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Srisai P, Suriyaprom S, Panya A, Pekkoh J, Tragoolpua Y. Inhibitory effects of algal polysaccharide extract from Cladophora spp. against herpes simplex virus infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11914. [PMID: 38789457 PMCID: PMC11126740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a causative agent of fever blister, genital herpes, and neonatal herpes. Nowadays, edible algae are recognized as health food due to high nutrition content and their many active compounds that are beneficial to health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of algal polysaccharide extract from Cladophora spp. against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 on Vero cells. In this study, the structure of polysaccharide extract is presented as S=O and C-O-S of the sulfate group, as identified by the FT-IR technique. The toxicity of algal polysaccharide extract on Vero cells was determined by MTT assay. The algal extract showed low toxicity on the cells, with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) value greater than 5000 µg mL-1. The inhibition of HSV infection by the algal extract was then evaluated on Vero cells using plaque reduction assay. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of algal extract exhibited antiviral activity against HSV-1 upon treatment before, during, and after viral adsorption with and without removal of the extract were 70.31, 15.17, > 5000 and 9.78 µg mL-1, respectively. Additionally, the EC50 values of algal extract against HSV-2 upon treatment before, during and after viral adsorption with, and without removal of the extract were 5.85, 2.57, > 5000 and 26.96 µg mL-1, respectively. Moreover, the algal extract demonstrated direct inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions as well as inhibitory effect against HSV replication. Accordingly, algal polysaccharide extract containing sulfated polysaccharides showed strong activity against HSV. Therefore, it is proved to be useful to apply Cladophora spp. polysaccharide extract as an anti-HSV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchayuth Srisai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Suriyaprom
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Aussara Panya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Yingmanee Tragoolpua
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Natural Extracts and Innovative Products for Alternative Healthcare Research Group, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Aubert M, Haick AK, Strongin DE, Klouser LM, Loprieno MA, Stensland L, Santo TK, Huang ML, Hyrien O, Stone D, Jerome KR. Gene editing for latent herpes simplex virus infection reduces viral load and shedding in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4018. [PMID: 38740820 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-HSV therapies are only suppressive because they do not eliminate latent HSV present in ganglionic neurons, the source of recurrent disease. We have developed a potentially curative approach against HSV infection, based on gene editing using HSV-specific meganucleases delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Gene editing performed with two anti-HSV-1 meganucleases delivered by a combination of AAV9, AAV-Dj/8, and AAV-Rh10 can eliminate 90% or more of latent HSV DNA in mouse models of orofacial infection, and up to 97% of latent HSV DNA in mouse models of genital infection. Using a pharmacological approach to reactivate latent HSV-1, we demonstrate that ganglionic viral load reduction leads to a significant decrease of viral shedding in treated female mice. While therapy is well tolerated, in some instances, we observe hepatotoxicity at high doses and subtle histological evidence of neuronal injury without observable neurological signs or deficits. Simplification of the regimen through use of a single serotype (AAV9) delivering single meganuclease targeting a duplicated region of the HSV genome, dose reduction, and use of a neuron-specific promoter each results in improved tolerability while retaining efficacy. These results reinforce the curative potential of gene editing for HSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Aubert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Daniel E Strongin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA
| | - Lindsay M Klouser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA
| | - Michelle A Loprieno
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Laurence Stensland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA
| | - Tracy K Santo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Stone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98133, USA.
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Gubbins S. Quantifying the relationship between within-host dynamics and transmission for viral diseases of livestock. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230445. [PMID: 38379412 PMCID: PMC10879856 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the population dynamics of an infectious disease requires linking within-host dynamics and between-host transmission in a quantitative manner, but this is seldom done in practice. Here a simple phenomenological model for viral dynamics within a host is linked to between-host transmission by assuming that the probability of transmission is related to log viral titre. Data from transmission experiments for two viral diseases of livestock, foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle and swine influenza virus in pigs, are used to parametrize the model and, importantly, test the underlying assumptions. The model allows the relationship between within-host parameters and transmission to be determined explicitly through their influence on the reproduction number and generation time. Furthermore, these critical within-host parameters (time and level of peak titre, viral growth and clearance rates) can be computed from more complex within-host models, raising the possibility of assessing the impact of within-host processes on between-host transmission in a more detailed quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Schump MD, Bernstein DI, Bravo FJ, Neff CP. Selection, activity, and nuclease stabilization of cross-neutralizing DNA aptamers targeting HSV-1 and HSV-2. Virology 2024; 589:109916. [PMID: 37925791 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cross-neutralizing aptamers targeting both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were developed by selecting against the ectodomains of glycoprotein D (gD) from both viruses in parallel as well as sequentially using the SELEX method. Since gD facilitates viral invasion, sterically blocking the host-receptor interaction prevents infection. Candidate aptamers were screened, and lead aptamers were identified that exhibited exceptional neutralizing activity against both viruses in vitro. The specificity of the aptamers was confirmed by comparing their activity to scrambled versions of themselves. Modifications of the lead compounds were tested to define critical motifs to guide development. Stability of the aptamers was increased using phosphorothioate backbone linkages, and 2' methoxy substitutions of terminal and key internal bases. Aptamers were applied in a guinea pig vaginal HSV-2 infection model and found to reduce both the viral load of infected animals and the severity of the resulting disease. These results suggest that cross-neutralizing aptamers can be developed into on-demand antiviral interventions effective against both HSV-1 and HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Schump
- Apspeeda Biosciences, 12635 E. Montview Blvd., Ste 100, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fernando J Bravo
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Charles P Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Bruno F, Abondio P, Bruno R, Ceraudo L, Paparazzo E, Citrigno L, Luiselli D, Bruni AC, Passarino G, Colao R, Maletta R, Montesanto A. Alzheimer's disease as a viral disease: Revisiting the infectious hypothesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102068. [PMID: 37704050 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. Two major forms of the disease exist: sporadic - the causes of which have not yet been fully understood - and familial - inherited within families from generation to generation, with a clear autosomal dominant transmission of mutations in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), 2 (PSEN2) or Amyloid Precursors Protein (APP) genes. The main hallmark of AD consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein. An ever-growing body of research supports the viral infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD. In particular, it has been shown that several herpes viruses (i.e., HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or varicella zoster virus, HHV-4 or Epstein Barr virus, HHV-5 or cytomegalovirus, HHV-6A and B, HHV-7), flaviviruses (i.e., Zika virus, Dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), SARS-CoV2, Ljungan virus (LV), Influenza A virus and Borna disease virus, could increase the risk of AD. Here, we summarized and discussed these results. Based on these findings, significant issues for future studies are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruno
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Rossella Bruno
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88050 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Leognano Ceraudo
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Ersilia Paparazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Luigi Citrigno
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation - (IRIB), 87050 Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy.
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Amano M, Sapkanarak K, Thbthimthong W, Meesawat S, Kemthong T, Suttisan N, Abe H, Malaivijitnond S, Yasuda J. Development of Quantitative Real-Time PCR and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays for the Surveillance and Diagnosis of Herpes B Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2086. [PMID: 37896863 PMCID: PMC10611326 DOI: 10.3390/v15102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus (BV) is a zoonotic virus which can be transmitted from macaques to humans, which is often associated with high mortality rates. Because macaques often exhibit asymptomatic infections, individuals who come into contact with these animals face unexpected risks of BV infections. A serological test is widely performed to investigate BV infections. However, the assay's sensitivity and specificity appeared to be inadequate, and it does not necessarily indicate ongoing viral shedding. Here, we developed LAMP and qPCR assays aiming to detect BVs with a high sensitivity and specificity in various macaque species and validated them using oral swab samples collected from 97 wild cynomolgus macaques living in Thailand. Our LAMP and qPCR assays detected more than 50 and 10 copies of the target sequences per reaction, respectively. The LAMP assay could detect BV within 25 min, indicating its advantages for the rapid detection of BV. Collectively, our findings indicated that both assays developed in this study exhibit advantages and usefulness for BV surveillance and the diagnosis of BV infections in macaques. Furthermore, for the first time, we determined the partial genome sequences of BVs detected in cynomolgus macaques in Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the species-specific evolution of BV within macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murasaki Amano
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.A.); (H.A.)
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Krittiga Sapkanarak
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.T.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (N.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wipaporn Thbthimthong
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.T.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (N.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Suthirote Meesawat
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.T.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (N.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Taratorn Kemthong
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.T.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (N.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nutchanat Suttisan
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.T.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (N.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Haruka Abe
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.A.); (H.A.)
- Vietnam Research Station, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi 18110, Thailand; (K.S.); (W.T.); (S.M.); (T.K.); (N.S.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.A.); (H.A.)
- Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Shinde MD, Patil SA, Mukherjee A, Nema V. Revisiting the therapeutic potential of homeopathic medicine Rhus Tox for herpes simplex virus and inflammatory conditions. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2023; 14:100739. [PMID: 37421729 PMCID: PMC10344814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 cause a viral disease named Herpes. Genital herpes is mainly caused by HSV-2 with symptoms of painful and itchy blisters on the vagina, cervix, buttocks, anus, penis, or inner thighs with blisters that rupture and convert into sores. The homeopathic remedy Rhus Tox has been widely used to treat herpes and has shown invitro anti-inflammatory effects in previous studies. PURPOSE The presented review focuses on relapses and harmful effects caused by acyclovir in modern medicine and the probable antiherpetic activity of Rhus Tox on HSV infection based on its pathophysiology, preclinical findings, on primary cultured mouse chondrocytes, mouse cell line MC3T3e1 and a comparative study of Natrum Mur with Rhus Tox on HSV infection. STUDY DESIGN The design of the study focuses mainly on the descriptive data available in various literature articles. METHOD Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline and ScienceDirect were used to search the articles. Articles are selected from 1994 to 2022 focusing solely on the competence of Rhus Tox against herpes. Keywords used for the study are antiviral, Herpes, Rhus Tox, in vitro and homeopathy. RESULTS The review includes fifteen articles, including 4 full-text articles on HSV, 6 in vitro studies of homeopathic compounds performed on the herpes virus, and 5 articles based on the pathophysiology and effects of Rhus tox. The review article proposes the anti-inflammatory and antiviral action of the homeopathic remedy Rhus Tox which can be used in crisis conditions when the physician doubts the simillimum, as it prevents further outbreaks of HSV infection. CONCLUSION The homeopathic medicine Rhus Tox has no cytotoxicity observed under in vitro conditions and can be used to treat herpes infection. Further studies are needed to confirm the results under in vitro and in vivo conditions as well as in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini D. Shinde
- Homeopathic Materia Medica Department, Bharti Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Dept. of Postgraduate & Research Centre, Pune-Satara Road, Dhankawadi, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Sheetal A. Patil
- Homeopathic Materia Medica Department, Bharti Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Dept. of Postgraduate & Research Centre, Pune-Satara Road, Dhankawadi, Pune, 411043, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC Bhosari, Pune, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC Bhosari, Pune, India
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Stone J, Looker KJ, Silhol R, Turner KME, Hayes R, Coetzee J, Baral S, Schwartz S, Mayaud P, Gottlieb S, Boily MC, Vickerman P. The population impact of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) vaccination on the incidence of HSV-2, HIV and genital ulcer disease in South Africa: a mathematical modelling study. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104530. [PMID: 36933410 PMCID: PMC10034427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests HSV-2 infection increases HIV acquisition risk and HIV/HSV-2 coinfection increases transmission risk of both infections. We analysed the potential impact of HSV-2 vaccination in South Africa, a high HIV/HSV-2 prevalence setting. METHODS We adapted a dynamic HIV transmission model for South Africa to incorporate HSV-2, including synergistic effects with HIV, to evaluate the impact of: (i) cohort vaccination of 9-year-olds with a prophylactic vaccine that reduces HSV-2 susceptibility; (ii) vaccination of symptomatically HSV-2-infected individuals with a therapeutic vaccine that reduces HSV shedding. FINDINGS An 80% efficacious prophylactic vaccine offering lifetime protection with 80% uptake could reduce HSV-2 and HIV incidence by 84.1% (95% Credibility Interval: 81.2-86.0) and 65.4% (56.5-71.6) after 40 years, respectively. This reduces to 57.4% (53.6-60.7) and 42.1% (34.1-48.1) if efficacy is 50%, 56.1% (53.4-58.3) and 41.5% (34.2-46.9) if uptake is 40%, and 29.4% (26.0-31.9) and 24.4% (19.0-28.7) if protection lasts 10 years. An 80% efficacious therapeutic vaccine offering lifetime protection with 40% coverage among symptomatic individuals could reduce HSV-2 and HIV incidence by 29.6% (21.8-40.9) and 26.4% (18.5-23.2) after 40 years, respectively. This reduces to 18.8% (13.7-26.4) and 16.9% (11.7-25.3) if efficacy is 50%, 9.7% (7.0-14.0) and 8.6% (5.8-13.4) if coverage is 20%, and 5.4% (3.8-8.0) and 5.5% (3.7-8.6) if protection lasts 2 years. INTERPRETATION Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines offer promising approaches for reducing HSV-2 burden and could have important impact on HIV in South Africa and other high prevalence settings. FUNDING WHO, NIAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Stone
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Katharine Jane Looker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Romain Silhol
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jenny Coetzee
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sheree Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philippe Mayaud
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sami Gottlieb
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claude Boily
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Vickerman
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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9
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Suissa CA, Upadhyay R, Dabney MD, Mack RJ, Masica D, Margulies BJ. Investigating the survival of herpes simplex virus on toothbrushes and surrogate phallic devices. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:152-158. [PMID: 36448203 DOI: 10.1177/09564624221142380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a member of the alphaherpesvirus (alphaherpesvirinae) subfamily, allowing it to affect a wide range of hosts. Herpes simplex virus-1 affects 3.7 billion people, or 67% of the population, under the age of 50. With a vast number of people infected by the virus, everyday objects are often contaminated with this agent. In this study we determined how long HSV-1 can remain viable on contaminated fomites. METHODS Fomites were selected for their use near potentially contaminated orifices and variable frequency of sanitization. Toothbrushes and surrogate phallic devices (SPDs) were cut, sterilized, and contaminated. After contaminating the fomites, we collected samples over a 24 h period, then used plaque assays to determine viral titers at prescribed time points. RESULTS The quantity of replication-competent virus present appears to decrease significantly 2 h post-contamination, then steadily declines over time, nearing zero at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that different surfaces influence HSV-1 survival. Proper cleaning must be performed for these types of fomites, especially if shared in an environment where someone with active genital or oral herpes lesions uses one of these fomites shortly after someone else.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Suissa
- Herpes Virus Lab, Towson University Department of Biological Sciences, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Rista Upadhyay
- Herpes Virus Lab, Towson University Department of Biological Sciences, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.,Department of Chemistry, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Dabney
- Herpes Virus Lab, Towson University Department of Biological Sciences, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.,Baltimore City Community College, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo J Mack
- Herpes Virus Lab, Towson University Department of Biological Sciences, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.,Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Bioinformatics Program, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Masica
- Herpes Virus Lab, Towson University Department of Biological Sciences, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Barry J Margulies
- Herpes Virus Lab, Towson University Department of Biological Sciences, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.,Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Bioinformatics Program, 1492Towson University, Towson, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Silva S, Ayoub HH, Johnston C, Atun R, Abu-Raddad LJ. Estimated economic burden of genital herpes and HIV attributable to herpes simplex virus type 2 infections in 90 low- and middle-income countries: A modeling study. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003938. [PMID: 36520853 PMCID: PMC9754187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic losses due to herpes simplex infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are unknown. We estimated economic and quality-of-life losses due to genital herpes in 2019, in 90 LMICs, and from 2020 to 2030 in 45 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa. We additionally estimated economic losses due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attributable to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections. METHODS AND FINDINGS We estimated genital herpes-related spending on treatment, wage losses due to absenteeism, and reductions in quality of life, for individuals aged 15 to 49 years, living with genital herpes. Had HSV-2 had contributed to the transmission of HIV, we estimated the share of antiretroviral treatment costs and HIV-related wage losses in 2019 that can be attributed to incident and prevalent HSV-2 infections in 2018. For the former, we used estimates of HSV-2 incidence and prevalence from the global burden of disease (GBD) study. For the latter, we calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs), using the classic (Levin's) epidemiological formula for polytomous exposures, with relative risks (RRs) reported in literature. To extend estimates from 2020 to 2030, we modeled the transmission of HSV-2 in 45 African countries using a deterministic compartmental mathematical model, structured by age, sex, and sexual activity, which was fitted to seroprevalence gathered from a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. In the 90 LMICs, genital herpes contributed to US$813.5 million in treatment and productivity losses in 2019 (range: US$674.4 to US$952.2 million). Given observed care-seeking and absenteeism, losses are in the range of US$29.0 billion (US$25.6 billion to US$34.5 billion). Quality-of-life losses in the amount of 61.7 million quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are also possible (50.4 million to 74.2 million). The mean annual cost of treatment and wage losses per infection is US$183.00 (95% CI: US$153.60 to US$212.55); the mean annual cost of quality-of-life losses is US$343.27 (95% CI: 272.41 to 414.14). If HSV-2 has fueled the transmission of HIV, then seroprevalent HSV-2 cases in 2018 can account for 33.2% of the incident HIV infections in 2019, with an associated antiretroviral therapy (ART) cost of US$186.3 million (range: US$163.6 to US$209.5 million) and 28.6% of HIV-related wage losses (US$21.9 million; range: US$19.2 to US$27.4 million). In the WHO Africa region, the 3.9 million seroprevalent genital herpes cases from 2020 to 2030 contributed to US$700.2 million in treatment and productivity losses. Additionally, quality-of-life losses in the range of 88 million to 871 million QALYs are also possible. If HSV-2 has contributed to the transmission of HIV, then in 2020, the PAF of HIV due to prevalent HSV-2 will be 32.8% (95% CI: 26.7% to 29.9%) and due to incident infections will be 4.2% (95% CI: 2.6% to 3.4%). The PAF due to prevalent infections will decline to 31.0% by 2030 and incident infections to 3.6%. Though we have accounted for the uncertainty in the epidemiological and economic parameter values via the sensitivity analysis, our estimates still undervalue losses due to limiting to the 15- to 49-year-old population. CONCLUSIONS Economic losses due to genital herpes in LMICs can be large, especially when considering the lifelong nature of the disease. Quality-of-life losses outweigh spending on treatment and reductions in productivity. If HSV-2 has contributed to the spread of HIV in LMICs, then nearly one third of antiretroviral costs and HIV-related wage losses can be attributed to HSV-2. Given the magnitude of the combined losses, a vaccine against HSV-2 must be a global priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Silva
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Global Health Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Houssein H. Ayoub
- Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
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11
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Johnston C, Magaret A, Son H, Stern M, Rathbun M, Renner D, Szpara M, Gunby S, Ott M, Jing L, Campbell VL, Huang ML, Selke S, Jerome KR, Koelle DM, Wald A. Viral Shedding 1 Year Following First-Episode Genital HSV-1 Infection. JAMA 2022; 328:1730-1739. [PMID: 36272098 PMCID: PMC9588168 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.19061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the leading cause of first-episode genital herpes in many countries. OBJECTIVE To inform counseling messages regarding genital HSV-1 transmission, oral and genital viral shedding patterns among persons with first-episode genital HSV-1 infection were assessed. The trajectory of the development of HSV-specific antibody and T-cell responses was also characterized. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective cohort followed up for up to 2 years, with 82 participants followed up between 2013 and 2018. Participants were recruited from sexual health and primary care clinics in Seattle, Washington. Persons with laboratory-documented first-episode genital HSV-1 infection, without HIV infection or current pregnancy, were referred for enrollment. EXPOSURES First-episode genital HSV-1 infection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Genital and oral HSV-1 shedding and lesion rates at 2 months, 11 months, and up to 2 years after initial genital HSV-1 infection. Participants self-collected oral and genital swabs for HSV polymerase chain reaction testing for 30 days at 2 and 11 months and up to 2 years after diagnosis of genital HSV-1. Blood samples were collected at serial time points to assess immune responses to HSV-1. Primary HSV-1 infection was defined as absent HSV antibody at baseline or evolving antibody profile using the University of Washington HSV Western Blot. HSV-specific T-cell responses were detected using interferon γ enzyme-linked immunospot. RESULTS Among the 82 participants, the median (range) age was 26 (16-64) years, 54 (65.9%) were women, and 42 (51.2%) had primary HSV-1 infection. At 2 months, HSV-1 was detected from the genital tract in 53 participants (64.6%) and in the mouth in 24 participants (29.3%). Genital HSV-1 shedding was detected on 275 of 2264 days (12.1%) at 2 months and declined significantly to 122 of 1719 days (7.1%) at 11 months (model-predicted rate, 6.2% [95% CI, 4.3%-8.9%] at 2 months vs 3.2% [95% CI, 1.8%-5.7%] at 11 months; relative risk, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.29-0.93]). Genital lesions were rare, reported on 65 of 2497 days (2.6%) at 2 months and 72 of 1872 days (3.8%) at 11 months. Oral HSV-1 shedding was detected on 88 of 2247 days (3.9%) at 2 months. Persons with primary HSV-1 infection had a higher risk of genital shedding compared with those with nonprimary infection (model-predicted rate, 7.9% [95% CI, 5.4%-11.7%] vs 2.9% [95% CI, 1.7%-5.0%]; relative risk, 2.75 [95% CI, 1.40-5.44]). Polyfunctional HSV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were maintained during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Genital HSV-1 shedding was frequent after first-episode genital HSV-1, particularly among those with primary infection, and declined rapidly during the first year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Hyunju Son
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Molly Rathbun
- Departments of Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Daniel Renner
- Departments of Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Moriah Szpara
- Departments of Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Sarah Gunby
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mariliis Ott
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Meei-li Huang
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Stacy Selke
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Departments of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Departments of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
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12
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Dweikat SN, Renner DW, Bowen CD, Szpara ML. Multi-phenotype analysis for enhanced classification of 11 herpes simplex virus 1 strains. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:001780. [PMID: 36264606 PMCID: PMC10019087 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is best known for causing oral lesions and mild clinical symptoms, but it can produce a significant range of disease severities and rates of reactivation. To better understand this phenotypic variation, we characterized 11 HSV1 strains that were isolated from individuals with diverse infection outcomes. We provide new data on genomic and in vitro plaque phenotype analysis for these isolates and compare these data to previously reported quantitation of the disease phenotype of each strain in a murine animal model. We show that integration of these three types of data permitted clustering of these HSV1 strains into four groups that were not distinguishable by any single dataset alone, highlighting the benefits of combinatorial multi-parameter phenotyping. Two strains (group 1) produced a partially or largely syncytial plaque phenotype and attenuated disease phenotypes in mice. Three strains of intermediate plaque size, causing severe disease in mice, were genetically clustered to a second group (group 2). Six strains with the smallest average plaque sizes were separated into two subgroups (groups 3 and 4) based on their different genetic clustering and disease severity in mice. Comparative genomics and network graph analysis suggested a separation of HSV1 isolates with attenuated vs. virulent phenotypes. These observations imply that virulence phenotypes of these strains may be traceable to genetic variation within the HSV1 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Dweikat
- Department of Biology, University Park, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, USA
| | - Daniel W Renner
- Department of Biology, University Park, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, USA
| | - Christopher D Bowen
- Department of Biology, University Park, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biology, University Park, USA.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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13
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Van Gerwen OT, Muzny CA, Marrazzo JM. Sexually transmitted infections and female reproductive health. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1116-1126. [PMID: 35918418 PMCID: PMC9362696 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Women are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs) throughout life. In addition to their high prevalence in women, STIs have debilitating effects on female reproductive health due to female urogenital anatomy, socio-cultural and economic factors. In this Review, we discuss the prevalence and impact of non-HIV bacterial, viral and parasitic STIs on the reproductive and sexual health of cisgender women worldwide. We analyse factors affecting STI prevalence among transgender women and women in low-income settings, and describe the specific challenges and barriers to improved sexual health faced by these population groups. We also synthesize the latest advances in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of STIs. Women are more affected by sexually transmitted infections than men. This Review examines the impact of non-HIV STIs on women’s health, and discusses recent advances and current challenges in the treatment and prevention of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T Van Gerwen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Christina A Muzny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeanne M Marrazzo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
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14
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Goyal A, Reeves DB, Schiffer JT. Multi-scale modelling reveals that early super-spreader events are a likely contributor to novel variant predominance. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210811. [PMID: 35382576 PMCID: PMC8984334 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) has hampered international efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. VOCs have been characterized to varying degrees by higher transmissibility, worse infection outcomes and evasion of vaccine and infection-induced immunologic memory. VOCs are hypothesized to have originated from animal reservoirs, communities in regions with low surveillance and/or single individuals with poor immunologic control of the virus. Yet, the factors dictating which variants ultimately predominate remain incompletely characterized. Here we present a multi-scale model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics that describes population spread through individuals whose viral loads and numbers of contacts (drawn from an over-dispersed distribution) are both time-varying. This framework allows us to explore how super-spreader events (SSE) (defined as greater than five secondary infections per day) contribute to variant emergence. We find stochasticity remains a powerful determinant of predominance. Variants that predominate are more likely to be associated with higher infectiousness, an SSE early after variant emergence and ongoing decline of the current dominant variant. Additionally, our simulations reveal that most new highly infectious variants that infect one or a few individuals do not achieve permanence in the population. Consequently, interventions that reduce super-spreading may delay or mitigate emergence of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel B Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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15
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Tolo IE, Bajer PG, Wolf TM, Mor SK, Phelps NBD. Investigation of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) Disease Periods and Factors Influencing CyHV-3 Transmission in A Low Stocking Density Infection Trial. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010002. [PMID: 35011108 PMCID: PMC8749781 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pathogens are the primary limitation to aquaculture production of fish and a major issue in consideration of the interface between cultured and wild populations of fishes worldwide. While rapid spread of fish pathogens between populations (wild or farmed) is generally anthropogenic and the result of trade, the mechanisms of transmission once a pathogen has been introduced to a fish population are not well understood. The most widespread pathogen impacting both aquaculture and wild populations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio, carp) is Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). To understand how CyHV-3 is transmitted in a population we conducted a series of infection trials, designed to determine the kinetics CyHV-3 infections, identify the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, and to determine the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity, and contact type. We found that direct contact between fish was the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission rather than transmission through contaminated water. Additionally, CyHV-3 transmission occurred primarily during the incubation period of CyHV-3, prior to the appearance of disease signs and disease-associated reduction in contact rate. Abstract Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the etiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) and important pathogen of aquaculture and wild populations of common carp worldwide. Understanding the relative contributions of direct and indirect transmission of CyHV-3 as well as the factors that drive CyHV-3 transmission can clarify the importance of environmental disease vectors and is valuable for informing disease modeling efforts. To study the mechanisms and factors driving CyHV-3 transmission we conducted infection trials that determined the kinetics of KHVD and the contributions of direct and indirect forms of CyHV-3 transmission, as well as the contributions of contact rate, viral load, pathogenicity and contact type. The incubation period of KHVD was 5.88 + 1.75 days and the symptomatic period was 5.31 + 0.87 days. Direct transmission was determined to be the primary mechanism of CyHV-3 transmission (OR = 25.08, 95%CI = 10.73–99.99, p = 4.29 × 10−18) and transmission primarily occurred during the incubation period of KHVD. Direct transmission decreased in the symptomatic period of disease. Transmissibility of CyHV-3 and indirect transmission increased during the symptomatic period of disease, correlating with increased viral loads. Additionally, potential virulence-transmission tradeoffs and disease avoidance behaviors relevant to CyHV-3 transmission were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah E. Tolo
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Przemyslaw G. Bajer
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Sunil K. Mor
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Nicholas B. D. Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (I.E.T.); (P.G.B.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Swan DA, Goyal A, Bracis C, Moore M, Krantz E, Brown E, Cardozo-Ojeda F, Reeves DB, Gao F, Gilbert PB, Corey L, Cohen MS, Janes H, Dimitrov D, Schiffer JT. Mathematical Modeling of Vaccines That Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:1921. [PMID: 34696352 PMCID: PMC8539635 DOI: 10.3390/v13101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine clinical trials assess efficacy against disease (VEDIS), the ability to block symptomatic COVID-19. They only partially discriminate whether VEDIS is mediated by preventing infection completely, which is defined as detection of virus in the airways (VESUSC), or by preventing symptoms despite infection (VESYMP). Vaccine efficacy against transmissibility given infection (VEINF), the decrease in secondary transmissions from infected vaccine recipients, is also not measured. Using mathematical modeling of data from King County Washington, we demonstrate that if the Moderna (mRNA-1273QS) and Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccines, which demonstrated VEDIS > 90% in clinical trials, mediate VEDIS by VESUSC, then a limited fourth epidemic wave of infections with the highly infectious B.1.1.7 variant would have been predicted in spring 2021 assuming rapid vaccine roll out. If high VEDIS is explained by VESYMP, then high VEINF would have also been necessary to limit the extent of this fourth wave. Vaccines which completely protect against infection or secondary transmission also substantially lower the number of people who must be vaccinated before the herd immunity threshold is reached. The limited extent of the fourth wave suggests that the vaccines have either high VESUSC or both high VESYMP and high VEINF against B.1.1.7. Finally, using a separate intra-host mathematical model of viral kinetics, we demonstrate that a 0.6 log vaccine-mediated reduction in average peak viral load might be sufficient to achieve 50% VEINF, which suggests that human challenge studies with a relatively low number of infected participants could be employed to estimate all three vaccine efficacy metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Chloe Bracis
- TIMC-IMAG/BCM, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Mia Moore
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dobromir Dimitrov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (D.A.S.); (A.G.); (M.M.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (F.C.-O.); (D.B.R.); (F.G.); (P.B.G.); (L.C.); (H.J.); (D.D.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Assessment of Two Novel Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidates for Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) in Guinea Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030258. [PMID: 33805768 PMCID: PMC7999511 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and to suppress reactivation has been available for decades. However, a safe and effective preventative or therapeutic vaccine has eluded development. Two novel live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine candidates (RVx201 and RVx202) have been tested preclinically for safety. Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated vaginally (n = 3) or intradermally (n = 16) with either vaccine candidate (2 × 107 PFU) and observed for disease for 28 days. All animals survived to study end without developing HSV-2-associated disease. Neither vaccine candidate established latency in dorsal root or sacral sympathetic ganglia, as determined by viral DNA quantification, LAT expression, or explant reactivation. Infectious virus was shed in vaginal secretions for three days following vaginal inoculation with RVx202, but not RVx201, although active or latent HSV-2 was not detected at study end. In contrast, guinea pigs inoculated with wild-type HSV-2 MS (2 × 105 PFU) vaginally (n = 5) or intradermally (n = 16) developed acute disease, neurological signs, shed virus in vaginal secretions, experienced periodic recurrences throughout the study period, and had latent HSV-2 in their dorsal root and sacral sympathetic ganglia at study end. Both vaccine candidates generated neutralizing antibody. Taken together, these findings suggest that these novel vaccine candidates are safe in guinea pigs and should be tested for efficacy as preventative and/or therapeutic anti-HSV-2 vaccines.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: The prevalence of HSV in the population is high with an increased HSV-2 infection in women. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: There is a significant positive association between HSV-2 and HIV-1 in the study population. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from the North-West and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are highly pervasive and show a strong synergistic interaction with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). High prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) has been reported in Africa with a prevalence rate of 20-80% in women and 10-50% in men. Studies on the prevalence of HSV in South Africa are few considering the rate of HIV infection in the country. Our focus was to determine the molecular prevalence of HSV-DNA in HIV-1 sera. Methods: In total, 44 convenience samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The results of PCR with type specific primers showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: High prevalence of HSV-2 recorded in HIV-1 sera corroborate with similar studies conducted within different cohorts in the continent. SPSS Pearson's chi-squared test established that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions:There is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 in the study population. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
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Ultrasound May Suppress Tumor Growth, Inhibit Inflammation, and Establish Tolerogenesis by Remodeling Innatome via Pathways of ROS, Immune Checkpoints, Cytokines, and Trained Immunity/Tolerance. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6664453. [PMID: 33628851 PMCID: PMC7889351 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6664453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune mechanisms underlying low-intensity ultrasound- (LIUS-) mediated suppression of inflammation and tumorigenesis remain poorly determined. Methods We used microarray datasets from the NCBI GEO DataSet repository and conducted comprehensive data-mining analyses, where we examined the gene expression of 1376 innate immune regulators (innatome genes (IGs) in cells treated with LIUS. Results We made the following findings: (1) LIUS upregulates proinflammatory IGs and downregulates metastasis genes in cancer cells, and LIUS upregulates adaptive immunity pathways but inhibits danger-sensing and inflammation pathways and promote tolerogenic differentiation in bone marrow (BM) cells. (2) LIUS upregulates IGs encoded for proteins localized in the cytoplasm, extracellular space, and others, but downregulates IG proteins localized in nuclear and plasma membranes, and LIUS downregulates phosphatases. (3) LIUS-modulated IGs act partially via several important pathways of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reverse signaling of immune checkpoint receptors B7-H4 and BTNL2, inflammatory cytokines, and static or oscillatory shear stress and heat generation, among which ROS is a dominant mechanism. (4) LIUS upregulates trained immunity enzymes in lymphoma cells and downregulates trained immunity enzymes and presumably establishes trained tolerance in BM cells. (5) LIUS modulates chromatin long-range interactions to differentially regulate IGs expression in cancer cells and noncancer cells. Conclusions Our analysis suggests novel molecular mechanisms that are utilized by LIUS to induce tumor suppression and inflammation inhibition. Our findings may lead to development of new treatment protocols for cancers and chronic inflammation.
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Mtshali A, Ngcapu S, Osman F, Garrett N, Singh R, Rompalo A, Mindel A, Liebenberg LJP. Genital HSV-1 DNA detection is associated with a low inflammatory profile in HIV-uninfected South African women. Sex Transm Infect 2021; 97:33-37. [PMID: 32848051 PMCID: PMC7841484 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2020-054458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are common in South Africa and worldwide. While HSV-2 is known to cause genital lesions, HSV-1 is better known to cause oral infections. Due to the global rise in genital HSV-1 infections, we aimed to compare the genital cytokine environment associated with HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections and their relation to the proinflammatory genital immune environment associated with HIV risk in African women. METHODS HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA were detected by quantitative real-time PCR in menstrual cup specimens collected from 251 HIV-negative women participating in the CAPRISA 083 study in Durban, South Africa. HSV shedding was defined as detection at >150 copies/mL. Forty-eight cytokines were measured in genital fluid by multiplexed ELISA, and multivariable regression models determined associations between genital cytokines and HSV DNA detection. RESULTS HSV-1 DNA detection (24/251 (9.6%)) and shedding (13/24 (54.2%)) was more common than HSV-2 (detection in 14/251 (5.6%), shedding in 0/14). None of the women with detectable HSV had evidence of genital lesions. HSV-2 DNA detection was associated with increased interleukin (IL)-18 and decreased cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine concentrations, but only in univariable analysis. By contrast, in both univariable and multivariable analyses, the detection of HSV-1 DNA was associated with reduced concentrations of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, IL-7, IL-4, platelet-derived growth factor-ββ and five proinflammatory cytokines associated with HIV risk: IL-6, IL-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS That HSV-1 DNA was more commonly detected and shed than HSV-2 emphasises the need for clinical screening of both viruses, not just HSV-2 in young women. Efforts to reduce genital inflammation may need to consider implementing additional strategies to mitigate a rise in HSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andile Mtshali
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Farzana Osman
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Discipline of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KwaZulu-Natal Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anne Rompalo
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian Mindel
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lenine J P Liebenberg
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Aubert M, Strongin DE, Roychoudhury P, Loprieno MA, Haick AK, Klouser LM, Stensland L, Huang ML, Makhsous N, Tait A, De Silva Feelixge HS, Galetto R, Duchateau P, Greninger AL, Stone D, Jerome KR. Gene editing and elimination of latent herpes simplex virus in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4148. [PMID: 32811834 PMCID: PMC7435201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate gene editing of HSV in a well-established mouse model, using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivered meganucleases, as a potentially curative approach to treat latent HSV infection. Here we show that AAV-delivered meganucleases, but not CRISPR/Cas9, mediate highly efficient gene editing of HSV, eliminating over 90% of latent virus from superior cervical ganglia. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrates that both HSV and individual AAV serotypes are non-randomly distributed among neuronal subsets in ganglia, implying that improved delivery to all neuronal subsets may lead to even more complete elimination of HSV. As predicted, delivery of meganucleases using a triple AAV serotype combination results in the greatest decrease in ganglionic HSV loads. The levels of HSV elimination observed in these studies, if translated to humans, would likely significantly reduce HSV reactivation, shedding, and lesions. Further optimization of meganuclease delivery and activity is likely possible, and may offer a pathway to a cure for HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Aubert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel E Strongin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Michelle A Loprieno
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Klouser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence Stensland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Tait
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Stone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Ayoub HH, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Epidemiological Impact of Novel Preventive and Therapeutic HSV-2 Vaccination in the United States: Mathematical Modeling Analyses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E366. [PMID: 32650385 PMCID: PMC7564812 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to inform herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) vaccine development, licensure, and implementation by delineating the population-level impact of vaccination. Mathematical models were constructed to describe the transmission dynamics in presence of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines assuming 50% efficacy, with application to the United States. Catch-up prophylactic vaccination will reduce, by 2050, annual number of new infections by 58%, incidence rate by 60%, seroprevalence by 21%, and avert yearly as much as 350,000 infections. Number of vaccinations needed to avert one infection was only 50 by 2050, 34 by prioritizing those aged 15-19 years, 4 by prioritizing the highest sexual risk group, 43 by prioritizing women, and 47 by prioritizing men. Therapeutic vaccination of infected adults with symptomatic disease will reduce, by 2050, annual number of new infections by 12%, incidence rate by 13%, seroprevalence by 4%, and avert yearly as much as 76,000 infections. Number of vaccinations needed to avert one infection was eight by 2050, two by prioritizing those aged 15-19 years, three by prioritizing the highest sexual risk group, seven by prioritizing men, and ten by prioritizing women. HSV-2 vaccination offers an impactful and cost-effective intervention to prevent genital herpes medical and psychosexual disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssein H. Ayoub
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar;
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Laith J. Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar;
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine–Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation–Education City, Doha 24144, Qatar
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York City, NY 10065, USA
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Roychoudhury P, Swan DA, Duke E, Corey L, Zhu J, Davé V, Spuhler LR, Lund JM, Prlic M, Schiffer JT. Tissue-resident T cell-derived cytokines eliminate herpes simplex virus-2-infected cells. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2903-2919. [PMID: 32125285 PMCID: PMC7260013 DOI: 10.1172/jci132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying rapid elimination of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) in the human genital tract despite low CD8+ and CD4+ tissue-resident T cell (Trm cell) density are unknown. We analyzed shedding episodes during chronic HSV-2 infection; viral clearance always predominated within 24 hours of detection even when viral load exceeded 1 × 107 HSV DNA copies, and surges in granzyme B and IFN-γ occurred within the early hours after reactivation and correlated with local viral load. We next developed an agent-based mathematical model of an HSV-2 genital ulcer to integrate mechanistic observations of Trm cells in in situ proliferation, trafficking, cytolytic effects, and cytokine alarm signaling from murine studies with viral kinetics, histopathology, and lesion size data from humans. A sufficiently high density of HSV-2-specific Trm cells predicted rapid elimination of infected cells, but our data suggest that such Trm cell densities are relatively uncommon in infected tissues. At lower, more commonly observed Trm cell densities, Trm cells must initiate a rapidly diffusing, polyfunctional cytokine response with activation of bystander T cells in order to eliminate a majority of infected cells and eradicate briskly spreading HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
| | - David A. Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth Duke
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Laura Richert Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health and
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Genital herpes increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), is a source of anxiety for many about transmitting infection to intimate partners, and is life-threatening to newborns. A vaccine that prevents genital herpes infection is a high public health priority. An ideal vaccine will prevent both genital lesions and asymptomatic subclinical infection to reduce the risk of inadvertent transmission to partners, will be effective against genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), and will protect against neonatal herpes. Three phase 3 human trials were performed over the past 20 years that used HSV-2 glycoproteins essential for virus entry as immunogens. None achieved its primary endpoint, although each was partially successful in either delaying onset of infection or protecting a subset of female subjects that were HSV-1 and HSV-2 uninfected against HSV-1 genital infection. The success of future vaccine candidates may depend on improving the predictive value of animal models by requiring vaccines to achieve near-perfect protection in these models and by using the models to better define immune correlates of protection. Many vaccine candidates are under development, including DNA, modified mRNA, protein subunit, killed virus, and attenuated live virus vaccines. Lessons learned from prior vaccine studies and select candidate vaccines are discussed, including a trivalent nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine that our laboratory is pursuing. We are optimistic that an effective vaccine for prevention of genital herpes will emerge in this decade.
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Estimating the Risk of Human Herpesvirus 6 and Cytomegalovirus Transmission to Ugandan Infants from Viral Shedding in Saliva by Household Contacts. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020171. [PMID: 32028569 PMCID: PMC7077293 DOI: 10.3390/v12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are common in early childhood. In a prospective Ugandan birth cohort study, most infants acquired HHV-6 (24/31; 77%) and CMV (20/30; 67%) during follow-up. To assess the transmission risk, we modeled a dose-response relationship between infant HHV-6 and CMV infections and weekly oral viral shedding by mothers and all other ("secondary") children in the home. Oral viral loads that were shed by mothers and secondary children were significantly associated with HHV-6 but not CMV transmission. While secondary children had higher and more frequent HHV-6 shedding than their mothers, they had a lower per-exposure transmission risk, suggesting that transmission to maternal contacts may be more efficient. HHV-6 transmission was relatively inefficient, occurring after <25% of all weekly exposures. Although HHV-6 transmission often occurs following repeated, low dose exposures, we found a non-linear dose-response relationship in which infection risk markedly increases when exposures reached a threshold of > 5 log10 DNA copies/mL. The lack of association between oral CMV shedding and transmission is consistent with breastfeeding being the dominant route of infant infection for that virus. These affirm saliva as the route of HHV-6 transmission and provide benchmarks for developing strategies to reduce the risk of infection and its related morbidity.
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29
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Szöllősi A, Raffai T, Bogdanov A, Endrész V, Párducz L, Somogyvári F, Janovák L, Burián K, Virok DP. Correlation between detergent activity and anti-herpes simplex virus-2 activity of commercially available vaginal gels. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:52. [PMID: 32005126 PMCID: PMC6995179 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infections are almost exclusively sexually transmitted. The presence of vaginal gels during sexual activity may have a significant positive or negative impact on viral transmission. Therefore we investigated three off-the-shelf vaginal lubricants and one pH restoring gel to evaluate their impact on HSV-2 replication. RESULTS HeLa cells were infected with untreated virions and virions incubated with the particular gels. The accumulation of viral genomes was monitored by quantitative PCR (qPCR) method at 24 h post infection. Two of the tested gels had no significant effect on HSV-2 replication at the maximum applied concentration, while two had a strong inhibitory effect (~ 98% reduction of replication). The replication inhibitory effect was observed at various multiplicity of infection (MOI 0.4-6.4) and the two inhibitory gels were also capable of inhibiting the HSV-2 induced cytopathic effect on HeLa cells. The surface tension decreasing activity-an indication of detergent activity-was strongly correlated with the anti-HSV-2 activity of the gels (R2: 0.88). Our results indicate that off-the-shelf vaginal gels have a markedly different anti-HSV-2 activity that may influence HSV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Szöllősi
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Gál Ferenc College, Szent István st. 17-19, Gyula, 5700, Hungary
| | - Tímea Raffai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Valéria Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - László Párducz
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Gál Ferenc College, Szent István st. 17-19, Gyula, 5700, Hungary.,Pándy Kálmán County Hospital, Semmelweis st. 1, Gyula, 5700, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - László Janovák
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla sqr. 1, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Dezső P Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Dóm sqr. 10, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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30
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Marchese V, Dal Zoppo S, Quaresima V, Rossi B, Matteelli A. Vaccines for STIs: Present and Future Directions. Sex Transm Infect 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02200-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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31
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Chandra J, Woo WP, Dutton JL, Xu Y, Li B, Kinrade S, Druce J, Finlayson N, Griffin P, Laing KJ, Koelle DM, Frazer IH. Immune responses to a HSV-2 polynucleotide immunotherapy COR-1 in HSV-2 positive subjects: A randomized double blinded phase I/IIa trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226320. [PMID: 31846475 PMCID: PMC6917347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genital herpes simplex infection affects more than 500 million people worldwide. We have previously shown that COR-1, a therapeutic HSV-2 polynucleotide vaccine candidate, is safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects. Objective Here, we present a single center double-blind placebo-controlled, randomized phase I/IIa trial of COR-1 in HSV-2 positive subjects in which we assessed safety and tolerability as primary endpoints, and immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy as exploratory endpoints. Methods Forty-four HSV-2+ subjects confirmed by positive serology or pathology, and positive qPCR during baseline shedding, with a recurrent genital HSV-2 history of at least 12 months including three to nine reported lesions in 12 months prior to screening, aged 18 to 50 years females and males with given written informed consent, were randomized into two groups. Three immunizations at 4-week intervals and one booster immunization at 6 months, each of 1 mg COR-1 DNA or placebo, were administered intradermally as two injections of 500 μg each to either one forearm or both forearms. Results No serious adverse events, life-threatening events or deaths occurred throughout the study. As expected, HSV-2 infected subjects displayed gD2-specific antibody titers prior to immunization. COR-1 was associated with a reduction in viral shedding after booster administration compared with baseline. Conclusions This study confirms the previously demonstrated safety of COR-1 in humans and indicates a potential for use of COR-1 as a therapy to reduce viral shedding in HSV-2 infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Chandra
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wai-Ping Woo
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julie L. Dutton
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yan Xu
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bo Li
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sally Kinrade
- Medicines Development Limited, Southbank, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Finlayson
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Griffin
- Q-Pharm Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Mater Hospital and Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer, Clinical Tropical Medicine Lab, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Admedus Vaccines Pty Ltd (formerly Coridon Pty Ltd), Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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32
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Schiffer JT, Gottlieb SL. Biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1 and possible implications for HSV vaccine development. Vaccine 2019; 37:7363-7371. [PMID: 28958807 PMCID: PMC5867191 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has the potential to limit the global burden of HSV-2 infection and disease, including genital ulcer disease and neonatal herpes, and is a global sexual and reproductive health priority. Another important potential benefit of an HSV-2 vaccine would be to decrease HIV infections, as HSV-2 increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition several-fold. Acute and chronic HSV-2 infection creates ulcerations and draws dendritic cells and activated CD4+ T cells into genital mucosa. These cells are targets for HIV entry and replication. Prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines (to prevent infection) and therapeutic vaccines (to modify or treat existing infections) are currently under development. By preventing or modifying infection, an effective HSV-2 vaccine could limit HSV-associated genital mucosal inflammation and thus HIV risk. However, a vaccine might have competing effects on HIV risk depending on its mechanism of action and cell populations generated in the genital mucosa. In this article, we review biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1, consider HSV-2 vaccine development in the context of HIV risk, and discuss implications and research needs for future HSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Sami L Gottlieb
- World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Gottlieb SL, Giersing B, Boily MC, Chesson H, Looker KJ, Schiffer J, Spicknall I, Hutubessy R, Broutet N. Modelling efforts needed to advance herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine development: Key findings from the World Health Organization Consultation on HSV Vaccine Impact Modelling. Vaccine 2019; 37:7336-7345. [PMID: 28647165 PMCID: PMC10599163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine against herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an important goal for global sexual and reproductive health. In order to more precisely define the health and economic burden of HSV infection and the theoretical impact and cost-effectiveness of an HSV vaccine, in 2015 the World Health Organization convened an expert consultation meeting on HSV vaccine impact modelling. The experts reviewed existing model-based estimates and dynamic models of HSV infection to outline critical future modelling needs to inform development of a comprehensive business case and preferred product characteristics for an HSV vaccine. This article summarizes key findings and discussions from the meeting on modelling needs related to HSV burden, costs, and vaccine impact, essential data needs to carry out those models, and important model components and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Harrell Chesson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Spicknall
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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34
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Major M, Gutfraind A, Shekhtman L, Cui Q, Kachko A, Cotler SJ, Hajarizadeh B, Sacks-Davis R, Page K, Boodram B, Dahari H. Modeling of patient virus titers suggests that availability of a vaccine could reduce hepatitis C virus transmission among injecting drug users. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/449/eaao4496. [PMID: 29997251 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aao4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The major route of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission in the United States is injection drug use. We hypothesized that if an HCV vaccine were available, vaccination could affect HCV transmission among people who inject drugs by reducing HCV titers after viral exposure without necessarily achieving sterilizing immunity. To investigate this possibility, we developed a mathematical model to determine transmission probabilities relative to the HCV RNA titers of needle/syringe-sharing donors. We simulated sharing of two types of syringes fitted with needles that retain either large or small amounts of fluid after expulsion. Using previously published viral kinetics data from both naïve subjects infected with HCV and reinfected individuals who had previously cleared an HCV infection, we estimated transmission risk between pairs of serodiscordant injecting drug users, accounting for syringe type, rinsing, and sharing frequency. We calculated that the risk of HCV transmission through syringe sharing increased ~10-fold as viral titers (log10 IU/ml) increased ~25-fold. Cumulative analyses showed that, assuming sharing episodes every 7 days, the mean transmission risk over the first 6 months was >90% between two people sharing syringes when one had an HCV RNA titer >5 log10 IU/ml. For those with preexisting immunity that rapidly controlled HCV, the cumulative risk decreased to 1 to 25% depending on HCV titer and syringe type. Our modeling approach demonstrates that, even with transient viral replication after exposure during injection drug use, HCV transmission among people sharing syringes could be reduced through vaccination if an HCV vaccine were available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Major
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Alexander Gutfraind
- Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Louis Shekhtman
- Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.,Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52990, Israel
| | - Qingwen Cui
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Alla Kachko
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Scott J Cotler
- Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Behzad Hajarizadeh
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kimberly Page
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Basmattee Boodram
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Harel Dahari
- Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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35
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Wang J, Lai B, Nanayakkara G, Yang Q, Sun Y, Lu Y, Shao Y, Yu D, Yang WY, Cueto R, Fu H, Zeng H, Shen W, Wu S, Zhang C, Liu Y, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. Experimental Data-Mining Analyses Reveal New Roles of Low-Intensity Ultrasound in Differentiating Cell Death Regulatome in Cancer and Non-cancer Cells via Potential Modulation of Chromatin Long-Range Interactions. Front Oncol 2019; 9:600. [PMID: 31355136 PMCID: PMC6640725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanisms underlying low intensity ultrasound (LIUS) mediated suppression of inflammation and tumorigenesis remain poorly determined. Methods: We used microarray datasets from NCBI GEO Dataset databases and conducted a comprehensive data mining analyses, where we studied the gene expression of 299 cell death regulators that regulate 13 different cell death types (cell death regulatome) in cells treated with LIUS. Results: We made the following findings: (1) LIUS exerts a profound effect on the expression of cell death regulatome in cancer cells and non-cancer cells. Of note, LIUS has the tendency to downregulate the gene expression of cell death regulators in non-cancer cells. Most of the cell death regulator genes downregulated by LIUS in non-cancer cells are responsible for mediating inflammatory signaling pathways; (2) LIUS activates different cell death transcription factors in cancer and non-cancer cells. Transcription factors TP-53 and SRF- were induced by LIUS exposure in cancer cells and non-cancer cells, respectively; (3) As two well-accepted mechanisms of LIUS, mild hyperthermia and oscillatory shear stress induce changes in the expression of cell death regulators, therefore, may be responsible for inducing LIUS mediated changes in gene expression patterns of cell death regulators in cells; (4) LIUS exposure may change the redox status of the cells. LIUS may induce more of antioxidant effects in non-cancer cells compared to cancer cells; and (5) The genes modulated by LIUS in cancer cells have distinct chromatin long range interaction (CLRI) patterns to that of non-cancer cells. Conclusions: Our analysis suggests novel molecular mechanisms that may be utilized by LIUS to induce tumor suppression and inflammation inhibition. Our findings may lead to development of new treatment protocols for cancers and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yifan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daohai Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William Y Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hangfei Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huihong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Susu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chunquan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Eric T Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Cardiovascular Research, Thrombosis Research, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 IgG Antibody in Healthy Blood Donor from Baghdad, Iraq. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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37
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Schiffer JT, Swan DA, Prlic M, Lund JM. Herpes simplex virus-2 dynamics as a probe to measure the extremely rapid and spatially localized tissue-resident T-cell response. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:113-133. [PMID: 30129205 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 infection is characterized by frequent episodic shedding in the genital tract. Expansion in HSV-2 viral load early during episodes is extremely rapid. However, the virus invariably peaks within 18 hours and is eliminated nearly as quickly. A critical feature of HSV-2 shedding episodes is their heterogeneity. Some episodes peak at 108 HSV DNA copies, last for weeks due to frequent viral re-expansion, and lead to painful ulcers, while others only reach 103 HSV DNA copies and are eliminated within hours and without symptoms. Within single micro-environments of infection, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM ) appear to contain infection within a few days. Here, we review components of TRM biology relevant to immune surveillance between HSV-2 shedding episodes and containment of infection upon detection of HSV-2 cognate antigen. We then describe the use of mathematical models to correlate large spatial gradients in TRM density with the heterogeneity of observed shedding within a single person. We describe how models have been leveraged for clinical trial simulation, as well as future plans to model the interactions of multiple cellular subtypes within mucosa, predict the mechanism of action of therapeutic vaccines, and describe the dynamics of 3-dimensional infection environment during the natural evolution of an HSV-2 lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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38
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Gurski K. A sexually transmitted infection model with long-term partnerships in homogeneous and heterogenous populations. Infect Dis Model 2019; 4:142-160. [PMID: 31193690 PMCID: PMC6538957 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Population models for sexually transmitted infections frequently use a transmission model that assumes an inherent partnership length of zero. However, in a population with long-term partnerships, the infection status of the partners, the length of the partnership, and the exclusivity of the partnership significantly affect the rate of infection. We develop an autonomous population model that can account for the possibilities of an infection from either a casual sexual partner or a longtime partner who was either infected at the start of the partnership or was newly infected. The impact of the long-term partnerships on the rate of infection is captured by calculating the expected values of the rate of infection from these extended contacts. We present a new method to evaluate partner acquisition rates for casual or long-term partnerships which produces in a more realistic number of lifetime sexual partners. Results include a SI model with different infectiousness levels for the transmission of HIV and HSV-2 with acute and chronic/latent infection stages for homogeneous (MSM) and heterogeneous (WSM-MSW) groups. The accompanying reproduction number and sensitivity studies highlight the impact of both casual and long-term partnerships on infection spread. We construct an autonomous set of equations that handle issues usually ignored by autonomous equations and handled only through simulations or in a non-autonomous form. The autonomous formulation of the model allows for simple numerical computations while incorporating a combination of random instantaneous contacts between individuals and prolonged contacts between specific individuals.
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39
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Increase in HSV shedding at initiation of antiretroviral therapy and decrease in shedding over time on antiretroviral therapy in HIV and HSV-2 infected persons. AIDS 2018; 32:2525-2531. [PMID: 30289810 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-infected persons with chronic herpesvirus infections may experience paradoxical worsening after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but the impact of longer term ART is unclear. We evaluated the relationships between genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) shedding and ART initiation and time on therapy in HIV and HSV-2-infected persons. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS Rates of HSV shedding in 45 HIV and HSV-2-infected persons on or off ART were prospectively followed over up to three, noncontiguous, 60-day periods, during which participants performed daily genital swabs for HSV detection by real-time HSV DNA PCR and reported symptoms. Initiation or discontinuation of ART was at the discretion of participants' healthcare providers. RESULTS In all, 6425 daily genital swabs were obtained from 45 persons (38 men and seven women) during 105 swabbing sessions. During the three sessions, 67, 74, and 92% of persons were on ART. HSV was detected on 26.5% of days in men and 22.3% of days in women. The overall rates of genital HSV shedding were 19.4% of days in persons not on ART, 30.2% in persons within 90 days of ART initiation, and 23.3% in persons on ART for longer than 90 days. After initiation of ART, HSV shedding decreased by 2% per month, or 23% per year (RR 0.98/month on ART; P = 0.0003 in adjusted analysis). This finding was consistent after including consideration of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count. CONCLUSIONS HSV shedding increased significantly shortly after ART initiation, but decreased with time on prolonged ART.
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Agyemang E, Magaret AS, Selke S, Johnston C, Corey L, Wald A. Herpes Simplex Virus Shedding Rate: Surrogate Outcome for Genital Herpes Recurrence Frequency and Lesion Rates, and Phase 2 Clinical Trials End Point for Evaluating Efficacy of Antivirals. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1691-1699. [PMID: 30020484 PMCID: PMC6195656 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We tested whether genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) shedding is an appropriate surrogate outcome for the clinical outcome of genital herpes lesions in studies of HSV-2 antiviral interventions. Methods We analyzed prospective data from natural history studies and clinical trials of antiviral agents for HSV-2 in which HSV-2-seropositive participants provided self-collected anogenital swab specimens daily over ≥25 days for HSV DNA quantitation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genital recurrences were self-reported. Results Among 674 participants, genital HSV shedding was detected on 17% of days, and genital lesions were reported on 10% of days. Within the same session, HSV shedding rates were strongly correlated with lesion rates (ρ = 0.61, P < .0001). The relative reduction in the recurrence rate was 72% (P = .041) for recipients of the antiviral agent pritelivir as compared to recipients of placebo, but it decreased to 21% (P = .75) after adjustment for HSV shedding rate. When evaluating valacyclovir and acyclovir, adjustment for the HSV shedding rate also led to a reduced association of these antivirals with the recurrence rate. Overall, 40%-82% of the antiviral effect on recurrences was explained by its effect on HSV shedding. Conclusion HSV genital shedding measured by PCR analysis in swab specimens self-collected daily is an appropriate surrogate outcome for genital herpes lesions because it is in the causal pathway to recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Agyemang
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Larry Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Veselenak RL, Milligan GN, Miller AL, Pyles RB, Bourne N. Transcriptional Analysis of the Guinea Pig Mucosal Immune Response to Intravaginal Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2. Virology 2018; 518:349-357. [PMID: 29604476 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes infection in guinea pigs closely models human infection but tools for immune characterization are limited. Immunity to HSV infection at the vaginal epithelial surface was characterized in guinea pigs using PCR-based array analysis of vaginal swab samples. IFNγ was one of the most significantly upregulated genes throughout the infection and over 40% of genes with significantly altered expression were linked to IFNγ based on INTERFEROME analysis. IFNγ transcripts and biologically active IFNγ at the genital mucosa were confirmed by RTPCR and IFNγ reporter cells. Gene ontology analysis revealed activation of many biological processes related to genital immunity shared by humans and mice demonstrating the similarities of the local immune response to primary genital HSV-2 infection in guinea pigs and other established models. This transcription-based array will be useful for dissection of immunity during reactivation from latency, an infection outcome that is not well recapitulated by other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Veselenak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555.
| | - Gregg N Milligan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555.
| | - Aaron L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555.
| | - Richard B Pyles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555.
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas, USA 77555.
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Miskiewicz A, Kowalczyk P, Oraibi SM, Cybulska K, Misiewicz A. Bird feathers as potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms: a new look at old diseases. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:1493-1507. [PMID: 29460207 PMCID: PMC6097735 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes methods of treatment for avian zoonoses, modern antibiotic therapy and drug resistance of selected pathogens, which pose a threat to the population’s health. A tabular form has been used to present the current data from the European Union from 2011 to 2017 regarding human morbidity and mortality and the costs incurred by national health systems for the treatment of zoonoses occurring in humans and animals. Moreover, the paper includes descriptions of selected diseases, which indirectly affect birds. Scientists can obtain information regarding the occurrence of particular diseases, their aetiology, epidemiology, incubation period and symptoms caused by dangerous microorganisms and parasites. This information should be of particular interest for people who have frequent contact with birds, such as ornithologists, as well as veterinarians, farm staff, owners of accompanying animals and zoological workers. This paper presents a review used for identification and genetic characterization of bacterial strains isolated from a variety of environmental sources, e.g., bird feathers along with their practical application. We describe the bacterial, viral and fungal serotypes present on avian feathers after the slaughter process. This review also enables us to effectively identify several of the early stages of infectious diseases from heterogeneous avian research material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Miskiewicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 18 Miodowa St., 00-246, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland.
| | - Sanaa Mahdi Oraibi
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17 Str., 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krystyna Cybulska
- Department of Chemistry, Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Słowackiego 17 Str., 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Misiewicz
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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Hazel A, Holland Jones J. Remoteness influences access to sexual partners and drives patterns of viral sexually transmitted infection prevalence among nomadic pastoralists. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191168. [PMID: 29385170 PMCID: PMC5791958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) comprise a significant portion of the infectious-disease burden among rural people in the Global South. Particular characteristics of ruralness-low-density settlements and poor infrastructure-make healthcare provision difficult, and remoteness, typically a characteristic of ruralness, often compounds the difficultly. Remoteness may also accelerate STI transmission, particularly that of viral STIs, through formation of small, highly connected sexual networks through which pathogens can spread rapidly, especially when partner concurrency is broadly accepted. Herein, we explored the effect of remoteness on herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) epidemiology among semi-nomadic pastoralists in northwestern (Kaokoveld) Namibia, where, in 2009 we collected HSV-2-specific antibody status, demographic, sexual network, and travel data from 446 subjects (women = 213, men = 233) in a cross-sectional study design. HSV-2 prevalence was high overall in Kaokoveld (>35%), but was heterogeneously distributed across locally defined residential regions: some regions had significantly higher HSV-2 prevalence (39-48%) than others (21-33%). Using log-linear models, we asked the following questions: 1) Are sexual contacts among people in high HSV-2-prevalence regions more likely to be homophilous (i.e., from the same region) than those among people from low-prevalence regions? 2) Are high-prevalence regions more "functionally" remote, in that people from those regions are more likely to travel within their own region than outside, compared to people from other regions? We found that high-prevalence regions were more sexually homophilous than low-prevalence regions and that those regions also had higher rates of within-region travel than the other regions. These findings indicate that remoteness can create contact structures for accelerated STI transmission among people who are already disproportionately vulnerable to consequences of untreated STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hazel
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James Holland Jones
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Gottlieb SL, Giersing BK, Hickling J, Jones R, Deal C, Kaslow DC. Meeting report: Initial World Health Organization consultation on herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine preferred product characteristics, March 2017. Vaccine 2017; 37:7408-7418. [PMID: 29224963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an important global goal for sexual and reproductive health. A key priority to advance development of HSV vaccines is the definition of preferred product characteristics (PPCs), which provide strategic guidance on World Health Organization (WHO) preferences for new vaccines, specifically from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) perspective. To start the PPC process for HSV vaccines, the WHO convened a global stakeholder consultation in March 2017, to define the priority public health needs that should be addressed by HSV vaccines and discuss the key considerations for HSV vaccine PPCs, particularly for LMICs. Meeting participants outlined an initial set of overarching public health goals for HSV vaccines in LMICs, which are: to reduce the acquisition of HIV associated with HSV-2 infection in high HIV-prevalence populations and to reduce the burden of HSV-associated disease, including mortality and morbidity due to neonatal herpes and impacts on sexual and reproductive health. Participants also considered the role of prophylactic versus therapeutic vaccines, whether both HSV-2 and HSV-1 should be targeted, important target populations, and infection and disease endpoints for clinical trials. This article summarizes the main discussions from the consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn Deal
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ramchandani M, Selke S, Magaret A, Barnum G, Huang MLW, Corey L, Wald A. Prospective cohort study showing persistent HSV-2 shedding in women with genital herpes 2 years after acquisition. Sex Transm Infect 2017; 94:568-570. [PMID: 29175899 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2017-053244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a prevalent infection with great variability in clinical and virological manifestations among individuals. This prospective cohort study aims to evaluate the natural history of HSV-2 reactivation in the genital area in the same group of women over time. METHODS Eighteen immunocompetent HSV-2 seropositive women were evaluated for viral shedding for 70 consecutive days within a median of 8 months (range 1-24 months) of HSV-2 acquisition and again approximately 2.5 years later from the original study. Participants obtained daily swabs of genital secretions for HSV PCR and recorded genital symptoms. RESULTS The viral shedding rate was 29% during the initial study and 19% in the follow-up study (32% reduction, P=0.019). Subclinical shedding rate also decreased from 24% to 13% (37% reduction, P=0.032), as did the rate of days with genital lesions from 22% to 15% (33% reduction, P=0.24). The mean copy number during viral shedding remained unchanged over time at 4.8 log10 c/mL (SD=2.0 and 1.6 during each study, respectively, P=0.33). Women with high viral shedding rates in the past were likely to continue to have high shedding rates (r=0.63, P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Despite some reduction, high viral shedding rates persist in women with genital HSV-2 greater than 2 years after acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Ramchandani
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,The Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gail Barnum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Wu Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,The Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,The Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Yang Q, Nanayakkara GK, Drummer C, Sun Y, Johnson C, Cueto R, Fu H, Shao Y, Wang L, Yang WY, Tang P, Liu LW, Ge S, Zhou XD, Khan M, Wang H, Yang X. Low-Intensity Ultrasound-Induced Anti-inflammatory Effects Are Mediated by Several New Mechanisms Including Gene Induction, Immunosuppressor Cell Promotion, and Enhancement of Exosome Biogenesis and Docking. Front Physiol 2017; 8:818. [PMID: 29109687 PMCID: PMC5660123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) was shown to be beneficial in mitigating inflammation and facilitating tissue repair in various pathologies. Determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of LIUS allows to optimize this technique as a therapy for the treatment of malignancies and aseptic inflammatory disorders. Methods: We conducted cutting-edge database mining approaches to determine the anti-inflammatory mechanisms exerted by LIUS. Results: Our data revealed following interesting findings: (1) LIUS anti-inflammatory effects are mediated by upregulating anti-inflammatory gene expression; (2) LIUS induces the upregulation of the markers and master regulators of immunosuppressor cells including MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells), MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), B1-B cells and Treg (regulatory T cells); (3) LIUS not only can be used as a therapeutic approach to deliver drugs packed in various structures such as nanobeads, nanospheres, polymer microspheres, and lipidosomes, but also can make use of natural membrane vesicles as small as exosomes derived from immunosuppressor cells as a novel mechanism to fulfill its anti-inflammatory effects; (4) LIUS upregulates the expression of extracellular vesicle/exosome biogenesis mediators and docking mediators; (5) Exosome-carried anti-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory microRNAs inhibit inflammation of target cells via multiple shared and specific pathways, suggesting exosome-mediated anti-inflammatory effect of LIUS feasible; and (6) LIUS-mediated physical effects on tissues may activate specific cellular sensors that activate downstream transcription factors and signaling pathways. Conclusions: Our results have provided novel insights into the mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects of LIUS, and have provided guidance for the development of future novel therapeutic LIUS for cancers, inflammatory disorders, tissue regeneration and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital and Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gayani K Nanayakkara
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charles Drummer
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yu Sun
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Candice Johnson
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hangfei Fu
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Shao
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luqiao Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - William Y Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Peng Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Charity Hospital of China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Wen Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital and Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuping Ge
- Heart Center, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Deborah Heart and Lung Center, Browns Mills, NJ, United States
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital and Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Awasthi S, Hook LM, Shaw CE, Friedman HM. A trivalent subunit antigen glycoprotein vaccine as immunotherapy for genital herpes in the guinea pig genital infection model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2785-2793. [PMID: 28481687 PMCID: PMC5718817 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1323604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 417 million people worldwide ages 15 to 49 are infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the most common cause of genital ulcer disease. Some individuals experience frequent recurrences of genital lesions, while others only have subclinical infection, yet all risk transmitting infection to their intimate partners. A vaccine was developed that prevents shingles, which is a recurrent infection caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a closely related member of the Herpesviridae family. The success of the VZV vaccine has stimulated renewed interest in a therapeutic vaccine for genital herpes. We have been evaluating a trivalent subunit antigen vaccine for prevention of genital herpes. Here, we assess the trivalent vaccine as immunotherapy in guinea pigs that were previously infected intravaginally with HSV-2. The trivalent vaccine contains HSV-2 glycoproteins C, D, and E (gC2, gD2, gE2) subunit antigens administered with CpG and alum as adjuvants. We previously demonstrated that antibodies to gD2 neutralize the virus while antibodies to gC2 and gE2 block their immune evasion activities, including evading complement attack and inhibiting activities mediated by the IgG Fc domain, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that the trivalent vaccine significantly boosts ELISA titers and neutralizing antibody titers. The trivalent vaccine reduces the frequency of recurrent genital lesions and vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA by approximately 50% and almost totally eliminates vaginal shedding of replication-competent virus, suggesting that the trivalent vaccine is a worthy candidate for immunotherapy of genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Awasthi
- a Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Lauren M Hook
- a Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Carolyn E Shaw
- a Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Harvey M Friedman
- a Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Awasthi S, Hook LM, Shaw CE, Pahar B, Stagray JA, Liu D, Veazey RS, Friedman HM. An HSV-2 Trivalent Vaccine Is Immunogenic in Rhesus Macaques and Highly Efficacious in Guinea Pigs. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006141. [PMID: 28103319 PMCID: PMC5245903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A genital herpes vaccine is urgently needed to prevent pain and suffering, reduce the incidence of neonatal herpes, and decrease the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission that accompanies genital infection. We evaluated a trivalent HSV-2 subunit antigen vaccine administered with CpG and alum in rhesus macaques and guinea pigs. The vaccine contains glycoproteins C, D and E (gC2, gD2, gE2) to block virus entry by gD2 and immune evasion by gC2 and gE2. In rhesus macaques, the trivalent vaccine induced plasma and mucosa neutralizing antibodies, antibodies that block gC2 and gE2 immune evasion activities, and stimulated CD4 T cell responses. After intravaginal challenge, a self-limited vaginal infection of brief duration was detected by histopathology and immunohistochemistry in naïve, but not in trivalent immunized macaques. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated in female guinea pigs. Animals were mock immunized, or immunized with gD2, the trivalent vaccine or the trivalent vaccine followed by a booster dose of gD2 (trivalent + gD2). The trivalent and trivalent + gD2 groups were 97% and 99% efficacious, respectively in preventing genital lesions and both outperformed gD2 alone. As a marker of transmission risk, vaginal swabs were evaluated daily for HSV-2 DNA and replication competent virus between five and seven weeks after challenge. HSV-2 DNA shedding was reduced in all groups compared with mock. Shedding of replication competent virus occurred on fewer days in the trivalent than gD2 immunized animals while the trivalent + gD2 group had no shedding of replication competent virus. Overall, the trivalent group had genital lesions on < 1% days and shedding of replication competent virus on 0.2% days. The vaccine has outstanding potential for prevention of genital herpes in humans. Approximately a half-billion people worldwide are infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), the virus that causes genital herpes. In some individuals, infection results in painful, recurrent genital ulcers, while in others, the infection remains quiescent. In both settings, infected individuals may transmit virus to their intimate partners. Genital herpes increases the risk that an infected person will acquire HIV if exposed during sexual intercourse. A vaccine for the prevention of genital herpes is a high priority. We describe a vaccine that induces antibodies that block the ability of the virus to enter cells and that prevents the virus from escaping immune attack mediated by antibody and complement. The vaccine contains HSV-2 glycoproteins C, D and E and is immunogenic in non-human primates. The vaccine protects immunized non-human primates against a mild vaginal infection that develops in naïve animals after intravaginal inoculation of virus. Naïve guinea pigs develop severe genital disease, while immunized animals are almost 100% protected after intravaginal infection. The vaccine greatly reduces the number of days during the recurrent phase of infection that animals shed virus in genital secretions, thereby reducing the risk of transmission. We consider this novel vaccine a leading candidate for clinical trials aimed at preventing genital herpes infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Awasthi
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Hook
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolyn E. Shaw
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Stagray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Harvey M. Friedman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Gnann
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.W.G.); and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (R.J.W.)
| | - Richard J Whitley
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (J.W.G.); and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (R.J.W.)
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Current Concepts for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:149-61. [PMID: 26561565 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a DNA virus that is efficiently transmitted through intimate genital tract contact and causes persistent infection that cannot be eliminated. HSV-2 may cause frequent, symptomatic self-limited genital ulcers, but in most persons infection is subclinical. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the virus is frequently shed from genital surfaces even in the absence of signs or symptoms of clinical disease and that the virus can be transmitted during these periods of shedding. Furthermore, HSV-2 shedding is detected throughout the genital tract and may be associated with genital tract inflammation, which likely contributes to increased risk of HIV acquisition. This review focuses on HSV diagnostics, as well as what we have learned about the importance of frequent genital HSV shedding for (i) HSV transmission and (ii) genital tract inflammation, as well as (iii) the impact of HSV-2 infection on HIV acquisition and transmission. We conclude with discussion of future areas of research to push the field forward.
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