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Murr M, Freuling C, Pérez-Bravo D, Grund C, Mettenleiter TC, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Müller T, Finke S. Immune response after oral immunization of goats and foxes with an NDV vectored rabies vaccine candidate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011639. [PMID: 38408125 PMCID: PMC10919857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination of the reservoir species is a key component in the global fight against rabies. For wildlife reservoir species and hard to reach spillover species (e. g. ruminant farm animals), oral vaccination is the only solution. In search for a novel potent and safe oral rabies vaccine, we generated a recombinant vector virus based on lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Clone 30 that expresses the glycoprotein G of rabies virus (RABV) vaccine strain SAD L16 (rNDV_GRABV). Transgene expression and virus replication was verified in avian and mammalian cells. To test immunogenicity and viral shedding, in a proof-of-concept study six goats and foxes, representing herbivore and carnivore species susceptible to rabies, each received a single dose of rNDV_GRABV (108.5 TCID50/animal) by direct oral application. For comparison, three animals received the similar dose of the empty viral vector (rNDV). All animals remained clinically inconspicuous during the trial. Viral RNA could be isolated from oral and nasal swabs until four (goats) or seven days (foxes) post vaccination, while infectious NDV could not be re-isolated. After four weeks, three out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated foxes developed RABV binding and virus neutralizing antibodies. Five out of six rNDV_GRABV vaccinated goats displayed RABV G specific antibodies either detected by ELISA or RFFIT. Additionally, NDV and RABV specific T cell activity was demonstrated in some of the vaccinated animals by detecting antigen specific interferon γ secretion in lymphocytes isolated from pharyngeal lymph nodes. In conclusion, the NDV vectored rabies vaccine rNDV_GRABV was safe and immunogenic after a single oral application in goats and foxes, and highlight the potential of NDV as vector for oral vaccines in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Murr
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Pérez-Bravo
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Yale G, Lopes M, Isloor S, Head JR, Mazeri S, Gamble L, Dukpa K, Gongal G, Gibson AD. Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India. Viruses 2022; 14:155. [PMID: 35062358 PMCID: PMC8777998 DOI: 10.3390/v14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwin Lopes
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Government of Goa, Panjim 403001, India;
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Bangalore Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India;
| | - Jennifer R. Head
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (S.M.); (A.D.G.)
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
| | - Kinzang Dukpa
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Gyanendra Gongal
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India;
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (S.M.); (A.D.G.)
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
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3
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Lesellier S, Birch CPD, Davé D, Dalley D, Gowtage S, Palmer S, McKenna C, Williams GA, Ashford R, Weyer U, Beatham S, Coats J, Nunez A, Sanchez-Cordon P, Spiropoulos J, Powell S, Sawyer J, Pascoe J, Hendon-Dunn C, Bacon J, Chambers MA. Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent Mycobacterium bovis When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080782. [PMID: 32824778 PMCID: PMC7463497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. The situation is exacerbated by European badgers (Meles meles) acting as a wildlife source of recurrent Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is a possible means to reduce and control bovine TB. The delivery of vaccine in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. There are practical limitations over the volume and concentration of Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) that can be prepared for inclusion in bait. The production of BCG in a bioreactor may overcome these issues. We evaluated the efficacy of oral, bioreactor-grown BCG against experimental TB in badgers. We demonstrated repeatable protection through the direct administration of at least 2.0 × 108 colony forming units of BCG to the oral cavity, whereas vaccination via voluntary consumption of bait containing the same preparation of BCG did not result in demonstrable protection at the group-level, although a minority of badgers consuming bait showed immunological responses and protection after challenge equivalent to badgers receiving oral vaccine by direct administration. The need to deliver oral BCG in the context of a palatable and environmentally robust bait appears to introduce such variation in BCG delivery to sites of immune induction in the badger as to render experimental studies variable and inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
- Laboratoire de la Rage et de la Faune Sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt-Bât. H., CS 40009-54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Colin P. D. Birch
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Dipesh Davé
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Simonette Palmer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Claire McKenna
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Roland Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Ute Weyer
- Animal Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Sarah Beatham
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ, UK; (S.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Julia Coats
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ, UK; (S.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Alex Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Pedro Sanchez-Cordon
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Stephen Powell
- Data Systems Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Jordan Pascoe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Charlotte Hendon-Dunn
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bacon
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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Sobey KG, Jamieson SE, Walpole AA, Rosatte RC, Donovan D, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Nadin-Davis SA, Davies JC, Kyle CJ. ONRAB® oral rabies vaccine is shed from, but does not persist in, captive mammals. Vaccine 2019; 37:4310-4317. [PMID: 31248686 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
ONRAB® is a human adenovirus rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine developed to control rabies in wildlife. To support licensing and widespread use of the vaccine, safety studies are needed to assess its potential residual impact on wildlife populations. We examined the persistence of the ONRAB® vaccine virus in captive rabies vector and non-target mammals. This research complements work on important rabies vector species (raccoon, striped skunk, and red fox) but also adds to previous findings with the addition of some non-target species (Virginia opossum, Norway rats, and cotton rats) and a prolonged period of post vaccination monitoring (41 days). Animals were directly inoculated orally with the vaccine and vaccine shedding was monitored using quantitative real-time PCR applied to oral and rectal swabs. ONRAB® DNA was detected in both oral and rectal swabs from 6 h to 3 days post-inoculation in most animals, followed by a resurgence of shedding between days 17 and 34 in some species. Overall, the duration over which ONRAB® DNA was detectable was shorter for non-target mammals, and by day 41, no animal had detectable DNA in either oral or rectal swabs. All target species, as well as cotton rats and laboratory-bred Norway rats, developed robust humoral immune responses as measured by competitive ELISA, with all individuals being seropositive at day 31. Similarly, opossums showed good response (89% seropositive; 8/9), whereas only one of nine wild caught Norway rats was seropositive at day 31. These results support findings of other safety studies suggesting that ONRAB® does not persist in vector and non-target mammals exposed to the vaccine. As such, we interpret these data to reflect a low risk of adverse effects to wild populations following distribution of ONRAB® to control sylvatic rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk G Sobey
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Jamieson
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Aaron A Walpole
- Wildlife Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 300 Water Street, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 8M5, Canada.
| | - Rick C Rosatte
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Dennis Donovan
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Christine Fehlner-Gardiner
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, PO Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.
| | - Susan A Nadin-Davis
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, PO Box 11300, Station H, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.
| | - J Chris Davies
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Kyle
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Centre, 2140 East Bank Drive, DNA Building, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada.
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Hassel R, Vos A, Clausen P, Moore S, van der Westhuizen J, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Pfaff F, Höper D, Hundt B, Jago M, Bruwer F, Lindeque P, Finke S, Freuling CM, Müller T. Experimental screening studies on rabies virus transmission and oral rabies vaccination of the Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Sci Rep 2018; 8:16599. [PMID: 30413745 PMCID: PMC6226427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies in the Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in Namibia is unique and found in such magnitude as has not been reported elsewhere in southern Africa. Reasons as to why Kudus appear to be exceptionally susceptible to rabies still remain speculative at best. Because the current severe rabies endemic in Kudus continues to have an enormous negative impact on the Namibian agricultural sector, we set out to question existing dogmas regarding the epidemiology of the disease in a unique experimental setting. In addition, we explored effective measures to protect these antelopes. Although we were able to confirm high susceptibly of kudus for rabies and sporadic horizontal rabies virus transmission to contact animals, we contend that these observations cannot plausibly explain the rapid spread of the disease in Kudus over large territories. Since parenteral vaccination of free-roaming Kudus is virtually impossible, oral rabies vaccination using modified life virus vaccines with a high safety profile would be the ultimate solution to the problem. In a proof-of-concept study using a 3rd generation oral rabies virus vaccine construct (SPBN GASGAS) we found evidence that Kudus can be vaccinated by the oral route and protected against a subsequent rabies infection. In a second phase, more targeted studies need to be initiated by focusing on optimizing oral vaccine uptake and delivery.
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Grants
- The project was funded by kind donations from Namibian farmers associations and individual farmers, the Conservancies Association of Namibia (CANAM) and individual conservancies, the Namibia Professional Hunting Association (NAPHA), Environmental Investment Fund (EIF), Game Products Trust Fund (GPF), Small Grant Program, First National Bank of Foundation, Agribank of Namibia, Paratus Telecom, B 2 Gold, Blaser Jagdwaffen, Dallas Safari Club, Global Supplies, Feedmaster, Afrivet, AGRA Ltd, Safari Den and Voermol Feeds
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hassel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
- ProVision at Agra Ltd., Private Bag 12011, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Peter Clausen
- Okosongoro Safari Ranch, P.O. Box 324, Omaruru, Namibia
| | - Susan Moore
- Kansas State University, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Rabies Laboratory, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | | | | | - Juliet Kabajani
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Private Bag 13187, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Hundt
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Mark Jago
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Floris Bruwer
- ProVision at Agra Ltd., Private Bag 12011, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
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6
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Vos A, Freuling C, Ortmann S, Kretzschmar A, Mayer D, Schliephake A, Müller T. An assessment of shedding with the oral rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in target and non-target species. Vaccine 2018; 36:811-817. [PMID: 29325820 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A safety requirement for live vaccines is investigating possible shedding in recipients since the presence of replication competent vaccine in secretions could result in direct and indirect horizontal transmission. This is especially relevant for oral rabies vaccine baits that are deliberately distributed into the environment. In the current study, survival of an oral rabies virus vaccine, SPBN GASGAS, was examined in excretions from different target and non-target species; red fox, raccoon dog, small Indian mongoose, raccoon, striped skunk, domestic dog, domestic cat and domestic pig. Saliva - and (pooled) fecal samples collected at different time points after oral administration of the vaccine strain were examined for the presence of viral RNA (rt-PCR). All PCR-positive and a subset of PCR-negative samples were subsequently investigated for the presence of infectious virus by isolation in cell culture (RTCIT). Up to 7 days post vaccine administration viral RNA could be detected in 50 of 758 fecal samples but no infectious virus was detected in any of the examined PCR-positive fecal samples. In contrast, RNA-fragments were detected in 248 of 1053 saliva swabs for an extended period (up to 10 days) after vaccine administration, but viable virus was only present during the first hours post vaccine administration in 38 samples. No infectious vaccine virus was isolated in saliva swabs taken 24 h or more after vaccine administration. Hence, no active shedding of the vaccine virus SPBN GASGAS after oral administration occurred and the virus isolated during the initial hours was material originally administered and not a result of virus replication within the host. Thus, potential horizontal transmission of this vaccine virus is limited to a short period directly after vaccine bait uptake. It can be concluded that the environmental risks associated with shedding after distributing vaccine baits containing SPBN GASGAS are negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
| | - Conrad Freuling
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Steffen Ortmann
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Mayer
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Annette Schliephake
- Federal State Agency Saxony-Anhalt for Consumer Protection, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, 39576 Stendal, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Federal State Agency Saxony-Anhalt for Consumer Protection, Haferbreiter Weg 132-135, 39576 Stendal, Germany
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7
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Maki J, Guiot AL, Aubert M, Brochier B, Cliquet F, Hanlon CA, King R, Oertli EH, Rupprecht CE, Schumacher C, Slate D, Yakobson B, Wohlers A, Lankau EW. Oral vaccination of wildlife using a vaccinia-rabies-glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (RABORAL V-RG ®): a global review. Vet Res 2017; 48:57. [PMID: 28938920 PMCID: PMC5610451 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RABORAL V-RG® is an oral rabies vaccine bait that contains an attenuated ("modified-live") recombinant vaccinia virus vector vaccine expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (V-RG). Approximately 250 million doses have been distributed globally since 1987 without any reports of adverse reactions in wildlife or domestic animals since the first licensed recombinant oral rabies vaccine (ORV) was released into the environment to immunize wildlife populations against rabies. V-RG is genetically stable, is not detected in the oral cavity beyond 48 h after ingestion, is not shed by vaccinates into the environment, and has been tested for thermostability under a range of laboratory and field conditions. Safety of V-RG has been evaluated in over 50 vertebrate species, including non-human primates, with no adverse effects observed regardless of route or dose. Immunogenicity and efficacy have been demonstrated under laboratory and field conditions in multiple target species (including fox, raccoon, coyote, skunk, raccoon dog, and jackal). The liquid vaccine is packaged inside edible baits (i.e., RABORAL V-RG, the vaccine-bait product) which are distributed into wildlife habitats for consumption by target species. Field application of RABORAL V-RG has contributed to the elimination of wildlife rabies from three European countries (Belgium, France and Luxembourg) and of the dog/coyote rabies virus variant from the United States of America (USA). An oral rabies vaccination program in west-central Texas has essentially eliminated the gray fox rabies virus variant from Texas with the last case reported in a cow during 2009. A long-term ORV barrier program in the USA using RABORAL V-RG is preventing substantial geographic expansion of the raccoon rabies virus variant. RABORAL V-RG has also been used to control wildlife rabies in Israel for more than a decade. This paper: (1) reviews the development and historical use of RABORAL V-RG; (2) highlights wildlife rabies control programs using the vaccine in multiple species and countries; and (3) discusses current and future challenges faced by programs seeking to control or eliminate wildlife rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Maki
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601 USA
| | | | | | - Bernard Brochier
- Institut Scientifique de Santé Publique, Service Maladies Virales, Laboratoire National de la rage, Direction Opérationnelle Maladies Transmissibles et Infectieuses, rue Engeland 642, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES-Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, B.P. 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Cathleen A. Hanlon
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rabies Team Lead, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Roni King
- Israel Nature and Parks Authority, 3 Am Ve’Olamo Street, Jerusalem, 95463 Israel
| | | | | | - Caroline Schumacher
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Dennis Slate
- USDA-Wildlife Services, 59 Chenell Dr, Concord, NH 03301 USA
| | - Boris Yakobson
- Rabies Department, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 20250 Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Anne Wohlers
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601 USA
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8
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Vos A, Freuling CM, Hundt B, Kaiser C, Nemitz S, Neubert A, Nolden T, Teifke JP, Te Kamp V, Ulrich R, Finke S, Müller T. Oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: Differences among host species in vaccine uptake efficiency. Vaccine 2017. [PMID: 28641888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral vaccination using attenuated and recombinant rabies vaccines has been proven a powerful tool to combat rabies in wildlife. However, clear differences have been observed in vaccine titers needed to induce a protective immune response against rabies after oral vaccination in different reservoir species. The mechanisms contributing to the observed resistance against oral rabies vaccination in some species are not completely understood. Hence, the immunogenicity of the vaccine virus strain, SPBN GASGAS, was investigated in a species considered to be susceptible to oral rabies vaccination (red fox) and a species refractory to this route of administration (striped skunk). Additionally, the dissemination of the vaccine virus in the oral cavity was analyzed for these two species. It was shown that the palatine tonsils play a critical role in vaccine virus uptake. Main differences could be observed in palatine tonsil infection between both species, revealing a locally restricted dissemination of infected cells in foxes. The absence of virus infected cells in palatine tonsils of skunks suggests a less efficient uptake of or infection by vaccine virus which may lead to a reduced response to oral vaccination. Understanding the mechanisms of oral resistance to rabies virus vaccine absorption and primary replication may lead to the development of novel strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy in problematic species like the striped skunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Boris Hundt
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Nemitz
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Nolden
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Exlgasse 20a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria(1)
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 174 93 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Verena Te Kamp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 174 93 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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9
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Oral Immunization with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Prime and Intramuscular Protein Boost Provides Protection against Intrarectal Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge in Macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:204-12. [PMID: 26718849 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00597-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition occurs predominantly through mucosal transmission. We hypothesized that greater mucosal immune responses and protective efficacy against mucosal HIV-1 infection may be achieved by prime-boost immunization at mucosal sites. We used a macaque model to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of orally delivered, replication-competent but attenuated recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length HIV-1 SF162 envelope (Env) or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol proteins. We examined the dose and route that are suitable for oral immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses. We showed that sublingual inoculation of two vaccinia virus-naive pigtailed macaques with 5 × 10(8) PFU of recombinant vaccinia viruses was safe. However, sublingual inoculation with a higher dose or tonsillar inoculation resulted in secondary oral lesions, indicating the need to optimize the dose and route for oral immunization with replication-competent vaccinia virus vectors. Oral priming alone elicited antibody responses to vaccinia virus and to the SF162 Env protein. Intramuscular immunization with the SF162 gp120 protein at either 20 or 21 weeks postpriming resulted in a significant boost in antibody responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments. Furthermore, we showed that immune responses induced by recombinant vaccinia virus priming and intramuscular protein boosting provided protection against intrarectal challenge with the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-SF162-P4.
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10
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Fry TL, VanDalen KK, Duncan C, VerCauteren K. The safety of ONRAB® in select non-target wildlife. Vaccine 2013; 31:3839-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Sobey K, Walpole A, Rosatte R, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Donovan D, Bachmann P, Coulson S, Beresford A, Bruce L, Kyle C. An assessment of ONRAB® oral rabies vaccine persistence in free-ranging mammal populations in Ontario, Canada. Vaccine 2013; 31:2207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Cross ML, Fleming SB, Cowan PE, Scobie S, Whelan E, Prada D, Mercer AA, Duckworth JA. Vaccinia virus as a vaccine delivery system for marsupial wildlife. Vaccine 2011; 29:4537-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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Knowles MK, Nadin-Davis SA, Sheen M, Rosatte R, Mueller R, Beresford A. Safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (AdRG1.3-ONRAB) in target and non-target species. Vaccine 2009; 27:6619-26. [PMID: 19698811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (AdRG1.3-ONRAB) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in Ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. Despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. Subsequent to vaccine exposure, detection of vaccine virus in lung, spleen, intestine, liver, kidney and brain of each animal was attempted using an ONRAB-specific assay combining PCR with Southern blotting (PCR-SB). Of the 1280 tissue samples obtained from vaccinates or contact animals, 18 (1.4%) were found to be PCR-SB positive. Virus isolation attempts were performed utilizing cell culture for all PCR-SB positive tissues and a selection of PCR-SB negative tissues. Histological examination performed on all PCR-SB positive tissues failed to identify lesions attributed to the vaccine. A quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the excretion of the vaccine in feces and in the oral cavity with 0.8% of oral swabs and 6.8% of fecal specimens found to be positive. The low rates of recovery of vaccine virus from tissues, feces and the oral cavity suggest that the likelihood of ONRAB causing a negative impact on wildlife species is unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kimberly Knowles
- Ottawa Laboratory Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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14
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Cross ML, Buddle BM, Aldwell FE. The potential of oral vaccines for disease control in wildlife species. Vet J 2006; 174:472-80. [PMID: 17113798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous infectious diseases caused by bacteria or viruses persist in developed and developing countries due to ongoing transmission among wildlife reservoir species. Such diseases become the target of control and management programmes in cases where they represent a threat to public health (for example rabies, sylvatic plague, Lyme disease), or livestock production (for example bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, pseudorabies), or where they threaten the survival of endangered animal populations. In the majority of cases, lethal control operations are neither economically feasible nor publicly supported as a practical means for disease management. Prophylactic vaccination has emerged over the last 15 years as an alternative control strategy for wildlife diseases, mainly driven by the success of widescale oral rabies vaccination programmes for meso-carnivores in North America and Northern Europe. Different methods have been trialled for the effective delivery of wildlife vaccines in the field, however oral vaccination remains the most widely used approach. Successful implementation of an oral wildlife vaccine is dependent on a combination of three components: an efficacious immunogen, a suitable delivery vehicle, and a species-specific bait. This review outlines the major wildlife disease problems for which oral vaccination is currently under consideration as a disease management tool, and also focuses on the technological challenges that face wildlife vaccine development. The major conclusion is that attenuated or recombinant live microbes represent the most widely-used vaccines that can be delivered by the oral route; this in turn places major emphasis on effective delivery systems (to maintain vaccine viability), and on selective baiting systems, as the keys to wildlife vaccine success. Oral vaccination is a valuable adjunct or alternative strategy to culling for the control of diseases which persist in wildlife reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cross
- Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Abstract
The discovery of Jenner in 1798 founded the science of immunology and eventually led to smallpox eradication from the earth in 1980 after a world-wide vaccination campaign with vaccinia virus (another poxvirus) and paradoxically, despite the eradication of smallpox, there has been an explosion of interest in vaccinia virus in the eighties. This interest has stemmed in part from the application of molecular genetics to clone and express foreign genes from recombinant vaccinia viruses. Vaccinia is also gaining renewed interest due to bioterrorism. These recombinant viruses have multiple applications in research and vaccinology and led to the development of vectored vaccines, such as the recombinant vaccinia rabies vaccine used to eliminate rabies in Western Europe and, more recently, in the United States. Secondly, alternative poxvirus vectors, such as avipox viruses, were proved to be even safer and efficacious non-replicating vectors (suiciole vectors) when used in non-avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-P Pastoret
- Compton Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, RG20 7NN, Berks, UK.
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16
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Mempel M, Isa G, Klugbauer N, Meyer H, Wildi G, Ring J, Hofmann F, Hofmann H. Laboratory acquired infection with recombinant vaccinia virus containing an immunomodulating construct. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:356-8. [PMID: 12603846 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Handling of Vaccinia virus represents a risk for laboratory-acquired infections, especially in individuals without completed vaccination. We report the case of a Vaccinia infection in a previously vaccinated researcher working with various genetically modified strains. We could confirm the infection by electron microscopy, positive cell culture, virus-specific PCR, sequence analysis, and viral neutralization test. The isolated virus carried a functionally inactivated cytohesin-1 gene of human origin, which had been shown to impair leukocyte adhesion by interacting with the LFA/ICAM-1 axis. The immunomodulating nature of the inserted construct might thus have added to the infectivity of the virus. We emphasize on the necessity of Vaccinia vaccination in laboratory staff working in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mempel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biederstein, Technical University Munich, Germany
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul-Pierre Pastoret
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Immunology-Vaccinology, University of Liege, Belgium
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18
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Rupprecht CE, Blass L, Smith K, Orciari LA, Niezgoda M, Whitfield SG, Gibbons RV, Guerra M, Hanlon CA. Human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:582-6. [PMID: 11529212 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa010560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Rupprecht
- Rabies Section, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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19
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Abstract
During recent years, most of the research on the control of sylvatic rabies has concentrated on developing methods of oral vaccination of wild rabies vectors. In order to improve both the safety and the stability of the vaccine used, a recombinant vaccinia virus which expresses the immunizing glycoprotein of rabies virus (VRG) has been developed and extensively tested in the laboratory as well as in the field. From 1989 until 1995, several million VRG vaccine doses have been dispersed in western Europe for vaccination of red foxes. In Europe, the use of VRG has lead to the elimination of sylvatic rabies from large areas, which have consequently been freed from vaccination. This may have consequences on the regulation of pets movements within the whole European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pastoret
- Department of Immunology/Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine B43b, University of Liège, Belgium.
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20
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Abstract
In recent years, most of the research on the control of sylvatic rabies has concentrated on developing methods of oral vaccination of wild rabies vectors. In order to improve both the safety and the stability of the vaccine used, a recombinant vaccinia virus, which expresses the immunizing glycoprotein of rabies virus (VRG), has been developed and extensively tested in the laboratory as well as in the field. Between 1989 and 1995, several million VRG vaccine doses have been dispersed in Western Europe for the vaccination of red foxes, leading to the elimination of sylvatic rabies from large areas, which have consequently been freed from the need for vaccination. This approach may have consequences for the regulation of pet movement within the whole European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pastoret
- Department of Immunology--Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, B43b University of Liège, Belgium
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21
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Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Shankar V, Niu HS, Koprowski H, Rupprecht CE. A recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus in the immunocompromised host: oral innocuity, progressive parenteral infection, and therapeutics. Vaccine 1997; 15:140-8. [PMID: 9066030 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of raccoons (Procyon lotor) as the primary rabies reservoir in the United States of America, a recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) virus vaccine was developed that protected raccoons by the oral route from rabies infection. Despite extensive laboratory evaluation, vaccine safety concerns remained about free-choice distribution for wildlife rabies control. In this study, the oral innocuity of V-RG virus was demonstrated in immunodeficient mice but parenteral exposure resulted in systemic and progressive infection, albeit significantly abrogated in severity in comparison to vaccinia virus. Treatment with vaccinia immune globulin and hydroxyphosphonylmethoxy-propyl-cytosine resulted in significantly longer survival and minimized V-RG viral gross lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hanlon
- Thomas Jefferson University, Center for Neurovirology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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22
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Hamir AN, Moser G, Jenson AB, Sundberg JP, Hanlon C, Rupprecht CE. Papillomavirus infection in raccoons (Procyon lotor). J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:549-51. [PMID: 8580183 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A N Hamir
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square 19348, USA
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23
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Brochier B, Costy F, Pastoret PP. Elimination of fox rabies from Belgium using a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine: an update. Vet Microbiol 1995; 46:269-79. [PMID: 8545965 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00091-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (VVTGgRAB) has been developed. VVTGgRAB innocuity was verified in target species and in domestic animals as well as in numerous wild animal species that could compete with the red fox in consuming vaccine baits in Europe. Oral immunization of foxes, by distributing VVTGgRAB vaccine-baits, was undertaken in the whole of the infected area of Belgium (10,000 km2). Five campaigns of fox vaccination covering the whole infected area were carried out from the autumn of 1989 until 1991. Each time, 150,000 vaccine-baits were dispersed by air at a mean density of 15 per km2. These campaigns induced a drastic decrease in the incidence of rabies and the elimination of the disease from 80% of the initial infected area. Regarding the geographical evolution of rabies in Belgium and in adjacent regions in neighbouring countries, new spatial strategies for bait dispersal were planned for 1992, 1993 and 1994: successive restricted campaigns were carried out along political borders only. These campaigns induced a new decrease of incidence; no rabid foxes could be detected in 1993 in spite of an improved epidemiological surveillance. In 1994, rabies was confirmed again in 13 foxes collected in a region situated close to the French border. These cases demonstrate the persistence of a focus of rabies on the border and justify further restricted campaigns of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brochier
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
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24
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Lodmell DL, Smith JS, Esposito JJ, Ewalt LC. Cross-protection of mice against a global spectrum of rabies virus variants. J Virol 1995; 69:4957-62. [PMID: 7609065 PMCID: PMC189311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.8.4957-4962.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a continuing worldwide problem, kills tens of thousands of people and millions of animals each year. The problem is most severe in developing countries, where cell culture-derived vaccines are unaffordable and the available nervous tissue-derived vaccines are often of questionable immunogenicity and may produce neurological complications. To determine the feasibility of developing a vaccine with worldwide applicability, we investigated whether recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the glycoprotein (G), the nucleoprotein (N), or both the G and N (GN) of the challenge virus strain (CVS) of rabies virus would cross-protect mice against 17 rabies virus isolates representing the spectrum of rabies virus variants found worldwide. The results were compared with the commercially available human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV). Among mice injected with any of the 17 viruses, > or = 95% were protected by vaccination with recombinant viruses expressing G or GN, and > or = 85% of the mice were protected by the HDCV. The recombinant virus expressing N was less protective, protecting against only 11 of the 17 viruses. Antibody prepared against the G of the strains used in the vaccines neutralized all 17 viruses, and sera from mice infected with any one virus variant cross-neutralized all of the other viruses. Thus, no antigenic differences that would potentiate vaccine failures were identified. These studies suggest that a single rabies virus strain or its G would protect globally against wild-type rabies viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lodmell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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25
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Abstract
To improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (VVTGgRAB) has been developed. VVTGgRAB innocuity was verified in target species and in domestic animals as well as in numerous wild animal species that could compete with the red fox in consuming vaccine baits in Europe. Oral immunization of foxes, by distributing VVTGgRAB vaccine-baits, was undertaken for the whole infected area in Belgium (10,000 km2). Five campaigns of fox vaccination, were carried out from autumn 1989 until 1991. Each time, 150,000 vaccine-baits were dropped by air at a mean density of 15 per km2. These campaigns induced a drastic decrease in the incidence of rabies and the elimination of the disease from 80% of the initially infected area. Regarding the geographical evolution of rabies in Belgium and in adjacent regions in neighbouring countries, new spatial strategies for bait dispersal were planned for 1992, 1993 and 1994: successive confined campaigns were carried out along political borders only. These campaigns induced a new decrease of incidence; no rabid fox could be detected in 1993 in spite of an improved epidemiological surveillance. In 1994, rabies was again confirmed in 13 foxes collected in an area close to the French border. These cases demonstrated the persistence of a border rabies focus and justify further restricted vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pastoret
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
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26
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Boulanger D, Brochier B, Crouch A, Bennett M, Gaskell RM, Baxby D, Pastoret PP. Comparison of the susceptibility of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus and to cowpox virus. Vaccine 1995; 13:215-9. [PMID: 7625119 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(95)93139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sylvatic rabies can be efficiently controlled by vaccination of foxes with a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. However, the risk of recombination between the engineered vaccine virus and other orthopoxviruses endemic in wildlife, such as cowpox virus, still needs to be investigated. In this study, foxes inoculated orally and intradermally with cowpox virus were found to be not very susceptible to cowpox virus, which was isolated from only the oropharynx and tonsils, at low titre and for only five days after inoculation. Thus the risk of recombination between these viruses in foxes is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boulanger
- Department of Immunology-Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, Belgium
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27
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Working Group V: Rabies Recombinant Vaccine as an Example of What Might be Required by Regulatory Authorities. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 1995. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Pastoret PP, Boulanger D, Brochier B. Warning: regulations can damage your health--the case of rabies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1994; 5:239-43. [PMID: 7765004 DOI: 10.1016/0958-1669(94)90022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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29
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Artois M, Guittré C, Thomas I, Leblois H, Brochier B, Barrat J. Potential pathogenicity for rodents of vaccines intended for oral vaccination against rabies: a comparison. Vaccine 1992; 10:524-8. [PMID: 1621416 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(92)90351-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Different oral vaccines intended to control fox rabies were administered to 271 wild rodents. Vaccines were administered orally or by the mucosal route to four different European species belonging to the genera Apodemus, Arvicola, Clethrionomys and Microtus. These rodents are likely to consume baits and to have contact with the vaccine. Two genetically engineered vaccines were tested: SAG1 (an avirulent mutant of the rabies virus) and V-RG (vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein gene). Both were found to be completely innocuous when administered orally or by the mucosal route. The residual pathogenicity of conventional modified live vaccines derived from the SAD strain was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Artois
- CNEVA, LERPAS, BP 9, Malzéville, France
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30
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31
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Brochier B, Kieny MP, Costy F, Coppens P, Bauduin B, Lecocq JP, Languet B, Chappuis G, Desmettre P, Afiademanyo K. Large-scale eradication of rabies using recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine. Nature 1991; 354:520-2. [PMID: 1758494 DOI: 10.1038/354520a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies infection of domestic and wild animals is a serious problem throughout the world. The major disease vector in Europe is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and rabies control has focused on vaccinating and/or culling foxes. Culling has not been effective, and the distribution of five vaccine baits is the only appropriate method for the vaccination of wild foxes. Although some European countries have conducted field vaccination campaigns using attenuated rabies virus strains, their use has not been extensively approved because they retain pathogenicity for rodents and can revert to virulence. These strains cannot be used in North America because they are pathogenic for the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and are ineffective in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus, VVTGgRAB, expressing the surface glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (ERA strain). The recombinant was a highly effective vaccine in experimental animals, in captive foxes and in raccoons. We report here the results of a large-scale campaign of fox vaccination in a 2,200 km2 region of southern Belgium, an area in which rabies is prevalent. After distribution, 81% of foxes inspected were positive for tetracycline, a biomarker included in the vaccine bait and, other than one rabid fox detected close to the periphery of the treated area, no case of rabies, either in foxes or in domestic livestock, has been reported in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brochier
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Until recently, there were few examples of biological control of wild animal infections. The most significant development in this field is the use of a vaccinia--rabies recombinant virus or other recombinants for the control of rabies by oral vaccination of vectors, both in Europe and in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pastoret
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
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Lodmell DL, Sumner JW, Esposito JJ, Bellini WJ, Ewalt LC. Raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing the rabies virus nucleoprotein protect mice against lethal rabies virus infection. J Virol 1991; 65:3400-5. [PMID: 2033678 PMCID: PMC241005 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3400-3405.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Raccoon poxvirus (RCN) recombinants expressing the rabies virus internal structural nucleoprotein (RCN-N) protected A/WySnJ mice against a lethal challenge with street rabies virus (SRV). Maximum survival was achieved following vaccination by tail scratch and footpad (FP) SRV challenge. RCN-N-vaccinated mice inoculated in the FP with SRV were resistant to infection for at least 54 weeks postvaccination. Protection was also elicited by RCN recombinants expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (RCN-G). Vaccination with RCN-G evoked rabies virus neutralizing antibody. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody was not detected in RCN-N-vaccinated mice prior to or following SRV infection. Radioimmunoprecipitation assays showed that sera from RCN-N-vaccinated mice which survived SRV infection did not contain antibody to SRV structural protein G, M, or NS. The mechanism(s) of N-induced resistance appears to correlate with the failure of peripherally inoculated SRV to enter the central nervous system (CNS). Support for this correlation with resistance was documented by the observations that SRV-inoculated RCN-N-vaccinated mice did not develop clinical signs of CNS rabies virus infection, infectious SRV was not detected in the spinal cord or brain following FP challenge, and all RCN-N-vaccinated mice died following direct intracranial infection of the CNS with SRV. These results suggest that factors other than anti-G neutralizing antibody are important in resistance to rabies virus and that the N protein should be considered for incorporation with the G protein in recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lodmell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840
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Desmettre P, Languet B, Chappuis G, Brochier B, Thomas I, Lecocq JP, Kieny MP, Blancou J, Aubert M, Artois M. Use of vaccinia rabies recombinant for oral vaccination of wildlife. Vet Microbiol 1990; 23:227-36. [PMID: 2205969 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90153-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A vaccinia rabies recombinant virus was constructed and shown to induce the synthesis of rabies virus glycoprotein in infected cells and to induce rabies virus neutralizing antibodies and protection in susceptible animals. Active when orally administered, this recombinant is a good candidate for the development of vaccines for wild animal rabies vectors. This recombinant was found stable, safe for target and non-target animal species, and protective for most of the rabies vectors. After extensive experimental studies conducted under controlled conditions, it as used in limited field trials and in an extensive open field trial. The preliminary results confirmed its basic properties and potential for rabies eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Desmettre
- Rhône-Mérieux, Laboratoire IFFA, Lyon, France
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35
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Brochier B, Thomas I, Bauduin B, Leveau T, Pastoret PP, Languet B, Chappuis G, Desmettre P, Blancou J, Artois M. Use of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus for the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. Vaccine 1990; 8:101-4. [PMID: 2336870 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(90)90129-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vaccination of wild animals against rabies has been developed most extensively in Europe. Experiments have demonstrated the efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus administered by the oral route in foxes. The innocuity of this vaccine was tested in the target species as well as in several non-target wild and domestic species. Because of its safety and heat-stability, this recombinant virus should offer an excellent alternative to the attenuated strains of rabies virus currently used in the field. A large scale field trial was conducted in Belgium in October 1988 to assess the efficacy of this new vaccine-bait systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brochier
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Brussels, Belgium
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