1
|
Kokkorakis M, Boutari C, Hill MA, Kotsis V, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ, Mantzoros CS. Resmetirom, the first approved drug for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Trials, opportunities, and challenges. Metabolism 2024; 154:155835. [PMID: 38508373 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail Kokkorakis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chrysoula Boutari
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vasilios Kotsis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nejak-Bowen K, Monga SP. Wnt-β-catenin in hepatobiliary homeostasis, injury, and repair. Hepatology 2023; 78:1907-1921. [PMID: 37246413 PMCID: PMC10687322 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wnt-β-catenin signaling has emerged as an important regulatory pathway in the liver, playing key roles in zonation and mediating contextual hepatobiliary repair after injuries. In this review, we will address the major advances in understanding the role of Wnt signaling in hepatic zonation, regeneration, and cholestasis-induced injury. We will also touch on some important unanswered questions and discuss the relevance of modulating the pathway to provide therapies for complex liver pathologies that remain a continued unmet clinical need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hatziagelaki E, Paschou SA, Schön M, Psaltopoulou T, Roden M. NAFLD and thyroid function: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:755-768. [PMID: 36171155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a worldwide rising challenge because of hepatic, but also extrahepatic, complications. Thyroid hormones are master regulators of energy and lipid homeostasis, and the presence of abnormal thyroid function in NAFLD suggests pathogenic relationships. Specifically, persons with hypothyroidism feature dyslipidemia and lower hepatic β-oxidation, which favors accumulation of triglycerides and lipotoxins, insulin resistance, and subsequently de novo lipogenesis. Recent studies indicate that liver-specific thyroid hormone receptor β agonists are effective for the treatment of NAFLD, likely due to improved lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial respiration, which, in turn, may contribute to a reduced risk of NAFLD progression. Taken together, the possible coexistence of thyroid disease and NAFLD calls for increased awareness and optimized strategies for mutual screening and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erifili Hatziagelaki
- Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin Schön
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang P, Mao L, Ma Y, Ren W, Yang S. A systematic review on Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114234. [PMID: 34044079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a severe threat for human health worldwide, however, optimal therapeutic options are still developed. Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule (ZL capsule) is mainly composed of Astragalus membranaceus, Leech, Earthworm, Cinnamomum cassia and Sargentodoxa cuneata, having functions of replenishing qi and activating blood, dispelling wind and reducing phlegm. It is an expanded application on the basis of traditional uses of above TCMs, acquiring a satisfactory curative effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases over twenty years. AIM OF THE STUDY To comprehensively summarize the main components of ZL capsule, understand the mechanisms of ZL capsule, and conclude clinical regimens of ZL capsule for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We selected network pharmacology technology to analyze main active compounds and predict underlying mechanism of ZL capsule against atherosclerosis. Molecular docking was performed to simulate the interaction pattern between the active components of ZL capsule and putative targets. Further, PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Google Scholar were used to search literatures, with the key words of "Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule", "cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases", "atherosclerosis", "clinical study" and their combinations, mainly from 2000 to 2020. RESULTS Both network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking and animal experiments studies confirmed that mechanisms of ZL capsule plays the role of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis and promoting angiogenesis in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by multi-components acting on multi-targets via multi-pathways. Over 1000 clinical cases were benefited from the treatment of ZL capsule, suggesting a holistic concept of "the same therapy for different myocardial and cerebral diseases". CONCLUSIONS For the first time, this systematic review may supply meaningful information for further studies to explore material basis and pharmacodynamics of ZL capsule and also provide a basis for sharing the "Chinese patent medicine" for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Linshen Mao
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Ma
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Ren
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Sijin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Drug Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kosar K, Cornuet P, Singh S, Liu S, Nejak-Bowen K. The Thyromimetic Sobetirome (GC-1) Alters Bile Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Hepatic Cholestasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1006-1017. [PMID: 32205094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cholestasis results from bile secretory defects or impaired bile flow with few effective medical therapies available. Thyroid hormone triiodothyronine and synthetic thyroid hormone receptor agonists, such as sobetirome (GC-1), are known to impact lipid and bile acid (BA) metabolism and induce hepatocyte proliferation downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling after surgical resection; however, these drugs have yet to be studied as potential therapeutics for cholestatic liver disease. Herein, GC-1 was administered to ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4 (Abcb4-/-; Mdr2-/-) knockout (KO) mice, a sclerosing cholangitis model. KO mice fed GC-1 diet for 2 and 4 weeks had decreased serum alkaline phosphatase but increased serum transaminases compared with KO alone. KO mice on GC-1 also had higher levels of total liver BA due to alterations in expression of BA detoxification, transport, and synthesis genes, with the net result being retention of BA in the hepatocytes. Interestingly, GC-1 does not induce hepatocyte proliferation or Wnt/β-catenin signaling in KO mice, likely a result of decreased thyroid hormone receptor β expression without Mdr2. Therefore, although GC-1 treatment induces a mild protection against biliary injury in the early stages of treatment, it comes at the expense of hepatocyte injury and is suboptimal because of lower expression of thyroid hormone receptor β. Thus, thyromimetics may have limited therapeutic benefits in treating cholestatic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karis Kosar
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pamela Cornuet
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pietzner M, Köhrle J, Lehmphul I, Budde K, Kastenmüller G, Brabant G, Völzke H, Artati A, Adamski J, Völker U, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Homuth G. A Thyroid Hormone-Independent Molecular Fingerprint of 3,5-Diiodothyronine Suggests a Strong Relationship with Coffee Metabolism in Humans. Thyroid 2019; 29:1743-1754. [PMID: 31571530 PMCID: PMC6918876 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: In numerous studies based predominantly on rodent models, administration of 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2), a metabolite of the thyroid hormones (TH) thyroxine (T4) and triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), was reported to cause beneficial health effects, including reversal of steatohepatosis and prevention of insulin resistance, in most instances without adverse thyrotoxic side effects. However, the empirical evidence concerning the physiological relevance of endogenously produced 3,5-T2 in humans is comparatively poor. Therefore, to improve the understanding of 3,5-T2-related metabolic processes, we performed a comprehensive metabolomic study relating serum 3,5-T2 concentrations to plasma and urine metabolite levels within a large general population sample. Methods: Serum 3,5-T2 concentrations were determined for 856 participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania-TREND (SHIP-TREND). Plasma and urine metabolome data were generated using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, allowing quantification of 613 and 578 metabolites in plasma and urine, respectively. To detect thyroid function-independent significant 3,5-T2-metabolite associations, linear regression analyses controlling for major confounders, including thyrotropin and free T4, were performed. The same analyses were carried out using a sample of 16 male healthy volunteers treated for 8 weeks with 250 μg/day levothyroxine to induce thyrotoxicosis. Results: The specific molecular fingerprint of 3,5-T2 comprised 15 and 73 significantly associated metabolites in plasma and urine, respectively. Serum 3,5-T2 concentrations were neither associated with classical thyroid function parameters nor altered during experimental thyrotoxicosis. Strikingly, many metabolites related to coffee metabolism, including caffeine and paraxanthine, formed the clearest positively associated molecular signature. Importantly, these associations were replicated in the experimental human thyrotoxicosis model. Conclusion: The molecular fingerprint of 3,5-T2 demonstrates a clear and strong positive association of the serum levels of this TH metabolite with plasma levels of compounds indicating coffee consumption, therefore pointing to the liver as an organ, the metabolism of which is strongly affected by coffee. Furthermore, 3,5-T2 serum concentrations were found not to be directly TH dependent. Considering the beneficial health effects of 3,5-T2 administration observed in animal models and those of coffee consumption demonstrated in large epidemiological studies, one might speculate that coffee-stimulated hepatic 3,5-T2 production or accumulation represents an important molecular link in this connection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: Maik Pietzner, PhD, MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Budde
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- Research Unit of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- DZD (German Center for Diabetes Research), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uwe Völker
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Georg Homuth, PhD, Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 8, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Anti-Obesity Therapy: from Rainbow Pills to Polyagonists. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 70:712-746. [PMID: 30087160 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With their ever-growing prevalence, obesity and diabetes represent major health threats of our society. Based on estimations by the World Health Organization, approximately 300 million people will be obese in 2035. In 2015 alone there were more than 1.6 million fatalities attributable to hyperglycemia and diabetes. In addition, treatment of these diseases places an enormous burden on our health care system. As a result, the development of pharmacotherapies to tackle this life-threatening pandemic is of utmost importance. Since the beginning of the 19th century, a variety of drugs have been evaluated for their ability to decrease body weight and/or to improve deranged glycemic control. The list of evaluated drugs includes, among many others, sheep-derived thyroid extracts, mitochondrial uncouplers, amphetamines, serotonergics, lipase inhibitors, and a variety of hormones produced and secreted by the gastrointestinal tract or adipose tissue. Unfortunately, when used as a single hormone therapy, most of these drugs are underwhelming in their efficacy or safety, and placebo-subtracted weight loss attributed to such therapy is typically not more than 10%. In 2009, the generation of a single molecule with agonism at the receptors for glucagon and the glucagon-like peptide 1 broke new ground in obesity pharmacology. This molecule combined the beneficial anorectic and glycemic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 with the thermogenic effect of glucagon into a single molecule with enhanced potency and sustained action. Several other unimolecular dual agonists have subsequently been developed, and, based on their preclinical success, these molecules illuminate the path to a new and more fruitful era in obesity pharmacology. In this review, we focus on the historical pharmacological approaches to treat obesity and glucose intolerance and describe how the knowledge obtained by these studies led to the discovery of unimolecular polypharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - C Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - B Finan
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| | - M H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany (T.D.M., C.C., M.H.T.); Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (B.F., R.D.D.); and Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany (M.H.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gautherot J, Claudel T, Cuperus F, Fuchs CD, Falguières T, Trauner M. Thyroid hormone receptor β1 stimulates ABCB4 to increase biliary phosphatidylcholine excretion in mice. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1610-1619. [PMID: 29895698 PMCID: PMC6121935 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB4/MDR3 is critical for biliary phosphatidylcholine (PC) excretion at the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. Defective ABCB4 gene expression and protein function result in various cholestatic liver and bile duct injuries. Thyroid hormone receptor (THR) is a major regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism; we explored its potential role in ABCB4 regulation. Thyroid hormone T3 stimulation to human hepatocyte models showed direct transcriptional activation of ABCB4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To determine whether THRβ1 (the main THR isoform of the liver) is involved in regulation, we tested THRβ1-specific agonists (e.g., GC-1, KB-141); these agonists resulted in greater stimulation than the native hormone. KB-141 activated hepatic ABCB44 expression in mice, which enhanced biliary PC secretion in vivo. We also identified THR response elements 6 kb upstream of the ABCB4 locus that were conserved in humans and mice. Thus, T3-via THRβ1 as a novel transcriptional activator regulates ABCB4 to increase ABCB4 protein levels at the canalicular membrane and promote PC secretion into bile. These findings may have important implications for understanding thyroid hormone function as a potential modifier of bile duct homeostasis and provide pharmacologic opportunities to improve liver function in hepatobiliary diseases caused by low ABCB4 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gautherot
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thierry Claudel
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Frans Cuperus
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Claudia Daniela Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Thomas Falguières
- INSERM & Pierre et Marie Curie University/Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou YC, Fang WH, Kao TW, Wang CC, Chang YW, Peng TC, Wu CJ, Yang HF, Chan JYH, Chen WL. Exploring the association between thyroid- stimulating hormone and metabolic syndrome: A large population-based study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199209. [PMID: 29928001 PMCID: PMC6013227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing amount of evidence suggests that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is associated with cardiometabolic risk. However, there have been few longitudinal studies. The aim of this study was to explore the causal relationship between TSH and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a large population-based longitudinal study. From 2010 to 2016 at the Health Management Center at Tri-Service General Hospital, 25,121 eligible patients were enrolled in our cross-sectional analyses. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the longitudinal association among hypertension (HTN), prediabetes (pre-DM), MetS, diabetes (DM) and TSH levels (N = 12,463). The average follow-up time was 7.2 years. In the cross-sectional analysis, the OR for MetS was 1.06 (95% CI = 1.03–1.09; P< 0.05), while the ORs for DM, pre-DM or HTN were not statistically significant (all P> 0.05). After dividing TSH levels into four quartiles, the ORs for the presence of MetS determined by comparing the highest TSH quartile with the lowest TSH quartile were 1.37 (95% CI = 1.18–1.60), 1.42 (95% CI = 1.20–1.67), and 1.44 (95% CI = 1.22–1.69) (all, P<0.05) in model 1, model 2 and model 3 respectively. The HR for the incidence of MetS was 1.33 (95% CI = 1.17–1.51; P < 0.05). Our study revealed that TSH levels had a strong association with incident MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Zhou
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hui Fang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ching Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yaw-Wen Chang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tao-Chun Peng
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Jung Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Fang Yang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - James Yi-Hsin Chan
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital; and School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lange T, Budde K, Homuth G, Kastenmüller G, Artati A, Krumsiek J, Völzke H, Adamski J, Petersmann A, Völker U, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Pietzner M. Comprehensive Metabolic Profiling Reveals a Lipid-Rich Fingerprint of Free Thyroxine Far Beyond Classic Parameters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2050-2060. [PMID: 29546278 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormones are ubiquitously involved in human metabolism. However, the precise molecular patterns associated with alterations in thyroid hormones levels remain to be explored in detail. A number of recent studies took great advantage of metabolomics profiling to outline the metabolic actions of thyroid hormones in humans. METHODS Among 952 participants in the Study of Health in Pomerania, data on serum free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin and comprehensive nontargeted metabolomics data from plasma and urine samples were available. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between FT4 or thyrotropin and metabolite levels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION After accounting for major confounders, 106 of 613 plasma metabolites were significantly associated with FT4. The associations in urine were minor (12 of 587). Most of the plasma metabolites consisted of lipid species, and subsequent analysis of highly resolved lipoprotein subclasses measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed a consistent decrease in several of these species (e.g., phospholipids) and large low-density lipoprotein and small high-density lipoprotein particles. The latter was unique to men. Several polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids displayed an association with FT4 in women only. A random forest-based variable selection approach using phenotypic characteristics revealed higher alcohol intake in men and an adverse thyroid state and menopause in women as the putative mediating factors. In general, our observations have confirmed the lipolytic and lipogenic effect of thyroid hormones even in the physiological range and revealed different phenotypic characteristics (e.g., lifestyle differences) as possible confounders for sex-specific findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lange
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kathrin Budde
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Artati
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Astrid Petersmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vries GJD, Mocking R, Assies J, Schene A, Olff M. Plasma lipoproteins in posttraumatic stress disorder patients compared to healthy controls and their associations with the HPA- and HPT-axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:209-217. [PMID: 28987899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on studies among primarily male veteran subjects, lipoproteins are thought to mediate the association of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, recent civilian studies with female samples or samples with both sexes represented provide little evidence for this association. Gender, diet and sex-specific effects of stress hormones on lipoproteins may explain this dissociation in findings. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) in a male and female sample of 49 PTSD-patients due to civilian trauma and 45 healthy controls. Second, we related these lipoproteins to several stress hormones (prolactin, cortisol, DHEA(S), TSH, T4). RESULTS Patients showed lower LDL (p=0.033) and LDL:HDL ratio (p=0.038) compared to controls, also when adjusting for diet. Sex influenced the effect of having PTSD on LDL with only male patients having lower values than male controls (p=0.012). All stress hormones were associated with several lipoproteins, mostly in a sex-dependent manner. For LDL, a significant sex-by-cortisol effect (p<0.001), having PTSD-by-sex-by-DHEA (p<0.001), having PTSD-by-sex-by-DHEAS (p=0.016) and having PTSD-by-sex-by-prolactin (p=0.003) was found. CONCLUSION In this male and female civilian sample we found a somewhat more favorable lipoprotein profile in PTSD-patients in contrast to evidence from strictly male veteran samples exhibiting a less favorable lipoprotein profile. Male patients did not exhibit a worse lipoprotein profile than female patients and therefore gender cannot explain the contradiction in evidence. Additionally, we found that PTSD-related stress hormones are associated with lipoproteins levels in patients in a sex-specific manner. Specific configurations of stress hormones may contribute to CVD in male patients or protect in female patients. Further research on these configurations could indicate which PTSD-patients are especially at risk for CVD and which are not. This could guide future precision medicine efforts to prevent and treat the still growing burden of CVD morbidity and mortality in PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giel-Jan de Vries
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert group, Diemen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Delitala AP, Delitala G, Sioni P, Fanciulli G. Thyroid hormone analogs for the treatment of dyslipidemia: past, present, and future. Curr Med Res Opin 2017; 33:1985-1993. [PMID: 28498022 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1330259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment of dyslipidemia is a major burden for public health. Thyroid hormone regulates lipid metabolism by binding the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), but the use of thyroid hormone to treat dyslipidemia is not indicated due to its deleterious effects on heart, bone, and muscle. Thyroid hormone analogs have been conceived to selectively activate TR in the liver, thus reducing potential side-effects. METHODS The authors searched the PubMed database to review TR and the action of thyromimetics in vitro and in animal models. Then, all double-blind, placebo controlled trials that analyzed the use of thyroid hormone analog for the treatment of dyslipidemia in humans were included. Finally, the ongoing research on the use of TR agonists was searched, searching the US National Institutes of Health Registry and the WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP). RESULTS Thyromimetics were tested in humans for the treatment of dyslipidemia, as a single therapeutic agent or as an add-on therapy to the traditional lipid-lowering drugs. In most trials, thyromimetics lowered total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, but their use has been associated with adverse side-effects, both in pre-clinical studies and in humans. CONCLUSIONS The use of thyromimetics for the treatment of dyslipidemia is not presently recommended. Future possible clinical applications might include their use to promote weight reduction. Thyromimetics might also represent an interesting alternative, both for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and type 2 diabetes due to their positive effects on insulin sensitivity. Finally, additional experimental and clinical studies are needed for a better comprehension of the effect(s) of a long-term therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Delitala
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Paolo Sioni
- a Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanciulli
- a Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari , Sassari , Italy
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Sassari , Sassari , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Association between thyroid function and lipid profiles, apolipoproteins, and high-density lipoprotein function. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1347-1353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
14
|
Kersseboom S, van Gucht ALM, van Mullem A, Brigante G, Farina S, Carlsson B, Donkers JM, van de Graaf SFJ, Peeters RP, Visser TJ. Role of the Bile Acid Transporter SLC10A1 in Liver Targeting of the Lipid-Lowering Thyroid Hormone Analog Eprotirome. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3307-3318. [PMID: 28938430 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone (TH) analog eprotirome (KB2115) was developed to lower cholesterol through selective activation of the TH receptor (TR) β1 in the liver. Interestingly, eprotirome shows low uptake in nonhepatic tissues, explaining its lipid-lowering action without adverse extrahepatic thyromimetic effects. Clinical trials have shown marked decreases in serum cholesterol levels. We explored the transport of eprotirome across the plasma membrane by members of three TH transporter families: monocarboxylate transporters MCT8 and MCT10; Na-independent organic anion transporters 1A2, 1B1, 1B3, 1C1, 2A1, and 2B1; and Na-dependent organic anion transporters SLC10A1 to SLC10A7. Cellular transport was studied in transfected COS1 cells using [14C]eprotirome and [125I]TH analogs. Of the 15 transporters tested initially, the liver-specific bile acid transporter SLC10A1 showed the highest eprotirome uptake (greater than a sevenfold induction after 60 minutes) as well as TRβ1-mediated transcriptional activity. Uptake of eprotirome by SLC10A1 was Na+ dependent and saturable with a Michaelis constant of 8 μM. Eprotirome transport was inhibited by known substrates for SLC10A1 (e.g., cholate and taurocholate), and by TH analogs such as triiodothyropropionic acid and triiodothyroacetic acid. However, no significant SLC10A1-mediated transport was observed of these [125I]TH analogs. We also studied the plasma disappearance and biliary excretion of [14C]eprotirome injected in control and Slc10a1 knockout mice. Although eprotirome is also transported by mouse Slc10a1, the pharmacokinetics of eprotirome were not affected by Slc10a1 deficiency. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the liver-specific bile acid transporter SLC10A1 effectively transports eprotirome. However, Slc10a1 does not appear to be critical for the liver targeting of this TH analog in mice. Therefore, the importance of SLC10A1 for liver uptake of eprotirome in humans remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kersseboom
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alies van Mullem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Farina
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Carlsson
- Karo Bio AB, Novum Research Park, Huddinge S-141 57, Sweden
| | - Joanne M Donkers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F J van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonde Y, Angelin B. Metabolic Syndrome: One Speckled Stone Kills a Flock of Birds? Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:97-99. [PMID: 28082126 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effectively treating metabolic syndrome and its progression to type 2 diabetes, steatohepatitis and cardiovascular disease remain a major clinical challenge. The use of a novel engineered molecule that combines thyroid hormone and glucagon to target liver and adipose tissue might provide a new 'magic bullet' with exciting future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Bonde
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes; Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine; KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes; Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine; KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moreno M, Silvestri E, Coppola M, Goldberg IJ, Huang LS, Salzano AM, D'Angelo F, Ehrenkranz JR, Goglia F. 3,5,3'-Triiodo-L-Thyronine- and 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine- Affected Metabolic Pathways in Liver of LDL Receptor Deficient Mice. Front Physiol 2016; 7:545. [PMID: 27909409 PMCID: PMC5112267 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), when administered to a model of familial hypercholesterolemia, i.e., low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)-knockout (Ldlr−/−) mice fed with a Western type diet (WTD), dramatically reduce circulating total and very low-density lipoprotein/LDL cholesterol with decreased liver apolipoprotein B (ApoB) production. The aim of the study was to highlight putative molecular mechanisms to manage cholesterol levels in the absence of LDLr. A comprehensive comparative profiling of changes in expression of soluble proteins in livers from Ldlr−/− mice treated with either T3 or T2 was performed. From a total proteome of 450 liver proteins, 25 identified proteins were affected by both T2 and T3, 18 only by T3 and 9 only by T2. Using in silico analyses, an overlap was observed with 11/14 pathways common to both iodothyronines, with T2 and T3 preferentially altering sub-networks centered around hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), respectively. Both T2 and T3 administration significantly reduced nuclear HNF4α protein content, while T2, but not T3, decreased the expression levels of the HNFα transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α. Lower PPARα levels were found only following T3 treatment while both T3 and T2 lowered liver X receptor α (LXRα) nuclear content. Overall, this study, although it was not meant to investigate the use of T2 and T3 as a therapeutic agent, provides novel insights into the regulation of hepatic metabolic pathways involved in T3- and T2-driven cholesterol reduction in Ldlr−/− mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moreno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| | - Elena Silvestri
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Coppola
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Li-Shin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna M Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Instituto per Il Sistema Produzione Animale in Ambiente Mediterraneo, National Research Council Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Joel R Ehrenkranz
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio Benevento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Evidence for existence of thyroid hormone inducible semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) in rat heart cytosol. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:225-30. [PMID: 27133345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO; EC; 1.4.3.6.) has widespread tissue distribution, and the physiological role of SSAO is quite well known through its involvement in several pathological states. AIMS The present study examined modulators of SSAO which might be present in the rat heart cytosol and looked for changes in SSAO modulatory activity. METHODS An endogenous inhibitor of SSAO was separated by gel filtration from 105,000g supernate of T4-treated rat heart cytosol. SSAO inhibition fraction was referred to as "endogenous SSAO inhibitor". RESULTS The inhibition by this inhibitor was concentration-dependent. Inhibition of SSAO was not enhanced by varying the time of preincubation of the enzyme, indicating reversible inhibition of SSAO. The molecular weight of this inhibitor was estimated to be 1000-1100 by gel filtration. The isoelectric point (pI) value was determined to be 4.8 isoelectric focusing. This inhibitor was found to be heat-stable and resistant to protease treatment. SSAO inhibition activity was much lower in the cytosol of thyroidectomized, non-T4-treated rats than T4-treated rats, suggesting that this inhibitor was induced by thyroid hormone T4. SSAO activity in rat heart might be regulated by the level of this inhibitor. CONCLUSION These results suggest the presence of SSAO inhibitor in T4-treated rat cytosol and that the level of this inhibitor is regulated by thyroid hormone.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lietzow J, Golchert J, Homuth G, Völker U, Jonas W, Köhrle J. 3,5-T2 alters murine genes relevant for xenobiotic, steroid, and thyroid hormone metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:311-23. [PMID: 26903510 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,5-T2) acts as a metabolically active substance affecting whole-body energy metabolism and hepatic lipid handling in a desirable manner. Considering possible adverse effects regarding thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 treatment in rodents, the current literature remains largely controversial. To obtain further insights into molecular mechanisms and to identify novel target genes of 3,5-T2 in liver, we performed a microarray-based liver tissue transcriptome analysis of male lean and diet-induced obese euthyroid mice treated for 4 weeks with a dose of 2.5 µg/g bw 3,5-T2 Our results revealed that 3,5-T2 modulates the expression of genes encoding Phase I and Phase II enzymes as well as Phase III transporters, which play central roles in metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics. Additionally, 3,5-T2 changes the expression of TH responsive genes, suggesting a thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 in mouse liver. Interestingly, 3,5-T2 in obese but not in lean mice influences the expression of genes relevant for cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis, suggesting a novel role of 3,5-T2 in steroid metabolism of obese mice. We concluded that treatment with 3,5-T2 in lean and diet-induced obese male mice alters the expression of genes encoding hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that play a substantial role in catabolism and inactivation of xenobiotics and TH and are also involved in hepatic steroid and lipid metabolism. The administration of this high dose of 3,5-T2 might exert adverse hepatic effects. Accordingly, the conceivable use of 3,5-T2 as pharmacological hypolipidemic agent should be considered with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julika Lietzow
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental DiabetologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Singh L, Pressly B, Mengeling BJ, Fettinger JC, Furlow JD, Lein PJ, Wulff H, Singh V. Chasing the Elusive Benzofuran Impurity of the THR Antagonist NH-3: Synthesis, Isotope Labeling, and Biological Activity. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1870-6. [PMID: 26849160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and established the structure of a long-suspected, but hitherto unknown, benzofuran side product (EBI) formed during the synthesis of NH-3. Understanding the mechanism of its formation has enabled isotope (D) labeling. We further developed a highly efficient method for separating EBI from NH-3. Interestingly, EBI was found to be a very potent thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonist, while NH-3 is an antagonist. In this process, we have also achieved a significantly improved synthesis of NH-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Latika Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brandon Pressly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brenda J Mengeling
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vikrant Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Man LC, Kelly E, Duffy D. Targeting lipoprotein (a): an evolving therapeutic landscape. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2015; 17:502. [PMID: 25736345 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-015-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Robust epidemiologic and genetic studies have solidified the role of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] as an independent and causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The increased cardiovascular risk of Lp(a) is mediated through both proatherogenic and prothrombotic/antifibrinolytic mechanisms. Several societies recommend Lp(a) screening for patients with high cardiovascular risk, although no consensus exists on the management of patients with elevated Lp(a). However, numerous pharmacologic approaches are being evaluated that have the potential to reduce Lp(a) and will be the focus of this review. The majority of these interventions have been developed for other lipid-lowering indications, but also lower Lp(a). There are also novel therapies in development that specifically target Lp(a). The efficacy of these therapies varies, and their role in the evolving lipoprotein therapeutic landscape has yet to be determined. Nevertheless, targeted Lp(a) reduction is certainly intriguing and will likely continue to be an active area of investigation in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian C Man
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 1025 Walnut Street, Room 805, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ness GC. Physiological feedback regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis: Role of translational control of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and possible involvement of oxylanosterols. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
22
|
Angelin B, Kristensen JD, Eriksson M, Carlsson B, Klein I, Olsson AG, Chester Ridgway E, Ladenson PW. Reductions in serum levels of LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) in hypercholesterolaemic patients treated with the liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor agonist eprotirome. J Intern Med 2015; 277:331-342. [PMID: 24754313 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver-selective thyromimetic agents could provide a new approach for treating dyslipidaemia. METHODS We performed a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of eprotirome, a liver-selective thyroid hormone receptor agonist, in 98 patients with primary hypercholesterolaemia. After previous drug wash-out and dietary run-in, patients received 100 or 200 μg day(-1) eprotirome or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary end-point was change in serum LDL cholesterol; secondary end-points included changes in other lipid parameters and safety measures. RESULTS Eprotirome treatment at 100 and 200 μg daily reduced serum LDL cholesterol levels by 23 ± 5% and 31 ± 4%, respectively, compared with 2 ± 6% for placebo (P < 0.0001). Similar reductions were seen in non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B, whereas serum levels of HDL cholesterol and apo A-I were unchanged. There were also considerable reductions in serum triglycerides and lipoprotein(a), in particular in patients with elevated levels at baseline. There was no evidence of adverse effects on heart or bone and no changes in serum thyrotropin or triiodothyronine, although the thyroxine level decreased. Low-grade increases in liver enzymes were evident in most patients. CONCLUSION In hypercholesterolaemic patients, the liver-selective thyromimetic eprotirome decreased serum levels of atherogenic lipoproteins without signs of extra-hepatic side effects. Selective stimulation of hepatic thyroid hormone receptors may be an attractive way to modulate lipid metabolism in hyperlipidaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Angelin
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet At Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Biosciences, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Eriksson
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet At Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Biosciences, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Irwin Klein
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anders G Olsson
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University and Stockholm Heart Center, Linköping, Sweden
| | - E Chester Ridgway
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paul W Ladenson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ghosh M, Gälman C, Rudling M, Angelin B. Influence of physiological changes in endogenous estrogen on circulating PCSK9 and LDL cholesterol. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:463-9. [PMID: 25535288 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologically increased estrogen levels have been shown to lower hepatic and plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels in animals and humans. We hypothesized that physiological changes in estrogen levels influence circulating PCSK9, thereby contributing to the known wide inter-individual variation in its plasma levels, as well as to the established increase in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) with normal aging. Circulating PCSK9, estradiol, and other metabolic factors were determined in fasting samples from 206 female and 189 male healthy volunteers (age 20-85 years), The mean levels of PCSK9 were 10% higher in females than in males (P < 0.05). PCSK9 levels were 22% higher in postmenopausal than in premenopausal (P < 0.001) females. Within the group of premenopausal females, circulating PCSK9 correlated inversely to estrogen levels, and PCSK9 was higher (305 ng/ml) in the follicular phase than in the ovulatory (234 ng/ml) or the luteal (252 ng/ml) phases (P < 0.05). Changes in endogenous estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle likely contribute to the broad inter-individual variation in PCSK9 and LDL-C in normal females. PCSK9 levels increase in females after menopause but not in men during this phase in life. This likely contributes to why LDL-C in women increases in this period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Ghosh
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Gälman
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Rudling
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-94, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Senese R, Lasala P, Leanza C, de Lange P. New avenues for regulation of lipid metabolism by thyroid hormones and analogs. Front Physiol 2014; 5:475. [PMID: 25538628 PMCID: PMC4256992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss due to negative energy balance is a goal in counteracting obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The thyroid is known to be an important regulator of energy metabolism through the action of thyroid hormones (THs). The classic, active TH, 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) acts predominantly by binding to nuclear receptors termed TH receptors (TRs), that recognize TH response elements (TREs) on the DNA, and so regulate transcription. T3 also acts through "non-genomic" pathways that do not necessarily involve TRs. Lipid-lowering therapies have been suggested to have potential benefits, however, the establishment of comprehensive therapeutic strategies is still awaited. One drawback of using T3 in counteracting obesity has been the occurrence of heart rhythm disturbances. These are mediated through one TR, termed TRα. The end of the previous century saw the exploration of TH mimetics that specifically bind to TR beta in order to prevent cardiac disturbances, and TH derivatives such as 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2), that possess interesting biological activities. Several TH derivatives and functional analogs have low affinity for the TRs, and are suggested to act predominantly through non-genomic pathways. All this has opened new perspectives in thyroid physiology and TH derivative usage as anti-obesity therapies. This review addresses the pros and cons of these compounds, in light of their effects on energy balance regulation and on lipid/cholesterol metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | - Pasquale Lasala
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | - Cristina Leanza
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli Caserta, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kannisto K, Rehnmark S, Slätis K, Webb P, Larsson L, Gåfvels M, Eggertsen G, Parini P. The thyroid receptor β modulator GC-1 reduces atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:544-54. [PMID: 25463087 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone reduces plasma cholesterol and increases expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) in liver, an effect mediated by thyroid receptor β (TRβ). The selective TRβ modulator GC-1 also enhances several steps in reverse cholesterol transport and can decrease serum cholesterol independently of LDL-R. To test whether GC-1 reduces atherosclerosis and to determine which mechanisms are active, we treated ApoE deficient mice with atherogenic diet ± GC-1. GC-1 reduced cholesteryl esters in aorta after 20 weeks. Serum free and esterified cholesterol were reduced after 1 and 10 weeks, but not 20 weeks. Hepatic bile acid synthesis and LDL-R expression was elevated after 1, 10 and 20 weeks, without changes in hepatic de novo cholesterol synthesis. GC-1 increased faecal neutral sterols and reduced serum campesterol after 1 week, indicating reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. After 20 weeks, GC-1 increased faecal bile acids, but not faecal neutral sterols. Hepatic scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) expression was decreased by GC-1. We conclude that GC-1 delays the onset of atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Since ApoE is needed for hepatic cholesterol reabsorption by LDL-R, this supports the idea that GC-1 reduces serum cholesterol independently of LDL-R by increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis. GC-1 lipid-lowering effects in ApoE deficient mice may also be partly due to reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Since reductions in serum cholesterol are reversed at longer times, these GC-1 dependent effects may not be enough for sustained cholesterol reduction in long term treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kannisto
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Rehnmark
- Axcentua Pharmaceuticals AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - K Slätis
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Webb
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Larsson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Gåfvels
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Eggertsen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bonde Y, Breuer O, Lütjohann D, Sjöberg S, Angelin B, Rudling M. Thyroid hormone reduces PCSK9 and stimulates bile acid synthesis in humans. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2408-15. [PMID: 25172631 PMCID: PMC4617142 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced plasma LDL-cholesterol is a hallmark of hyperthyroidism and is caused by transcriptional stimulation of LDL receptors in the liver. Here, we investigated whether thyroid hormone (TH) actions involve other mechanisms that may also account for the reduction in LDL-cholesterol, including effects on proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and bile acid synthesis. Twenty hyperthyroid patients were studied before and after clinical normalization, and the responses to hyperthyroidism were compared with those in 14 healthy individuals after 14 days of treatment with the liver-selective TH analog eprotirome. Both hyperthyroidism and eprotirome treatment reduced circulating PCSK9, lipoprotein cholesterol, apoB and AI, and lipoprotein(a), while cholesterol synthesis was stable. Hyperthyroidism, but not eprotirome treatment, markedly increased bile acid synthesis and reduced fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 and dietary cholesterol absorption. Eprotirome treatment, but not hyperthyroidism, reduced plasma triglycerides. Neither hyperthyroidism nor eprotirome treatment altered insulin, glucose, or FGF21 levels. TH reduces circulating PSCK9, thereby likely contributing to lower plasma LDL-cholesterol in hyperthyroidism. TH also stimulates bile acid synthesis, although this response is not critical for its LDL-lowering effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Bonde
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
| | - Olof Breuer
- Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Karo Bio AB, Novum, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Sjöberg
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine
| | - Bo Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
| | - Mats Rudling
- Metabolism Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, and KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine Molecular Nutrition Unit, Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite being both the longest known and the most prevalent genetic risk marker for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), little progress has been made in agreeing a role for lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] in clinical practice and developing therapies with specific Lp(a)-lowering activity. We review barriers to progress, and discuss areas of controversy which are important to future research. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological and genetic studies have supported a causal role for Lp(a) in accelerated atherosclerosis, independent of other risk factors. Progress continues to be made in the understanding of Lp(a) metabolism, and Lp(a) levels, rather than apolipoprotein (a) isoform size, have been shown to be more closely related to CVD risk. Selective Lp(a) apheresis has offered some evidence that Lp(a)-lowering can improve cardiovascular end-points. SUMMARY We have acquired a great deal of knowledge about Lp(a), but this has not yet led to reductions in CVD. This is at least partially due to disagreement over Lp(a) measurement methodologies, its physiological role and the importance of the elevations seen in renal diseases, diabetes mellitus and familial hypercholesterolaemia. Renewed focus is required to bring assays into clinical practice to accompany new classes of therapeutic agents with Lp(a)-lowering effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Durrington
- aCardiovascular Research Group, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester bCardiovascular Trials Unit, University Department of Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ivanov SM, Lagunin AA, Pogodin PV, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Identification of Drug-Induced Myocardial Infarction-Related Protein Targets through the Prediction of Drug–Target Interactions and Analysis of Biological Processes. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1263-81. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M. Ivanov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Lagunin
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Pogodin
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Filimonov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Poroikov
- Orekhovich Institute
of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10, Pogodinskaya str., 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Medico-biological
Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1,
Ostrovitianova str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rana R, Hegele RA. Inducing thyrotoxicosis in the liver to treat raised cholesterol. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2:438-9. [PMID: 24731675 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robina Rana
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chatzigeorgiou A, Kandaraki E, Papavassiliou AG, Koutsilieris M. Peripheral targets in obesity treatment: a comprehensive update. Obes Rev 2014; 15:487-503. [PMID: 24612276 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major epidemic of our time and is associated with diseases such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Although weight loss drugs, when accompanied by diet and exercise, could be a very helpful medical tool in treating obese or overweight patients, their usefulness has been questioned due to the complexity of this type of medication, which regards a plethora of issues such as efficacy and safety of the drug and also risks and benefits among different patients. In general, obesity drugs that target peripheral pathophysiological mechanisms can be divided into two main categories. The first category includes anti-obesity agents able to reduce or limit energy absorption, such as pancreatic lipase and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors. The second category consists of a heterogeneous group of compounds aiming to decrease fat mass by increasing energy expenditure or by redistributing adipose tissue. Angiogenesis inhibitors, beta-3 receptor agonists, sirtuin-I activators, diazoxide and other molecules belong to this group. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists consist the third category of peripheral anti-obesity agents discussed therein. This review aims to provide a general overview of the molecules and substances that are already or could potentially be used as peripheral anti-obesity drugs, the molecular mechanisms by which they act, as well as their current stage of development, production and/or availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine III and Institute of Physiology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Senese R, Cioffi F, de Lange P, Goglia F, Lanni A. Thyroid: biological actions of 'nonclassical' thyroid hormones. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:R1-12. [PMID: 24464019 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are produced by the thyroid gland and converted in peripheral organs by deiodinases. THs regulate cell functions through two distinct mechanisms: genomic (nuclear) and nongenomic (non-nuclear). Many TH effects are mediated by the genomic pathway--a mechanism that requires TH activation of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors. The overall nongenomic processes, emerging as important accessory mechanisms in TH actions, have been observed at the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton, and in organelles. Some products of peripheral TH metabolism (besides triiodo-L-thyronine), now termed 'nonclassical THs', were previously considered as inactive breakdown products. However, several reports have recently shown that they may have relevant biological effects. The recent accumulation of knowledge on how classical and nonclassical THs modulate the activity of membrane receptors, components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, kinases and deacetylases, opened the door to the discovery of new pathways through which they act. We reviewed the current state-of-the-art on the actions of the nonclassical THs, discussing the role that these endogenous TH metabolites may have in the modulation of thyroid-related effects in organisms with differing complexity, ranging from nonmammals to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hajhosseiny R, Sabir I, Khavandi K, Wierzbicki AS. The ebbs and flows in the development of cholesterol-lowering drugs: prospects for the future. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:64-73. [PMID: 24699033 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Statins are the mainstay of treatment but do not address all aspects of CVD risk. Other lipid-lowering therapies are available but are less effective than statins. New therapies to lower low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by as much as statins, to reduce triglycerides (TGs), and to modify the metabolism of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hajhosseiny
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College Academic Health Partners, British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, London, UK
| | - I Sabir
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College Academic Health Partners, British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, London, UK
| | - K Khavandi
- Department of Cardiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College Academic Health Partners, British Heart Foundation Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence, London, UK
| | - A S Wierzbicki
- Department of Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology, Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) has long been recognized as a major modulator of metabolic efficiency, energy expenditure, and thermogenesis. TH effects in regulating metabolic efficiency are transduced by controlling the coupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the cycling of extramitochondrial substrate/futile cycles. However, despite our present understanding of the genomic and nongenomic modes of action of TH, its control of mitochondrial coupling still remains elusive. This review summarizes historical and up-to-date findings concerned with TH regulation of metabolic energetics, while integrating its genomic and mitochondrial activities. It underscores the role played by TH-induced gating of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) in controlling metabolic efficiency. PTP gating may offer a unified target for some TH pleiotropic activities and may serve as a novel target for synthetic functional thyromimetics designed to modulate metabolic efficiency. PTP gating by long-chain fatty acid analogs may serve as a model for such strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einav Yehuda-Shnaidman
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Thyroid hormone status regulates the expression of secretory phospholipases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:56-62. [PMID: 24440706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) stimulates various metabolic pathways and the hepatic actions of T3 are mediated primarily through the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ). Hypothyroidism has been linked with low grade inflammation, elevated risk of hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. Secretory phospholipases (sPLA2) are associated with inflammation, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Due to potential linkage between thyroid hormone and sPLA2, we investigated the effect of thyroid hormone status on the regulation of secretory phospholipases in mice, rats and human liver. T3 suppressed the expression of the sPLA2 group IIa (PLA2g2a) gene in the liver of BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 transgenic mice expressing the human PLA2g2a. PLA2g2a was elevated with hypothyroidism and high fat diets which may contribute to the low grade inflammation associated with hypothyroidism and diet induced obesity. We also examined the effects of the TRβ agonist eprotirome on hepatic gene regulation. We observed that eprotirome inhibited the expression of selected sPLA2 genes and furthermore the cytokine mediated induction PLA2g2a was suppressed. In addition, eprotirome induced genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol clearance while inhibiting lipogenic genes. Our results indicate that in vivo thyroid hormone status regulates the abundance of sPLA2 and the inhibition of PLA2g2a by T3 is conserved across species. By regulating sPLA2 genes, T3 may impact processes associated with atherosclerosis and inflammation and TRβ agonists may ameliorate inflammation and hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
|
35
|
Omidi A, Sajedi Z, Montazer Torbati MB, Ansari Nik H. Lipid profile and thyroid hormone status in the last trimester of pregnancy in single-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius). Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:609-14. [PMID: 24429808 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in lipid metabolism have been shown to occur during pregnancy. The thyroid hormones affect lipid metabolism. The present study was carried out to find out whether the last trimester of pregnancy affects thyroid hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), lipid, and lipoprotein profile in healthy dromedary camels. Twenty clinical healthy dromedary camels aged between 4-5 years were divided into two equal groups: (1) pregnant camels in their last trimester of pregnancy and (2) non-pregnant age-matched controls. Thyroid function tests were carried out by measuring serum levels of TSH, free thyroxin (fT4), total thyroxin (T4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and total triiodothyronine (T3) by commercially available radio immunoassay kits. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were analyzed using enzymatic/spectrophotometric methods while low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and total lipid (TL) were calculated using Friedewald's and Raylander's formula, respectively. Serum levels of TSH and thyroid hormones except fT4 did not show any significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant camels. fT4 level was lower in the pregnant camels (P < 0.05). Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, total lipid, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and VLDL did not show significant difference between pregnant and non-pregnant camels. All of these variables in pregnant camels were higher than non-pregnant. Based on the results of this study, the fetus load may not alter the thyroid status of the camel and the concentrations of thyroid hormones were not correlated with TSH and lipid profile levels in the healthy pregnant camels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Omidi
- Department of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345-1731, Iran,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Takahashi N, Maeda K, Asano Y, Watanabe N. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of 1-benzyl-4-aminoindole-based thyroid hormone receptor β agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:488-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
37
|
Stoekenbroek RM, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK. Recent failures in antiatherosclerotic drug development: examples from the thyroxin receptor agonist, the secretory phospholipase A2 antagonist, and the acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor programs. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:459-66. [PMID: 24184941 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the published data related to the rise and fall of three different therapeutic approaches, which were investigated to lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. RECENT FINDINGS CVD remains a major burden of morbidity and mortality, despite therapeutic interventions. Novel strategies to address this residual risk are eagerly awaited, and a number of novel targets for therapy have been identified. Lipids and lipoproteins have been shown to play an eminent role in atherosclerosis progression, and as such, interventions that influence these biomarkers are crucial in CVD risk prevention. In recent years, however, clinical studies investigating the effect of novel lipid-modifying drugs on cardiovascular risk prevention have not always resulted in the anticipated beneficial outcome. Moreover, the development of therapies directed toward bioactive proteins acting at the crossroads of lipids and inflammation has also been disappointing. SUMMARY In this review, we will specifically address the rationale, design, and results of the clinical trials investigating the effects of three of the failing therapies: the thyroxin receptor agonist, the secretory phospholipase A2 antagonist, and the acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Stoekenbroek
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Horakova D, Havrdova E, Qu J, Shyh G, Lakota E, O'Connor K, Badgett D, Tamaño-Blanco M, Tyblova M, Hussein S, Bergsland N, Willis L, Krasensky J, Vaneckova M, Seidl Z, Ramanathan M. Lipid profiles are associated with lesion formation over 24 months in interferon-β treated patients following the first demyelinating event. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84:1186-91. [PMID: 23595944 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-304740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of serum lipid profile with disease progression in high-risk clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) after the first demyelinating event. METHODS High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) were obtained in pretreatment serum from 135 high risk patients with CIS (≥ 2 brain MRI lesions and ≥ 2 oligoclonal bands) enrolled in the Observational Study of Early Interferon β-1a Treatment in High Risk Subjects after CIS study (SET study), which prospectively evaluated the effect of intramuscular interferon β-1a treatment following the first demyelinating event. Thyroid stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3, active smoking status and body mass index were also obtained. Clinical and MRI assessments were obtained within 4 months of the initial demyelinating event and at 6, 12 and 24 months. RESULTS The time to first relapse and number of relapses were not associated with any of the lipid profile variables. Higher LDL-C (p=0.006) and TC (p=0.001) levels were associated with increased cumulative number of new T2 lesions over 2 years. Higher free thyroxine levels were associated with lower cumulative number of contrast-enhancing lesions (p=0.008). Higher TC was associated as a trend with lower baseline whole brain volume (p=0.020). Higher high density lipoprotein was associated with higher deseasonalised 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (p=0.003) levels and a trend was found for deseasonalised 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS In early multiple sclerosis, lipid profile variables particularly LDL-C and TC levels are associated with inflammatory MRI activity measures.
Collapse
|
39
|
Drakopoulou M, Toutouzas K, Stefanadis C. Novel pharmacotherapies of familial hyperlipidemia. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:301-12. [PMID: 23639874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Familial hyperlipidemia is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by elevated lipid and/or lipoprotein levels in the blood. Despite improvements in lipid-lowering therapy during the last decades, it still remains a substantial contributor to the incidence of cardiovascular disease since patients on current conventional therapies do not achieve their target LDL-cholesterol levels. With a view to lower LDL-cholesterol levels, a number of new therapeutic strategies have been developed over recent years. In this review, we provide an overview of these treatment options that are currently in clinical development and may offer alternative or adjunctive therapies for this high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drakopoulou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Athens Medical School, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sharma P, Thakran S, Deng X, Elam MB, Park EA. Nuclear corepressors mediate the repression of phospholipase A2 group IIa gene transcription by thyroid hormone. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16321-16333. [PMID: 23629656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A2 group IIa (PLA2g2a) is associated with inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and atherogenesis. Transcription of the PLA2g2a gene is induced by multiple cytokines. Here, we report the surprising observation that thyroid hormone (T3) inhibited PLA2g2a gene expression in human and rat hepatocytes as well as in rat liver. Moreover, T3 reduced the cytokine-mediated induction of PLA2g2a, suggesting that the thyroid status may modulate aspects of the inflammatory response. In an effort to dissect the mechanism of repression by T3, we cloned the PLA2g2a gene and identified a negative T3 response element in the promoter. This T3 receptor (TRβ)-binding site differed considerably from consensus T3 stimulatory elements. Using in vitro and in vivo binding assays, we found that TRβ bound directly to the PLA2g2a promoter as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor. Knockdown of nuclear corepressor or silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors by siRNA blocked the T3 inhibition of PLA2g2a. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that nuclear corepressor and silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid receptors were associated with the PLA2g2a gene in the presence of T3. In contrast with the established role of T3 to promote coactivator association with TRβ, our experiments demonstrate a novel inverse recruitment mechanism in which liganded TRβ recruits corepressors to inhibit PLA2g2a expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Shalini Thakran
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Xiong Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Marshall B Elam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Edwards A Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a quantitative genetic trait with a very broad and skewed distribution, which is largely controlled by genetic variants at the LPA locus on chromosome 6q27. Based on genetic evidence provided by studies conducted over the last two decades, Lp(a) is currently considered to be the strongest genetic risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). The copy number variation of kringle IV in the LPA gene has been strongly associated with both Lp(a) levels in plasma and risk of CHD, thereby fulfilling the main criterion for causality in a Mendelian randomization approach. Alleles with a low kringle IV copy number that together have a population frequency of 25-35% are associated with a doubling of the relative risk for outcomes, which is exceptional in the field of complex genetic phenotypes. The recently identified binding of oxidized phospholipids to Lp(a) is considered as one of the possible mechanisms that may explain the pathogenicity of Lp(a). Drugs that have been shown to lower Lp(a) have pleiotropic effects on other CHD risk factors, and an improvement of cardiovascular endpoints is up to now lacking. However, it has been established in a proof of principle study that lowering of very high Lp(a) by apheresis in high-risk patients with already maximally reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels can dramatically reduce major coronary events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Lopez D, Brooks PA, Boone LR, Ness GC. Using in vivo electroporation to identify hepatic LDL receptor promoter elements and transcription factors mediating activation of transcription by T 3. Appl Transl Genom 2012; 1:30-36. [PMID: 27896050 PMCID: PMC5121208 DOI: 10.1016/j.atg.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The technique of in vivo electroporation was adapted to investigate the promoter elements and transcription factors mediating the rapid induction of hepatic LDL receptor expression in response to thyroid hormone. Direct comparisons between wild type and mutant promoter constructs were made within the same animal. It was demonstrated that both TREs at bp − 612 and − 156 were required for the l-triiodothyronine (T3) response. ChIP analysis showed that binding of TRβ1 to the − 612 and − 156 TREs was markedly stimulated by T3in vivo. Introduction of siRNAs against TRβ1/RXRα with LDL receptor promoter-luciferase construct by in vivo electroporation demonstrated that these transcription factors play the major physiological role in the activation of hepatic LDL receptor transcription. The findings agree with those made by transfecting H4IIE cells in vitro thus validating this technique for in vivo studies of mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. The findings reported herein also indicated, for the first time, that PPARα and USF-2 were required for maximum transcriptional activation of the LDL receptor in response to T3 treatment.
Collapse
Key Words
- CPT-I, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I
- ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation
- DbMt, double mutant
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assays
- HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A
- Hx, hypophysectomized
- IP, immunoprecipitation
- LDL receptor
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- LDLR, LDL receptor
- NR, normal
- NcoR2, nuclear receptor co-repressor 2
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PPARα, peroxisomal proliferator receptor α
- Peroxisomal proliferator receptor α
- Pol II, polymerase II
- RA, 9-cis retinoic acid
- ROI, region of interest
- RXRα, retinoic acid X receptor α
- Retinoic acid X receptor α
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SMRTe, silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors-extended
- SREBP, sterol response element binding protein
- T3, l-triiodothyronine
- THDS, thyroid hormone depleted serum
- TRAC-1, T3 receptor-associating cofactor 1
- TRAP, thyroid hormone receptor- associated protein
- TREs, thyroid response elements
- TRβ1, thyroid receptor β1
- Thyroid hormone receptor β1
- Thyroid response element
- USF-2, upstream factor-2
- Upstream factor-2
- WT, wild-type
- fT3, free T3
- in vivo electroporation
- l-triiodothyronine
- siRNA, silencing RNA
- − 156Mt, − 156 mutant
- − 612Mt, − 612 mutant
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayami Lopez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Patricia A Brooks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lindsey R Boone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gene C Ness
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Thyromimetic agents that can treat dyslipidemia without adverse effects like cardiac arrhythmias and osteoporosis are attractive options. Initial experience with desssicated thyroid hormone extract and DT4 were disappointing. Thyroid hormone has nuclear action with four receptor isoforms- TR α1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2. TR α1 has predominant effects on CVS, TRβ2 acts mainly on the pituitary and TRβ1 has hepatoselective action and decrease cholesterol levels. Eprotirome and Sobetirome are 2 thyromimetics that have selective TRβ1 activity. They act in dyslipidemia by multiple mechanisms. They are presumably safe on the pituitary- thyroid axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Unnikrishnan
- Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Manash Baruah
- Department of Endocrinology, Excel Hospitals, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Department of Endocrinology, Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Accelerated atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness are the two leading causes of increased cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Dysfunctional thyroid hormone metabolism has been suggested to play a role in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Changes in cardiac contractility and output, myocardial oxygen demand, systemic and peripheral vascular resistance, blood pressure and lipid profile, increased inflammatory burden and endothelial dysfunction may be responsible for thyroid hormone-related cardiovascular disease. This article focuses on the mechanistic insights of this association and provides a concise review of the current literature.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bonde Y, Plösch T, Kuipers F, Angelin B, Rudling M. Stimulation of murine biliary cholesterol secretion by thyroid hormone is dependent on a functional ABCG5/G8 complex. Hepatology 2012; 56:1828-37. [PMID: 22829162 PMCID: PMC3533177 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Secretion of cholesterol into bile is important for the elimination of cholesterol from the body. Thyroid hormone (TH) increases biliary cholesterol secretion and hepatic gene expression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 5 (ABCG5) and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 8 (ABCG8), two half-transporters that act as a heterodimeric complex promoting sterol secretion. In addition, nuclear liver x receptor-alpha (LXRa), also regulated by TH, induces gene expression of ABCG5/G8. We here investigated if the TH-induced stimulation of biliary cholesterol secretion is mediated by the ABCG5/G8 complex in vivo, and if so, whether LXRa is involved. Mice homozygous for disruption of Abcg5 (Abcg5(-/-) ) or Lxra (Lxra(-/-) ) and their wild-type counterparts were treated with triiodothyronine (T3) for 14 days and compared to untreated mice of corresponding genetic backgrounds. Bile was collected by gallbladder cannulation, and liver samples were analyzed for gene expression levels. Basal biliary cholesterol secretion in Abcg5(-/-) mice was 72% lower than in Abcg5(+/+) mice. T3 treatment increased cholesterol secretion 3.1-fold in Abcg5(+/+) mice, whereas this response was severely blunted in Abcg5(-/-) mice. In contrast, biliary cholesterol secretion in T3-treated Lxra(+/+) and Lxra(-/-) mice was increased 3.5- and 2.6-fold, respectively, and did not differ significantly. CONCLUSIONS TH-induced secretion of cholesterol into bile is largely dependent on an intact ABCG5/G8 transporter complex, whereas LXRa is not critical for this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Bonde
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Angelin
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Rudling
- Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Molecular Nutrition Unit, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholm, Sweden,Address reprint requests to: Mats Rudling, M.D., Professor, Metabolism Unit, Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, C2:94, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Hälsovägen, Flemingsberg, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: . fax: +4687110710
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Goldberg IJ, Huang LS, Huggins LA, Yu S, Nagareddy PR, Scanlan TS, Ehrenkranz JR. Thyroid hormone reduces cholesterol via a non-LDL receptor-mediated pathway. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5143-9. [PMID: 22948212 PMCID: PMC3473203 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although studies in vitro and in hypothyroid animals show that thyroid hormone can, under some circumstances, modulate the actions of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, the mechanisms responsible for thyroid hormone's lipid-lowering effects are not completely understood. We tested whether LDL receptor (LDLR) expression was required for cholesterol reduction by treating control and LDLR-knockout mice with two forms of thyroid hormone T(3) and 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine. High doses of both 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine and T(3) dramatically reduced circulating total and very low-density lipoprotein/LDL cholesterol (∼70%) and were associated with reduced plasma T(4) level. The cholesterol reduction was especially evident in the LDLR-knockout mice. Circulating levels of both apolipoprotein B (apo)B48 and apoB100 were decreased. Surprisingly, this reduction was not associated with increased protein or mRNA expression of the hepatic lipoprotein receptors LDLR-related protein 1 or scavenger receptor-B1. Liver production of apoB was markedly reduced, whereas triglyceride production was increased. Thus, thyroid hormones reduce apoB lipoproteins via a non-LDLR pathway that leads to decreased liver apoB production. This suggests that drugs that operate in a similar manner could be a new therapy for patients with genetic defects in the LDLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Waring AC, Rodondi N, Harrison S, Kanaya AM, Simonsick EM, Miljkovic I, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Bauer DC. Thyroid function and prevalent and incident metabolic syndrome in older adults: the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 76:911-8. [PMID: 22187968 PMCID: PMC3334430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both subclinical hypothyroidism and the metabolic syndrome have been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease events. It is unknown whether the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome is higher as TSH levels increase, or in individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism. We sought to determine the association between thyroid function and the prevalence and incidence of the metabolic syndrome in a cohort of older adults. DESIGN Data were analysed from the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study, a prospective cohort of 3075 community-dwelling US adults. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand one hundred and nineteen participants with measured TSH and data on metabolic syndrome components were included in the analysis. MEASUREMENTS TSH was measured by immunoassay. Metabolic syndrome was defined per revised ATP III criteria. RESULTS At baseline, 684 participants met criteria for metabolic syndrome. At 6-year follow-up, incident metabolic syndrome developed in 239 individuals. In fully adjusted models, each unit increase in TSH was associated with a 3% increase in the odds of prevalent metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = 0.02), and the association was stronger for TSH within the normal range (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03-1.30; P = 0.02). Subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH > 10 mIU/l was significantly associated with increased odds of prevalent metabolic syndrome (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.0; P = 0.04); the odds of incident MetS was similar (OR 2.2), but the confidence interval was wide (0.6-7.5). CONCLUSIONS Higher TSH levels and subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH > 10 mIU/l are associated with increased odds of prevalent but not incident metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avantika C Waring
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Santana-Farré R, Mirecki-Garrido M, Bocos C, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Kahlon N, Herrera E, Norstedt G, Parini P, Flores-Morales A, Fernández-Pérez L. Influence of neonatal hypothyroidism on hepatic gene expression and lipid metabolism in adulthood. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37386. [PMID: 22666351 PMCID: PMC3354003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are required for normal growth and development in mammals. Congenital-neonatal hypothyroidism (CH) has a profound impact on physiology, but its specific influence in liver is less understood. Here, we studied how CH influences the liver gene expression program in adulthood. Pregnant rats were given the antithyroid drug methimazole (MMI) from GD12 until PND30 to induce CH in male offspring. Growth defects due to CH were evident as reductions in body weight and tail length from the second week of life. Once the MMI treatment was discontinued, the feed efficiency increased in CH, and this was accompanied by significant catch-up growth. On PND80, significant reductions in body mass, tail length, and circulating IGF-I levels remained in CH rats. Conversely, the mRNA levels of known GH target genes were significantly upregulated. The serum levels of thyroid hormones, cholesterol, and triglycerides showed no significant differences. In contrast, CH rats showed significant changes in the expression of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism, including an increased transcription of PPARα and a reduced expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol uptake, cellular sterol efflux, triglyceride assembly, bile acid synthesis, and lipogenesis. These changes were associated with a decrease of intrahepatic lipids. Finally, CH rats responded to the onset of hypothyroidism in adulthood with a reduction of serum fatty acids and hepatic cholesteryl esters and to T3 replacement with an enhanced activation of malic enzyme. In summary, we provide in vivo evidence that neonatal hypothyroidism influences the hepatic transcriptional program and tissue sensitivity to hormone treatment in adulthood. This highlights the critical role that a euthyroid state during development plays on normal liver physiology in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruymán Santana-Farré
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Molecular and Translational Endocrinology Group, University of Las Palmas de GC - Cancer Research Institute of The Canary Islands, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Moore DD. Nuclear receptors reverse McGarry's vicious cycle to insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2012; 15:615-22. [PMID: 22560214 PMCID: PMC3613429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several pathways and pathologies have been suggested as connections between obesity and diabetes, including inflammation of adipose and other tissues, toxic lipids, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and fatty liver. One specific proposal is that insulin resistance induces a vicious cycle in which hyperinsulinemia increases hepatic lipogenesis and exacerbates fatty liver, in turn further increasing insulin resistance. Here I suggest that reversing this cycle via suppression of the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP-1c is a common thread that connects the antidiabetic effects of a surprising number of nuclear hormone receptors, including CAR, LRH-1, TRβ, ERα, and FXR/SHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|