for men and 3.7% (55/1,494) for women. Old age, female sex, HIV-2 infection and sharing a house with a HTLV- infected person were strong risk factors for HTLV. In contrast to previous studies, we found a non-significant increase in prevalence among the 15-24 year-olds since 2006, supporting ongoing transmission. CONCLUSIONS The HTLV prevalence in Bissau showed a non-significant increase. We found evidence supporting continuous vertical and horizontal routes of transmissions.
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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24
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de Aguiar SA, de Souza França SA, Santana BB, Santos MB, Freitas FB, Ferreira G, Cayres-Vallinoto I, Ishak MOG, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1aA circulation and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections in an Amazon geographic area with lowest human development index (Marajó Island, Northern Brazil). BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:758. [PMID: 29216835 PMCID: PMC5721473 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) in a population from the municipalities of Anajás, Chaves, São Sebastião da Boa Vista (SSBV) and Portel in the Marajó Archipelago and correlated these data with the epidemiological characteristics of the study population. METHODS A total of 1899 biological samples were evaluated. The samples were screened for the presence of anti-HTLV antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and infection was confirmed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS Eleven samples (0.58%) were seropositive for HTLV, but molecular analysis confirmed positivity in only two samples (0.11%). Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two samples positive for HTLV-1 that were isolated in Chaves belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype 1 (HTLV-1a) and Transcontinental subgroup (A). CONCLUSION Our results confirmed the presence of Cosmopolitan Transcontinental HTLV-1 in the Marajó Archipelago, Amazon region, and the majority of the population revealed a lack of knowledge about sexually transmitted infections, which increases the risk of dissemination of HTLV and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Assis de Aguiar
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Samires Avelino de Souza França
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Barbara Brasil Santana
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Mike Barbosa Santos
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Felipe Bonfim Freitas
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Glenda Ferreira
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Izaura Cayres-Vallinoto
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Marluísa O G Ishak
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Federal University of Pará, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, Professor José da Silveira Netto Campus, Rua Augusto Correa s/no., Guama, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.
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25
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Ireland G, Croxford S, Tosswill J, Raghu R, Davison K, Hewitt P, Simmons R, Taylor G. Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) in England and Wales, 2004 to 2013: testing and diagnoses. Euro Surveill 2017; 22:30539. [PMID: 28598325 PMCID: PMC5479983 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.20.30539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection has been under enhanced surveillance in England and Wales since 2002, however, little is known about testing patterns. Using data from two surveillance systems held at Public Health England, we described HTLV antibody testing patterns between 2008 and 2013 and the demographic and clinical characteristics of persons diagnosed with HTLV in England and Wales between 2004 and 2013. An increase in HTLV testing was observed in England between 2008 and 2013 (3,581 to 7,130). Most tests (82%; 7,597/9,302) occurred within secondary care, 0.5% (48/9,302) of persons were reactive for HTLV antibodies and 0.3% (27/9,302) were confirmed positive. Increasing age and female sex were predictors of a reactive HTLV screen and confirmed diagnosis. Testing in primary care including sexual health and antenatal services was infrequent. Between 2004 and 2013, 858 people were diagnosed with HTLV, most of whom were female (65%; 549/851), of black Caribbean ethnicity (60%), not born in the United Kingdom (72%; 369/514) and asymptomatic at diagnosis (45%; 267/595). Despite increased testing, the epidemiology and clinical features of those diagnosed with HTLV have remained consistent. Apart from donor screening, testing for HTLV infection remains uncommon, except to diagnose associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Ireland
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Croxford
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Tosswill
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajani Raghu
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katy Davison
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Hewitt
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Simmons
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Taylor
- Section of Virology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Paiva A, Smid J, Haziot MEJ, Assone T, Pinheiro S, Fonseca LAM, de Oliveira ACP, Casseb J. High risk of heterosexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in Brazil. J Med Virol 2016; 89:1287-1294. [PMID: 27935065 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is transmitted primarily either through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. The current study investigated sexual transmission and compared the HTLV-1 proviral load between seroconcordant and serodiscordant couples by examining both men and women among the index partners without using subjective criteria to establish the direction of sexual transmission. Between January 2013 and May 2015, 178 HTLV-1-positive patients had spouses, 107 of which had tested partners, thus increasing the initial sample size (46 men and 61 women). Individuals co-infected with HTLV-2 or human immunodeficiency virus were not included in the analysis. From among the included participants, 26 men and 26 women were paired with each other, resulting in 26 seroconcordant couples; 12 seroconcordant couples were formed from another four men and eight women. Forty-three serodiscordant couples were formed from 16 men and 27 women. The rate of seroconcordance was 46.9%. The HTLV-1 proviral load was compared between 19 and 37 seroconcordant and serodiscondant couples, respectively, and the concordant couples showed higher proviral loads (P = 0.03). There were no differences between the groups according to age, relationship length, having a mother or sibling with HTLV-1, race, ethnicity, nationality, education, history of blood transfusion, HAM/TSP, ALT, or hepatitis C virus status. In multivariate analysis, relationship time was shown associated with ocurrence of seroconcordance status. The apparent association between high circulating levels of provirus and seroconcordance rate among couples suggests that proviral loads contribute markedly to the risk of sexual transmission, regardless of gender index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jerusa Smid
- Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michel E J Haziot
- Institute of Infectious Diseases "Emilio Ribas" (IIER), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Assone
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Pinheiro
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A M Fonseca
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, University of São Paulo Medical School, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Human T-cell leukemia virus-associated malignancy. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:40-46. [PMID: 27591679 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a tumorigenic delta retrovirus and the causative infectious agent of a non-Hodgkin's peripheral T-cell malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). ATL develops in approximately 5% of infected individuals after a significant clinical latency period of several decades. Clinical classifications of ATL include smoldering, chronic, lymphoma, and acute subtypes, with varying median survival ranges of a few months to several years. Depending on the ATL subtype and disease symptoms, treatment options include 'watchful waiting', chemotherapy, antiviral therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), and targeted therapies. Herein we review the characteristics and development of ATL, as well as current and future treatment options and perspectives.
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28
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Satake M, Iwanaga M, Sagara Y, Watanabe T, Okuma K, Hamaguchi I. Incidence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infection in adolescent and adult blood donors in Japan: a nationwide retrospective cohort analysis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:1246-1254. [PMID: 27567105 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection has an especially high prevalence in Japan. Transmission has been confirmed in infancy through breastfeeding; however, little is known about the epidemiological aspects of new HTLV-1 infections later in life. We aimed to estimate the nationwide annual number of new HTLV-1 infections among adolescents and adults in Japan. METHODS In this retrospective cohort analysis, we assessed new HTLV-1 infections of repeat blood donors aged 16-69 years between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2006, in the Japanese Red Cross Blood Centres database. We used results of antibody tests done in repeat blood samples collected until Dec 31, 2011, to assess the number who seroconverted to HTLV-1. We calculated the incidence density by dividing the number of seroconverters by the number of person-years of follow-up, and then extrapolated densities to regional populations to estimate the annual number of new HTLV-1 infections. FINDINGS We included 3 375 821 HTLV-1-seronegative blood donors (2 100 915 men and 1 274 906 women). Within a median follow-up of 4·5 years (IQR 2·3-5·8), 532 people (204 men and 328 women) had seroconverted. The incidence density was significantly higher in women (6·88 per 100 000 person-years; 95% CI 6·17-7·66) than in men (2·29 per 100 000 person-years; 95% CI 1·99-2·62; p<0·0001). The estimated annual number of new HTLV-1 infections was 4190 (95% CI 4064-4318) with 975 (914-1038) infections in men and 3215 (3104-3328) in women. INTERPRETATION New HTLV-1 infections in adolescents and adults are an important public health concern in Japan and preventive strategies are needed to reduce new transmission. FUNDING Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Frontier Life Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Kyushu Block Blood Center, Japanese Red Cross, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Einsiedel L, Woodman RJ, Flynn M, Wilson K, Cassar O, Gessain A. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus type 1 infection in an Indigenous Australian population: epidemiological insights from a hospital-based cohort study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:787. [PMID: 27526923 PMCID: PMC4986258 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Human T Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) subtype C is endemic to central Australia where each of the major sequelae of HTLV-1 infection has been documented in the socially disadvantaged Indigenous population. Nevertheless, available epidemiological information relating to HTLV-1c infection is very limited, risk factors for transmission are unknown and no coordinated program has been implemented to reduce transmission among Indigenous Australians. Identifying risk factors for HTLV-1 infection is essential to direct strategies that could control HTLV-1 transmission. Methods Risk factors for HTLV-1 infection were retrospectively determined for a cohort of Indigenous Australians who were tested for HTLV-1 at Alice Springs Hospital (ASH), 1st January 2000 to 30th June 2013. Demographic details were obtained from the ASH patient management database and the results of tests for sexually transmitted infections (STI) were obtained from the ASH pathology database. Results Among 1889 Indigenous patients whose HTLV-1 serostatus was known, 635 (33.6 %) were HTLV-1 Western blot positive. Only one of 77 (1.3 %) children tested was HTLV-1 infected. Thereafter, rates progressively increased with age (15–29 years, 17.3 %; 30–49 years, 36.2 %; 50–64 years, 41.7 %) reaching 48.5 % among men aged 50–64 years. In a multivariable model, increasing age (OR, 1.04; 95 % CI, 1.03–1.04), male gender (OR, 1.41; 95 % CI, 1.08–1.85), residence in the south (OR, 10.7; 95 % CI, 7.4–15.6) or west (OR, 4.4; 95 % CI, 3.1–6.3) of central Australia and previous STI (OR, 1.42; 95 % CI, 1.04–1.95) were associated with HTLV-1 infection. Infection was acquired by three of 351 adults who were tested more than once during the study period (seroconversion rate, 0.24 (95 % CI = 0.18–2.48) per 100 person-years). Conclusions This study confirms that HTLV-1 is highly endemic to central Australia. Although childhood infection was documented, HTLV-1 infection in adults was closely associated with increasing age, male gender and STI history. Multiple modes of transmission are therefore likely to contribute to high rates of HTLV-1 infection in the Indigenous Australian population. Future strategies to control HTLV-1 transmission in this population require careful community engagement, cultural understanding and Indigenous leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Einsiedel
- Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs Hospital, Rubuntja Building, 0870, Northern Territory, Australia. .,Aboriginal Health Unit, BakerIDI,central Australia, Alice Springs Hospital, 0870, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs Hospital, Rubuntja Building, 0870, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Maria Flynn
- Flinders University/Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Alice Springs Hospital, Rubuntja Building, 0870, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kim Wilson
- National Serological Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, F-75015, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3569, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
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30
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Switzer WM, Tang S, Zheng H, Shankar A, Sprinkle PS, Sullivan V, Granade TC, Heneine W. Dual Simian Foamy Virus/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infections in Persons from Côte d'Ivoire. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157709. [PMID: 27310836 PMCID: PMC4911074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of simian retroviruses in West-Central Africa occurring in primate hunters has resulted in pandemic spread of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs). While simian foamy virus (SFV) and simian T- lymphotropic virus (STLV)-like infection were reported in healthy persons exposed to nonhuman primates (NHPs) in West-Central Africa, less is known about the distribution of these viruses in Western Africa and in hospitalized populations. We serologically screened for SFV and STLV infection using 1,529 specimens collected between 1985 and 1997 from Côte d'Ivoire patients with high HIV prevalence. PCR amplification and analysis of SFV, STLV, and HIV/SIV sequences from PBMCs was used to investigate possible simian origin of infection. We confirmed SFV antibodies in three persons (0.2%), two of whom were HIV-1-infected. SFV polymerase (pol) and LTR sequences were detected in PBMC DNA available for one HIV-infected person. Phylogenetic comparisons with new SFV sequences from African guenons showed infection likely originated from a Chlorocebus sabaeus monkey endemic to Côte d'Ivoire. 4.6% of persons were HTLV seropositive and PCR testing of PBMCs from 15 HTLV seroreactive persons identified nine with HTLV-1 and one with HTLV-2 LTR sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that two persons had STLV-1-like infections, seven were HTLV-1, and one was an HTLV-2 infection. 310/858 (53%), 8/858 (0.93%), and 18/858 (2.1%) were HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-positive but undifferentiated by serology, respectively. No SIV sequences were found in persons with HIV-2 antibodies (n = 1) or with undifferentiated HIV results (n = 7). We document SFV, STLV-1-like, and dual SFV/HIV infection in Côte d'Ivoire expanding the geographic range for zoonotic simian retrovirus transmission to West Africa. These findings highlight the need to define the public health consequences of these infections. Studying dual HIV-1/SFV infections in immunocompromised populations may provide a new opportunity to better understand SFV pathogenicity and transmissibility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Switzer
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Shaohua Tang
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - HaoQiang Zheng
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Patrick S. Sprinkle
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Vickie Sullivan
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Granade
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
| | - Walid Heneine
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States of America
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Handel A, Rohani P. Crossing the scale from within-host infection dynamics to between-host transmission fitness: a discussion of current assumptions and knowledge. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0302. [PMID: 26150668 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of an infection within a host determines the ability of a pathogen to transmit to new hosts and to maintain itself in the population. While the general connection between the infection dynamics within a host and the population-level transmission dynamics of pathogens is widely acknowledged, a comprehensive and quantitative understanding that would allow full integration of the two scales is still lacking. Here, we provide a brief discussion of both models and data that have attempted to provide quantitative mappings from within-host infection dynamics to transmission fitness. We present a conceptual framework and provide examples of studies that have taken first steps towards development of a quantitative framework that scales from within-host infections to population-level fitness of different pathogens. We hope to illustrate some general themes, summarize some of the recent advances and-maybe most importantly-discuss gaps in our ability to bridge these scales, and to stimulate future research on this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Pejman Rohani
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Paiva A, Casseb J. Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:265-74. [PMID: 25075475 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0232-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is endemic in many parts of the world and is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse or from mother to child. Sexual transmission occurs more efficiently from men to women than women to men and might be enhanced by sexually transmitted diseases that cause ulcers and result in mucosal ruptures, such as syphilis, herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2), and chancroid. Other sexually transmitted diseases might result in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and could increase the risk of HTLV-1 acquisition and transmission. Additionally, factors that are associated with higher transmission risks include the presence of antibodies against the viral oncoprotein Tax (anti-Tax), a higher proviral load in peripheral blood lymphocytes, and increased cervicovaginal or seminal secretions. Seminal fluid has been reported to increase HTLV replication and transmission, whereas male circumcision and neutralizing antibodies might have a protective effect. Recently, free virions were discovered in plasma, which reveals a possible new mode of HTLV replication. It is unclear how this discovery might affect the routes of HTLV transmission, particularly sexual transmission, because HTLV transmission rates are significantly higher from men to women than women to men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Paiva
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiência, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratório de Investigação em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiência, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Okoye AE, Ibegbulam OG, Onoh RC, Ezeonu PO, Ugwu NI, Lawani LO, Anigbo CS, Nonyelu CE. Seroprevalence and correlates of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type 1 antibodies among pregnant women at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria. Int J Womens Health 2014; 6:849-55. [PMID: 25258559 PMCID: PMC4174018 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s64199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 is a retrovirus transmitted vertically from mother to child parenterally and sexually by infected lymphocytes. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 antibodies and associated risk factors for HTLV-1 infection among pregnant women in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, southeast Nigeria. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from July to October 2010. Two hundred pregnant women were recruited consecutively from the antenatal clinic. Five milliliters of blood was collected from each of the participants into a plain sterile bottle and allowed to clot. The serum obtained was stored at −20°C until required for analysis. The serum samples were then analyzed for antibodies to HTLV-1 using a one-step incubation double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Participants’ demographic characteristics and degree of exposure to the risk factors associated with HTLV-1 infection were captured using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis of results was done using SPSS version 17. Results The average age of the pregnant women was 28.94 years (standard deviation 4.17). The age-group with the highest representation was those between the ages of 26 and 30 years. Thirty-six percent of the population was above 30 years old. The result of the tests showed that only one respondent, a 31-year-old pregnant woman tested positive for HTLV-1 antibodies. Therefore, the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 antibodies among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital was 0.5%, with a 95% confidence interval of 0%–2.8%. Some of the sociodemographic risk factors of HTLV-1 infection found to be applicable to the 31-year-old woman who tested positive included positive history of previous sexually transmitted diseases, high parity, low socioeconomic status, female sex, and age above 30 years. The pregnant women that participated in this study were exposed to risk factors and behaviors associated with HTLV-1 infection. Some of the pregnant women (17.5%) had contracted sexually transmitted diseases, and 80.5% did not use condoms during coitus. Conclusion The seroprevalence obtained in this study was low, though it is 100% for anyone infected. More prospective and multicenter studies are required to determine the infectivity of HTLV-1 among pregnant women in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Ejike Okoye
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Obike Godswill Ibegbulam
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ngozi I Ugwu
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Lucky Osaheni Lawani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi Simon Anigbo
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Nigeria
| | - Charles E Nonyelu
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Nigeria
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Hewagama S, Krishnaswamy S, King L, Davis J, Baird R. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 exposures following blood-borne virus incidents in central Australia, 2002-2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:85-7. [PMID: 24729501 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively audited hospital occupational exposure events over a 10-year period, in a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-endemic area of Central Australia, and report on 53 individuals exposed to HTLV-1 with no transmissions documented (95% confidence interval, 0%-1.5%). This has important implications for the management of exposures including the role of postexposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L King
- Infection Control and Prevention Unit, Alice Springs Hospital
| | - J Davis
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin
| | - R Baird
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
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Martinez O, Roth AM, Kelle G, Downs M, Rhodes SD. Adaptation and implementation of HoMBReS: a community-level, evidence-based HIV behavioral intervention for heterosexual Latino men in the midwestern United States. AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR AIDS EDUCATION 2014; 26:68-80. [PMID: 24450279 PMCID: PMC3987858 DOI: 10.1521/aeap.2014.26.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the midwestern United States has witnessed a dramatic increase in its Latino population. The lack of culturally and linguistically congruent resources coupled with high incidence and prevalence rates of HIV among Latinos living in the Midwest merits attention. HoMBReS: Hombres Manteniendo Bienestar y Relaciones Saludables (Men Maintaining Wellbeing and Healthy Relationships) is a community-level social network intervention designed for Latino men. We describe the adaptation and implementation of HoMBReS for Latino men living in Indianapolis, Indiana, the second largest city in the Midwest. Five Navegantes (lay health educators) were trained; they provided a total of 34 educational charlas (small group didactic sessions). A total of 270 Latino men attended the charlas and were offered no-cost screening for HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI). Three participants tested HIV positive and 15 screened positive for STI. The charlas coupled with the testing initiative, served as a successful method to increase sexual health knowledge among Latino men and to link newly-diagnosed HIV/STI-positive individuals to treatment and care. The adaptation and implementation of HoMBReS respond to the CDC and NIH call to increase HIV testing and service provision among vulnerable populations.
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Hlela C, Bittencourt A. Infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1 mimics common eczemas in children and may be a prelude to severe systemic diseases. Dermatol Clin 2014; 32:237-48. [PMID: 24680009 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Infective dermatitis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) (IDH) is a chronic dermatitis that has been observed in a variable proportion of HTLV-1-infected children. IDH may serve as an early clinical marker for HTLV-1 infection and an indicator of increased risk for developing other HTLV-1-associated conditions. Factors that lead only some infected children to develop IDH are poorly understood. The variable clinical presentation of IDH, in particular its chronicity, the morphology and distribution of the lesions, and its clinical resemblance to other cutaneous inflammatory conditions, make it necessary to distinguish it from other common dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hlela
- Division of Dermatology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Klipfontein Road, Rondebosch, Cape Town, Western Cape 7700, South Africa.
| | - Achiléa Bittencourt
- Laboratory Service, Complexo Hospitalar Universita'rio Prof Edgars Santos, University of Bahia, Rua Augusto Viana, s/n-Canela-40110-160 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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de Lima WMG, Esteves FAM, Torres MDCMR, Pires ESF. Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 in blood donors of the Caruaru Blood Center (Hemope). Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2013; 35:268-71. [PMID: 24106445 PMCID: PMC3789432 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20130061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is difficulty in gathering data on the prevalence of human T-cell
lymphotropic virus in blood donors as confirmatory testing is not mandatory in
Brazil. This suggests there may be an underreporting of the prevalence. Objective To estimate the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2 in
donors of a blood bank in Caruaru, Brazil. Methods This was an observational, epidemiological, descriptive, longitudinal and
retrospective study with information about the serology of donors of the Caruaru
Blood Center, Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco (Hemope) from
May 2006 to December 2010. The data were analyzed using the Excel 2010 computer
program (Microsoft Office®). Results Of 61,881 donors, 60 (0.096%) individuals were identified as potential carriers of
human T-cell lymphotropic virus types 1 and 2. Of these, 28 (0.045%) were positive
and 32 (0.051%) had inconclusive results in the serological screening. Forty-five
(0.072%) were retested; 17 were positive (0.027%) and 3 inconclusive (0.005%).
After confirmatory tests, 8 were positive (0.013%). Six (75%) of the confirmed
cases were women. Conclusion Epidemiological surveys like this are very important in order to create campaigns
to attract donors and reduce the costs of laboratory tests.
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Chang YB, Kaidarova Z, Hindes D, Bravo M, Kiely N, Kamel H, Dubay D, Hoose B, Murphy EL. Seroprevalence and demographic determinants of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 infections among first-time blood donors--United States, 2000-2009. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:523-31. [PMID: 24068702 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 are prevalent at low levels among US blood donors, but recent data on their prevalence is lacking. METHODS. Data on all first-time blood donors in a large network of US blood centers were examined during 2000-2009. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 antibodies were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with confirmation by immunofluorescence or recombinant immunoblot. Prevalence rates were calculated, and odds ratios were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among 2 047 740 first-time donors, 104 were seropositive for HTLV-1 (prevalence, 5.1 cases/per 100 000; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-6.1), and 300 were seropositive for HTLV-2 (prevalence, 14.7 cases/per 100 000; 95% CI, 13.0-16.3). The prevalence was lower than reported in the 1990s but stable from 2000 to 2009. HTLV-1 seropositivity was associated with female sex, older age, and black and Asian race/ethnicity. HTLV-2 seropositivity was associated with female sex, older age, nonwhite race/ethnicity, lower educational level, and residence in the western and southwestern United States. CONCLUSIONS The HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 prevalences among US blood donors has declined since the early 1990s. A higher prevalence of HTLV-2 in the west and southwest may be attributed to endemic foci among Amerindians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Brenda Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Shirinian M, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, El-Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. Tax-1 and Tax-2 similarities and differences: focus on post-translational modifications and NF-κB activation. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:231. [PMID: 23966989 PMCID: PMC3744011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human T cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) share similar genetic organization, they have major differences in their pathogenesis and disease manifestation. HTLV-1 is capable of transforming T lymphocytes in infected patients resulting in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma whereas HTLV-2 is not clearly associated with lymphoproliferative diseases. Numerous studies have provided accumulating evidence on the involvement of the viral transactivators Tax-1 versus Tax-2 in T cell transformation. Tax-1 is a potent transcriptional activator of both viral and cellular genes. Tax-1 post-translational modifications and specifically ubiquitylation and SUMOylation have been implicated in nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation and may contribute to its transformation capacity. Although Tax-2 has similar protein structure compared to Tax-1, the two proteins display differences both in their protein–protein interaction and activation of signal transduction pathways. Recent studies on Tax-2 have suggested ubiquitylation and SUMOylation independent mechanisms of NF-κB activation. In this present review, structural and functional differences between Tax-1 and Tax-2 will be summarized. Specifically, we will address their subcellular localization, nuclear trafficking and their effect on cellular regulatory proteins. A special attention will be given to Tax-1/Tax-2 post-translational modification such as ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, NF-κB activation, and protein–protein interactions involved in oncogenecity both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Shirinian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Gessain A, Cassar O. Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:388. [PMID: 23162541 PMCID: PMC3498738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 920] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), identified as the first human oncogenic retrovirus 30 years ago, is not an ubiquitous virus. HTLV-1 is present throughout the world, with clusters of high endemicity located often nearby areas where the virus is nearly absent. The main HTLV-1 highly endemic regions are the Southwestern part of Japan, sub-Saharan Africa and South America, the Caribbean area, and foci in Middle East and Australo-Melanesia. The origin of this puzzling geographical or rather ethnic repartition is probably linked to a founder effect in some groups with the persistence of a high viral transmission rate. Despite different socio-economic and cultural environments, the HTLV-1 prevalence increases gradually with age, especially among women in all highly endemic areas. The three modes of HTLV-1 transmission are mother to child, sexual transmission, and transmission with contaminated blood products. Twenty years ago, de Thé and Bomford estimated the total number of HTLV-1 carriers to be 10-20 millions people. At that time, large regions had not been investigated, few population-based studies were available and the assays used for HTLV-1 serology were not enough specific. Despite the fact that there is still a lot of data lacking in large areas of the world and that most of the HTLV-1 studies concern only blood donors, pregnant women, or different selected patients or high-risk groups, we shall try based on the most recent data, to revisit the world distribution and the estimates of the number of HTLV-1 infected persons. Our best estimates range from 5-10 millions HTLV-1 infected individuals. However, these results were based on only approximately 1.5 billion of individuals originating from known HTLV-1 endemic areas with reliable available epidemiological data. Correct estimates in other highly populated regions, such as China, India, the Maghreb, and East Africa, is currently not possible, thus, the current number of HTLV-1 carriers is very probably much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Département de Virologie, Unité d'épidémiologie et physiopathologie des virus oncogènes, Institut Pasteur Paris, France ; CNRS, URA3015 Paris, France
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Pinto MT, Rodrigues ES, Malta TM, Azevedo R, Takayanagui OM, Valente VB, Ubiali EMA, Covas DT, Kashima S. HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence and coinfection rate in Brazilian first-time blood donors: an 11-year follow-up. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:123-9. [PMID: 22634882 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The seroprevalence and geographic distribution of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors are extremely important to transfusion services. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among first-time blood donor candidates in Ribeirão Preto city and region. From January 2000 to December 2010, 1,038,489 blood donations were obtained and 301,470 were first-time blood donations. All samples were screened with serological tests for HTLV-1/2 using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In addition, the frequency of coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chagas disease (CD) and syphilis was also determined. In-house PCR was used as confirmatory test for HTLV-1/2. A total of 296 (0.1%) first-time donors were serologically reactive for HTLV-1/2. Confirmatory PCR of 63 samples showed that 28 were HTLV-1 positive, 13 HTLV-2 positive, 19 negative and three indeterminate. Regarding HTLV coinfection rates, the most prevalent was with HBV (51.3%) and HCV (35.9%), but coinfection with HIV, CD and syphilis was also detected. The real number of HTLV-infected individual and coinfection rate in the population is underestimated and epidemiological studies like ours are very informative.
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Gudo ES, Bhatt NB, Augusto O, Semá C, Savino W, Ferreira OC, Jani IV. Performance of absolute CD4+ count in predicting co-infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected patients. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:717-23. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2012.011446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Early identification of patients co-infected with HIV and human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is essential to improve care, as CD4+ T-cell counts have been revealed to be an unreliable laboratory parameter to monitor HIV infection in co-infection. Unfortunately, HTLV-1 testing is not currently available in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted this study to determine the performance of absolute CD4+ T-cell count estimation in guiding the clinical suspicion of co-infection. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in antiretroviral-naïve HIV (AN-HIV) patients attending an HIV outpatient clinic in Maputo city, Mozambique. Seven hundred and one AN-HIV patients were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of HTLV-1 co-infection was 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0–6.0%). Logistic regression analysis showed that CD4+ T-cell count was an independent predictor of co-infection ( P value: 0.000). The performance of absolute CD4+ T-cell counts in predicting co-infection was higher in symptomatic HIV patients when compared with asymptomatic HIV patients. The best performance was achieved with the cut-off of CD4+ count of 500 cells/mm3, which gave sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 54.2%, 87.2%, 24.0% and 96.2%, respectively. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that the absolute CD4+ T-cell count is of moderate accuracy in guiding the clinical suspicion of co-infection in AN-HIV and its implementation could improve the care provided to a significant number of HIV patients in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Gudo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, PO Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
| | - N B Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, PO Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - O Augusto
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, PO Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - C Semá
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, PO Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - W Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
| | - O C Ferreira
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - I V Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, PO Box 264, Maputo, Mozambique
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Kleinman S, King MR, Busch MP, Murphy EL, Glynn SA. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute retrovirus epidemiology donor studies (Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study and Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study-II): twenty years of research to advance blood product safety and availability. Transfus Med Rev 2012; 26:281-304, 304.e1-2. [PMID: 22633182 PMCID: PMC3448800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study (REDS), conducted from 1989 to 2001, and the REDS-II, conducted from 2004 to 2012, were National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded, multicenter programs focused on improving blood safety and availability in the United States. The REDS-II also included international study sites in Brazil and China. The 3 major research domains of REDS/REDS-II have been infectious disease risk evaluation, blood donation availability, and blood donor characterization. Both programs have made significant contributions to transfusion medicine research methodology by the use of mathematical modeling, large-scale donor surveys, innovative methods of repository sample storage, and establishing an infrastructure that responded to potential emerging blood safety threats such as xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus. Blood safety studies have included protocols evaluating epidemiologic and/or laboratory aspects of human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, West Nile virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 8, parvovirus B19, malaria, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, influenza, and Trypanosoma cruzi infections. Other analyses have characterized blood donor demographics, motivations to donate, factors influencing donor return, behavioral risk factors, donors' perception of the blood donation screening process, and aspects of donor deferral. In REDS-II, 2 large-scale blood donor protocols examined iron deficiency in donors and the prevalence of leukocyte antibodies. This review describes the major study results from over 150 peer-reviewed articles published by these 2 REDS programs. In 2011, a new 7-year program, the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III, was launched. The Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study-III expands beyond donor-based research to include studies of blood transfusion recipients in the hospital setting and adds a third country, South Africa, to the international program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kleinman
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
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Rowlands B. A crippling virus: diagnosing tropical spastic paraparesis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS 2011; 23:586-591. [PMID: 22023230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with an overview of the pathogenesis, mode of transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and treatment of tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) caused by the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). DATA SOURCES A review of the scientific literature on tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV I-associated myelopathy was conducted using PubMed and Medline. A case study was used to illustrate the complexity of the disease. CONCLUSIONS NPs should be aware of the clinical features of TSP to improve diagnostic accuracy of symptomatic patients, reduce transmission rates, and provide appropriate patient counseling. The ability to accurately diagnose TSP early in the disease process and differentiate it from other neurological diseases will lead to improved patient outcomes. Timely diagnosis is important to maximize patient response to pharmacological interventions that are used to treat the clinical manifestations of TSP. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In this globalized society, NPs will need to be prepared to care for patients who have immigrated to the United States from parts of the world where the HTLV-I virus is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Rowlands
- College of Nursing and Health Science, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts 02125-3394, USA.
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45
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Natural progression of Bovine Leukemia Virus infection in Argentinean dairy cattle. Vet Microbiol 2011; 151:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Domínguez MC, Enith González N, Sánchez A, García Vallejo F. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Type I in vivo Integration in Oral Keratinocytes. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42:310-20. [PMID: 24031637 PMCID: PMC3768932 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822011000100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the infection of HTLV-1 to cell components of the mouth have been previously reported, there was not until this report, a detailed study to show the characteristics of such infection. From 14 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM/TSP) patients and 11 asymptomatic carrier individuals (AC) coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas of southwest Pacific of Colombia, infected oral mucosa cells were primary cultured during five days. These cell cultures were immunophenotyped by dual color fluorescence cell assortment using different lymphocyte CD markers and also were immunohistochemically processed using a polyclonal anti-keratin antibody. Five days old primary cultures were characterized as oral keratinocytes, whose phenotype was CD3- /CD4-/CD8-/CD19-/CD14-/CD45-/A575-keratin+. From DNA extracted of primary cultures LTR, pol, env and tax HTLV-1 proviral DNA regions were differentially amplified by PCR showing proviral integration. Using poly A+ RNA obtained of these primary cultures, we amplify by RT-PCR cDNA of tax and pol in 57.14% (8/14) HAM/TSP patients and 27.28% (3/11) AC. Tax and pol poly A+ RNA were expressed only in those sIgA positive subjects. Our results showed that proviral integration and viral gene expression in oral keratinocytes are associated with a HTLV-1 specific local mucosal immune response only in those HTLV-1 infected individuals with detectable levels of sIgA in their oral fluids. Altogether the results gave strong evidence that oral mucosa infection would be parte of the systemic spreading of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Domínguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. Department of Physiological Sciences. Faculty of Health . University of Valle, Cali , Colombia
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47
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Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1): Molecular Biology and Oncogenesis. Viruses 2010; 2:2037-2077. [PMID: 21994719 PMCID: PMC3185741 DOI: 10.3390/v2092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are complex deltaretroviruses that do not contain a proto-oncogene in their genome, yet are capable of transforming primary T lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo. There are four known strains of HTLV including HTLV type 1 (HTLV-1), HTLV-2, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. HTLV-1 is primarily associated with adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-2 is rarely pathogenic and is sporadically associated with neurological disorders. There have been no diseases associated with HTLV-3 or HTLV-4 to date. Due to the difference in the disease manifestation between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, a clear understanding of their individual pathobiologies and the role of various viral proteins in transformation should provide insights into better prognosis and prevention strategies. In this review, we aim to summarize the data accumulated so far in the transformation and pathogenesis of HTLV-1, focusing on the viral Tax and HBZ and citing appropriate comparisons to HTLV-2.
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48
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Mylonas I, Brüning A, Kainer F, Friese K. HTLV infection and its implication in gynaecology and obstetrics. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 282:493-501. [PMID: 20567840 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-010-1559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worldwide, 20-30 million people are estimated to be infected with HTLV. HTLV-1 is endemic in Western Africa and Southern Japan, whereas HTLV-2 is considered to be spread among native American people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The impact of HTLV in gynaecology and obstetrics is being reviewed. Search strategy and selection criteria for identifying relevant data were performed by searching Medline, Current Contents, Web of Science, Embase and references from relevant articles. English and German gynaecological and infectious diseases textbooks as well as national and international guidelines and recommendations were also reviewed. RESULTS Transmission may occur by sexual intercourse or cellular blood products. Although materno-fetal transmission is debated, transmission through maternal breast milk has been confirmed. An HTLV-infection can lead to adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) or cumulative opportunistic and neurological disorders that can occur with varying degrees of severity. Diagnosis can be done by antibody detection via the use of ELISA and western blot analysis as well as PCR diagnosis. CONCLUSION Due to inadequate treatment options and the lack of an effective vaccination, prevention is currently only possible by restricting transmission, including the usage of condoms during sexual intercourse or avoiding breastfeeding in HTLV-seropositive mothers. If, due to socio-economic reasons, breastfeeding cannot be avoided, short-term breastfeeding for a maximum of up to 6 months is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mylonas
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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van Tienen C, van der Loeff MFS, Peterson I, Cotten M, Holmgren B, Andersson S, Vincent T, Sarge-Njie R, Rowland-Jones S, Jaye A, Aaby P, Whittle H. HTLV-1 in rural Guinea-Bissau: prevalence, incidence and a continued association with HIV between 1990 and 2007. Retrovirology 2010; 7:50. [PMID: 20525366 PMCID: PMC2894744 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-1 is endemic in Guinea-Bissau, and the highest prevalence in the adult population (5.2%) was observed in a rural area, Caió, in 1990. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are both prevalent in this area as well. Cross-sectional associations have been reported for HTLV-1 with HIV infection, but the trends in prevalence of HTLV-1 and HIV associations are largely unknown, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. In the current study, data from three cross-sectional community surveys performed in 1990, 1997 and 2007, were used to assess changes in HTLV-1 prevalence, incidence and its associations with HIV-1 and HIV-2 and potential risk factors. Results HTLV-1 prevalence was 5.2% in 1990, 5.9% in 1997 and 4.6% in 2007. Prevalence was higher among women than men in all 3 surveys and increased with age. The Odds Ratio (OR) of being infected with HTLV-1 was significantly higher for HIV positive subjects in all surveys after adjustment for potential confounding factors. The risk of HTLV-1 infection was higher in subjects with an HTLV-1 positive mother versus an uninfected mother (OR 4.6, CI 2.6-8.0). The HTLV-1 incidence was stable between 1990-1997 (Incidence Rate (IR) 1.8/1,000 pyo) and 1997-2007 (IR 1.6/1,000 pyo) (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0.9, CI 0.4-1.7). The incidence of HTLV-1 among HIV-positive individuals was higher compared to HIV negative individuals (IRR 2.5, CI 1.0-6.2), while the HIV incidence did not differ by HTLV-1 status (IRR 1.2, CI 0.5-2.7). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest community based study that has reported on HTLV-1 prevalence and associations with HIV. HTLV-1 is endemic in this rural community in West Africa with a stable incidence and a high prevalence. The prevalence increases with age and is higher in women than men. HTLV-1 infection is associated with HIV infection, and longitudinal data indicate HIV infection may be a risk factor for acquiring HTLV-1, but not vice versa. Mother to child transmission is likely to contribute to the epidemic.
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Nascimento LBD, Carneiro MADS, Teles SA, Lopes CLR, Reis NRDS, Silva AMDCE, Motta-Castro ARC, Otsuki K, Vicente ACP, Martins RMB. [Prevalence of infection due to HTLV-1 in remnant quilombos in Central Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 42:657-60. [PMID: 20209350 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection among remnant black quilombo communities in Central Brazil. A total of 1,837 individuals were evaluated, among whom nine were HTLV-1/2 seropositive according to ELISA. All of them were positive for HTLV-1 by means of Western blot and/or PCR, thus resulting in a prevalence of 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2-1.0). The HTLV-1 infected individuals ranged in age from 11 to 82 years. The majority of them were females. Regarding risk characteristics, histories of breastfeeding, blood transfusion, multiple sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases were reported by these individuals. The findings from this study indicate the importance of identifying HTLV-1 infected individuals, as a strategy for infection control and prevention in these remnant quilombos.
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