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Zoonotic Origins of Human Metapneumovirus: A Journey from Birds to Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040677. [PMID: 35458407 PMCID: PMC9028271 DOI: 10.3390/v14040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Metapneumoviruses, members of the family Pneumoviridae, have been identified in birds (avian metapneumoviruses; AMPV’s) and humans (human metapneumoviruses; HMPV’s). AMPV and HMPV are closely related viruses with a similar genomic organization and cause respiratory tract illnesses in birds and humans, respectively. AMPV can be classified into four subgroups, A–D, and is the etiological agent of turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome in chickens. Epidemiological studies have indicated that AMPV also circulates in wild bird species which may act as reservoir hosts for novel subtypes. HMPV was first discovered in 2001, but retrospective studies have shown that HMPV has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years. AMPV subgroup C is more closely related to HMPV than to any other AMPV subgroup, suggesting that HMPV has evolved from AMPV-C following zoonotic transfer. In this review, we present a historical perspective on the discovery of metapneumoviruses and discuss the host tropism, pathogenicity, and molecular characteristics of the different AMPV and HMPV subgroups to provide increased focus on the necessity to better understand the evolutionary pathways through which HMPV emerged as a seasonal endemic human respiratory virus.
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2
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Bitko V, Barik S. Role of metapneumoviral glycoproteins in the evasion of the host cell innate immune response. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105096. [PMID: 34601094 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), an unsegmented negative-strand RNA virus, is the second most detected respiratory pathogen and one of the leading causes of respiratory illness in infants and immunodeficient individuals. HMPV infection of permissive cells in culture triggers a transient IFN response, which is efficiently suppressed later in infection. We report that two structural glycoproteins of the virus - namely G (Glycoprotein) and SH (Small Hydrophobic) - suppress the type I interferon (IFN) response in cell culture. This is manifested by inhibition of diverse steps of IFN induction and response, such as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IFN regulatory factor-3 and -7 (IRF3, IRF7), major transcription factors of the IFN gene. Furthermore, HMPV suppresses the cellular response to IFN by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1), required for the induction of IFN-stimulated genes that act as antivirals. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed an important role of critical cysteine (Cys) residues in the Cys-rich carboxy terminal region of the SH protein in IFN suppression, whereas for G, the ectodomain plays a role. These results shed light on the mechanism of IFN suppression by HMPV, and may also offer avenues for new antiviral approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vira Bitko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States of America
| | - Sailen Barik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, 307 University Boulevard, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, United States of America.
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Nao N, Saikusa M, Sato K, Sekizuka T, Usuku S, Tanaka N, Nishimura H, Takeda M. Recent Molecular Evolution of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): Subdivision of HMPV A2b Strains. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091280. [PMID: 32839394 PMCID: PMC7564156 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major etiological agent of acute respiratory infections in humans. HMPV has been circulating worldwide for more than six decades and is currently divided into five agreed-upon subtypes: A1, A2a, A2b, B1, and B2. Recently, the novel HMPV subtypes A2c, A2b1, and A2b2 have been proposed. However, the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between these recently proposed HMPV subtypes are unclear. Here, we report a genome-wide phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of 161 HMPV strains, including unique HMPV subtype A2b strains with a 180- or 111-nucleotide duplication in the G gene (nt-dup). Our data demonstrate that the HMPV A2b subtype contains two distinct subtypes, A2b1 and A2b2, and that the HMPV subtypes A2c and A2b2 may be different names for the same subtype. HMPV A2b strains with a nt-dup also belong to subtype A2b2. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that subtypes A2b1 and A2b2 diverged from subtype A2b around a decade after the subtype A2 was divided into the subtypes A2a and A2b. These data support the A2b1 and A2b2 subtypes proposed in 2012 and are essential for the unified classification of HMPV subtype A2 strains, which is important for future HMPV surveillance and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-706-9492
| | - Miwako Saikusa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama 236-0051, Japan; (M.S.); (S.U.); (N.T.)
| | - Ko Sato
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku 162-8640, Japan;
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama 236-0051, Japan; (M.S.); (S.U.); (N.T.)
| | - Nobuko Tanaka
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama 236-0051, Japan; (M.S.); (S.U.); (N.T.)
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai 983-8520, Japan; (K.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama 208-0011, Japan;
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Ballegeer M, Saelens X. Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542&set/a 882111696+808152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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6
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/v12050542
expr 836379838 + 819716165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Garry CE, Garry RF. Proteomics Computational Analyses Suggest That the Envelope Glycoproteins of Segmented Jingmen Flavi-Like Viruses are Class II Viral Fusion Proteins (b-Penetrenes) with Mucin-Like Domains. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030260. [PMID: 32120884 PMCID: PMC7150890 DOI: 10.3390/v12030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have structural features of class II viral fusion proteins, including an ectodomain consisting of beta-sheets and short alpha-helices, a fusion peptide with interfacial hydrophobicity and a three-domain architecture. Jingmen flavi-like virus glycoproteins have a sequence enriched in serine, threonine, and proline at the amino terminus, which is a feature of mucin-like domains. Several of the serines and threonines are predicted be modified by the addition of O-linked glycans. Some of the glycoproteins are predicted to have an additional mucin-like domain located prior to the transmembrane anchor, whereas others are predicted to have a stem consisting of two alpha-helices. The flavivirus envelope protein and Jingmen flavi-virus glycoproteins may have diverged from a common class II precursor glycoprotein with a mucin-like domain or domains acquired after divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Garry
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD 20876, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-2027
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Zhou Z, Zhang P, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Qin X, Li R, Liu P, Dou Y, Wang L, Zhao Y. Experiments Investigating the Competitive Growth Advantage of Two Different Genotypes of Human Metapneumovirus: Implications for the Alternation of Genotype Prevalence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2852. [PMID: 32071381 PMCID: PMC7029021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important pathogen that causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. hMPV has two major genotypes, hMPV-A and hMPV-B. Epidemiological studies have shown that the two hMPV genotypes alternate in predominance worldwide in recent years. Co-circulation of the two genotypes of hMPV was usually observed and there is no study about the interaction between them, such as competitive replication, which maybe the possible mechanisms for alternating prevalence of subtypes. Our present study have used two different genotypes of hMPV (genotype A: NL/1/00; B: NL/1/99) in different proportions in animal model (BALB/c mice) and cell model (Vero-E6) separately. The result showed that the competitive growth does exist in BALB/c mice, genotype B had a strong competitive advantage. However, genotype B did not cause more severe disease than non-predominant (genotype A) or mixed strains in the study, which were evaluated by the body weight, airway hyperresponsiveness and lung pathology of mouse. In cell model, competitive growth and the two genotypes alternately prevalence were observed. In summary, we confirmed that there was a competitive replication between hMPV genotype A and B, and no difference in disease severity caused by the two subtypes. This study shows a new insight to understand the alternation of hMPV genotype prevalence through genotype competition and provide experimental evidence for disease control and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yuxia Cui
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, 550002, China
| | - Yongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Xian Qin
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Rongpei Li
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ying Dou
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Oketch JW, Kamau E, Otieno GP, Otieno JR, Agoti CN, Nokes DJ. Human metapneumovirus prevalence and patterns of subgroup persistence identified through surveillance of pediatric pneumonia hospital admissions in coastal Kenya, 2007-2016. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:757. [PMID: 31470805 PMCID: PMC6716807 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important respiratory pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics of acute respiratory illness and contributes significantly to childhood pneumonia. Current knowledge and understanding on its patterns of spread, prevalence and persistence in communities in low resource settings is limited. METHODS We present findings of a molecular-epidemiological analysis of nasal samples from children < 5 years of age admitted with syndromic pneumonia between 2007 and 2016 to Kilifi County Hospital, coastal Kenya. HMPV infection was detected using real-time RT-PCR and positives sequenced in the fusion (F) and attachment (G) genes followed by phylogenetic analysis. The association between disease severity and HMPV subgroup was assessed using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Over 10 years, 274/6756 (4.1%) samples screened were HMPV positive. Annual prevalence fluctuated between years ranging 1.2 to 8.7% and lowest in the recent years (2014-2016). HMPV detections were most frequent between October of one year to April of the following year. Genotyping was successful for 205/274 (74.8%) positives revealing clades A2b (41.0%) and A2c (10.7%), and subgroups B1 (23.4%) and B2 (24.9%). The dominance patterns were: clade A2b between 2007 and 11, subgroup B1 between 2012 and 14, and clade A2c in more recent epidemics. Subgroup B2 viruses were present in all the years. Temporal phylogenetic clustering within the subgroups for both local and global sequence data was seen. Subgroups occurring in each epidemic season were comprised of multiple variants. Pneumonia severity did not vary by subgroup (p = 0.264). In both the F and G gene, the sequenced regions were found to be predominantly under purifying selection. CONCLUSION Subgroup patterns from this rural African setting temporally map with global strain distribution, suggesting a well-mixed global virus transmission pool of HMPV. Persistence in the local community is characterized by repeated introductions of HMPV variants from the global pool. The factors underlying the declining prevalence of HMPV in this population should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Oketch
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Everlyn Kamau
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Grieven P. Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James R. Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles N. Agoti
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - D. James Nokes
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences, and Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Jagušić M, Slović A, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Forčić D. Genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in Croatia. J Med Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jagušić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
| | - Anamarija Slović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health “Dr. Andrija Štampar,” Zagreb; Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Dubravko Forčić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines; CERVirVac; Croatia
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Saikusa M, Kawakami C, Nao N, Takeda M, Usuku S, Sasao T, Nishimoto K, Toyozawa T. 180-Nucleotide Duplication in the G Gene of Human metapneumovirus A2b Subgroup Strains Circulating in Yokohama City, Japan, since 2014. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:402. [PMID: 28352258 PMCID: PMC5348506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, was first isolated in 2001. Seroepidemiological studies have shown that HMPV has been a major etiological agent of acute respiratory infections in humans for more than 50 years. Molecular epidemiological, genetic, and antigenetic evolutionary studies of HMPV will strengthen our understanding of the epidemic behavior of the virus and provide valuable insight for the control of HMPV and the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs against HMPV infection. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of and genetic variations in the G gene were analyzed in HMPV strains prevalent in Yokohama City, in the Kanto area, Japan, between January 2013 and June 2016. As a part of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Japan, 1308 clinical specimens (throat swabs, nasal swabs, nasal secretions, and nasal aspirate fluids) collected at 24 hospitals or clinics in Yokohama City were screened for 15 major respiratory viruses with a multiplex reverse transcription–PCR assay. HMPV was detected in 91 specimens, accounting for 7.0% of the total specimens, and the nucleotide sequences of the G genes of 84 HMPV strains were determined. Among these 84 strains, 6, 43, 10, and 25 strains were classified into subgroups A2a, A2b, B1, and B2, respectively. Approximately half the HMPV A2b subgroup strains detected since 2014 had a 180-nucleotide duplication (180nt-dup) in the G gene and clustered on a phylogenic tree with four classical 180nt-dup-lacking HMPV A2b strains prevalent between 2014 and 2015. The 180nt-dup causes a 60-amino-acid duplication (60aa-dup) in the G protein, creating 23–25 additional potential acceptor sites for O-linked sugars. Our data suggest that 180nt-dup occurred between 2011 and 2013 and that HMPV A2b strains with 180nt-dup (A2b180nt-dup HMPV) became major epidemic strains within 3 years. The detailed mechanism by which the A2b180nt-dup HMPV strains gained an advantage that allowed their efficient spread in the community and the effects of 60aa-dup on HMPV virulence must be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwako Saikusa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health Yokohama, Japan
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Phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus detected in hospitalized patients in Kuwait during the years 2009-2011. J Infect Public Health 2015; 8:448-57. [PMID: 25773766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in all age groups. Children, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are the most affected groups. HMPV infection accounts for 5% of hospitalized patients with respiratory tract infections in Kuwait. It is mostly detected among infants and elderly age groups, and both hMPV genotypes A and B circulate in Kuwait. METHODS In this study, the genetic diversity of detected hMPV was evaluated, and a phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the G gene was performed for hMPV detected among hospitalized patients with RTIs. RESULTS Our results showed that 62% of hMPV sequences belonged to the A genotype and 38% to the B genotype. A2b and B2 subtypes were detected and circulated during the study period, whereas A1 and B1 subtypes were not detected. Based on nucleotide sequences of the G gene, most of hMPV strains (57%) were clustered with Indian strains, followed by Greek strains (24%) and Canadian strains (14%). One strain (5%) clustered within the B genotype but had different branches than B1 and B2 branches. CONCLUSION Our data showed the co-circulation of hMPV genotypes A2b and B2 in Kuwait with genetic diversity suggestive of evolution through negative selection.
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Molecular analysis of human metapneumovirus detected in patients with lower respiratory tract infection in upper egypt. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:290793. [PMID: 24669221 PMCID: PMC3941176 DOI: 10.1155/2014/290793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Since 2001, when Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was isolated in the Netherlands, the virus has been detected in several continents. Although reports have confirmed the prevalence of HMPV worldwide, data from Egypt remain limited. HMPV plays an important role in respiratory tract infections in individuals of all ages particularly in children. This study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of HMPV in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory infection in Upper Egypt and characterizing the circulating Egyptian HMPV strains for the first time. Materials and Methods. From 2005 to 2008, respiratory samples from 520 patients were analyzed for the presence of HMPV by real-time RT-PCR. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses were performed on partial fusion gene sequences of HMPV-positive patients. Results. HMPV-positive patients were detected in 2007-2008. The overall infection rate was 4%, while 57% of the patients were children. Sequence analysis demonstrated circulation of subgroup B viruses with predominance of lineage B2. Nucleotide sequence identity within lineage B1 was 98.8%–99.7% and higher than that in lineage B2 (94.3%–100%). Three new amino acid substitutions (T223N, R229K, and D280N) of lineage B2 were observed. Conclusion. HMPV is a major viral pathogen in the Egyptian population especially in children. During 2007-2008, predominantly HMPV B2 circulated in Upper Egypt.
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Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of the major human metapneumovirus surface glycoproteins over a decade. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:541-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Preston FM, Straub CP, Ramirez R, Mahalingam S, Spann KM. siRNA against the G gene of human metapneumovirus. Virol J 2012; 9:105. [PMID: 22676157 PMCID: PMC3393630 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a significant viral respiratory pathogen of infants and children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Disease associated with hMPV infection resembles that of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and includes bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The glycosylated G attachment protein of hMPV is required for viral entry in vivo and has also been identified as an inhibitor of innate immune responses. Findings We designed and validated two siRNA molecules against the G gene using A549 cells and demonstrated consistent 88-92% knock-down for one siRNA molecule, which was used in subsequent experiments. Significant reduction of G mRNA in A549 cells infected with hMPV did not result in a reduction in viral growth, nor did it significantly increase the production of type I interferon (α/β) in response to infection. However, there was a moderate increase in IFN-β mRNA expression in response to infection in siG-transfected cells compared to untransfected and si-mismatch-transfected cells. Expression of G by recombinant adenovirus did not affect type I IFN expression. Conclusion G has been previously described as a type I interferon antagonist, although our findings suggest it may not be a significant antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Maxine Preston
- Clinical Medical Virology Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Regev L, Meningher T, Hindiyeh M, Mendelson E, Mandelboim M. Increase human metapneumovirus mediated morbidity following pandemic influenza infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34750. [PMID: 22496855 PMCID: PMC3319622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently discovered respiratory pathogen, infecting mainly young children. The infected patients suffer from influenza like symptoms (ILS). In Israel the virus is mainly circulating in February to March. Here we report on an increased rate of hMPV infection in the winter season of 2009–10. The 2009–10 infection had several unique characteristics when compared to previous seasons; it started around January and a large number of infants were infected by the virus. Genetic analysis based on the viral L and F genes of hMPV showed that only subtypes A2 and B2 circulated in Israel. Additionally, we have identified a novel variant of hMPV within subgroup A2b, which subdivide it into A2b1 and A2b2. Finally, we showed that the hMPV infection was detected in the country soon after the infection with the pandemic influenza virus had declined, that infection with the pandemic influenza virus was dominant and that it interfered with the infection of other respiratory viruses. Thus, we suggest that the unusual increase in hMPV infection observed in 2009–10 was due to the appearance of the pandemic influenza virus in the winter season prior to 2009–10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Regev
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tal Meningher
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Musa Hindiyeh
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Li J, Ren L, Guo L, Xiang Z, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Vernet G, Wang J. Evolutionary dynamics analysis of human metapneumovirus subtype A2: genetic evidence for its dominant epidemic. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34544. [PMID: 22479641 PMCID: PMC3316673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a respiratory viral pathogen in children worldwide. hMPV is divided into four subtypes: hMPV_A1, hMPV_A2, hMPV_B1, and hMPV_B2. hMPV_A2 can be further divided into hMPV_A2a and A2b based on phylogenetic analysis. The typical prevalence pattern of hMPV involves a shift of the predominant subtype within one or two years. However, hMPV_A2, in particular hMPV_A2b, has circulated worldwide with a several years long term high epidemic. To study this distinct epidemic behavior of hMPV_A2, we analyzed 294 sequences of partial G genes of the virus from different countries. Molecular evolutionary data indicates that hMPV_A2 evolved toward heterogeneity faster than the other subtypes. Specifically, a Bayesian skyline plot analysis revealed that hMPV_A2 has undergone a generally upward fluctuation since 1997, whereas the other subtypes experienced only one upward fluctuation. Although hMPV_A2 showed a lower value of mean dN/dS than the other subtypes, it had the largest number of positive selection sites. Meanwhile, various styles of mutation were observed in the mutation hotspots of hMPV_A2b. Bayesian phylogeography analysis also revealed two fusions of diffusion routes of hMPV_A2b in India (June 2006) and Beijing, China (June 2008). Sequences of hMPV_A2b retrieved from GenBank boosted simultaneously with the two fusions respectively, indicating that fusion of genetic transmission routes from different regions improved survival of hMPV_A2. Epidemic and evolutionary dynamics of hMPV_A2b were similar to those of hMPV_A2. Overall, our findings provide important molecular insights into hMPV epidemics and viral variation, and explain the occurrence of an atypical epidemic of hMPV_A2, particularly hMPV_A2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Ren
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Guo
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichun Xiang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Banerjee S, Sullender WM, Choudekar A, John C, Tyagi V, Fowler K, Lefkowitz EJ, Broor S. Detection and genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in India. J Med Virol 2012; 83:1799-810. [PMID: 21837798 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes acute respiratory infections in children and adults. It is classified into two major genetic lineages and each lineage into two sublineages. The purpose of the study was to identify and characterize hMPV in children who presented to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India with acute respiratory infection from April 2005 to March 2007. By reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, hMPV was detected in 21 (3%) of the 662 nasopharyngeal samples from children with acute respiratory infection and in none of the 120 control children. Seven of the 21 (33%) children infected with hMPV required hospital admission for pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Most hMPV detections were during the winter and spring seasons. The majority (67%, 11/21) of children positive for hMPV were within 24 months of age. Phylogenetic analysis of partial F and N gene and the full G gene sequences showed three sub-lineages of hMPV circulated during the study period, B1, B2, and the novel sub-lineage A2b. The circulation pattern of hMPV genotypes varied by season. Comparison of the F and G genes of eight strains revealed incongruencies in lineage assignments, raising the possibility that recombination had occurred. Sequence analysis also revealed the F gene was relatively conserved whereas the G gene was more variable between the A and B lineages. This study demonstrates that hMPV is an important contributor to acute respiratory infection in children in India, resulting in both outpatient visits and hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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19
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Human metapneumovirus strains circulating in Latin America. Arch Virol 2011; 157:563-8. [PMID: 22200894 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is responsible for acute respiratory tract infections in young children, elderly patients, and immunocompromised hosts. In this study, we genetically analyzed the circulating HMPV in Central and South America from July 2008 to June 2009 and characterized the strains present in this region. Samples were collected during an international collaborative influenza like illness surveillance study and then sequenced with specific primers for the HMPV G gene. Our results show that two distinct clusters of HMPV circulated in Central and South America, subtypes A2 and B2 being the predominant strains.
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20
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Gaunt ER, Jansen RR, Poovorawan Y, Templeton KE, Toms GL, Simmonds P. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17427. [PMID: 21390255 PMCID: PMC3046979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are ubiquitous respiratory pathogens of the Pneumovirinae subfamily of the Paramyxoviridae. Two major surface antigens are expressed by both viruses; the highly conserved fusion (F) protein, and the extremely diverse attachment (G) glycoprotein. Both viruses comprise two genetic groups, A and B. Circulation frequencies of the two genetic groups fluctuate for both viruses, giving rise to frequently observed switching of the predominantly circulating group. Nucleotide sequence data for the F and G gene regions of HRSV and HMPV variants from the UK, the Netherlands, Bangkok and data available from Genbank were used to identify clades of both viruses. Several contemporary circulating clades of HRSV and HMPV were identified by phylogenetic reconstructions. The molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of clades were modelled in parallel. Times of origin were determined and positively selected sites were identified. Sustained circulation of contemporary clades of both viruses for decades and their global dissemination demonstrated that switching of the predominant genetic group did not arise through the emergence of novel lineages each respiratory season, but through the fluctuating circulation frequencies of pre-existing lineages which undergo proliferative and eclipse phases. An abundance of sites were identified as positively selected within the G protein but not the F protein of both viruses. For HRSV, these were discordant with previously identified residues under selection, suggesting the virus can evade immune responses by generating diversity at multiple sites within linear epitopes. For both viruses, different sites were identified as positively selected between genetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor R Gaunt
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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21
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Agrawal AS, Roy T, Ghosh S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Genetic variability of attachment (G) and Fusion (F) protein genes of human metapneumovirus strains circulating during 2006-2009 in Kolkata, Eastern India. Virol J 2011; 8:67. [PMID: 21314961 PMCID: PMC3045894 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is associated with the acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in all the age groups. However, there is limited information on prevalence and genetic diversity of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) strains circulating in India. Objective To study prevalence and genomic diversity of hMPV strains among ARTI patients reporting in outpatient departments of hospitals in Kolkata, Eastern India. Methods Nasal and/or throat swabs from 2309 patients during January 2006 to December 2009, were screened for the presence of hMPV by RT-PCR of nucleocapsid (N) gene. The G and F genes of representative hMPV positive samples were sequenced. Results 118 of 2309 (5.11%) clinical samples were positive for hMPV. The majority (≈80%) of the positive cases were detected during July−November all through the study period. Genetic analysis revealed that 77% strains belong to A2 subgroup whereas rest clustered in B1 subgroup. G sequences showed higher diversity at the nucleotide and amino acid level. In contrast, less than 10% variation was observed in F gene of representative strains of all four years. Sequence analysis also revealed changes in the position of stop codon in G protein, which resulted in variable length (217-231 aa) polypeptides. Conclusion The study suggests that approximately 5% of ARTI in the region were caused by hMPV. This is the first report on the genetic variability of G and F gene of hMPV strains from India which clearly shows that the G protein of hMPV is continuously evolving. Though the study partially fulfills lacunae of information, further studies from other regions are necessary for better understanding of prevalence, epidemiology and virus evolution in Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurodh S Agrawal
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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22
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Papenburg J, Boivin G. The distinguishing features of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2010; 20:245-60. [PMID: 20586081 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a member of the Metapneumovirus genus within the Pneumovirinae subfamily of the Paramyxoviridae family. Though hMPV was only discovered in 2001, a large body of work has already shown that it is the aetiologic agent of a substantial proportion of upper and lower RTIs across all age groups in both healthy and immunocompromised hosts throughout the world. RSV, also a pneumovirus, is the human pathogen most closely related to hMPV. RSV is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children, but can also cause respiratory tract disease in all age groups. In this paper, we will review the salient features of the virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune responses, clinical manifestations and diagnostic modalities of hMPV, using RSV as a comparison. In addition, we will show how immunoprophylactic and therapeutic strategies studied and used in clinical practice for RSV-some with great success, and others tragic failure-have led to promising areas of research for the prevention and treatment of the significant burden of disease caused by hMPV.
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24
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Pizzorno A, Masner M, Médici C, Sarachaga M, Rubio I, Mirazo S, Frabasile S, Arbiza J. Molecular detection and genetic variability of human metapneumovirus in Uruguay. J Med Virol 2010; 82:861-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Winther TN, Madsen CD, Pedersen AG, von Linstow ML, Eugen-Olsen J, Hogh B. Limited inter- and intra-patient sequence diversity of the genetic lineage A human metapneumovirus fusion gene. Virus Genes 2009; 31:89-97. [PMID: 15965613 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-2204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is associated with respiratory tract illness especially in young children. Two hMPV genetic lineages, A and B, and four sublineages A1, A2 and B1, B2 have been defined. Infection with hMPV occurs through membrane fusion mediated by the hMPV fusion (F) protein. In this study, the inter- and intra-patient genetic diversity of the lineage A hMPV F gene was investigated. Ten isolates were collected from 10 hMPV infected children. Viral RNA was isolated and amplified, and approximately 10 clones from each isolate were sequenced. Altogether 108 clones were successfully sequenced. The average interpatient sequence diversity was 1.68% and 1.64% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. The samples were divisible into two groups on the basis of intrapatient sequence diversity. In group 1 (4 children) the intra-patient sequence diversity was low (nt: 0.26-0.39%, aa: 0.51-0.94%) whereas group 2 (6 children) had a higher intra-patient sequence diversity (nt: 0.85-1.98%, aa: 1.08-2.22%). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the group 1 children harboured sublineage Al only, but interestingly group 2 children harboured both sublineages Al and A2, indicating they had been infected with at least two viruses. Several independent viruses contained premature stop codons in exactly identical positions resulting in truncated fusion proteins. Possibly this is a mechanism for immune system evasion. The F protein is a major antigenic determinant, and the limited sequence diversity observed lay emphasis on the hMPV F gene as a putative target for future vaccine development.
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Oliveira DBL, Durigon EL, Carvalho ACL, Leal AL, Souza TS, Thomazelli LM, Moraes CTP, Vieira SE, Gilio AE, Stewien KE. Epidemiology and genetic variability of human metapneumovirus during a 4-year-long study in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Virol 2009; 81:915-21. [PMID: 19319957 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were compared with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) in infants and young children admitted for acute lower respiratory tract infections in a prospective study during four consecutive years in subtropical Brazil. GeneScan polymerase chain assays (GeneScan RT-PCR) were used to detect hMPV and hRSV in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 1,670 children during January 2003 to December 2006. hMPV and hRSV were detected, respectively, in 191 (11.4%) and in 702 (42%) of the children admitted with acute lower respiratory tract infections at the Sao Paulo University Hospital. Sequencing data of the hMPV F gene revealed that two groups of the virus, each divided into two subgroups, co-circulated during three consecutive years. It was also shown that a clear dominance of genotype B1 occurred during the years 2004 and 2005, followed by genotype A2 during 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle B L Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus is a recently recognized pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in children as well as elderly and immunocompromised adults.The virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, sub family Pneumovirinae and genus Metapneumovirus. Through genetic analysis it has been characterized into two groups A and B which are further divided into four sub-lineages. The virus is difficult to grow in tissue culture and hence reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for N and L gene is the method of choice for diagnosis. The virus has been seen in all countries with seasonal distribution in winter months for temperate and spring/summer for tropical countries. F gene is the most conserved among different lineages and efforts are underway to design recombination vaccine using F gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Broor
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India.
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Abstract
Mucin-like regions contribute to pathogenicity in a variety of negative-stranded RNA viruses. These regions are characterized by a preponderance of O-linked glycosylation. They evolve exceptionally rapidly yet maintain their function as pathogenicity factors. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain this evolutionary conundrum of phenotypic stability in the face of extreme genetic divergence: strong positive selection and relaxation of purifying selection. We determined the strength and direction of selection codon by codon across genes containing these regions and found that purifying selection is relaxed over the mucin-like regions relative to the genes in which they are found. This suggests that so long as these regions maintain sufficient O-linked glycosylation, they are free to evolve rapidly without loss of function as pathogenicity factors.
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Role of cellular glycosaminoglycans and charged regions of viral G protein in human metapneumovirus infection. J Virol 2008; 82:11767-74. [PMID: 18786997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01208-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract disease, particularly in infants and young children. hMPV has two major glycoproteins, G and F, which are responsible for virus attachment and membrane fusion, respectively. We investigated the role of cellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and G protein in hMPV infection. The pretreatment of hMPV with soluble heparin markedly inhibited the infection of HEp-2 cells. Recombinant G protein, comprising the extracellular domain of G, bound to heparin-agarose columns and also to HEp-2 cells. hMPV infection and G protein binding to HEp-2 cells was inhibited by other soluble GAGs, including chondroitin sulfates, by the enzymatic removal of cell surface GAGs with GAG lyases or by the pretreatment of cells with basic fibroblast growth factor. The role of cellular GAGs was confirmed by the binding of G protein to wild-type CHO cells but not to GAG-deficient CHO-pgsA745 cells. An analysis of the G protein sequence revealed two adjacent clusters of positively charged amino acids ((149)EKKKTRA(155) and (159)QRRGKGKE(166)). Truncated G fragments were expressed, and only the fragment containing these putative heparin binding domains retained heparin binding. The alanine mutagenesis of charged residues in either of these regions resulted in the loss of binding to heparin and to HEp-2 cells, suggesting that both sites are likely to be required for hMPV attachment. These results, taken together with the inhibition of hMPV infection by soluble G protein, indicate an important role for G protein and cellular GAGs in hMPV infection.
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Endo R, Ebihara T, Ishiguro N, Teramoto S, Ariga T, Sakata C, Hayashi A, Ishiko H, Kikuta H. Detection of four genetic subgroup-specific antibodies to human metapneumovirus attachment (G) protein in human serum. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1970-1977. [PMID: 18632969 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) strains are classified into two genetic groups, A and B, each of which is further divided in two genetic subgroups, A1, A2, B1 and B2. hMPV encodes two major surface glycoproteins, the fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins, which may be immunogenic and protective antigens. Although the amino acid sequences of hMPV F protein are highly conserved, those of the G protein are highly variable with low amino acid identity between the two groups. To address the antigenic variation between the genetic subgroups, we developed an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) method using Trichoplusia ni (Tn5) insect cells infected with each recombinant baculovirus-expressed hMPV G (Bac-G) protein of the four genetic subgroups. The titre of each antibody to the four Bac-G proteins was measured by the IFA in 12 paired serum samples obtained from children infected with hMPV of each genetic subgroup. Although 11 of the 12 acute-phase serum samples in paired samples were negative for the antibody to any Bac-G proteins, all of the convalescent-phase serum samples in those paired samples were positive for the antibody to only one of the four Bac-G proteins of the infecting genotype of hMPV. Since the antibody response to hMPV G protein was transient and genetic subgroup-specific without cross-reactivity, four genetic subgroups on the basis of hMPV G protein could be identified as different serotypes. This assay may be useful for the study of immune responses of humans to different hMPV strains, especially for clarifying the risk of reinfection with hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ebihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Ishiguro
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Teramoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ariga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Akio Hayashi
- Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Padhi A, Verghese B. Positive natural selection in the evolution of human metapneumovirus attachment glycoprotein. Virus Res 2007; 131:121-31. [PMID: 17931731 PMCID: PMC7114232 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a newly discovered virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, has been associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections in different age groups in many countries. The putative attachment (G) glycoprotein of this virus was previously reported to have shown more extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence polymorphism than any other genomic regions of this virus, leading to four sub-lineages. Using a maximum likelihood-based codon substitution model of sequence evolution, here we report that sequences of extracellular domain of 8 amino acid sites in lineage 1a, and 3 amino acid sites each in lineage 1b, 2a, and 2b have a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions (d(N)) than the synonymous substitutions (d(S)) with a posterior probability above 0.95, thus suggesting the evidence of adaptive evolution driven by Darwinian selection. Although it is unclear whether these amino acid adaptations are driven by differential immune pressure or some other factors, identification of these positively selected amino acid sites would help in better screening using epitope mapping technology to identify and localize the sites that can be recognized by the immune system. We also observed surprisingly higher nucleotide substitution rates per site, per year for each lineage of hMPV than the rates that were previously reported for the human respiratory syncytial virus, suggesting rapid evolutionary dynamics of hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Padhi
- Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, 600 S. College Ave. Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.
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Liu L, Bastien N, Li Y. Intracellular processing, glycosylation, and cell surface expression of human metapneumovirus attachment glycoprotein. J Virol 2007; 81:13435-43. [PMID: 17913798 PMCID: PMC2168831 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01469-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis and posttranslational processing of human metapneumovirus attachment G glycoprotein were investigated. After pulse-labeling, the G protein accumulated as three species with molecular weights of 45,000, 50,000, and 53,000 (45K, 50K, and 53K, respectively). N-Glycosidase digestion indicated that these forms represent the unglycosylated precursor and N-glycosylated intermediate products, respectively. After an appropriate chase, these three naive forms were further processed to a mature 97K form. The presence of O-linked sugars in mature G protein was confirmed by O-glycanase digestion and lectin-binding assay using Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin), an O-glycan-specific lectin. In addition, in the O-glycosylation-deficient cell line (CHO ldlD cell), the G protein could not be processed to the mature form unless the exogenous Gal and GalNAc were supplemented, which provided added evidence supporting the O-linked glycosylation of G protein. The maturation of G was completely blocked by monensin but was partially sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), suggesting the O-linked glycosylation of G initiated in the trans-Golgi compartment and terminated in the trans-Golgi network. Enzymatic deglycosylation analysis confirmed that the BFA-G was a partial mature form containing N-linked oligosaccharides and various amounts of O-linked carbohydrate side chains. The expression of G protein at the cell surface could be detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining assay. Furthermore, cell surface immunoprecipitation displayed an efficient intracellular transport of G protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Liu L, Bastien N, Sidaway F, Chan E, Li Y. Seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan analyzed by a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Med Virol 2007; 79:308-13. [PMID: 17245714 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly identified respiratory virus associated with respiratory tract infection in both adults and children. Previous reports showed that infection of hMPV appeared to be ubiquitous. To determine the seroprevalence of hMPV, a total of 576 human sera from patients in Saskatchewan, Canada, were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on expression of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of hMPV in recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant N protein with a molecular mass of 43.5 kDa was abundantly produced in insect cells. Moreover, the recombinant N proteins of the prototype viruses for the two major groups of hMPV have cross-antigenicity. The seropositive rate for each age group was 13.5% (13/96) (0-5 years), 26.1% (25/96) (6-10 years), 32.3% (31/96) (11-15 years), 99.0% (95/96) (16-30 years), 91.7% (88/96) (31-60 years), and 93.8% (90/96) (61+ years), respectively. The data indicated that exposure to hMPV is a common phenomenon. The ELISA based on recombinant baculovirus produced N protein of hMPV provides a useful tool for seroepidemiological study of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Abstract
Pneumovirus infection remains a significant problem for both human and veterinary medicine. Both avian pneumovirus (aMPV, Turkey rhinotracheitis virus) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are pathogens of birds and humans, which are associated with respiratory tract infections. Based on their different genomic organization and low level of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) identity with paramyxoviruses in the genus Pneumovirus, aMPV and hMPV have been classified into a new genus referred to as Metapneumovirus. The advancement of our understanding of pneumovirus biology and pathogenesis of pneumovirus disease in specific natural hosts can provide us with strategies for vaccine formulations and combined antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Broor
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Buchholz UJ, Nagashima K, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Live vaccines for human metapneumovirus designed by reverse genetics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 5:695-706. [PMID: 17181442 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.5.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was first described in 2001 and has quickly become recognized as an important cause of respiratory tract disease worldwide, especially in the pediatric population. A vaccine against HMPV is required to prevent severe disease associated with infection in infancy. The primary strategy is to develop a live-attenuated virus for intranasal immunization, which is particularly well suited against a respiratory virus. Reverse genetics provides a means of developing highly characterized 'designer' attenuated vaccine candidates. To date, several promising vaccine candidates have been developed, each using a different mode of attenuation. One candidate involves deletion of the G glycoprotein, providing attenuation that is probably based on reduced efficiency of attachment. A second candidate involves deletion of the M2-2 protein, which participates in regulating RNA synthesis and whose deletion has the advantageous property of upregulating transcription and increasing antigen synthesis. A third candidate involves replacing the P protein gene of HMPV with its counterpart from the related avian metapneumovirus, thereby introducing attenuation owing to its chimeric nature and host range restriction. Another live vaccine strategy involves using an attenuated parainfluenza virus as a vector to express HMPV protective antigens, providing a bivalent pediatric vaccine. Additional modifications to provide improved vaccines will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, Room 6505, 50 South Dr. MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), first isolated in the Netherlands in 2001, is a member of the genus Metapneumovirus of the sub-family Pneumovirinae of the family Paramyxoviridae. The genomic organization of hMPV is 3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5'. hMPV resembles the sole member of this genus, avian pneumovirus. hMPV is the most closely related human pathogen to respiratory syncytial virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that there were two genetic groups. Furthermore, each group could be subdivided into two subgroups. hMPV encodes three surface proteins, F, G and SH proteins. The majority of antibodies to hMPV in serum were antibody against F protein, which mediates cross-group neutralization and protection. The incidences of hMPV-associated respiratory infection estimate 5 to 10% in children and 2 to 4% in adults. hMPV generally causes upper respiratory tract infection and flu-like illness, the virus can be associated with lower tract infections, such as wheezy bronchitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in very young children, elderly persons, and immunocompromised patients. hMPV has a seasonal peak during the spring in Japan. Reinfection with hMPV frequently occurs in children, implying that the host immune response induced by natural infection provides incomplete protection. The RT-PCR test is the most sensitive test for detection of hMPV.
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Guionie O, Toquin D, Sellal E, Bouley S, Zwingelstein F, Allée C, Bougeard S, Lemière S, Eterradossi N. Laboratory evaluation of a quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assay for the detection and identification of the four subgroups of avian metapneumovirus. J Virol Methods 2006; 139:150-8. [PMID: 17126416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is an important pathogen causing respiratory diseases and egg drops in several avian species. Four AMPV subgroups have been identified. The laboratory diagnosis of AMPV infections relies on serological methods, on labour-intensive virus isolation procedures, and on recently developed subgroup specific reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) protocols. In the present study, both the specificity and sensitivity of a commercial real-time reverse transcription PCR (RRT-PCR) for the detection and identification of the four AMPV subgroups were evaluated. Fifteen non-AMPV avian viruses belonging to 7 genera and 32 AMPV belonging to the 4 subgroups were tested. No non-AMPV virus was detected, whereas all AMPV viruses were identified in agreement with their previous molecular and antigenic subgroup assignment. The sensitivity and quantitating ability of the RRT-PCR assay were determined using serial dilutions of RNA derived either from AMPV virus stocks or from runoff transcripts. In all cases, linear dose/responses were observed. The detection limits of the different subgroups ranged from 500 to 5000 RNA copies and from 0.03 to 3.16TCID50/ml. The results were reproducible under laboratory conditions, thus showing that quantitative RRT-PCR is a new and powerful tool for the rapid and sensitive detection, identification and quantitation of AMPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Guionie
- French Agency for Food Safety (AFSSA), Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit (VIPAC), BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Gray GC, Capuano AW, Setterquist SF, Erdman DD, Nobbs ND, Abed Y, Doern GV, Starks SE, Boivin G. Multi-year study of human metapneumovirus infection at a large US Midwestern Medical Referral Center. J Clin Virol 2006; 37:269-76. [PMID: 17008122 PMCID: PMC1808498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of its recent identification, few multi-year epidemiologic studies of hMPV infection have been reported. OBJECTIVE We sought to retrospectively describe hMPV infections among patients evaluated by a large US Midwestern referral laboratory. STUDY DESIGN Clinical specimens were submitted to a large US Midwest referral hospital from 1 October 2001 to 18 May 2004. RT-PCR was used to retrospectively screen the clinical specimens for human metapneumovirus. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved. RESULTS 34 (2.6%) of 1294 specimens were hMPV positive. Among these, 21 (62%) were culture positive and available for genetic typing. A previously considered rare genotype of hMPV, B1, was the most common single genotype identified, comprising 9 (43%) of the 21 isolates. Multivariate logistic regression modeling identified patients aged 0.4-9 years (OR=8.9; 95% CI=2.0-38.5) and those under intensive care (OR=3.2; 95% CI=1.1-8.7) as more likely to have hMPV infection than their peers. CONCLUSION In this large referral hospital viral assays more often had evidence of hMPV when they were collected from children receiving intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Gray
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, 200 Hawkins Dr., C21-K GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Since the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 2001, the virus has been identified worldwide. hMPV is a common respiratory pathogen, particularly in infants and young children. The virus is associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections and may be a trigger for asthma. At least two major genotypes of hMPV circulate during community outbreaks. Whether these genotypes represent distinct serotypes remains controversial. The major challenges faced by the medical and scientific communities are the understanding of the pathogenesis of hMPV disease and the development of a safe and effective vaccine to protect against infection and disease caused by this newly recognized respiratory virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA.
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Galiano M, Trento A, Ver L, Carballal G, Videla C. Genetic heterogeneity of G and F protein genes from Argentinean human metapneumovirus strains. J Med Virol 2006; 78:631-7. [PMID: 16555281 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly identified paramixovirus, associated with respiratory illnesses in all age groups. Two genetic groups of hMPV have been described. The nucleotide sequences of the G and F genes from 11 Argentinean hMPV strains (1998-2003) were determined by RT-PCR and direct sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed that hMPV strains clustered into two main genetic lineages, A and B. Strains clustered into A group were split into two sublineages, A1 and A2. All strains belonging to group B clustered with representative strains from sublineage B1. No Argentinean strains belonged to sublineage B2. F sequences showed high percentage identities at nucleotide and amino acid levels. In contrast, G sequences showed high diversity between A and B groups. Most changes observed in the deduced G protein sequence were amino acid substitutions in the extracellular domain, and changes in stop codon usage leading to different lengths in the G proteins. High content of serine and threonine residues were also shown, suggesting that this protein would be highly glycosylated. The potential sites for N- and O-glycosylation seem to have a different conservation pattern between the two main groups. This is the first report on the genetic variability of the G and F protein genes of hMPV strains in South America. Two main genetic groups and at least three subgroups were revealed among Argentinean hMPV strains. The F protein seems to be highly conserved, whereas the G protein showed extensive diversity between groups A and B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Galiano
- Laboratorio de Virología Clínica, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas, CEMIC, Hospital Universitario, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Gray GC, Capuano AW, Setterquist SF, Sanchez JL, Neville JS, Olson J, Lebeck MGA, McCarthy T, Abed Y, Boivin G. Human metapneumovirus, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:347-50. [PMID: 16494771 PMCID: PMC1673211 DOI: 10.3201/eid1202.051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively studied 420 pharyngeal swab specimens collected from Peruvian and Argentinean patients with influenzalike illness in 2002 and 2003 for evidence of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). Twelve specimens (2.3%) were positive by multiple assays. Six specimens yielded HMPV isolates. Four of the 6 isolates were of the uncommon B1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Gray
- University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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42
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Herd KA, Mahalingam S, Mackay IM, Nissen M, Sloots TP, Tindle RW. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope vaccination protects against human metapneumovirus infection and disease in mice. J Virol 2006; 80:2034-44. [PMID: 16439559 PMCID: PMC1367143 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.4.2034-2044.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has emerged as an important human respiratory pathogen causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children and older adults. In addition, hMPV infection is associated with asthma exacerbation in young children. Recent epidemiological evidence indicates that hMPV may cocirculate with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and mediate clinical disease similar to that seen with hRSV. Therefore, a vaccine for hMPV is highly desirable. In the present study, we used predictive bioinformatics, peptide immunization, and functional T-cell assays to define hMPV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes recognized by mouse T cells restricted through several major histocompatibility complex class I alleles, including HLA-A*0201. We demonstrate that peptide immunization with hMPV CTL epitopes reduces viral load and immunopathology in the lungs of hMPV-challenged mice and enhances the expression of Th1-type cytokines (gamma interferon and interleukin-12 [IL-12]) in lungs and regional lymph nodes. In addition, we show that levels of Th2-type cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) are significantly lower in hMPV CTL epitope-vaccinated mice challenged with hMPV. These results demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of an hMPV CTL epitope vaccine in the control of hMPV infection in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Herd
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston QLD 4029, Australia
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Toquin D, Guionie O, Jestin V, Zwingelstein F, Allee C, Eterradossi N. European and American Subgroup C Isolates of Avian Metapneumovirus belong to Different Genetic Lineages. Virus Genes 2006; 32:97-103. [PMID: 16525740 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-5850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the attachment glycoprotein (G) was sequenced in three French isolates of-subgroup C avian metapneumovirus (APV-C) from ducks. With 1771 nt, this gene proved as long as recently published for North-American APV-C isolates from turkeys. The nt sequences of the duck viruses shared 99% identity but proved only 75-83% identical with their North-American counterparts, viruses of both origins encoding 585 amino acid (aa)-long G proteins. Alignments revealed more homogeneity within the European and North-American groups (at least 98 and 79% aa identity, respectively) than between European and North-American viruses (at best 70% a identity), and confirmed the presence of an extracellular divergent domain (positions 302-484) in APV-C G. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that North-American and French isolates of APV-C belonged to significantly different genetic lineages, in agreement with the different geographical origin and host species of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Toquin
- French Agency for Food Safety (AFSSA), Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and parasitology Unit (VIPAC), BP53, 22440, Ploufragan, France
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The human metapneumovirus: biology, epidemiological features, and clinical characteristics of infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.revmedmi.0000237165.94641.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bennett RS, LaRue R, Shaw D, Yu Q, Nagaraja KV, Halvorson DA, Njenga MK. A wild goose metapneumovirus containing a large attachment glycoprotein is avirulent but immunoprotective in domestic turkeys. J Virol 2005; 79:14834-42. [PMID: 16282483 PMCID: PMC1287544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14834-14842.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic structure and composition of an avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) recently isolated from wild Canada geese (goose 15a/01) in the United States, together with its replication, virulence, and immunogenicity in domestic turkeys, were investigated. The sizes of seven of the eight genes, sequence identity, and genome organization of goose aMPV were similar to those of turkey aMPV subtype C (aMPV/C) strains, indicating that it belonged to the subtype. However, the goose virus contained the largest attachment (G) gene of any pneumovirus or metapneumovirus, with the predicted G protein of 585 amino acids (aa) more than twice the sizes of G proteins from other subtype C viruses and human metapneumovirus and more than 170 aa larger than the G proteins from the other aMPV subtypes (subtypes A, B, and D). The large G gene resulted from a 1,015-nucleotide insertion at 18 nucleotides upstream of the termination signal of the turkey aMPV/C G gene. Three other aMPV isolates from Canada geese had similarly large G genes, whereas analysis of recent aMPV strains circulating in U.S. turkeys did not indicate the presence of the goose virus-like strain. In vitro, the goose virus replicated to levels (2 x 10(5) to 5 x 10(5) 50% tissue culture infective dose) comparable to those produced by turkey aMPV/C strains. More importantly, the virus replicated efficiently in the upper respiratory tract of domestic turkeys but with no clinical signs in either day-old or 2-week-old turkeys. The virus was also horizontally transmitted to naïve birds, and turkey infections with goose 15a/01 induced production of aMPV-specific antibodies. Challenging day-old or 2-week-old turkeys vaccinated with live goose aMPV resulted in lower clinical scores in 33% of the birds, whereas the rest of the birds had no detectable clinical signs of the upper respiratory disease, suggesting that the mutant virus may be a safe and effective vaccine against aMPV infection outbreaks in commercial turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Ma X, Endo R, Ebihara T, Ishiguro N, Ishiko H, Kikuta H. Production and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against human metapneumovirus F protein. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2005; 24:201-5. [PMID: 16120026 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2005.24.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) F protein promotes fusion of viral and cell membranes, and is thought to be a major antigenic determinant that mediates effective neutralization and protection against hMPV infection. In this paper, the development of two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by immunization with hMPVinfected cells is described. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using hMPV F protein-expressing cells indicated that two MAbs, designated 1G3 and 9B10, recognized hMPV F protein. Both MAbs were found to be reactive to two groups of hMPV by an IFA using two groups of hMPV-infected cells. The 9B10 mAb had strong neutralizing activity against both groups of hMPV, while the 1G3 MAb had only weak neutralization activity. These results indicate that the hMPV F protein is a major antigenic determinant that mediates extensive cross-lineage neutralization and protection. Production of MAbs to the hMPV F protein is critical for development of diagnostic techniques, vaccine research, and studies on viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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47
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Camps-Serra M, Marcos-Maeso MA, Pumarola-Suñé T. Metaneumovirus humano. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125:504-7. [PMID: 16238929 DOI: 10.1157/13080214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Camps-Serra
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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48
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Williams JV, Tollefson SJ, Johnson JE, Crowe JE. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a permissive small animal model of human metapneumovirus infection, pathogenesis, and protective immunity. J Virol 2005; 79:10944-51. [PMID: 16103146 PMCID: PMC1193579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.10944-10951.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly described paramyxovirus that is an important cause of acute respiratory tract disease. We undertook to develop a small animal model of hMPV infection, pathogenesis, and protection. Hamsters, guinea pigs, cotton rats, and nine inbred strains of mice were inoculated intranasally with hMPV. The animals were sacrificed, and nasal and lung tissue virus yields were determined by plaque titration. None of the animals exhibited respiratory symptoms. The quantity of virus present in the nasal tissue ranged from 4.6 x 10(2) PFU/gram tissue (C3H mice) to greater than 10(5) PFU/gram (hamster). The amount of virus in the lungs was considerably less than in nasal tissue in each species tested, ranging from undetectable (<5 PFU/g; guinea pigs) to 1.8 x 10(5) PFU/gram (cotton rat). The peak virus titer in cotton rat lungs occurred on day 4 postinfection. hMPV-infected cotton rat lungs examined on day 4 postinfection exhibited histopathological changes consisting of peribronchial inflammatory infiltrates. Immunohistochemical staining detected virus only at the luminal surfaces of respiratory epithelial cells throughout the respiratory tract. hMPV-infected cotton rats mounted virus-neutralizing antibody responses and were partially protected against virus shedding and lung pathology on subsequent rechallenge with hMPV. Viral antigen was undetectable in the lungs on challenge of previously infected animals. This study demonstrates that the cotton rat is a permissive small animal model of hMPV infection that exhibits lung histopathology associated with infection and that primary infection protected animals against subsequent infection. This model will allow further in vivo studies of hMPV pathogenesis and evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2581, USA.
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49
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Schickli JH, Kaur J, Ulbrandt N, Spaete RR, Tang RS. An S101P substitution in the putative cleavage motif of the human metapneumovirus fusion protein is a major determinant for trypsin-independent growth in vero cells and does not alter tissue tropism in hamsters. J Virol 2005; 79:10678-89. [PMID: 16051860 PMCID: PMC1182652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10678-10689.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a recently described paramyxovirus, is a major etiological agent for lower respiratory tract disease in young children that can manifest with severe cough, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. The hMPV fusion glycoprotein (F) shares conserved functional domains with other paramyxovirus F proteins that are important for virus entry and spread. For other paramyxovirus F proteins, cleavage of a precursor protein (F0) into F1 and F2 exposes a fusion peptide at the N terminus of the F1 fragment, a likely prerequisite for fusion activity. Many hMPV strains have been reported to require trypsin for growth in tissue culture. The majority of these strains contain RQSR at the putative cleavage site. However, strains hMPV/NL/1/00 and hMPV/NL/1/99 expanded in our laboratory contain the sequence RQPR and do not require trypsin for growth in Vero cells. The contribution of this single amino acid change was verified directly by generating recombinant virus (rhMPV/NL/1/00) with either proline or serine at position 101 in F. These results suggested that cleavage of F protein in Vero cells could be achieved by trypsin or S101P amino acid substitution in the putative cleavage site motif. Moreover, trypsin-independent cleavage of hMPV F containing 101P was enhanced by the amino acid substitution E93K. In hamsters, rhMPV/93K/101S and rhMPV/93K/101P grew to equivalent titers in the respiratory tract and replication was restricted to respiratory tissues. The ability of these hMPV strains to replicate efficiently in the absence of trypsin should greatly facilitate the generation, preclinical testing, and manufacturing of attenuated hMPV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne H Schickli
- MedImmune Vaccines, Inc., 297 N. Bernardo Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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Mahalingam S, Schwarze J, Zaid A, Nissen M, Sloots T, Tauro S, Storer J, Alvarez R, Tripp RA. Perspective on the host response to human metapneumovirus infection: what can we learn from respiratory syncytial virus infections? Microbes Infect 2005; 8:285-93. [PMID: 16182587 PMCID: PMC7110670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently discovered pathogen first identified in respiratory specimens from young children suffering from clinical respiratory syndromes ranging from mild to severe lower respiratory tract illness. HMPV has worldwide prevalence, and is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in the first years of life, with a spectrum of disease similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The disease burden associated with HMPV infection has not been fully elucidated; however, studies indicate that HMPV may cause upper or lower respiratory tract illness in patients between ages 2 months and 87 years, may co-circulate with RSV, and HMPV infection may be associated with asthma exacerbation. The mechanisms and effector pathways contributing to immunity or disease pathogenesis following infection are not fully understood; however, given the clinical significance of HMPV, there is a need for a fundamental understanding of the immune and pathophysiological processes that occur following infection to provide the foundation necessary for the development of effective vaccine or therapeutic intervention strategies. This review provides a current perspective on the processes associated with HMPV infection, immunity, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendran Mahalingam
- Viral Arthritis/Asthma Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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