1
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Zhao Z, He S, An H, Lei Z, Xie Y, Yuan W, Jiao J, Zhou K, Zhang Y, Ye J, Xie Z, Xiong J, Fang Z, He X, Wang W, Zhou W, Zhang B, Zhu S, Qiao B. Laboratory evidence of Weibel magnetogenesis driven by temperature gradient using three-dimensional synchronous proton radiography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk5229. [PMID: 38569034 PMCID: PMC10990267 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk5229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The origin of the cosmic magnetic field remains an unsolved mystery, relying not only on specific dynamo processes but also on the seed field to be amplified. Recently, the diffuse radio emission and Faraday rotation observations reveal that there has been a microgauss-level magnetic field in intracluster medium in the early universe, which places strong constraints on the strength of the initial field and implies the underlying kinetic effects; the commonly believed Biermann battery can only provide extremely weak seed of 10-21 G. Here, we present evidence for the spontaneous Weibel-type magnetogenesis in laser-produced weakly collisional plasma with the three-dimensional synchronous proton radiography, where the distribution anisotropy directly arises from the temperature gradient, even without the commonly considered interpenetrating plasmas or shear flows. This field can achieve sufficient strength and is sensitive to Coulomb collision. Our results demonstrate the importance of kinetics in magnetogenesis in weakly collisional astrophysical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Zhao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, and SKLNPT, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shukai He
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Honghai An
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, CAEP, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zhu Lei
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, and SKLNPT, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, and SKLNPT, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenqiang Yuan
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, and SKLNPT, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinlong Jiao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, and SKLNPT, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kainan Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yuxue Zhang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Junjian Ye
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, CAEP, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, CAEP, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, CAEP, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zhiheng Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, CAEP, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiantu He
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, CAEP, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Weimin Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Baohan Zhang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Shaoping Zhu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang 621900, China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, HEDPS, and SKLNPT, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronic, Peking University, Beijing 100094, China
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2
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Pearcy JA, Rosenberg MJ, Johnson TM, Sutcliffe GD, Reichelt BL, Hare JD, Loureiro NF, Petrasso RD, Li CK. Experimental Evidence of Plasmoids in High-β Magnetic Reconnection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:035101. [PMID: 38307081 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.035101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is a ubiquitous and fundamental process in plasmas by which magnetic fields change their topology and release magnetic energy. Despite decades of research, the physics governing the reconnection process in many parameter regimes remains controversial. Contemporary reconnection theories predict that long, narrow current sheets are susceptible to the tearing instability and split into isolated magnetic islands (or plasmoids), resulting in an enhanced reconnection rate. While several experimental observations of plasmoids in the regime of low-to-intermediate β (where β is the ratio of plasma thermal pressure to magnetic pressure) have been made, there is a relative lack of experimental evidence for plasmoids in the high-β reconnection environments which are typical in many space and astrophysical contexts. Here, we report strong experimental evidence for plasmoid formation in laser-driven high-β reconnection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pearcy
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B L Reichelt
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J D Hare
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N F Loureiro
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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3
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Hata M, Sano T, Iwata N, Sentoku Y. Optimum design of double-layer target for proton acceleration by ultrahigh intense femtosecond lasers considering relativistic rising edge. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:035205. [PMID: 37849131 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.035205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in laser technology have led to ever-increasing laser intensities. As a result, in addition to the amplified spontaneous emission and pedestal, it has become necessary to accurately treat the relativistic rising edge component. This component has not needed much consideration in the past because of its not relativistic intensity. In the previous study, a thin contamination layer was blown away from the target by the rear sheath field due to the relativistic rising edge component, and the target bulk was accelerated by the sheath field due to the main pulse. These indicated that the proton acceleration is not efficient in the target normal sheath acceleration by the ultrahigh intense femtosecond laser if the proton-containing layer is as thin as the contamination layer. Here we employ a double-layer target, making the second (rear) layer thick enough not to be blown away by the rising edge, so that the second layer is accelerated by the main pulse. The first layer is composed of heavy ions to reduce the total thickness of the target for efficient proton acceleration. We investigate an optimal design of a double-layer target for proton acceleration by the ultrahigh intense femtosecond laser considering the relativistic rising edge using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We also discuss how to optimize the design of such a double-layer target and find that it can be designed with two conditions: the first layer is not penetrated by hole boring, and the second layer is not blown away by the rising edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Hata
- Kansai Institute for Photon Science (KPSI), National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsumi Iwata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sentoku
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Gatu Johnson M. Charged particle diagnostics for inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density physics experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:021104. [PMID: 36859013 DOI: 10.1063/5.0127438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MeV-range ions generated in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high-energy-density physics experiments carry a wealth of information, including fusion reaction yield, rate, and spatial emission profile; implosion areal density; electron temperature and mix; and electric and magnetic fields. Here, the principles of how this information is obtained from data and the charged particle diagnostic suite currently available at the major US ICF facilities for making the measurements are reviewed. Time-integrating instruments using image plate, radiochromic film, and/or CR-39 detectors in different configurations for ion counting, spectroscopy, or emission profile measurements are described, along with time-resolving detectors using chemical vapor deposited diamonds coupled to oscilloscopes or scintillators coupled to streak cameras for measuring the timing of ion emission. A brief description of charged-particle radiography setups for probing subject plasma experiments is also given. The goal of the paper is to provide the reader with a broad overview of available capabilities, with reference to resources where more detailed information can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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5
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Sutcliffe GD, Pearcy JA, Johnson TM, Adrian PJ, Kabadi NV, Pollock B, Moody JD, Petrasso RD, Li CK. Experiments on the dynamics and scaling of spontaneous-magnetic-field saturation in laser-produced plasmas. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:L063202. [PMID: 35854613 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.l063202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In laser-produced high-energy-density plasmas, large-scale strong magnetic fields are spontaneously generated by the Biermann battery effects when temperature and density gradients are misaligned. Saturation of the magnetic field takes place when convection and dissipation balance field generation. While theoretical and numerical modeling provide useful insight into the saturation mechanisms, experimental demonstration remains elusive. In this letter, we report an experiment on the saturation dynamics and scaling of Biermann battery magnetic field in the regime where plasma convection dominates. With time-gated charged-particle radiography and time-resolved Thomson scattering, the field structure and evolution as well as corresponding plasma conditions are measured. In these conditions, the spatially resolved magnetic fields are reconstructed, leading to a picture of field saturation with a scaling of B∼1/L_{T} for a convectively dominated plasma, a regime where the temperature gradient scale (L_{T}) exceeds the ion skin depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Pearcy
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T M Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N V Kabadi
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - B Pollock
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J D Moody
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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6
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Malko S, Johnson C, Schaeffer DB, Fox W, Fiksel G. Design of proton deflectometry with in situ x-ray fiducial for magnetized high-energy-density systems. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:C133-C142. [PMID: 35201028 DOI: 10.1364/ao.448294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a design and implementation of proton deflectometry with an in situ reference x-ray image of a mesh to precisely measure non-uniform magnetic fields in expanding plasmas at the OMEGA and OMEGA EP laser facilities. The technique has been developed with proton and x-ray sources generated from both directly driven capsule implosions and short pulse laser-solid interactions. The accuracy of the measurement depends on the contrast of both the proton and x-ray images. We present numerical and analytic studies to optimize the image contrast using a variety of mesh materials and grid spacings. Our results show clear enhancement of the image contrast by factors of four to six using a high Z mesh with large grid spacing. This leads to further improvement in the accuracy of the magnetic field measurement using this technique in comparison with its first demonstration at the OMEGA laser facility [Rev. Sci. Instrum.93, 023502 (2022)RSINAK0034-674810.1063/5.0064263].
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7
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Johnson CL, Malko S, Fox W, Schaeffer DB, Fiksel G, Adrian PJ, Sutcliffe GD, Birkel A. Proton deflectometry with in situ x-ray reference for absolute measurement of electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:023502. [PMID: 35232152 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a technique of proton deflectometry that uses a grid and an in situ reference x-ray grid image for precise measurements of magnetic fields in high-energy-density plasmas. A D3He fusion implosion provides a bright point source of both protons and x-rays, which is split into beamlets by a grid. The protons undergo deflections as they propagate through the plasma region of interest, whereas the x-rays travel along straight lines. The x-ray image, therefore, provides a zero-deflection reference image. The line-integrated magnetic fields are inferred from the shifts of beamlets between the deflected (proton) and reference (x-ray) images. We developed a system for analysis of these data, including automatic algorithms to find beamlet locations and to calculate their deflections from the reference image. The technique is verified in an experiment performed at OMEGA to measure a nonuniform magnetic field in vacuum and then applied to observe the interaction of an expanding plasma plume with the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Johnson
- Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
| | - S Malko
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - W Fox
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D B Schaeffer
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - G Fiksel
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Spiers BT, Aboushelbaya R, Feng Q, Mayr MW, Ouatu I, Paddock RW, Timmis R, Wang RHW, Norreys PA. Methods for extremely sparse-angle proton tomography. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:045201. [PMID: 34781464 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.045201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proton radiography is a widely fielded diagnostic used to measure magnetic structures in plasma. The deflection of protons with multi-MeV kinetic energy by the magnetic fields is used to infer their path-integrated field strength. Here the use of tomographic methods is proposed for the first time to lift the degeneracy inherent in these path-integrated measurements, allowing full reconstruction of spatially resolved magnetic field structures in three dimensions. Two techniques are proposed which improve the performance of tomographic reconstruction algorithms in cases with severely limited numbers of available probe beams, as is the case in laser-plasma interaction experiments where the probes are created by short, high-power laser pulse irradiation of secondary foil targets. A new configuration allowing production of more proton beams from a single short laser pulse is also presented and proposed for use in tandem with these analytical advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Spiers
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Aboushelbaya
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Q Feng
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M W Mayr
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - I Ouatu
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R W Paddock
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Timmis
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R H-W Wang
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, Atomic and Laser Physics sub-Department, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.,Central Laser Facility, UKRI-STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.,John Adams Institute, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
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9
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Enhanced X-ray emission arising from laser-plasma confinement by a strong transverse magnetic field. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8180. [PMID: 33854146 PMCID: PMC8047033 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze, using experiments and 3D MHD numerical simulations, the dynamic and radiative properties of a plasma ablated by a laser (1 ns, 10\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{12}$$\end{document}12–10\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{13}$$\end{document}13 W/cm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^2$$\end{document}2) from a solid target as it expands into a homogeneous, strong magnetic field (up to 30 T) that is transverse to its main expansion axis. We find that as early as 2 ns after the start of the expansion, the plasma becomes constrained by the magnetic field. As the magnetic field strength is increased, more plasma is confined close to the target and is heated by magnetic compression. We also observe that after \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim 8$$\end{document}∼8 ns, the plasma is being overall shaped in a slab, with the plasma being compressed perpendicularly to the magnetic field, and being extended along the magnetic field direction. This dense slab rapidly expands into vacuum; however, it contains only \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sim 2\%$$\end{document}∼2% of the total plasma. As a result of the higher density and increased heating of the plasma confined against the laser-irradiated solid target, there is a net enhancement of the total X-ray emissivity induced by the magnetization.
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10
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Kumar R, Sakawa Y, Sano T, Döhl LNK, Woolsey N, Morace A. Ion acceleration at two collisionless shocks in a multicomponent plasma. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:043201. [PMID: 34005941 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.043201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intense laser-plasma interactions are an essential tool for the laboratory study of ion acceleration at a collisionless shock. With two-dimensional particle-in-cell calculations of a multicomponent plasma we observe two electrostatic collisionless shocks at two distinct longitudinal positions when driven with a linearly polarized laser at normalized laser vector potential a_{0} that exceeds 10. Moreover, these shocks, associated with protons and carbon ions, show a power-law dependence on a_{0} and accelerate ions to different velocities in an expanding upstream with higher flux than in a single-component hydrogen or carbon plasma. This results from an electrostatic ion two-stream instability caused by differences in the charge-to-mass ratio of different ions. Particle acceleration in collisionless shocks in multicomponent plasma are ubiquitous in space and astrophysics, and these calculations identify the possibility for studying these complex processes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Youichi Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Leonard N K Döhl
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10-5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Woolsey
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10-5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Morace
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Understanding magnetic-field generation and amplification in turbulent plasma is essential to account for observations of magnetic fields in the universe. A theoretical framework attributing the origin and sustainment of these fields to the so-called fluctuation dynamo was recently validated by experiments on laser facilities in low-magnetic-Prandtl-number plasmas ([Formula: see text]). However, the same framework proposes that the fluctuation dynamo should operate differently when [Formula: see text], the regime relevant to many astrophysical environments such as the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. This paper reports an experiment that creates a laboratory [Formula: see text] plasma dynamo. We provide a time-resolved characterization of the plasma's evolution, measuring temperatures, densities, flow velocities, and magnetic fields, which allows us to explore various stages of the fluctuation dynamo's operation on seed magnetic fields generated by the action of the Biermann-battery mechanism during the initial drive-laser target interaction. The magnetic energy in structures with characteristic scales close to the driving scale of the stochastic motions is found to increase by almost three orders of magnitude and saturate dynamically. It is shown that the initial growth of these fields occurs at a much greater rate than the turnover rate of the driving-scale stochastic motions. Our results point to the possibility that plasma turbulence produced by strong shear can generate fields more efficiently at the driving scale than anticipated by idealized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the nonhelical fluctuation dynamo; this finding could help explain the large-scale fields inferred from observations of astrophysical systems.
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12
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Ridgers CP, Arran C, Bissell JJ, Kingham RJ. The inadequacy of a magnetohydrodynamic approach to the Biermann battery. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200017. [PMID: 33280564 PMCID: PMC7741009 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields can be generated in plasmas by the Biermann battery when the electric field produced by the electron pressure gradient has a curl. The commonly employed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the Biermann battery breaks down when the electron distribution function is distorted away from Maxwellian. Using both MHD and kinetic simulations of a laser-plasma interaction relevant to inertial confinement fusion we have shown that this distortion can reduce the Biermann-producing electric field by around 50%. More importantly, the use of a flux limiter in an MHD treatment to deal with the effect of the non-Maxwellian electron distribution on electron thermal transport leads to a completely unphysical prediction of the Biermann-producing electric field and so results in erroneous predictions for the generated magnetic field. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Ridgers
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Arran
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK
| | - J. J. Bissell
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, UK
| | - R. J. Kingham
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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13
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Observations of pressure anisotropy effects within semi-collisional magnetized plasma bubbles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:334. [PMID: 33436570 PMCID: PMC8115095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetized plasma interactions are ubiquitous in astrophysical and
laboratory plasmas. Various physical effects have been shown to be important within
colliding plasma flows influenced by opposing magnetic fields, however, experimental
verification of the mechanisms within the interaction region has remained elusive.
Here we discuss a laser-plasma experiment whereby experimental results verify that
Biermann battery generated magnetic fields are advected by Nernst flows and
anisotropic pressure effects dominate these flows in a reconnection region. These
fields are mapped using time-resolved proton probing in multiple directions. Various
experimental, modelling and analytical techniques demonstrate the importance of
anisotropic pressure in semi-collisional, high-β
plasmas, causing a reduction in the magnitude of the reconnecting fields when
compared to resistive processes. Anisotropic pressure dynamics are crucial in
collisionless plasmas, but are often neglected in collisional plasmas. We show
pressure anisotropy to be essential in maintaining the interaction layer,
redistributing magnetic fields even for semi-collisional, high energy density
physics (HEDP) regimes. Magnetic fields can be reorganized by plasma flows and lead to effects
such as magnetic reconnection. Here the authors explore the evolution of
magnetized-plasma bubbles in a semi-collisional regime and the role of pressure
anisotropy in influencing the flow of the laser-produced plasma.
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14
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Law KFF, Abe Y, Morace A, Arikawa Y, Sakata S, Lee S, Matsuo K, Morita H, Ochiai Y, Liu C, Yogo A, Okamoto K, Golovin D, Ehret M, Ozaki T, Nakai M, Sentoku Y, Santos JJ, d'Humières E, Korneev P, Fujioka S. Relativistic magnetic reconnection in laser laboratory for testing an emission mechanism of hard-state black hole system. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:033202. [PMID: 33075864 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.033202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection in a relativistic electron magnetization regime was observed in a laboratory plasma produced by a high-intensity, large energy, picoseconds laser pulse. Magnetic reconnection conditions realized with a laser-driven several kilotesla magnetic field is comparable to that in the accretion disk corona of black hole systems, i.e., Cygnus X-1. We observed particle energy distributions of reconnection outflow jets, which possess a power-law component in a high-energy range. The hardness of the observed spectra could explain the hard-state x-ray emission from accreting black hole systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F F Law
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y Abe
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - A Morace
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Arikawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Sakata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Administration and Technology Center for Science and Engineering, Technology Management Division, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - S Lee
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Matsuo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Energy Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - H Morita
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Ochiai
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - C Liu
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - A Yogo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honmachi, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - K Okamoto
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - D Golovin
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Ehret
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence, France.,Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - T Ozaki
- National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 322-6 Oroshi-Cho, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
| | - M Nakai
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Sentoku
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J J Santos
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence, France
| | - E d'Humières
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, Talence, France
| | - Ph Korneev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 31 Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, 115409, Russian Federation.,P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - S Fujioka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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15
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Wan Y, Andriyash IA, Lu W, Mori WB, Malka V. Effects of the Transverse Instability and Wave Breaking on the Laser-Driven Thin Foil Acceleration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:104801. [PMID: 32955303 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acceleration of ultrathin foils by the laser radiation pressure promises a compact alternative to the conventional ion sources. Among the challenges on the way to practical realization, one fundamental is a strong transverse plasma instability, which develops density perturbations and breaks the acceleration. In this Letter, we develop a theoretical model supported by three-dimensional numerical simulations to explain the transverse instability growth from noise to wave breaking and its crucial effect on stopping the acceleration. The wave-broken nonlinear mode triggers rapid stochastic heating that finally explodes the target. Possible paths to mitigate this problem for getting efficient ion acceleration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - I A Andriyash
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W B Mori
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Malka
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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16
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Lu Y, Li H, Flippo KA, Kelso K, Liao A, Li S, Liang E. MPRAD: A Monte Carlo and ray-tracing code for the proton radiography in high-energy-density plasma experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123503. [PMID: 31893788 DOI: 10.1063/1.5123392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Proton radiography is used in various high-energy-density (HED) plasma experiments. In this paper, we describe a Monte Carlo and ray-tracing simulation tool called multimegaelectronvolt proton radiography (MPRAD) that can be used for modeling the deflection of proton beams in arbitrary three dimensional electromagnetic fields as well as the diffusion of the proton beams by Coulomb scattering and stopping power. The Coulomb scattering and stopping power models in cold matter and fully ionized plasma are combined using interpolation. We discuss the application of MPRAD in a few setups relevant to HED plasma experiments where the plasma density can play a role in diffusing the proton beams and affecting the prediction and interpretation of the proton images. It is shown how the diffusion due to plasma density can affect the resolution and dynamical range of the proton radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Lu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Kirk A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Kwyntero Kelso
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Andy Liao
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Shengtai Li
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Edison Liang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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17
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Li CK, Tikhonchuk VT, Moreno Q, Sio H, D'Humières E, Ribeyre X, Korneev P, Atzeni S, Betti R, Birkel A, Campbell EM, Follett RK, Frenje JA, Hu SX, Koenig M, Sakawa Y, Sangster TC, Seguin FH, Takabe H, Zhang S, Petrasso RD. Collisionless Shocks Driven by Supersonic Plasma Flows with Self-Generated Magnetic Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:055002. [PMID: 31491329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe as a consequence of supersonic plasma flows sweeping through interstellar and intergalactic media. These shocks are the cause of many observed astrophysical phenomena, but details of shock structure and behavior remain controversial because of the lack of ways to study them experimentally. Laboratory experiments reported here, with astrophysically relevant plasma parameters, demonstrate for the first time the formation of a quasiperpendicular magnetized collisionless shock. In the upstream it is fringed by a filamented turbulent region, a rudiment for a secondary Weibel-driven shock. This turbulent structure is found responsible for electron acceleration to energies exceeding the average energy by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V T Tikhonchuk
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, 33405 Talence, France
- ELI-Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - Q Moreno
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, 33405 Talence, France
- ELI-Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25241 Dolní Břežany, Czech Republic
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E D'Humières
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, 33405 Talence, France
| | - X Ribeyre
- Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Ph Korneev
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation
- P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - S Atzeni
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università di Roma "La Sapienza," I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - E M Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - R K Follett
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Koenig
- Laboratorire pour l'Utilisation de Lasers Intenses, CNRS CEA, Université Paris VI, École Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Y Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - F H Seguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Takabe
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S Zhang
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Masson-Laborde PE, Laffite S, Li CK, Wilks SC, Riquier R, Petrasso RD, Kluth G, Tassin V. Interpretation of proton radiography experiments of hohlraums with three-dimensional simulations. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:053207. [PMID: 31212418 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.053207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Proton radiography experiments of laser-irradiated hohlraums performed at the OMEGA laser facility are analyzed using three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic simulations coupled to a proton trajectography package. Experiments with three different laser irradiation patterns were performed, and each produced a distinct proton image. By comparing these results with synthetic proton images obtained by sending protons through plasma profiles in the hohlraum obtained from 3D radiation hydrodynamic simulations, it is found that the simulated images agree favorably with the experimental images when electric fields, due to the electron pressure gradients that arise from 3D structures occurring during plasma expansion, are included. These comparisons provide quantitative estimates of the electric field present inside the hohlraums.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Laffite
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Riquier
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Kluth
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - V Tassin
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
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19
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhu B, Jiang W, Cheng L, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zhao X, Yuan X, Tong B, Zhong J, He S, Lu F, Wu Y, Zhou W, Zhang F, Zhou K, Xie N, Huang Z, Gu Y, Weng S, Xu M, Li Y, Li Y. An angular-resolved multi-channel Thomson parabola spectrometer for laser-driven ion measurement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:093302. [PMID: 30278712 DOI: 10.1063/1.5042424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A multi-channel Thomson parabola spectrometer was designed and employed to diagnose ion beams driven by intense laser pulses. Angular-resolved energy spectra for different ion species can be measured in a single shot. It contains parallel dipole magnets and wedged electrodes to fit ion dispersion of different charge-to-mass ratios. The diameter and separation of the entrance pinhole channels were designed properly to provide sufficient resolution and avoid overlapping of dispersed ion beams. To obtain a precise energy spectral resolving, three-dimensional distributions of the electric and magnetic fields were simulated. Experimental measurement of energy-dependent angular distributions of target normal sheath accelerated protons and deuterons was demonstrated. This novel compact design provides a comprehensive characterization for ion beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Baojun Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiman Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Physics, College of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaohui Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bowei Tong
- Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiayong Zhong
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shukai He
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Yuchi Wu
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Weimin Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Faqiang Zhang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Kainan Zhou
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Na Xie
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory, Research Center of Laser Fusion, CAEP, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Yuqiu Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Suming Weng
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Miaohua Xu
- Department of Physics, College of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Physics, College of Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Wan Y, Pai CH, Zhang CJ, Li F, Wu YP, Hua JF, Lu W, Joshi C, Mori WB, Malka V. Physical mechanism of the electron-ion coupled transverse instability in laser pressure ion acceleration for different regimes. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:013202. [PMID: 30110864 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.013202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In radiation pressure ion acceleration (RPA) research, the transverse stability within laser plasma interaction has been a long-standing, crucial problem over the past decades. In this paper, we present a one-dimensional two-fluid theory extended from a recent work Wan et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 234801 (2016)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.117.234801 to clearly clarify the origin of the intrinsic transverse instability in the RPA process. It is demonstrated that the purely growing density fluctuations are more likely induced due to the strong coupling between the fast oscillating electrons and quasistatic ions via the ponderomotive force with spatial variations. The theory contains a full analysis of both electrostatic (ES) and electromagnetic modes and confirms that the ES mode actually dominates the whole RPA process at the early linear stage. By using this theory one can predict the mode structure and growth rate of the transverse instability in terms of a wide range of laser plasma parameters. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are systematically carried out to verify the theory and formulas in different regimes, and good agreements have been obtained, indicating that the electron-ion coupled instability is the major factor that contributes the transverse breakup of the target in RPA process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C J Zhang
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Li
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C Joshi
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W B Mori
- University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - V Malka
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA-CNRS-Ecole Polytechnique, UMR7639, 91761 Palaiseau, France
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21
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Tzeferacos P, Rigby A, Bott AFA, Bell AR, Bingham R, Casner A, Cattaneo F, Churazov EM, Emig J, Fiuza F, Forest CB, Foster J, Graziani C, Katz J, Koenig M, Li CK, Meinecke J, Petrasso R, Park HS, Remington BA, Ross JS, Ryu D, Ryutov D, White TG, Reville B, Miniati F, Schekochihin AA, Lamb DQ, Froula DH, Gregori G. Laboratory evidence of dynamo amplification of magnetic fields in a turbulent plasma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:591. [PMID: 29426891 PMCID: PMC5807305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the Universe. The energy density of these fields is typically comparable to the energy density of the fluid motions of the plasma in which they are embedded, making magnetic fields essential players in the dynamics of the luminous matter. The standard theoretical model for the origin of these strong magnetic fields is through the amplification of tiny seed fields via turbulent dynamo to the level consistent with current observations. However, experimental demonstration of the turbulent dynamo mechanism has remained elusive, since it requires plasma conditions that are extremely hard to re-create in terrestrial laboratories. Here we demonstrate, using laser-produced colliding plasma flows, that turbulence is indeed capable of rapidly amplifying seed fields to near equipartition with the turbulent fluid motions. These results support the notion that turbulent dynamo is a viable mechanism responsible for the observed present-day magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tzeferacos
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - A Rigby
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A F A Bott
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A R Bell
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Bingham
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - A Casner
- CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297, Arpajon, France
| | - F Cattaneo
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - E M Churazov
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85741, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute (IKI), Profsouznaya 84/32, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - J Emig
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - C B Forest
- Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - J Foster
- AWE, Aldermaston, Reading, West Berkshire, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - C Graziani
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - J Katz
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - M Koenig
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation de Lasers Intenses, UMR7605, CNRS CEA, Université Paris VI Ecole Polytechnique, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - C-K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J Meinecke
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D Ryu
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 689-798, Korea
| | - D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - T G White
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - B Reville
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - F Miniati
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 27, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - A A Schekochihin
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - D Q Lamb
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, 250 E. River Rd, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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22
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Graziani C, Tzeferacos P, Lamb DQ, Li C. Inferring morphology and strength of magnetic fields from proton radiographs. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:123507. [PMID: 29289159 DOI: 10.1063/1.5013029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton radiography is an important diagnostic method for laser plasma experiments and is particularly important in the analysis of magnetized plasmas. The theory of radiographic image analysis has heretofore only permitted somewhat limited analysis of the radiographs of such plasmas. We furnish here a theory that remedies this deficiency. We show that to linear order in magnetic field gradients, proton radiographs are projection images of the MHD current along the proton trajectories. We demonstrate that in the linear regime (i.e., the small image contrast regime), the full structure of the projected perpendicular magnetic field can be reconstructed by solving a steady-state inhomogeneous 2-dimensional diffusion equation sourced by the radiograph fluence contrast data. We explore the validity of the scheme with increasing image contrast, as well as limitations of the inversion method due to the Poisson noise, discretization errors, radiograph edge effects, and obstruction by laser target structures. We also provide a separate analysis that is suited to the inference of isotropic-homogeneous magnetic turbulence spectra. Finally, we discuss extension of these results to the nonlinear regime (i.e., the order unity image contrast regime).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Graziani
- Flash Center for Computational Science, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Petros Tzeferacos
- Flash Center for Computational Science, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Donald Q Lamb
- Flash Center for Computational Science, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Chikang Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NW17-239, 175 Albany St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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23
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Chen NFY, Kasim MF, Ceurvorst L, Ratan N, Sadler J, Levy MC, Trines R, Bingham R, Norreys P. Machine learning applied to proton radiography of high-energy-density plasmas. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:043305. [PMID: 28505758 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.043305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Proton radiography is a technique extensively used to resolve magnetic field structures in high-energy-density plasmas, revealing a whole variety of interesting phenomena such as magnetic reconnection and collisionless shocks found in astrophysical systems. Existing methods of analyzing proton radiographs give mostly qualitative results or specific quantitative parameters, such as magnetic field strength, and recent work showed that the line-integrated transverse magnetic field can be reconstructed in specific regimes where many simplifying assumptions were needed. Using artificial neural networks, we demonstrate for the first time 3D reconstruction of magnetic fields in the nonlinear regime, an improvement over existing methods, which reconstruct only in 2D and in the linear regime. A proof of concept is presented here, with mean reconstruction errors of less than 5% even after introducing noise. We demonstrate that over the long term, this approach is more computationally efficient compared to other techniques. We also highlight the need for proton tomography because (i) certain field structures cannot be reconstructed from a single radiograph and (ii) errors can be further reduced when reconstruction is performed on radiographs generated by proton beams fired in different directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Y Chen
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke Ceurvorst
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Naren Ratan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - James Sadler
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C Levy
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Raoul Trines
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bingham
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Norreys
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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24
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Cialfi L, Fedeli L, Passoni M. Electron heating in subpicosecond laser interaction with overdense and near-critical plasmas. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:053201. [PMID: 27967191 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.053201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigate electron heating induced by intense laser interaction with micrometric flat solid foils in the context of laser-driven ion acceleration. We propose a simple law to predict the electron temperature in a wider range of laser parameters with respect to commonly used existing models. An extensive two-dimensional (2D) and 3D numerical campaign shows that electron heating is due to the combined actions of j×B and Brunel effect. Electron temperature can be well described with a simple function of pulse intensity and angle of incidence, with parameters dependent on pulse polarization. We then combine our model for the electron temperature with an existing model for laser-ion acceleration, using recent experimental results as a benchmark. We also discuss an exploratory attempt to model electron temperature for multilayered foam-attached targets, which have been proven recently to be an attractive target concept for laser-driven ion acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cialfi
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano University, Milan, Italy
| | - L Fedeli
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano University, Milan, Italy
| | - M Passoni
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano University, Milan, Italy
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25
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Li CK, Tzeferacos P, Lamb D, Gregori G, Norreys PA, Rosenberg MJ, Follett RK, Froula DH, Koenig M, Seguin FH, Frenje JA, Rinderknecht HG, Sio H, Zylstra AB, Petrasso RD, Amendt PA, Park HS, Remington BA, Ryutov DD, Wilks SC, Betti R, Frank A, Hu SX, Sangster TC, Hartigan P, Drake RP, Kuranz CC, Lebedev SV, Woolsey NC. Scaled laboratory experiments explain the kink behaviour of the Crab Nebula jet. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13081. [PMID: 27713403 PMCID: PMC5059765 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable discovery by the Chandra X-ray observatory that the Crab nebula's jet periodically changes direction provides a challenge to our understanding of astrophysical jet dynamics. It has been suggested that this phenomenon may be the consequence of magnetic fields and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, but experimental demonstration in a controlled laboratory environment has remained elusive. Here we report experiments that use high-power lasers to create a plasma jet that can be directly compared with the Crab jet through well-defined physical scaling laws. The jet generates its own embedded toroidal magnetic fields; as it moves, plasma instabilities result in multiple deflections of the propagation direction, mimicking the kink behaviour of the Crab jet. The experiment is modelled with three-dimensional numerical simulations that show exactly how the instability develops and results in changes of direction of the jet. The periodical change of the Crab nebula's jet direction challenges our understanding of astrophysical jet dynamics. Here the authors use high-power lasers to create a jet that can be directly compared to the Crab nebula's, and report the detection of plasma instabilities that mimic kink behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - P Tzeferacos
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - D Lamb
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - P A Norreys
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - R K Follett
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Koenig
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Université Paris-Saclay; UPMC Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France.,Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - F H Seguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - H Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - P A Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - A Frank
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - T C Sangster
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Hartigan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University 6100 S. Main, Houston, Texas 77521, USA
| | - R P Drake
- Department of Atmospheric, Ocean and Space Science, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - C C Kuranz
- Department of Atmospheric, Ocean and Space Science, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - S V Lebedev
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BW, UK
| | - N C Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5D, UK
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26
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Zhang CJ, Hua JF, Xu XL, Li F, Pai CH, Wan Y, Wu YP, Gu YQ, Mori WB, Joshi C, Lu W. Capturing relativistic wakefield structures in plasmas using ultrashort high-energy electrons as a probe. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29485. [PMID: 27403561 PMCID: PMC4939525 DOI: 10.1038/srep29485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method capable of capturing coherent electric field structures propagating at nearly the speed of light in plasma with a time resolution as small as a few femtoseconds is proposed. This method uses a few femtoseconds long relativistic electron bunch to probe the wake produced in a plasma by an intense laser pulse or an ultra-short relativistic charged particle beam. As the probe bunch traverses the wake, its momentum is modulated by the electric field of the wake, leading to a density variation of the probe after free-space propagation. This variation of probe density produces a snapshot of the wake that can directly give many useful information of the wake structure and its evolution. Furthermore, this snapshot allows detailed mapping of the longitudinal and transverse components of the wakefield. We develop a theoretical model for field reconstruction and verify it using 3-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. This model can accurately reconstruct the wakefield structure in the linear regime, and it can also qualitatively map the major features of nonlinear wakes. The capturing of the injection in a nonlinear wake is demonstrated through 3D PIC simulations as an example of the application of this new method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.,IFSA Collaborative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - J F Hua
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - X L Xu
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - C-H Pai
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Wan
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Y Q Gu
- Laser Fusion Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - W B Mori
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Joshi
- University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Lu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,IFSA Collaborative Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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27
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Chen SN, Gauthier M, Bazalova-Carter M, Bolanos S, Glenzer S, Riquier R, Revet G, Antici P, Morabito A, Propp A, Starodubtsev M, Fuchs J. Absolute dosimetric characterization of Gafchromic EBT3 and HDv2 films using commercial flat-bed scanners and evaluation of the scanner response function variability. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:073301. [PMID: 27475550 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiochromic films (RCF) are commonly used in dosimetry for a wide range of radiation sources (electrons, protons, and photons) for medical, industrial, and scientific applications. They are multi-layered, which includes plastic substrate layers and sensitive layers that incorporate a radiation-sensitive dye. Quantitative dose can be retrieved by digitizing the film, provided that a prior calibration exists. Here, to calibrate the newly developed EBT3 and HDv2 RCFs from Gafchromic™, we used the Stanford Medical LINAC to deposit in the films various doses of 10 MeV photons, and by scanning the films using three independent EPSON Precision 2450 scanners, three independent EPSON V750 scanners, and two independent EPSON 11000XL scanners. The films were scanned in separate RGB channels, as well as in black and white, and film orientation was varied. We found that the green channel of the RGB scan and the grayscale channel are in fact quite consistent over the different models of the scanner, although this comes at the cost of a reduction in sensitivity (by a factor ∼2.5 compared to the red channel). To allow any user to extend the absolute calibration reported here to any other scanner, we furthermore provide a calibration curve of the EPSON 2450 scanner based on absolutely calibrated, commercially available, optical density filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Chen
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Universite Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universities, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - M Gauthier
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Bazalova-Carter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - S Bolanos
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Universite Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universities, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - S Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Riquier
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Universite Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universities, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - G Revet
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Universite Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universities, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - P Antici
- INRS-EMT, Varennes, J3X1S2 Québec, Canada
| | - A Morabito
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU non profit kft, Dugonics ter 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - A Propp
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Starodubtsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - J Fuchs
- LULI-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA: Universite Paris-Saclay, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universities, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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28
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Rinderknecht HG, Rojas-Herrera J, Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Sio H, Sinenian N, Rosenberg MJ, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Filkins T, Steidle JA, Steidle JA, Traynor N, Freeman C. Impact of x-ray dose on track formation and data analysis for CR-39-based proton diagnostics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:123511. [PMID: 26724031 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear track detector CR-39 is used extensively for charged particle diagnosis, in particular proton spectroscopy, at inertial confinement fusion facilities. These detectors can absorb x-ray doses from the experiments in the order of 1-100 Gy, the effects of which are not accounted for in the previous detector calibrations. X-ray dose absorbed in the CR-39 has previously been shown to affect the track size of alpha particles in the detector, primarily due to a measured reduction in the material bulk etch rate [Rojas-Herrera et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 033501 (2015)]. Similar to the previous findings for alpha particles, protons with energies in the range 0.5-9.1 MeV are shown to produce tracks that are systematically smaller as a function of the absorbed x-ray dose in the CR-39. The reduction of track size due to x-ray dose is found to diminish with time between exposure and etching if the CR-39 is stored at ambient temperature, and complete recovery is observed after two weeks. The impact of this effect on the analysis of data from existing CR-39-based proton diagnostics on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility is evaluated and best practices are proposed for cases in which the effect of x rays is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Rinderknecht
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Rojas-Herrera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Sio
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - N Sinenian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C K Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Filkins
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | | | - Jessica A Steidle
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - N Traynor
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - C Freeman
- State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
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29
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Abstract
Transient electric fields, which are an important but hardly explored parameter of laser plasmas, can now be diagnosed experimentally with combined ultrafast temporal resolution and field sensitivity, using femtosecond to picosecond electron or proton pulses as probes. However, poor spatial resolution poses great challenges to simultaneously recording both the global and local field features. Here, we present a direct 3D measurement of a transient electric field by time-resolved electron schlieren radiography with simultaneous 80-μm spatial and 3.7-ps temporal resolutions, analyzed using an Abel inversion algorithm. The electric field here is built up at the front of an aluminum foil irradiated with a femtosecond laser pulse at 1.9 × 10(12) W/cm(2), where electrons are emitted at a speed of 4 × 10(6) m/s, resulting in a unique "peak-valley" transient electric field map with the field strength up to 10(5) V/m. Furthermore, time-resolved schlieren radiography with charged particle pulses should enable the mapping of various fast-evolving field structures including those found in plasma-based particle accelerators.
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30
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Rygg JR, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, LePape S, Bachmann B, Craxton RS, Garcia EM, Kong YZ, Gatu-Johnson M, Khan SF, Lahmann BJ, McKenty PW, Petrasso RD, Rinderknecht HG, Rosenberg MJ, Sayre DB, Sio HW. Note: A monoenergetic proton backlighter for the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:116104. [PMID: 26628185 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A monoenergetic, isotropic proton source suitable for proton radiography applications has been demonstrated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A deuterium and helium-3 gas-filled glass capsule was imploded with 39 kJ of laser energy from 24 of NIF's 192 beams. Spectral, spatial, and temporal measurements of the 15-MeV proton product of the (3)He(d,p)(4)He nuclear reaction reveal a bright (10(10) protons/sphere), monoenergetic (ΔE/E = 4%) spectrum with a compact size (80 μm) and isotropic emission (∼13% proton fluence variation and <0.4% mean energy variation). Simultaneous measurements of products produced by the D(d,p)T and D(d,n)(3)He reactions also show 2 × 10(10) isotropically distributed 3-MeV protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Rygg
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S LePape
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - R S Craxton
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - E M Garcia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - Y Z Kong
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Gatu-Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S F Khan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B J Lahmann
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P W McKenty
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D B Sayre
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - H W Sio
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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31
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Gao L, Nilson PM, Igumenshchev IV, Haines MG, Froula DH, Betti R, Meyerhofer DD. Precision mapping of laser-driven magnetic fields and their evolution in high-energy-density plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:215003. [PMID: 26066442 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.215003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The magnetic fields generated at the surface of a laser-irradiated planar solid target are mapped using ultrafast proton radiography. Thick (50 μm) plastic foils are irradiated with 4-kJ, 2.5-ns laser pulses focused to an intensity of 4×10^{14} W/cm^{2}. The data show magnetic fields concentrated at the edge of the laser-focal region, well within the expanding coronal plasma. The magnetic-field spatial distribution is tracked and shows good agreement with 2D resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the code draco when the Biermann battery source, fluid and Nernst advection, resistive magnetic diffusion, and Righi-Leduc heat flow are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - P M Nilson
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Fusion Science Center for Extreme States of Matter, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - I V Igumenshchev
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M G Haines
- Department of Physics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Fusion Science Center for Extreme States of Matter, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Fusion Science Center for Extreme States of Matter, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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32
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Levy MC, Ryutov DD, Wilks SC, Ross JS, Huntington CM, Fiuza F, Martinez DA, Kugland NL, Baring MG, Park HS. Development of an interpretive simulation tool for the proton radiography technique. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:033302. [PMID: 25832218 DOI: 10.1063/1.4909536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proton radiography is a useful diagnostic of high energy density (HED) plasmas under active theoretical and experimental development. In this paper, we describe a new simulation tool that interacts realistic laser-driven point-like proton sources with three dimensional electromagnetic fields of arbitrary strength and structure and synthesizes the associated high resolution proton radiograph. The present tool's numerical approach captures all relevant physics effects, including effects related to the formation of caustics. Electromagnetic fields can be imported from particle-in-cell or hydrodynamic codes in a streamlined fashion, and a library of electromagnetic field "primitives" is also provided. This latter capability allows users to add a primitive, modify the field strength, rotate a primitive, and so on, while quickly generating a high resolution radiograph at each step. In this way, our tool enables the user to deconstruct features in a radiograph and interpret them in connection to specific underlying electromagnetic field elements. We show an example application of the tool in connection to experimental observations of the Weibel instability in counterstreaming plasmas, using ∼10(8) particles generated from a realistic laser-driven point-like proton source, imaging fields which cover volumes of ∼10 mm(3). Insights derived from this application show that the tool can support understanding of HED plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Levy
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - D D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J S Ross
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C M Huntington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - F Fiuza
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D A Martinez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - N L Kugland
- Lam Research Corporation, 4400 Cushing Parkway, Fremont, California 94538, USA
| | - M G Baring
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - H-S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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Rosenberg M, Li C, Fox W, Igumenshchev I, Séguin F, Town R, Frenje J, Stoeckl C, Glebov V, Petrasso R. A laboratory study of asymmetric magnetic reconnection in strongly driven plasmas. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6190. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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34
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Lancia L, Albertazzi B, Boniface C, Grisollet A, Riquier R, Chaland F, Le Thanh KC, Mellor P, Antici P, Buffechoux S, Chen SN, Doria D, Nakatsutsumi M, Peth C, Swantusch M, Stardubtsev M, Palumbo L, Borghesi M, Willi O, Pépin H, Fuchs J. Topology of megagauss magnetic fields and of heat-carrying electrons produced in a high-power laser-solid interaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:235001. [PMID: 25526131 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The intricate spatial and energy distribution of magnetic fields, self-generated during high power laser irradiation (at Iλ^{2}∼10^{13}-10^{14} W.cm^{-2}.μm^{2}) of a solid target, and of the heat-carrying electron currents, is studied in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) relevant conditions. This is done by comparing proton radiography measurements of the fields to an improved magnetohydrodynamic description that fully takes into account the nonlocality of the heat transport. We show that, in these conditions, magnetic fields are rapidly advected radially along the target surface and compressed over long time scales into the dense parts of the target. As a consequence, the electrons are weakly magnetized in most parts of the plasma flow, and we observe a reemergence of nonlocality which is a crucial effect for a correct description of the energetics of ICF experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lancia
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Via Antonio. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy and LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - B Albertazzi
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France and INRS-EMT, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | | | | | - R Riquier
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France and CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - F Chaland
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - Ph Mellor
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - P Antici
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Via Antonio. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - S Buffechoux
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S N Chen
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - D Doria
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - M Nakatsutsumi
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - C Peth
- Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Swantusch
- Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Stardubtsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - L Palumbo
- Dipartimento SBAI, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Via Antonio. Scarpa 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M Borghesi
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - O Willi
- Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Pépin
- INRS-EMT, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - J Fuchs
- LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France and Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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35
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Zhou J, Correa AA, Li J, Tang S, Ping Y, Ogitsu T, Li D, Zhou Q, Cao J. Dynamics of charge clouds ejected from laser-induced warm dense gold nanofilms. Phys Rev E 2014; 90:041102. [PMID: 25375431 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.041102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic study of the ejected charge dynamics surrounding laser-produced 30-nm warm dense gold films using single-shot femtosecond electron shadow imaging and deflectometry. The results reveal a two-step dynamical process of the ejected electrons under high pump fluence conditions: an initial emission and accumulation of a large amount of electrons near the pumped surface region, followed by the formation of hemispherical clouds of electrons on both sides of the film, which escape into the vacuum at a nearly isotropic and constant velocity with an unusually high kinetic energy of more than 300 eV. We also developed a model of the escaping charge distribution that not only reproduces the main features of the observed charge expansion dynamics but also allows us to extract the number of ejected electrons remaining in the cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Physics Department and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Alfredo A Correa
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Junjie Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Shao Tang
- Physics Department and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Yuan Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Tadashi Ogitsu
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Physics Department and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Physics Department and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Jianming Cao
- Physics Department and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
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36
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Schoeffler KM, Loureiro NF, Fonseca RA, Silva LO. Magnetic-field generation and amplification in an expanding plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:175001. [PMID: 24836254 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Particle-in-cell simulations are used to investigate the formation of magnetic fields B in plasmas with perpendicular electron density and temperature gradients. For system sizes L comparable to the ion skin depth d(i), it is shown that B ∼ d(i)/L, consistent with the Biermann battery effect. However, for large L/d(i), it is found that the Weibel instability (due to electron temperature anisotropy) supersedes the Biermann battery as the main producer of B. The Weibel-produced fields saturate at a finite amplitude (plasma β ≈ 100), independent of L. The magnetic energy spectra below the electron Larmor radius scale are well fitted by the power law with slope -16/3, as predicted by Schekochihin et al. [Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 182, 310 (2009)].
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Schoeffler
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N F Loureiro
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R A Fonseca
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal and DCTI/ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L O Silva
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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37
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Chatterjee G, Singh PK, Adak A, Lad AD, Kumar GR. High-resolution measurements of the spatial and temporal evolution of megagauss magnetic fields created in intense short-pulse laser-plasma interactions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:013505. [PMID: 24517763 DOI: 10.1063/1.4861535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A pump-probe polarimetric technique is demonstrated, which provides a complete, temporally and spatially resolved mapping of the megagauss magnetic fields generated in intense short-pulse laser-plasma interactions. A normally incident time-delayed probe pulse reflected from its critical surface undergoes a change in its ellipticity according to the magneto-optic Cotton-Mouton effect due to the azimuthal nature of the ambient self-generated megagauss magnetic fields. The temporal resolution of the magnetic field mapping is typically of the order of the pulsewidth, limited by the laser intensity contrast, whereas a spatial resolution of a few μm is achieved by this optical technique. High-harmonics of the probe can be employed to penetrate deeper into the plasma to even near-solid densities. The spatial and temporal evolution of the megagauss magnetic fields at the target front as well as at the target rear are presented. The μm-scale resolution of the magnetic field mapping provides valuable information on the filamentary instabilities at the target front, whereas probing the target rear mirrors the highly complex fast electron transport in intense laser-plasma interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Chatterjee
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Amitava Adak
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - Amit D Lad
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
| | - G Ravindra Kumar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
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38
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Li CK, Ryutov DD, Hu SX, Rosenberg MJ, Zylstra AB, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Casey DT, Johnson MG, Manuel MJE, Rinderknecht HG, Petrasso RD, Amendt PA, Park HS, Remington BA, Wilks SC, Betti R, Froula DH, Knauer JP, Meyerhofer DD, Drake RP, Kuranz CC, Young R, Koenig M. Structure and dynamics of colliding plasma jets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:235003. [PMID: 24476281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.235003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Monoenergetic-proton radiographs of laser-generated, high-Mach-number plasma jets colliding at various angles shed light on the structures and dynamics of these collisions. The observations compare favorably with results from 2D hydrodynamic simulations of multistream plasma jets, and also with results from an analytic treatment of electron flow and magnetic field advection. In collisions of two noncollinear jets, the observed flow structure is similar to the analytic model's prediction of a characteristic feature with a narrow structure pointing in one direction and a much thicker one pointing in the opposite direction. Spontaneous magnetic fields, largely azimuthal around the colliding jets and generated by the well-known ∇T(e)×∇n(e) Biermann battery effect near the periphery of the laser spots, are demonstrated to be "frozen in" the plasma (due to high magnetic Reynolds number Re(M)∼5×10(4)) and advected along the jet streamlines of the electron flow. These studies provide novel insight into the interactions and dynamics of colliding plasma jets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D D Ryutov
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S X Hu
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - F H Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J A Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D T Casey
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Gatu Johnson
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M J-E Manuel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H G Rinderknecht
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R D Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P A Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - H S Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B A Remington
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D H Froula
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - J P Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - D D Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - R P Drake
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - C C Kuranz
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R Young
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - M Koenig
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605, CNRS-CEA-Université Paris VI-Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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39
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Schumaker W, Nakanii N, McGuffey C, Zulick C, Chyvkov V, Dollar F, Habara H, Kalintchenko G, Maksimchuk A, Tanaka KA, Thomas AGR, Yanovsky V, Krushelnick K. Ultrafast electron radiography of magnetic fields in high-intensity laser-solid interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:015003. [PMID: 23383801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Using electron bunches generated by laser wakefield acceleration as a probe, the temporal evolution of magnetic fields generated by a 4 × 10(19) W/cm(2) ultrashort (30 fs) laser pulse focused on solid density targets is studied experimentally. Magnetic field strengths of order B(0) ~ 10(4) T are observed expanding at close to the speed of light from the interaction point of a high-contrast laser pulse with a 10-μm-thick aluminum foil to a maximum diameter of ~1 mm. The field dynamics are shown to agree with particle-in-cell simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schumaker
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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40
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Rosenberg MJ, Ross JS, Li CK, Town RPJ, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Froula DH, Petrasso RD. Characterization of single and colliding laser-produced plasma bubbles using Thomson scattering and proton radiography. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:056407. [PMID: 23214896 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.056407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved measurements of electron and ion temperatures using Thomson scattering have been combined with proton radiography data for comprehensive characterization of individual laser-produced plasma bubbles or the interaction of bubble pairs, where reconnection of azimuthal magnetic fields occurs. Measurements of ion and electron temperatures agree with lasnex simulations of single plasma bubbles, which include the physics of magnetic fields. There is negligible difference in temperatures between a single plasma bubble and the interaction region of bubble pairs, although the ion temperature may be slightly higher due to the collision of expanding plasmas. These results are consistent with reconnection in a β∼8 plasma, where the release of magnetic energy (<5% of the electron thermal energy) does not appreciably affect the hydrodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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41
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Kugland NL, Ryutov DD, Plechaty C, Ross JS, Park HS. Invited article: Relation between electric and magnetic field structures and their proton-beam images. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:101301. [PMID: 23126744 DOI: 10.1063/1.4750234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Proton imaging is commonly used to reveal the electric and magnetic fields that are found in high energy density plasmas. Presented here is an analysis of this technique that is directed towards developing additional insight into the underlying physics. This approach considers: formation of images in the limits of weak and strong intensity variations; caustic formation and structure; image inversion to obtain line-integrated field characteristics; direct relations between images and electric or magnetic field structures in a plasma; imaging of sharp features such as Debye sheaths and shocks. Limitations on spatial and temporal resolution are assessed, and similarities with optical shadowgraphy are noted. Synthetic proton images are presented to illustrate the analysis. These results will be useful for quantitatively analyzing experimental proton imaging data and verifying numerical codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Kugland
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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42
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Gao L, Nilson PM, Igumenschev IV, Hu SX, Davies JR, Stoeckl C, Haines MG, Froula DH, Betti R, Meyerhofer DD. Magnetic field generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in laser-driven planar plastic targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:115001. [PMID: 23005637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.115001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields generated by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability were measured in laser-accelerated planar foils using ultrafast proton radiography. Thin plastic foils were irradiated with ∼4-kJ, 2.5-ns laser pulses focused to an intensity of ∼10(14) W/cm(2) on the OMEGA EP Laser System. Target modulations were seeded by laser nonuniformities and amplified during target acceleration by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The experimental data show the hydrodynamic evolution of the target and MG-level magnetic fields generated in the broken foil. The experimental data are in good agreement with predictions from 2-D magnetohydrodynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gao
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
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43
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Manuel MJE, Li CK, Séguin FH, Frenje J, Casey DT, Petrasso RD, Hu SX, Betti R, Hager JD, Meyerhofer DD, Smalyuk VA. First measurements of Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:255006. [PMID: 23004611 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.255006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental demonstration of Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields due to the Biermann battery effect has been made. Experiments with laser-irradiated plastic foils were performed to investigate these illusive fields using a monoenergetic proton radiography system. Path-integrated B field strength measurements were inferred from radiographs and found to increase from 10 to 100 T μm during the linear growth phase for 120 μm perturbations. Proton fluence modulations were corrected for Coulomb scattering using measured areal density profiles from x-ray radiographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J-E Manuel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Manuel MJE, Zylstra AB, Rinderknecht HG, Casey DT, Rosenberg MJ, Sinenian N, Li CK, Frenje JA, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD. Source characterization and modeling development for monoenergetic-proton radiography experiments on OMEGA. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:063506. [PMID: 22755626 DOI: 10.1063/1.4730336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A monoenergetic proton source has been characterized and a modeling tool developed for proton radiography experiments at the OMEGA [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Comm. 133, 495 (1997)] laser facility. Multiple diagnostics were fielded to measure global isotropy levels in proton fluence and images of the proton source itself provided information on local uniformity relevant to proton radiography experiments. Global fluence uniformity was assessed by multiple yield diagnostics and deviations were calculated to be ∼16% and ∼26% of the mean for DD and D(3)He fusion protons, respectively. From individual fluence images, it was found that the angular frequencies of ≳50 rad(-1) contributed less than a few percent to local nonuniformity levels. A model was constructed using the Geant4 [S. Agostinelli et al., Nuc. Inst. Meth. A 506, 250 (2003)] framework to simulate proton radiography experiments. The simulation implements realistic source parameters and various target geometries. The model was benchmarked with the radiographs of cold-matter targets to within experimental accuracy. To validate the use of this code, the cold-matter approximation for the scattering of fusion protons in plasma is discussed using a typical laser-foil experiment as an example case. It is shown that an analytic cold-matter approximation is accurate to within ≲10% of the analytic plasma model in the example scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J-E Manuel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Li CK, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Rosenberg MJ, Rinderknecht HG, Zylstra AB, Petrasso RD, Amendt PA, Landen OL, Mackinnon AJ, Town RPJ, Wilks SC, Betti R, Meyerhofer DD, Soures JM, Hund J, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A. Impeding hohlraum plasma stagnation in inertial-confinement fusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:025001. [PMID: 22324691 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.025001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports the first time-gated proton radiography of the spatial structure and temporal evolution of how the fill gas compresses the wall blowoff, inhibits plasma jet formation, and impedes plasma stagnation in the hohlraum interior. The potential roles of spontaneously generated electric and magnetic fields in the hohlraum dynamics and capsule implosion are discussed. It is shown that interpenetration of the two materials could result from the classical Rayleigh-Taylor instability occurring as the lighter, decelerating ionized fill gas pushes against the heavier, expanding gold wall blowoff. This experiment showed new observations of the effects of the fill gas on x-ray driven implosions, and an improved understanding of these results could impact the ongoing ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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46
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Zylstra AB, Li CK, Rinderknecht HG, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Stoeckl C, Meyerhofer DD, Nilson P, Sangster TC, Le Pape S, Mackinnon A, Patel P. Using high-intensity laser-generated energetic protons to radiograph directly driven implosions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:013511. [PMID: 22299955 DOI: 10.1063/1.3680110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of petawatt-class lasers with kilojoule-picosecond pulses, such as OMEGA EP [L. Waxer et al., Opt. Photonics News 16, 30 (2005)], provides a new diagnostic capability to study inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) and high-energy-density (HED) plasmas. Specifically, petawatt OMEGA EP pulses have been used to backlight OMEGA implosions with energetic proton beams generated through the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) mechanism. This allows time-resolved studies of the mass distribution and electromagnetic field structures in ICF and HED plasmas. This principle has been previously demonstrated using Vulcan to backlight six-beam implosions [A. J. Mackinnon et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 045001 (2006)]. The TNSA proton backlighter offers better spatial and temporal resolution but poorer spatial uniformity and energy resolution than previous D(3)He fusion-based techniques [C. Li et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77, 10E725 (2006)]. A target and the experimental design technique to mitigate potential problems in using TNSA backlighting to study full-energy implosions is discussed. The first proton radiographs of 60-beam spherical OMEGA implosions using the techniques discussed in this paper are presented. Sample radiographs and suggestions for troubleshooting failed radiography shots using TNSA backlighting are given, and future applications of this technique at OMEGA and the NIF are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Zylstra
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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47
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Sinenian N, Rosenberg MJ, Manuel M, McDuffee SC, Casey DT, Zylstra AB, Rinderknecht HG, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD. The response of CR-39 nuclear track detector to 1-9 MeV protons. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:103303. [PMID: 22047287 DOI: 10.1063/1.3653549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The response of CR-39 nuclear track detector (TasTrak(®)) to protons in the energy range of 0.92-9.28 MeV has been studied. Previous studies of the CR-39 response to protons have been extended by examining the piece-to-piece variability in addition to the effects of etch time and etchant temperature; it is shown that the shape of the CR-39 response curve to protons can vary from piece-to-piece. Effects due to the age of CR-39 have also been studied using 5.5 MeV alpha particles over a 5-year period. Track diameters were found to degrade with the age of the CR-39 itself rather than the age of the tracks, consistent with previous studies utilizing different CR-39 over shorter time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sinenian
- Plasma Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-0001, USA.
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48
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Lin XX, Li YT, Liu BC, Liu F, Du F, Wang SJ, Lu X, Chen LM, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang J, Liu F, Liu XL, Wang ZH, Ma JL, Wei ZY, Zhang J. Effect of prepulse on fast electron lateral transport at the target surface irradiated by intense femtosecond laser pulses. Phys Rev E 2011; 82:046401. [PMID: 21230399 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.046401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of preplasma on lateral fast electron transport at front target surface, irradiated by ultraintense (>10(18) W/cm2) laser pulses, are investigated by Kα imaging technique. A large annular Kα halo with a diameter of ∼560 μm surrounding a central spot is observed. A specially designed steplike target is used to identify the possible mechanisms. It is believed that the halos are mainly generated by the lateral diffusion of fast electrons due to the electrostatic and magnetic fields in the preplasma. This is illustrated by simulated electron trajectories using a numerical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- X X Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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49
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Willingale L, Thomas AGR, Nilson PM, Kaluza MC, Bandyopadhyay S, Dangor AE, Evans RG, Fernandes P, Haines MG, Kamperidis C, Kingham RJ, Minardi S, Notley M, Ridgers CP, Rozmus W, Sherlock M, Tatarakis M, Wei MS, Najmudin Z, Krushelnick K. Fast advection of magnetic fields by hot electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:095001. [PMID: 20868167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Experiments where a laser-generated proton beam is used to probe the megagauss strength self-generated magnetic fields from a nanosecond laser interaction with an aluminum target are presented. At intensities of 10(15) W cm(-2) and under conditions of significant fast electron production and strong heat fluxes, the electron mean-free-path is long compared with the temperature gradient scale length and hence nonlocal transport is important for the dynamics of the magnetic field in the plasma. The hot electron flux transports self-generated magnetic fields away from the focal region through the Nernst effect [A. Nishiguchi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 262 (1984)] at significantly higher velocities than the fluid velocity. Two-dimensional implicit Vlasov-Fokker-Planck modeling shows that the Nernst effect allows advection and self-generation transports magnetic fields at significantly faster than the ion fluid velocity, v(N)/c(s)≈10.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Willingale
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom
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50
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Li CK, Séguin FH, Frenje JA, Rosenberg M, Petrasso RD, Amendt PA, Koch JA, Landen OL, Park HS, Robey HF, Town RPJ, Casner A, Philippe F, Betti R, Knauer JP, Meyerhofer DD, Back CA, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A. Charged-Particle Probing of X-ray–Driven Inertial-Fusion Implosions. Science 2010; 327:1231-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1185747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. K. Li
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F. H. Séguin
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J. A. Frenje
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. Rosenberg
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - R. D. Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P. A. Amendt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - J. A. Koch
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - O. L. Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - H. S. Park
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - H. F. Robey
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - R. P. J. Town
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - A. Casner
- CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - R. Betti
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - J. P. Knauer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - D. D. Meyerhofer
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - C. A. Back
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186, USA
| | | | - A. Nikroo
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186, USA
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