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"Non-Essential" Proteins of HSV-1 with Essential Roles In Vivo: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010017. [PMID: 33374862 PMCID: PMC7824580 DOI: 10.3390/v13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses encode for structural proteins that participate in virion formation and include capsid and envelope proteins. In addition, viruses encode for an array of non-structural accessory proteins important for replication, spread, and immune evasion in the host and are often linked to virus pathogenesis. Most virus accessory proteins are non-essential for growth in cell culture because of the simplicity of the infection barriers or because they have roles only during a state of the infection that does not exist in cell cultures (i.e., tissue-specific functions), or finally because host factors in cell culture can complement their absence. For these reasons, the study of most nonessential viral factors is more complex and requires development of suitable cell culture systems and in vivo models. Approximately half of the proteins encoded by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genome have been classified as non-essential. These proteins have essential roles in vivo in counteracting antiviral responses, facilitating the spread of the virus from the sites of initial infection to the peripheral nervous system, where it establishes lifelong reservoirs, virus pathogenesis, and other regulatory roles during infection. Understanding the functions of the non-essential proteins of herpesviruses is important to understand mechanisms of viral pathogenesis but also to harness properties of these viruses for therapeutic purposes. Here, we have provided a comprehensive summary of the functions of HSV-1 non-essential proteins.
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Sunkaraa L, Ahmad SM, Heidari M. RNA-seq analysis of viral gene expression in the skin of Marek's disease virus infected chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109882. [PMID: 31307672 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly cell-associated oncogenic avian α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of malignant transformation of T cells in domestic chickens. The latently infected CD4+CD8- T cells carry the virus through the blood stream and establish lymphomas in the skin, visceral organs and peripheral nerves. The feather follicle epithelium (FFE) is the only anatomical site where fully infectious enveloped virions are produced and eventually disseminated into the environment to infect contact birds. Therefore, skin and FFE play a critical role as being the common source of re-infection of birds sharing the same habitat. The molecular mechanism involved in the replication and assembly of MDV in the FFE leading to the production and release of cell-free infectious virus particles is unknown and to date no viral or host gene has been implicated in the process. To examine alterations in the expression pattern of viral genes, we performed RNA-seq on the skin samples of Marek's disease virus-infected susceptible chickens at 10, 20, and 30 days post infection. For comparative analysis of the expression patterns of viral genes between the skin and spleen of the MD-susceptible and resistant lines, Real-Time RT-PCR was employed. In total, RNA-seq based analysis identified 42 viral genes that were differentially expressed in the skin of infected birds. Majority of the identified genes are involved in DNA replication, capsid, tegument, and envelop formation. Comparative analysis between the skin and spleen of MD-susceptible and resistant chicken lines, revealed significantly higher expression of the genes in the skin of either lines than the spleen. Furthermore, much higher expression of the genes was observed in the skin of the susceptible line than the resistant line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Sunkaraa
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States; Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Mohammad Heidari
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States; Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Identification of non-essential loci within the Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 genome. Virol J 2015; 12:130. [PMID: 26307059 PMCID: PMC4550065 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (MeHV-1) infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (iBACs) are ideal vectors for the development of recombinant vaccines for the poultry industry. However, the full potential of iBACS as vectors can only be realised after thorough genetic characterisation, including identification of those genetic locations that are non-essential for virus replication. Generally, transposition has proven to be a highly effective strategy for rapid and efficient mutagenesis of iBAC clones. The current study describes the characterisation of 34 MeHV-1 mutants containing transposon insertions within the pMeHV1-C18 iBAC genome. Methods Tn5 and MuA transposition methods were used to generate a library of 76 MeHV-1 insertion mutants. The capacity of each mutant to facilitate the recovery of infectious MeHV-1 was determined by the transfection of clone DNA into chicken embryo fibroblasts. Results Attempts to recover infectious virus from the modified clones identified 14 genetic locations that were essential for MeHV-1 replication in cell culture. Infectious MeHV-1 was recovered from the remaining 14 intragenic insertion mutants and six intergenic insertion mutants, suggesting that the respective insertion locations are non-essential for MeHV-1 replication in cell culture. Conclusions The essential and non-essential designations for those MeHV-1 genes characterised in this study were generally in agreement with previous reports for other herpesviruses homologues. However, the requirement for the mardivirus-specific genes LORF4A and LORF5 are reported for the first time. These findings will help direct future work on the development of recombinant poultry vaccines using MeHV-1 as a vector by identifying potential transgene insertion sites within the viral genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi10.1186/s12985-015-0362-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Jarosinski KW, Vautherot JF. Differential expression of Marek's disease virus (MDV) late proteins during in vitro and in situ replication: role for pUL47 in regulation of the MDV UL46-UL49 gene locus. Virology 2015; 484:213-226. [PMID: 26117307 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus that replicates in a highly cell-associated manner in vitro. Production of infectious cell-free virus only occurs in feather follicle epithelial (FFE) cells of infected chicken skins. Previously, we described differential expression for a core alphaherpesvirus protein, pUL47 that was found to be abundantly expressed in FFE cells of infected chickens, while barely detectable during in vitro propagation. Here, we further examined the dynamics of expression of four tegument proteins within the UL46-49 locus during in vitro and in situ replication. All four proteins examined were expressed abundantly in situ, whereas both pUL47 and pUL48 expression were barely detectable in vitro. Replacement of the putative UL47 and UL48 promoters with the minimal cytomegalovirus promoter enhanced mRNA and protein expression in vitro. Interestingly, enhanced expression of pUL47 resulted in increased UL46, UL48, and UL49 transcripts that resulted in increased pUL46 and pUL48 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Jarosinski
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA.
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Shen AM, Ma GP, Cheng AC, Wang MS, Luo DD, Lu LT, Zhou T, Zhu DK, Luo QH, Jia RY, Chen ZL, Zhou Y, Chen XY. Transcription phase, protein characteristics of DEV UL45 and prokaryotic expression, antibody preparation of the UL45 des-transmembrane domain. Virol J 2010; 7:232. [PMID: 20843372 PMCID: PMC2954856 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some UL45 gene function of Herpesvirus was reported. While there was no any report of the duck enteritis virus (DEV) UL45 protein as yet. Results The UL45 gene and des-transmembrane domain of UL45 (named UL45Δ gene, 295-675bp of UL45) of DEV were amplified by PCR and subcloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a(+). The constructed recombinant plasmids were transformed into the host strain BL21(DE3) PLysS and induced by IPTG. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the UL45 gene couldn't express while UL45Δ gene was highly expressed. His Purify Kit or salting-out could purify the protein effectively. Using the purified protein to immunize New-Zealand rabbits and produce polyclonal antibody. The agar diffusion reaction showed the titer of antibody was 1:32. Western blot analysis indicated the purified rabbit anti-UL45Δ IgG had a high level of specificity and the UL45 gene was a part of DEV genome. The transcription phase study of UL45 gene showed that expression of UL45 mRNA was at a low level from 0 to 18 h post-infection (pi), then accumulated quickly at 24 h pi and peaked at 42 h pi. It can be detected till 72 h pi. Besides, western blot analysis of purified virion and different viral ingredients showed that the UL45 protein resided in the purified virion and the viral envelope. Conclusions The rabbit anti-UL45Δ IgG was produced successfully and it can serve as a good tool for penetrating studies of the function of DEV UL45 protein. The transcription phase and protein characteristics analysis indicated that DEV UL45 gene was a late gene and UL45 protein may be a viral envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Shen
- Avian Diseases Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China
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Chen H, Zhang C, Song C, Deng X, Qin A. MDV-1 VP22 conjugated VP2 enhancing immune response against infectious bursal disease virus by DNA vaccination in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 51:981-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-008-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen H, Song C, Qin A, Zhang C. Expression and intercellular trafficking of the VP22 protein of CVI988/Rispens vaccine strain of Marek’s disease virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:75-9. [PMID: 17393086 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-007-2038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The viral protein 22 (VP22) in the tegument of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) plays an important role in cell-to-cell spread and viral propagation. Antiserum against the carboxyl terminus of VP22 was prepared by immunizing mice with recombinant VP22 expressed in E. coli, and used to investigate its expression in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells infected with different MDV-1 strains. At an infection dose of PFU=50, intercellular trafficking of the VP22 into the nuclei of the surrounding receipt cells was detected as early as 3 hours post infection. By 6 hours after infection (before viral plague formation), the protein was detected in the whole nuclei of the recipient cells with no difference among MDV-1 strains CVI988/Rispens, GA and RB1B. Intra-nuclear accumulation of the VP22 protein was further increased when the viral plagues started to form. These results indicate that, albeit the existence of the 201TKSERT206 deletion, the VP22 of the CVI988/Rispens vaccine strain has also intercellular-trafficking function, which might serve as a potential alternative delivering protein instead of virulent strains VP22.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongJun Chen
- Key Lab of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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Fuchs W, Granzow H, Mettenleiter TC. A pseudorabies virus recombinant simultaneously lacking the major tegument proteins encoded by the UL46, UL47, UL48, and UL49 genes is viable in cultured cells. J Virol 2004; 77:12891-900. [PMID: 14610211 PMCID: PMC262591 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.23.12891-12900.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The UL46, UL47, UL48, and UL49 genes, which encode major tegument proteins, are conserved in most alphaherpesvirus genomes. However, the relative importance of each of these proteins for replication of individual alphaherpesviruses appears to be different. Recently, we demonstrated that single deletions of UL47 or UL48 impair maturation and egress of pseudorabies virus (PrV) particles to different extents, whereas deletions of UL46 or UL49 have no significant effects on virus replication in cell culture (W. Fuchs, H. Granzow, B. G. Klupp, M. Kopp, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 76:6729-6742, 2002; M. Kopp, B. G. Klupp, H. Granzow, W. Fuchs, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 76:8820-8833, 2002). To test for possible functional redundancy between the four tegument proteins, a quadruple gene deletion mutant (PrV-DeltaUL46-49) was generated and characterized in vitro. Although plaque formation by this mutant was almost abolished and maximum titers were reduced more than 100-fold compared to those of parental wild-type virus, PrV-DeltaUL46-49 could be propagated and serially passaged in noncomplementing porcine and rabbit kidney cells. Electron-microscopic studies revealed that nucleocapsid formation and egress of PrV-DeltaUL46-49 from the host cell nucleus were not affected, but secondary envelopment of nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm was only rarely observed. The replication defect of PrV-DeltaUL46-49 could be fully corrected by reinsertion of the UL46-to-UL49 gene cluster. Plaque sizes and virus titers were only slightly increased after restoration of only UL47 expression, whereas repair of only UL48 resulted in a significant increase in replication capacity to the level of a UL47 deletion mutant. In conclusion, we show that none of the UL46 to UL49 tegument proteins is absolutely required for productive replication of PrV. Moreover, our data indicate that the UL47 and UL48 proteins function independently during cell-to-cell spread and virus egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Fuchs
- Institutes of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Hung CF, He L, Juang J, Lin TJ, Ling M, Wu TC. Improving DNA vaccine potency by linking Marek's disease virus type 1 VP22 to an antigen. J Virol 2002; 76:2676-82. [PMID: 11861834 PMCID: PMC135982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.6.2676-2682.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously employed an intercellular spreading strategy using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) VP22 protein to enhance DNA vaccine potency because DNA vaccines lack the intrinsic ability to amplify in cells. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the protein encoded by UL49 of Marek's disease virus type 1 (MDV-1) exhibits some degree of homology to the HSV-1 VP22 protein and features the property of intercellular transport. We therefore generated a DNA vaccine encoding MDV-1 VP22 linked to a model antigen, human papillomavirus type 16 E7. We demonstrated that compared with mice vaccinated with DNA encoding wild-type E7, mice vaccinated with MDV-1 VP22/E7 DNA exhibited a significant increase in number of gamma-interferon-secreting, E7-specific CD8(+)-T-cell precursors as well as stronger tumor prevention and treatment effects. Furthermore, our data indicated that the antitumor effect was CD8 dependent. These results suggested that the development of vaccines encoding VP22 fused to a target antigen might be a promising strategy for improving DNA vaccine potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Hung
- Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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10
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Dorange F, Tischer BK, Vautherot JF, Osterrieder N. Characterization of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) deletion mutants that lack UL46 to UL49 genes: MDV-1 UL49, encoding VP22, is indispensable for virus growth. J Virol 2002; 76:1959-70. [PMID: 11799190 PMCID: PMC135886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.4.1959-1970.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the roles of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) major tegument proteins VP11/12, VP13/14, VP16, and VP22 in viral growth in cultured cells. Based on a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of MDV-1 (BAC20), mutant viruses were constructed in which the MDV-1 homologs of UL46, UL47, UL48, or UL49 were deleted alone and in various combinations. It could be demonstrated that the UL46, UL47, and UL48 genes are dispensable for MDV-1 growth in chicken embryonic skin and quail muscle QM7 cells, although the generated virus mutants exhibited reduced plaque sizes in all cell types investigated. In contrast, a UL49-negative MDV-1 (20 Delta 49) and a UL48-UL49 (20 Delta 48-49) doubly negative mutant were not able to produce MDV-1-specific plaques on either cell type. It was confirmed that this growth restriction is dependent on the absence of VP22 expression, because growth of these mutant viruses could be partially restored on cells that were cotransfected with a UL49 expression plasmid. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that cell-to-cell spread of MDV-1 conferred by VP22 is dependent on the expression of amino acids 37 to 187 of MDV-1 VP22, because expression plasmids containing MDV-1 UL49 mutant genes with deletions of amino acids 1 to 37 or 188 to 250 were still able to restore partial growth of the 20 Delta 49 and 20 Delta 48-49 viruses. These results demonstrate for the first time that an alphaherpesvirus UL49-homologous gene is essential for virus growth in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Dorange
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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11
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del Rio T, Werner HC, Enquist LW. The pseudorabies virus VP22 homologue (UL49) is dispensable for virus growth in vitro and has no effect on virulence and neuronal spread in rodents. J Virol 2002; 76:774-82. [PMID: 11752167 PMCID: PMC136827 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.2.774-782.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tegument of herpesvirus virions is a distinctive structure whose assembly and function are not well understood. The herpes simplex virus type 1 VP22 tegument protein encoded by the UL49 gene is conserved among the alphaherpesviruses. Using cell biology and viral genetics, we provide an initial characterization of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) VP22 homologue. We identified three isoforms of VP22 present in PRV-infected cells that can be resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The predominant form is not phosphorylated and is present in virions, while the other two species are phosphorylated and excluded from virions. VP22 localized to the nucleus by 6 h postinfection, as determined by immunofluorescence and cell fractionation. VP22 immunofluorescence in the nucleus was both diffuse and in punctate structures. The punctate nuclear localization was the most pronounced form of staining and did not localize exclusively to sites of viral DNA replication. Unexpectedly, a VP22 null mutant had no obvious phenotypes during tissue culture infections and was similar to the wild type in all respects. Moreover, the VP22 null mutant was as virulent and neuroinvasive as the wild-type virus after infection of the rodent eye and spread to the brain using both anterograde and retrograde neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T del Rio
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Kingham BF, Zelnık V, Kopáček J, Majerčiak V, Ney E, Schmidt CJ. The genome of herpesvirus of turkeys: comparative analysis with Marek's disease viruses. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:1123-1135. [PMID: 11297687 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-5-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete coding sequence of the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) unique long (U(L)) region along with the internal repeat regions has been determined. This allows completion of the HVT nucleotide sequence by linkage to the sequence of the unique short (U(S)) region. The genome is approximately 160 kbp and shows extensive similarity in organization to the genomes of Marek's disease virus serotypes 1 and 2 (MDV-1, MDV-2) and other alphaherpesviruses. The HVT genome contains 75 ORFs, with three ORFs present in two copies. Sixty-seven ORFs were identified readily as homologues of other alphaherpesvirus genes. Seven of the remaining eight ORFs are homologous to genes in MDV, but are absent from other herpesviruses. These include a gene with similarity to cellular lipases. The final, HVT-unique gene is a virus homologue of the cellular NR-13 gene, the product of which belongs to the Bcl family of proteins that regulate apoptosis. No other herpesvirus sequenced to date contains a homologue of this gene. Of potential significance is the absence of a complete block of genes within the HVT internal repeat that is present in MDV-1. These include the pp38 and meq genes, which have been implicated in MDV-1-induced T-cell lymphoma. By implication, other genes present in this region of MDV-1, but missing in HVT, may play important roles in the different biological properties of the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brewster F Kingham
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA1
| | - Vladimır Zelnık
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic2
| | - Juraj Kopáček
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic2
| | - Vladimır Majerčiak
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic2
| | - Erik Ney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA1
| | - Carl J Schmidt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA1
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Lupiani B, Lee LF, Reddy SM. Protein-coding content of the sequence of Marek's disease virus serotype 1. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 255:159-90. [PMID: 11217422 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Lupiani
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, 3606 East Mount Hope Road, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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Izumiya Y, Jang HK, Ono M, Mikami T. A complete genomic DNA sequence of Marek's disease virus type 2, strain HPRS24. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 255:191-221. [PMID: 11217423 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Izumiya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Dorange F, El Mehdaoui S, Pichon C, Coursaget P, Vautherot JF. Marek's disease virus (MDV) homologues of herpes simplex virus type 1 UL49 (VP22) and UL48 (VP16) genes: high-level expression and characterization of MDV-1 VP22 and VP16. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:2219-2230. [PMID: 10950980 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-9-2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes UL49 and UL48 of Marek's disease virus 1 (MDV-1) strain RB1B, encoding the respective homologues of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genes VP22 and VP16, were cloned into a baculovirus vector. Seven anti-VP22 MAbs and one anti-VP16 MAb were generated and used to identify the tegument proteins in cells infected lytically with MDV-1. The two genes are known to be transcribed as a single bicistronic transcript, and the detection of only one of the two proteins (VP22) in MSB-1 lymphoma and in chicken embryo skin cells infected with MDV-1 prompted the study of the transcription/translation of the UL49-48 sequence in an in vivo and in vitro expression system. VP16 was expressed in vitro at detectable levels, whereas it could only be detected at a lower level in a more controlled environment. It was demonstrated that VP22 is phosphorylated in insect cells and possesses the remarkable property of being imported into all cells in a monolayer. VP22 localized rapidly and efficiently to nuclei, like its HSV-1 counterpart. The DNA-binding property of VP22 is also reported and a part of the region responsible for this activity was identified between aa 16 and 37 in the N-terminal region of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Dorange
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, Centre INRA de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France1
| | - Slimane El Mehdaoui
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, INSERM EMIV-00-10, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques 'Philippe Maupas', 37200 Tours, France2
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Glycobiologie, CNRS UPR4301 et Université d'Orleans, rue Charles-Sadron, F-45071 Orleans Cedex 02, France3
| | - Pierre Coursaget
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, INSERM EMIV-00-10, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques 'Philippe Maupas', 37200 Tours, France2
| | - Jean-François Vautherot
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Station de Pathologie Aviaire et de Parasitologie, Centre INRA de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France1
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Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z, Zsak L, Rock DL, Kutish GF. The genome of a very virulent Marek's disease virus. J Virol 2000; 74:7980-8. [PMID: 10933706 PMCID: PMC112329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.17.7980-7988.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present the first complete genomic sequence, with analysis, of a very virulent strain of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV1), Md5. The genome is 177,874 bp and is predicted to encode 103 proteins. MDV1 is colinear with the prototypic alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) within the unique long (UL) region, and it is most similar at the amino acid level to MDV2, herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), and nonavian herpesviruses equine herpesviruses 1 and 4. MDV1 encodes 55 HSV-1 UL homologues together with 6 additional UL proteins that are absent in nonavian herpesviruses. The unique short (US) region is colinear with and has greater than 99% nucleotide identity to that of MDV1 strain GA; however, an extra nucleotide sequence at the Md5 US/short terminal repeat boundary results in a shorter US region and the presence of a second gene (encoding MDV097) similar to the SORF2 gene. MD5, like HVT, encodes an ICP4 homologue that contains a 900-amino-acid amino-terminal extension not found in other herpesviruses. Putative virulence and host range gene products include the oncoprotein MEQ, oncogenicity-associated phosphoproteins pp38 and pp24, a lipase homologue, a CxC chemokine, and unique proteins of unknown function MDV087 and MDV097 (SORF2 homologues) and MDV093 (SORF4). Consistent with its virulent phenotype, Md5 contains only two copies of the 132-bp repeat which has previously been associated with viral attenuation and loss of oncogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Tulman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York 11944, USA
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17
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Lee LF, Wu P, Sui D, Ren D, Kamil J, Kung HJ, Witter RL. The complete unique long sequence and the overall genomic organization of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:6091-6. [PMID: 10823954 PMCID: PMC18563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.11.6091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the DNA sequence of the unique long (UL) region and the repeat long (RL) region in the genome of serotype 1 GA strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a member of the alpha-herpesvirus family. With this information, the complete nucleotide sequence of GA-MDV is now known. The entire GA-MDV genome is predicted to be about 174 kbp in size, with an organization of TRL-UL-IRL-IRS-US-TRS, typical of a alpha-herpesvirus. The UL sequence contains 113,508 bp and has a base composition of 41.7% G + C. A total of 67 ORFs were identified completely within the UL region, among which 55 are homologous to genes encoded by herpes simplex virus-1. Twelve of them are unique with presently unknown functions. The sequence of RL reported here together with those published earlier reveal the major structural features of the RL. Virtually all of the ORFs encoded by RL are specific to serotype I of MDV. These ORFs are likely to contribute to some of the unique biological properties of MDV. Among the proteins encoded by MDV-specific ORFs are Meq, a jun/fos family of transcriptional factor implicated in transformation and latency, virus-encoded interleukin-8, a CXC chemokine, and pp38 and pp24, two phosphoproteins with undefined functions. There is also a putative lipase gene (LORF2) that has homologies in HPRS-24 (serotype II) strain of MDV and in various avian adenoviruses. An additional unique feature of MDV is the presence of long terminal repeat remnant sequences of avian retrovirus reticuloendotheliosis virus. These remnant sequences are derived from the U3-enhancer region through ancestral insertions by reticuloendotheliosis virus proviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA.
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18
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Liu Y, Gong W, Huang CC, Herr W, Cheng X. Crystal structure of the conserved core of the herpes simplex virus transcriptional regulatory protein VP16. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1692-703. [PMID: 10398682 PMCID: PMC316849 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.13.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1999] [Accepted: 05/13/1999] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On infection, the herpes simplex virus (HSV) virion protein VP16 (Vmw65; alphaTIF) forms a transcriptional regulatory complex-the VP16-induced complex-with two cellular proteins, HCF and Oct-1, on VP16-responsive cis-regulatory elements in HSV immediate-early promoters called TAATGARAT. Comparison of different HSV VP16 sequences reveals a conserved core region that is sufficient for VP16-induced complex formation. The crystal structure of the VP16 core has been determined at 2.1 A resolution. The results reveal a novel, seat-like protein structure. Together with the activity of mutant VP16 proteins, the structure of free VP16 suggests that it contains (1) a disordered carboxy-terminal region that associates with HCF, Oct-1, and DNA in the VP16-induced complex, and (2) a structured region involved in virion assembly and possessing a novel DNA-binding surface that differentiates among TAATGARAT VP16-response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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19
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Bras F, Dezélée S, Simonet B, Nguyen X, Vende P, Flamand A, Masse MJ. The left border of the genomic inversion of pseudorabies virus contains genes homologous to the UL46 and UL47 genes of herpes simplex virus type 1, but no UL45 gene. Virus Res 1999; 60:29-40. [PMID: 10225272 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The genome of pseudorabies virus (PrV) is collinear with the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) genome, except for an inversion in the unique long region, the right extremity of which resides within the BamHI fragment 9 and the left within the BamHI fragment 1. We previously sequenced the right border of the inversion which is situated next to the UL44-gC gene and found that it encodes the UL24, UL25, UL26 and UL26.5 gene counterparts of HSV1. We have now sequenced 5317 base pairs of the BamHI fragment 1, upstream of the UL27-gB gene. We found two open reading frames homologous to UL46 and UL47 of HSV1 yet UL45 was absent and replaced by a set of strictly repeated sequences. PrV UL46 and UL47 are transcribed into two 3' co-terminal messenger RNAs with early and late kinetics, respectively. Comparison of the PrV UL46 and UL47 protein sequences with their counterparts from alphaherpesviruses indicated a strong similarity. The genome is rearranged in this region with respect to HSV1 and the inversion must have taken place, on the left side, within the UL46-UL27 intergenic region. Thus, the inversion should include genes UL27 to UL44.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bras
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Virus, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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20
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Hennig H, Wessel K, Sondermeijer P, Kirchner H, Wandinger KP. Lack of evidence for Marek's disease virus genomic sequences in leukocyte DNA from multiple sclerosis patients in Germany. Neurosci Lett 1998; 250:138-40. [PMID: 9697938 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herpes viruses have repeatedly been associated with the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the course of investigations on a cluster of MS patients in Key West, Florida, it was suggested that Marek's disease virus (MDV), a cell-associated avian herpes virus, might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of our study was to investigate 107 well-defined MS patients with regard to latent MDV infection. Using a highly-sensitive polymerase chain reaction technique, we did not find MDV-related sequences in leukocyte DNA of any of the patients. The results of our study do not suggest an implication of MDV in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hennig
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Lübeck School of Medicine, Germany
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21
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Ui M, Endoh D, Cho KO, Kon Y, Iwata A, Maki Y, Sato F, Kuwabara M. Transcriptional analysis of Marek's disease virus (MDV) genes in MDV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines without MDV-activated cells. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:823-9. [PMID: 9713810 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously activated MDV is rarely included in MDV-transformed cells, while it may influence the results of transcriptional analysis. A population consisting of 10(3) MDV-transformed cells probably did not include spontaneously activated MDV, since the estimated frequency of MDV-transformed cells including activated MDV was below 0.01% according to limiting-dilution polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the presence of the major early antigen pp38 in 6 transformed cell lines. Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) products corresponding to ICP27, pol, TK, US3, A41, gA, gB and UL50 genes were undetectable in 10(3) cells by Southern hybridization of the RT-PCR products. Transcripts of the VP16 and SORF2 genes were detected in the 10(3) cells of MSB-1, and the pp14 gene transcript was found in 10(3) cells of RPL-1 but not in 10(3) cells of HPRS-1, MOGA-2, MSB-1 or MTB-1. A transcript corresponding to the ICP4 sequence was detected as a 0.7 kbp RT-PCR product in 10(3) cells of these MDV cell lines but not in the retrovirus-transformed 1104B1 cell line. The transcript corresponding to the 0.7 kbp RT-PCR product suggested a splice by its size and sequence. Thus, transcriptional analysis of 10(3) MDV-transformed cells revealed that the transcript corresponding to the ICP4 sequence was a common transcript in latently infected MDV-transformed cells, while most of the genes did not transcribe in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ui
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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22
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Jöns A, Dijkstra JM, Mettenleiter TC. Glycoproteins M and N of pseudorabies virus form a disulfide-linked complex. J Virol 1998; 72:550-7. [PMID: 9420258 PMCID: PMC109407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.550-557.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes homologous to the herpes simplex virus UL49.5 open reading frame are conserved throughout the Herpesviridae. In the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), the UL49.5 product is an O-glycosylated structural protein of the viral envelope, glycoprotein N (gN) (A. Jöns, H. Granzow, R. Kuchling, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 70:1237-1241, 1996). For functional characterization of gN, a gN-negative PrV mutant, PrV-gNbeta, and the corresponding rescuant, PrV-gNbetaR, were constructed, gN-negative PrV was able to productively replicate on noncomplementing cells, and one-step growth in cell culture was only slightly reduced compared to that of wild-type PrV. However, penetration was significantly delayed. In indirect immunofluorescence assays with rabbit serum directed against baculovirus-expressed gN, specific staining of wild-type PrV-infected cells occurred only after permeabilization of cells, whereas live cells failed to react with the antiserum. This indicates the lack of surface accessibility of gN in the plasma membrane of a PrV-infected cell. Western blot analyses and radioimmunoprecipitation experiments under reducing and nonreducing conditions led to the discovery of a heteromeric complex composed of gM and gN. The complex was stable in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol but dissociated after the addition of the reducing agent, indicating that the partners are linked by disulfide bonds. Finally, gN was absent from gM-negative PrV virions, whereas gM was readily detected in virions in the absence of gN. Thus, gM appears to be required for virion localization of gN.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jöns
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Insel Riems, Germany
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23
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Ziemann K, Mettenleiter TC, Fuchs W. Gene arrangement within the unique long genome region of infectious laryngotracheitis virus is distinct from that of other alphaherpesviruses. J Virol 1998; 72:847-52. [PMID: 9420298 PMCID: PMC109447 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.1.847-852.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the avian alphaherpesvirus infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) comprises ca. 155 kbp of which ca. one-third have been sequenced so far. To gain additional sequence information we analyzed two stretches of 15.5 and 1.9 kbp of the ILTV unique long (U(L)) genome region. The larger fragment contains homologs of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) UL23 (thymidine kinase) and UL22 (glycoprotein H) genes followed by five open reading frames (ORF) encoding putative proteins of 334 to 410 amino acids which exhibit no homology to any known herpesvirus protein. RNA analyses showed that these unique ILTV genes are indeed expressed. An origin of replication separates this cluster of unique genes from a conserved gene cluster consisting of the UL45, UL46, UL48, UL49, UL49.5, and UL50 homologs. The absence of UL47 from this position coincides with the localization of a UL47-homologous ORF within the unique short (U(S)) region of the ILTV genome (M. Wild, S. Cook, and M. Cochran, Virus Genes 12:107-116, 1996). Within the second analyzed region the ILTV UL21 homolog was found adjacent to the UL44 gene. We thus identified five novel herpesvirus genes in ILTV and present evidence for a large internal inversion in the ILTV U(L) region, in contrast to the collinear genomes of other alphaherpesviruses. Interestingly, a similar inversion is also present in the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ziemann
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Insel Riems, Germany
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24
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Kopácek J, Zelník V, Brasseur R, Koptidesová D, Rejholcová O, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J. Herpesvirus of turkeys homologue of HSV VP16 is structurally related to varicella zoster virus trans-inducing protein encoded by ORF 10. Virus Genes 1997; 15:45-52. [PMID: 9354269 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007911115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the immediate-early genes of alpha-herpesviruses is stimulated by a family of trans-inducing factors represented by VP16 of HSV-1 and ORF10 gene product of VZV. We have identified and determined the nucleotide sequence of the UL48 gene encoding the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) homologue of HSV VP16. The gene maps to the BamHI-J fragment and appears to be expressed in a form of bicistronic transcript together with UL49. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by HVT UL48 gene shows 55% identity with MDV UL48 gene product. Like the majority of related proteins in other alpha-herpesviruses, the protein encoded by HVT UL48 gene lacks the acidic C-terminal tail, known to possess the transactivation capacity of HSV VP16. Hydrophobic cluster analysis has revealed that its predicted domain composition is closely related to the transactivator protein encoded by ORF10 of VZV. However, the putative amino-terminal activation domain of the HVT homologue of HSV VP16 does not contain a typical horseshoe-like hydrophobic cluster found in other alpha-herpesvirus homologues, suggesting either that it acts as a transactivator via a different activation domain or that its transactivation potential is diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kopácek
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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25
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Liang X, Chow B, Raggo C, Babiuk LA. Bovine herpesvirus 1 UL49.5 homolog gene encodes a novel viral envelope protein that forms a disulfide-linked complex with a second virion structural protein. J Virol 1996; 70:1448-54. [PMID: 8627662 PMCID: PMC189965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.3.1448-1454.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the genome of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) contains an open reading frame (ORF) homologous to the herpes simplex virus UL49.5 ORF, and as with the herpes simplex virus UL49.5 ORF, the deduced amino acid sequence of the BHV-1 UL49.5 homolog (UL49.5h) contains features characteristic of an integral membrane protein, implying that it may constitute a functional gene encoding a novel viral envelope protein. This communication reports on the identification of the BHV-1 UL49.5h gene product. By employing an antibody against a synthetic BHV-1 UL49.5h peptide and an UL49.5h gene deletion mutant, the primary product of BHV-UL49.5h gene was identified as a polypeptide with a size of approximately 9 kDa; in both infected cells and isolated virions, the UL49.5h products were found to exist in three forms; monomer, disulfide-linked homodimer, and disulfide-linked heterodimer containing a second viral protein with a size of about 39 kDa. O-Glycosidase digestion and [3H]glucosamine labelling experiments showed that the UL49.5h protein is not glycosylated. Although the deduced amino acid sequence contains putative sites for myristylation and phosphorylation, we were unable to detect either modification. Surface labelling and trypsin digestion protection experiments showed that the BHV-1 UL49.5h protein was present on the surface of infected cells and on the surface of mature virions. Nonionic detergent partition of isolated virions revealed that the UL49.5h protein is more tightly associated with the virion tegument-nucleocapsid structure than envelope protein gD. The results from this study demonstrate that the BHV-1 UL49.5h gene encodes a nonglycosylated virion envelope protein which may associate with virion internal structures by forming a complex with the 39-kDa virion structural protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liang
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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26
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Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Pichyangkura R, Triezenberg SJ, Straus SE, Cohen JI. Hydrophobic cluster analysis predicts an amino-terminal domain of varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 10 required for transcriptional activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9333-7. [PMID: 7568128 PMCID: PMC40979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.20.9333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 10 (ORF10) protein, the homolog of the herpes simplex virus protein VP16, can transactivate immediate-early promoters from both viruses. A protein sequence comparison procedure termed hydrophobic cluster analysis was used to identify a motif centered at Phe-28, near the amino terminus of ORF10, that strongly resembles the sequence of the activating domain surrounding Phe-442 of VP16. With a series of GAL4-ORF10 fusion proteins, we mapped the ORF10 transcriptional-activation domain to the amino-terminal region (aa 5-79). Extensive mutagenesis of Phe-28 in GAL4-ORF10 fusion proteins demonstrated the importance of an aromatic or bulky hydrophobic amino acid at this position, as shown previously for Phe-442 of VP16. Transactivation by the native ORF10 protein was abolished when Phe-28 was replaced by Ala. Similar amino-terminal domains were identified in the VP16 homologs of other alphaherpesviruses. Hydrophobic cluster analysis correctly predicted activation domains of ORF10 and VP16 that share critical characteristics of a distinctive subclass of acidic activation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Moriuchi
- Medical Virology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Liang X, Chow B, Li Y, Raggo C, Yoo D, Attah-Poku S, Babiuk LA. Characterization of bovine herpesvirus 1 UL49 homolog gene and product: bovine herpesvirus 1 UL49 homolog is dispensable for virus growth. J Virol 1995; 69:3863-7. [PMID: 7745736 PMCID: PMC189106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3863-3867.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) gene that is homologous to the herpes simplex virus UL49 gene was determined. The BHV-1 UL49 homolog open reading frame consists of 774 bp and is capable of encoding 258 amino acids. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed that the BHV-1 UL49 homolog is transcribed into a 1.1-kb RNA which is coterminal with the transcripts of an upstream UL49.5 homolog gene. Rabbit antisera produced against synthetic peptides of the predicted UL49 homolog gene product recognized a polypeptide of 33 to 35 kDa in both virus-infected cells and isolated virions. Further analysis by unionic-detergent partition of isolated virions suggested that the UL49 homolog gene product is a virion tegument protein. Indirect immunofluorescence assay revealed that the UL49 homolog gene product was predominantly localized in the nuclei of BHV-1-infected cells. A mutant virus with the UL49 homolog gene deleted was produced, and it was able to replicate in noncomplementing cells. Nevertheless, the yield of mutant virus was significantly reduced. The results from this study suggest that the BHV-1 UL49 homolog gene encodes a nuclear protein which constitutes a tegument component in mature virions and that it is dispensable for virus growth in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liang
- Veterinary Infectious Diseases Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Koptidesová D, Kopácek J, Zelník V, Ross NL, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J. Identification and characterization of a cDNA clone derived from the Marek's disease tumour cell line RPL1 encoding a homologue of alpha-transinducing factor (VP16) of HSV-1. Arch Virol 1995; 140:355-62. [PMID: 7710361 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have identified and sequenced a 2.3 kb cDNA clone RPL(N.S) 6 derived from the Marek's disease virus (MDV)-transformed cell line RPL1, which contained open reading frames (ORFs) homologous to UL49 (VP22) and UL48 (VP16) of herpes simplex virus. Northern blot hybridization identified a 2.5 kb transcript corresponding to this cDNA clone in the total RNA from MSB1 lymphoblastoid cells, but not in RNA from the original RPL1 cells, most probably due to the very low level of its transcription. In vitro translation demonstrated that both MDV UL49 and UL48 can be expressed from a single mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koptidesová
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
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