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Shalaby M, Elbagory M, EL-Khateeb N, Mehesen A, EL-Sheshtawy O, Elsakhawy T, Omara AED. Potential Impacts of Certain N 2-Fixing Bacterial Strains and Mineral N Doses for Enhancing the Growth and Productivity of Maize Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3830. [PMID: 38005727 PMCID: PMC10675558 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The enhancing effect of N2-fixing bacterial strains in the presence of mineral N doses on maize plants in pots and field trials was investigated. The OT-H1 of 10 isolates maintained the total nitrogen, nitrogenase activities, IAA production, and detection of NH3 in their cultures. In addition, they highly promoted the germination of maize grains in plastic bags compared to the remainder. Therefore, OT-H1 was subjected for identification and selected for further tests. Based on their morphological, cultural, and biochemical traits, they belonged to the genera Azotobacter. The genomic sequences of 16S rRNA were, thus, used to confirm the identification of the genera. Accordingly, the indexes of tree and similarity for the related bacterial species indicated that genera were exactly closely linked to Azotoacter salinestris strain OR512393. In pot (35 days) and field (120 days) trials, the efficiencies of both A. salinestris and Azospirillum oryzea SWERI 111 (sole/dual) with 100, 75, 50, and 25% mineral N doses were evaluated with completely randomized experimental design and three repetitions. Results indicated that N2-fixing bacteria in the presence of mineral N treatment showed pronounced effects compared to controls. A high value of maize plants was also noticed through increasing the concentration of mineral N and peaked at a dose of 100%. Differences among N2-fixing bacteria were insignificant and were observed for A. oryzea with different mineral N doses. Thus, the utilization of A. oryzea and A. salinestris in their dual mix in the presence of 75 followed by 50% mineral N was found to be the superior treatments, causing the enhancement of vegetative growth and grain yield parameters of maize plants. Additionally, proline and the enzyme activities of both polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (PO) of maize leaves were induced, and high protein contents of maize grains were accumulated due to the superior treatments. The utilization of such N2-fixing bacteria was, therefore, found to be effective at improving soil fertility and to be an environmentally safe strategy instead, or at least with low doses, of chemical fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Shalaby
- Agricultural Botany Department, (Agricultural Microbiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (M.S.); (N.E.-K.); (O.E.-S.)
| | - Mohssen Elbagory
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail 61321, Assir, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nagwa EL-Khateeb
- Agricultural Botany Department, (Agricultural Microbiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (M.S.); (N.E.-K.); (O.E.-S.)
| | - Ahlam Mehesen
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Omaima EL-Sheshtawy
- Agricultural Botany Department, (Agricultural Microbiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; (M.S.); (N.E.-K.); (O.E.-S.)
| | - Tamer Elsakhawy
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt; (A.M.); (T.E.)
| | - Alaa El-Dein Omara
- Agriculture Microbiology Department, Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt; (A.M.); (T.E.)
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Sichanova M, Geneva M, Petrova M, Miladinova-Georgieva K, Kirova E, Nedev T, Tsekova D, Ivanova V, Trendafilova A. Influence of the Abiotic Elicitors Ag Salts of Aspartic Acid Derivatives, Self-Organized in Nanofibers with Monomeric and Dimeric Molecular Structures, on the Antioxidant Activity and Stevioside Content in Micropropagated Stevia rebaudiana Bert. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3574. [PMID: 37896037 PMCID: PMC10610515 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials in biotechnology for the in vitro propagation of medical plants and the accumulation of certain biologically active metabolites is becoming an efficient strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the concentration (0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg L-1) of two types of nanofibers on the growth characteristics, the antioxidant status, and the production of steviol glycosides in micropropagated Stevia rebaudiana Bert. plantlets. The nanofibers were synthesized by aspartic acid derivatives (L-Asp) Ag salts self-organized into nanofibers with two different molecular structures: monomeric, containing one residue of L-Asp with one hydrophilic head which bonds one Ag ion (NF1-Ag salt); and dimeric, containing two residues of L-Asp with two hydrophilic heads which bond two Ag ions (NF2-Ag salt). An increase in the shoots from the explants' number and length, biomass accumulation, and micropropagation rate was achieved in the plants treated with the NF1-Ag salt in concentrations from 1 to 50 mg L-1 after 30 days of in vitro proliferation compared to the NF2-Ag salt. In contrast, the plants grown on MS media supplemented with NF2-Ag salt exhibited an increase in the level of stevioside, rebaudioside A, and mono- (CQA) and dicaffeoylquinic (DCQA) acids as compared to the NF1-Ag salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Sichanova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (K.M.-G.); (E.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Maria Geneva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (K.M.-G.); (E.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Maria Petrova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (K.M.-G.); (E.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Kamelia Miladinova-Georgieva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (K.M.-G.); (E.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Elisaveta Kirova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (K.M.-G.); (E.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Trendafil Nedev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.S.); (M.P.); (K.M.-G.); (E.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Daniela Tsekova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8“St. Kl. Ohridski” Blvd, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Viktoria Ivanova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.I.); (A.T.)
| | - Antoaneta Trendafilova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bldg. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.I.); (A.T.)
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Improvement of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni In Vitro Propagation and Steviol Glycoside Content Using Aminoacid Silver Nanofibers. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192468. [PMID: 36235334 PMCID: PMC9572510 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The food industry is interested in replacing artificial sweeteners with natural sugars that possess zero calories and carbohydrates and do not cause spikes in blood sugar levels. The steviosides leaves, synthesized at Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, are 300 times sweeter than common table sugar. Stevia propagation is limited due to the poor viability of the seeds, the long time and low germination rate, and the poor rooting ability of vegetative cuttings. Because of this, an alternative biotechnological method for its reproduction is being studied, such as multiple shoot production through direct organogenesis using nanofibers, formed from a derivative of amino acid valine as a carrier of the biologically active agent silver atoms/particles (NF-1%Ag and NF-2%Ag). The stevia explants were cultured on a medium containing NF-1%Ag and NF-2%Ag at concentrations of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg L−1. The NF-1%Ag and NF-2%Ag treatment caused hormetic effects on stevia plantlets. At low concentrations of from 1 to 50 mg L−1 of nanofibers, the stimulation of plant growth was observed, with the maximum effect being observed at 50 mg L−1 nanofibers. However, at the higher dose of 100 mg L−1, inhibition of the values of parameters characterizing plant growth was recorded. The presence of nanofibers in the medium stimulates stevia root formatting.
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Chiteri KO, Jubery TZ, Dutta S, Ganapathysubramanian B, Cannon S, Singh A. Dissecting the Root Phenotypic and Genotypic Variability of the Iowa Mung Bean Diversity Panel. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:808001. [PMID: 35154202 PMCID: PMC8828542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.808001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is a drought-tolerant, short-duration crop, and a rich source of protein and other valuable minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. The main objectives of this research were (1) to study the root traits related with the phenotypic and genetic diversity of 375 mung bean genotypes of the Iowa (IA) diversity panel and (2) to conduct genome-wide association studies of root-related traits using the Automated Root Image Analysis (ARIA) software. We collected over 9,000 digital images at three-time points (days 12, 15, and 18 after germination). A broad sense heritability for days 15 (0.22-0.73) and 18 (0.23-0.87) was higher than that for day 12 (0.24-0.51). We also reported root ideotype classification, i.e., PI425425 (India), PI425045 (Philippines), PI425551 (Korea), PI264686 (Philippines), and PI425085 (Sri Lanka) that emerged as the top five in the topsoil foraging category, while PI425594 (unknown origin), PI425599 (Thailand), PI425610 (Afghanistan), PI425485 (India), and AVMU0201 (Taiwan) were top five in the drought-tolerant and nutrient uptake "steep, cheap, and deep" ideotype. We identified promising genotypes that can help diversify the gene pool of mung bean breeding stocks and will be useful for further field testing. Using association studies, we identified markers showing significant associations with the lateral root angle (LRA) on chromosomes 2, 6, 7, and 11, length distribution (LED) on chromosome 8, and total root length-growth rate (TRL_GR), volume (VOL), and total dry weight (TDW) on chromosomes 3 and 5. We discussed genes that are potential candidates from these regions. We reported beta-galactosidase 3 associated with the LRA, which has previously been implicated in the adventitious root development via transcriptomic studies in mung bean. Results from this work on the phenotypic characterization, root-based ideotype categories, and significant molecular markers associated with important traits will be useful for the marker-assisted selection and mung bean improvement through breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin O. Chiteri
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Talukder Zaki Jubery
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Somak Dutta
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Steven Cannon
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- USDA—Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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MENDONÇA NETO ABD, GUIMARÃES MEDS, PEREIRA AM, CRUZ RRP, GONÇALVES DN, SOARES LG, FREIRE AI, FINGER FL, CECON PR. Importance of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene in maintaining the quality of stored tubers of Asterix and Challenger cultivars. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.10521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Takagi D, Ishiyama K, Suganami M, Ushijima T, Fujii T, Tazoe Y, Kawasaki M, Noguchi K, Makino A. Manganese toxicity disrupts indole acetic acid homeostasis and suppresses the CO 2 assimilation reaction in rice leaves. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20922. [PMID: 34686733 PMCID: PMC8536708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the essentiality of Mn in terrestrial plants, its excessive accumulation in plant tissues can cause growth defects, known as Mn toxicity. Mn toxicity can be classified into apoplastic and symplastic types depending on its onset. Symplastic Mn toxicity is hypothesised to be more critical for growth defects. However, details of the relationship between growth defects and symplastic Mn toxicity remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying symplastic Mn toxicity in rice plants. We found that under excess Mn conditions, CO2 assimilation was inhibited by stomatal closure, and both carbon anabolic and catabolic activities were decreased. In addition to stomatal dysfunction, stomatal and leaf anatomical development were also altered by excess Mn accumulation. Furthermore, indole acetic acid (IAA) concentration was decreased, and auxin-responsive gene expression analyses showed IAA-deficient symptoms in leaves due to excess Mn accumulation. These results suggest that excessive Mn accumulation causes IAA deficiency, and low IAA concentrations suppress plant growth by suppressing stomatal opening and leaf anatomical development for efficient CO2 assimilation in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takagi
- grid.412493.90000 0001 0454 7765Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101 Japan ,grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572 Japan
| | - Keiki Ishiyama
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572 Japan
| | - Mao Suganami
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572 Japan ,grid.443549.b0000 0001 0603 1148Present Address: Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296 Japan
| | - Tomokazu Ushijima
- grid.412493.90000 0001 0454 7765Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- grid.412493.90000 0001 0454 7765Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Youshi Tazoe
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572 Japan ,grid.505732.60000 0004 6417 4827Present Address: Faculty of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Tainai, Niigata 959-2702 Japan
| | - Michio Kawasaki
- grid.412493.90000 0001 0454 7765Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101 Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- grid.410785.f0000 0001 0659 6325Department of Applied Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392 Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572 Japan
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The Cell Wall Proteome of Craterostigma plantagineum Cell Cultures Habituated to Dichlobenil and Isoxaben. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092295. [PMID: 34571944 PMCID: PMC8468770 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable desiccation tolerance of the vegetative tissues in the resurrection species Craterostigma plantagineum (Hochst.) is favored by its unique cell wall folding mechanism that allows the ordered and reversible shrinking of the cells without damaging neither the cell wall nor the underlying plasma membrane. The ability to withstand extreme drought is also maintained in abscisic acid pre-treated calli, which can be cultured both on solid and in liquid culture media. Cell wall research has greatly advanced, thanks to the use of inhibitors affecting the biosynthesis of e.g., cellulose, since they allowed the identification of the compensatory mechanisms underlying habituation. Considering the innate cell wall plasticity of C. plantagineum, the goal of this investigation was to understand whether habituation to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors dichlobenil and isoxaben entailed or not identical mechanisms as known for non-resurrection species and to decipher the cell wall proteome of habituated cells. The results showed that exposure of C. plantagineum calli/cells triggered abnormal phenotypes, as reported in non-resurrection species. Additionally, the data demonstrated that it was possible to habituate Craterostigma cells to dichlobenil and isoxaben and that gene expression and protein abundance did not follow the same trend. Shotgun and gel-based proteomics revealed a common set of proteins induced upon habituation, but also identified candidates solely induced by habituation to one of the two inhibitors. Finally, it is hypothesized that alterations in auxin levels are responsible for the increased abundance of cell wall-related proteins upon habituation.
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PEREIRA AM, PETRUCCI KPDOS, GOMES MDP, GONÇALVES DN, CRUZ RRP, RIBEIRO FCS, FINGER FL. Quality of potato CV. innovator submitted refrigeration and recondition. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.26619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Malangisha GK, Yang Y, Moustafa-Farag M, Fu Q, Shao W, Wang J, Shen L, Huai Y, Lv X, Shi P, Ali A, Lin Y, Khan J, Ren Y, Yang J, Hu Z, Zhang M. Subcellular distribution of aluminum associated with differential cell ultra-structure, mineral uptake, and antioxidant enzymes in root of two different Al +3-resistance watermelon cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:613-625. [PMID: 32853854 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants, such as watermelon, suffer from severe Aluminum (Al3+)-toxicity in acidic soils with their primary root elongation being first arrested. However, the significance of apoplastic or symplastic Al3+-toxicity in watermelon root is scarcely reported. In this work, we identified a medium fruit type (ZJ) and a small fruit type (NBT) as Al+3-tolerant and sensitive based on their differential primary root elongation rate respectively, and used them to show the effects of symplastic besides apoplastic Al distribution in the watermelon's root. Although the Al content was higher in the root of NBT than ZJ, Al+3 allocated in their apoplast, vacuole and plastid fractions were not significantly different between the two cultivars. Thus, only a few proportion of Al+3 differentially distributed in the nucleus and mitochondria corresponded to interesting differential morphological and physiological disorders recorded in the root under Al+3-stress. The symplastic amount of Al+3 substantially induced the energy efficient catalase pathway in ZJ, and the energy consuming ascorbate peroxidase pathway in NBT. These findings coincided with obvious starch granule visibility in the root ultra-structure of ZJ than NBT, suggesting a differential energy was used in supporting the root elongation and nutrient uptake for Al+3-tolerance in the two cultivars. This work provides clues that could be further investigated in the identification of genetic components and molecular mechanisms associated with Al+3-tolerance in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Kateta Malangisha
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, /UNILU, Lubumbashi, 1825, RD Congo
| | - Yubin Yang
- Agriculture, Rural area and water conservancy bureau of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, PR China
| | - Mohamed Moustafa-Farag
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Continuing Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Shao
- Zhejiang Wuwangnong agricultural seed industry science Research institute, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
| | - Jianke Wang
- Zhejiang Wuwangnong agricultural seed industry science Research institute, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
| | - Li Shen
- Zhejiang Wuwangnong agricultural seed industry science Research institute, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
| | - Yan Huai
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, 310020, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Lv
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Pibiao Shi
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Abid Ali
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Agriculture, Rural area and water conservancy bureau of Wenling, Wenling, 317500, PR China
| | - Jehanzeb Khan
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yongyuan Ren
- Zhejiang Wuwangnong agricultural seed industry science Research institute, Hangzhou, 310000, PR China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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SANTOS MNDS, LIMA PCC, ARAUJO FFD, ARAÚJO NOD, FINGER FL. Activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in non-dormant potato tubers treated with sprout suppressors. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.08119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Uribe PA, Ortiz CC, Centeno DA, Castillo JJ, Blanco SI, Gutierrez JA. Self-assembled Pt screen printed electrodes with a novel peroxidase Panicum maximum and zinc oxide nanoparticles for H2O2 detection. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Novo-Uzal E, Fernández-Pérez F, Herrero J, Gutiérrez J, Gómez-Ros LV, Bernal MÁ, Díaz J, Cuello J, Pomar F, Pedreño MÁ. From Zinnia to Arabidopsis: approaching the involvement of peroxidases in lignification. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3499-518. [PMID: 23956408 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinnia elegans constitutes one of the most useful model systems for studying xylem differentiation, which simultaneously involves secondary cell wall synthesis, cell wall lignification, and programmed cell death. Likewise, the in vitro culture system of Z. elegans has been the best characterized as the differentiation of mesophyll cells into tracheary elements allows study of the biochemistry and physiology of xylogenesis free from the complexity that heterogeneous plant tissues impose. Moreover, Z. elegans has emerged as an excellent plant model to study the involvement of peroxidases in cell wall lignification. This is due to the simplicity and duality of the lignification pattern shown by the stems and hypocotyls, and to the basic nature of the peroxidase isoenzyme. This protein is expressed not only in hypocotyls and stems but also in mesophyll cells transdifferentiating into tracheary elements. Therefore, not only does this peroxidase fulfil all the catalytic requirements to be involved in lignification overcoming all restrictions imposed by the polymerization step, but also its expression is inherent in lignification. In fact, its basic nature is not exceptional since basic peroxidases are differentially expressed during lignification in other model systems, showing unusual and unique biochemical properties such as oxidation of syringyl moieties. This review focuses on the experiments which led to a better understanding of the lignification process in Zinnia, starting with the basic knowledge about the lignin pattern in this plant, how lignification takes place, and how a sole basic peroxidase with unusual catalytic properties is involved and regulated by hormones, H2O2, and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Novo-Uzal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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Upadhyaya HD, Wang YH, Gowda CLL, Sharma S. Association mapping of maturity and plant height using SNP markers with the sorghum mini core collection. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2013; 126:2003-15. [PMID: 23649651 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-013-2113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant height and maturity are two critical traits in sorghum breeding. To develop molecular tools and to identify genes underlying the traits for molecular breeding, we developed 14,739 SNP markers used to genotype the complete sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] mini core collection. The collection was evaluated in four rainy and three post-rainy season environments for plant height and maturity. Association analysis identified six marker loci linked to height and ten to maturity in at least two environments with at least two SNPs in each locus. Of these, 14 were in close proximity to previously mapped height/maturity QTL in sorghum. Candidate genes for maturity or plant height close to the marker loci include a sugar transporter (SbSUC9), an auxin response factor (SbARF3), an FLC and FT regulator (SbMED12), and a photoperiod response gene (SbPPR1) for maturity and peroxidase 53, and an auxin transporter (SbLAX4) for plant height. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that SbPPR1 and SbARF3 were in regions with reduced sequence variation among early-maturing accessions, suggestive of past purifying selection. We also found a linkage disequilibrium block that existed only among the accessions with short plant height in rainy season environments. The block contains a gene homologous to the Arabidopsis flowering time gene, LUMINIDEPENDENS (LD). Functional LD promotes early maturity while mutation delays maturity, affecting plant height. Previous studies also found reduced sequence variations within this gene. These newly-mapped SNP markers will facilitate further efforts to identify plant height or maturity genes in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari D Upadhyaya
- Gene Bank, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Herrero J, Fernández-Pérez F, Yebra T, Novo-Uzal E, Pomar F, Pedreño MÁ, Cuello J, Guéra A, Esteban-Carrasco A, Zapata JM. Bioinformatic and functional characterization of the basic peroxidase 72 from Arabidopsis thaliana involved in lignin biosynthesis. PLANTA 2013; 237:1599-612. [PMID: 23508663 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignins result from the oxidative polymerization of three hydroxycinnamyl (p-coumaryl, coniferyl, and sinapyl) alcohols in a reaction mediated by peroxidases. The most important of these is the cationic peroxidase from Zinnia elegans (ZePrx), an enzyme considered to be responsible for the last step of lignification in this plant. Bibliographical evidence indicates that the arabidopsis peroxidase 72 (AtPrx72), which is homolog to ZePrx, could have an important role in lignification. For this reason, we performed a bioinformatic, histochemical, photosynthetic, and phenotypical and lignin composition analysis of an arabidopsis knock-out mutant of AtPrx72 with the aim of characterizing the effects that occurred due to the absence of expression of this peroxidase from the aspects of plant physiology such as vascular development, lignification, and photosynthesis. In silico analyses indicated a high homology between AtPrx72 and ZePrx, cell wall localization and probably optimal levels of translation of AtPrx72. The histochemical study revealed a low content in syringyl units and a decrease in the amount of lignin in the atprx72 mutant plants compared to WT. The atprx72 mutant plants grew more slowly than WT plants, with both smaller rosette and principal stem, and with fewer branches and siliques than the WT plants. Lastly, chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed a significant decrease in ΦPSII and q L in atprx72 mutant plants that could be related to changes in carbon partitioning and/or utilization of redox equivalents in arabidopsis metabolism. The results suggest an important role of AtPrx72 in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, knock-out plants were able to respond and adapt to an insufficiency of lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Herrero
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Étienne Delannoy
- Unité “Résistance des plantes”, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), UMR DGPC, 911 avenue Agropolis, B.P. 64501, F-34394, Montpellier cedex
| | - Philippe Marmey
- Unité “Résistance des plantes”, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), UMR DGPC, 911 avenue Agropolis, B.P. 64501, F-34394, Montpellier cedex
| | - Claude Penel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie végétale, Université de Genève, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211, Genève 4
| | - Michel Nicole
- Unité “Résistance des plantes”, IRD (Institut de recherche pour le développement), UMR DGPC, 911 avenue Agropolis, B.P. 64501, F-34394, Montpellier cedex
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16
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Du J, Tian Z, Liu J, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Shi X, Xie C. Functional analysis of potato genes involved in quantitative resistance to Phytophthora infestans. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:957-67. [PMID: 23224656 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The most significant threat to potato production worldwide is the late blight disease, which is caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Based on previous cDNA microarrays and cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis, 63 candidate genes that are expected to contribute to developing a durable resistance to late blight were selected for further functional analysis. We performed virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to these candidate genes on both Nicotiana benthamiana and potato, subsequently inoculated detached leaves and assessed the resistance level. Ten genes decreased the resistance to P. infestans after VIGS treatment. Among those, a lipoxygenase (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12) and a suberization-associated anionic peroxidase affected the resistance in both N. benthamiana and potato. Our results identify genes that may play a role in quantitative resistance mechanisms to late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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17
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Klose H, Röder J, Girfoglio M, Fischer R, Commandeur U. Hyperthermophilic endoglucanase for in planta lignocellulose conversion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:63. [PMID: 22928996 PMCID: PMC3497586 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic plant biomass into fermentable sugars is a crucial step in the sustainable and environmentally friendly production of biofuels. However, a major drawback of enzymes from mesophilic sources is their suboptimal activity under established pretreatment conditions, e.g. high temperatures, extreme pH values and high salt concentrations. Enzymes from extremophiles are better adapted to these conditions and could be produced by heterologous expression in microbes, or even directly in the plant biomass. RESULTS Here we show that a cellulase gene (sso1354) isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus can be expressed in plants, and that the recombinant enzyme is biologically active and exhibits the same properties as the wild type form. Since the enzyme is inactive under normal plant growth conditions, this potentially allows its expression in plants without negative effects on growth and development, and subsequent heat-inducible activation. Furthermore we demonstrate that the recombinant enzyme acts in high concentrations of ionic liquids and can therefore degrade α-cellulose or even complex cell wall preparations under those pretreatment conditions. CONCLUSION The hyperthermophilic endoglucanase SSO1354 with its unique features is an excellent tool for advanced biomass conversion. Here we demonstrate its expression in planta and the possibility for post harvest activation. Moreover the enzyme is suitable for combined pretreatment and hydrolysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Klose
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michele Girfoglio
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Martínez-Cortés T, Pomar F, Espiñeira JM, Merino F, Novo-Uzal E. Purification and kinetic characterization of two peroxidases of Selaginella martensii Spring. involved in lignification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 52:130-9. [PMID: 22305076 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two cationic peroxidases from Selaginella martensii Spring. (SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3) were purified using a three-step protocol which includes ammonium sulfate precipitation, adsorption chromatography on phenyl sepharose and cationic exchange chromatography on SP sepharose. The molecular mass for SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3 was calculated to be 36.3 kDa and 45.6 kDa, respectively, according to MALDI-TOF/TOF. The isoelectric points were estimated in 9.2 and 9.5 for SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3, respectively, according to isoelectrofocusing. Both enzymes show a typical peroxidase UV-visible spectrum with a Soret peak at 403 nm for SmaPrx2 and 404 nm for SmaPrx3. The specific activities showed against several substrates and the kinetic parameters suggest SmaPrx2 and SmaPrx3 have specific roles in cell wall formation and especially in lignin biosynthesis. Several peptides from tryptic digestion of both peroxidases were identified through MALDI-TOF MS/MS. The presence in these peptides of structural determinants typical of syringyl peroxidases indicates these proteins show no structural restrictions to oxidize syringyl moieties. These data, along with the in vitro capacity of using sinapyl alcohol as substrate and the low K(m) in the μM range suggest these two peroxidases may be responsible for the oxidation of syringyl monolignols that leads to syringyl lignins biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Martínez-Cortés
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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LUO HAIBO, JIANG JUAN, JIANG LI, ZHANG LI, YU ZHIFANG. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PEROXIDASE FROM FRESH-CUT ZIZANIA LATIFOLIA. J Food Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2010.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maksimov IV, Cherepanova EA, Kuzmina OI, Yarullina LG, Akhunov AA. Molecular peculiarities of the chitin-binding peroxidases of plants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010; 36:319-26. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162010030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Kavousi B, Daudi A, Cook CM, Joseleau JP, Ruel K, Devoto A, Bolwell GP, Blee KA. Consequences of antisense down-regulation of a lignification-specific peroxidase on leaf and vascular tissue in tobacco lines demonstrating enhanced enzymic saccharification. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:531-42. [PMID: 20170931 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco plants expressing an antisense construct for a cationic peroxidase, which down-regulated lignin content at the presumed level of polymerisation, have been further analysed. T(1) plants were derived from a large-scale screen of T(0) mutant lines, previously published, which identified lines demonstrating consistent lignin down-regulation. Of these, line 1074 which had the most robust changes in lignin distribution through several generations was shown to have accompanying down-regulation of transcription of most lignin biosynthesis genes, except cinnamoyl-CoA reductase. The consistent 20% reduction in lignin was not accompanied by significant gross changes in vascular polysaccharide content and composition, despite a modest up-regulation of transcripts of genes involved in cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis. Morphologically, 1074 plants have under-developed xylem with both fibers and vessels having thin cell walls and limited secondary wall thickening with an abnormal S2 layer. However, they were not compromised in overall growth. Nevertheless, these and other lines showed improved potential industrial utility through a threefold increase in enzymic saccharification efficiency compared with wild-type (wt). Therefore, they were profiled for further un-intended effects of transgenesis that might compromise their value for industrial or biofuel processes. Other phenotypic changes included increased leaf thickness and bifurcation at the tip of the leaf. wt-Plants had smaller chloroplasts and higher stomatal numbers than mutants. Transgenic lines also showed a variable leaf pigment distribution with light-green areas that contained measurably less chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids. Changes in epidermal pavement cells of mutant lines were also observed after exposure to various chemicals, while wt leaves retained their structural integrity. Despite these changes, the mutant plants grew and were viable indicating that lignification patterns can be manipulated considerably through targeting polymerisation without serious deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Kavousi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
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22
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Farag MA, Deavours BE, de Fátima Â, Naoumkina M, Dixon RA, Sumner LW. Integrated metabolite and transcript profiling identify a biosynthetic mechanism for hispidol in Medicago truncatula cell cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1096-113. [PMID: 19571306 PMCID: PMC2773099 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.141481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling of elicited barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) cell cultures using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode and mass spectrometry detection revealed the accumulation of the aurone hispidol (6-hydroxy-2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-1-benzofuran-3-one) as a major response to yeast elicitor. Parallel, large-scale transcriptome profiling indicated that three peroxidases, MtPRX1, MtPRX2, and MtPRX3, were coordinately induced with the accumulation of hispidol. MtPRX1 and MtPRX2 exhibited aurone synthase activity based upon in vitro substrate specificity and product profiles of recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Hispidol possessed significant antifungal activity relative to other M. truncatula phenylpropanoids tested but has not been reported in this species before and was not found in differentiated roots in which high levels of the peroxidase transcripts accumulated. We propose that hispidol is formed in cell cultures by metabolic spillover when the pool of its precursor, isoliquiritigenin, builds up as a result of an imbalance between the upstream and downstream segments of the phenylpropanoid pathway, reflecting the plasticity of plant secondary metabolism. The results illustrate that integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics in genetically reprogrammed plant cell cultures is a powerful approach for the discovery of novel bioactive secondary metabolites and the mechanisms underlying their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (M.A.F., B.E.D., M.N., R.A.D., L.W.S.); Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt 11562 (M.A.F.); Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 (B.E.D.); and Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270–901, Brazil (Â.d.F.)
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Hushpulian DM, Poloznikov AA, Savitski PA, Rozhkova AM, Chubar TA, Fechina VA, Lagrimini LM, Tishkov VI, Gazaryan IG. Biocatalytic properties of recombinant tobacco peroxidase in chemiluminescent reaction. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701379684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cosio C, Vuillemin L, De Meyer M, Kevers C, Penel C, Dunand C. An anionic class III peroxidase from zucchini may regulate hypocotyl elongation through its auxin oxidase activity. PLANTA 2009; 229:823-36. [PMID: 19116728 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The high number of peroxidase genes explains the description of numerous physiological functions and the fact that the in planta function of a single isoform has never been characterized yet. We analyzed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana the localization of a zucchini isoperoxidase (APRX), previously purified thanks to its pectin binding ability. We confirmed that the protein is localized near the cell wall, mainly produced in the elongation area of the hypocotyls and respond to exogenous auxin. In addition, the ectopic overexpression of APRX induced changes in growth pattern and a significant reduction of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level. In agreement with these observations APRX showed an elevated in vitro auxin oxidase activity. We propose that APRX participates in the negative feedback regulation of auxin level and consequently terminates the hypocotyl elongation process.
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MESH Headings
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Cluster Analysis
- Cucurbita/enzymology
- Cucurbita/genetics
- Cucurbita/growth & development
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Hypocotyl/enzymology
- Hypocotyl/genetics
- Hypocotyl/growth & development
- Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Peroxidases/classification
- Peroxidases/genetics
- Peroxidases/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cosio
- Laboratoire of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Cosio C, Dunand C. Specific functions of individual class III peroxidase genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:391-408. [PMID: 19088338 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, class III peroxidases exist as large multigene families (e.g. 73 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana). The diversity of processes catalysed by peroxidases as well as the large number of their genes suggests the possibility of a functional specialization of each isoform. In addition, the fact that peroxidase promoter sequences are very divergent and that protein sequences contain both highly conserved domains and variable regions supports this hypothesis. However, two difficulties are associated with the study of the function of specific peroxidase genes: (i) the modification of the expression of a single peroxidase gene often results in no visible mutant phenotype, because it is compensated by redundant genes; and (ii) peroxidases show low substrate specificity in vitro resulting in an unreliable indication of peroxidase specific activity unless complementary data are available. The generalization of molecular biology approaches such as whole transcriptome analysis and recombinant DNA combined with biochemical approaches provide unprecedented tools for overcoming these difficulties. This review highlights progress made with these new techniques for identifying the specific function of individual class III peroxidase genes taking as an example the model plant A. thaliana, as well as discussing some other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cosio
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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26
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Marczak Ł, Wojtaszek P, Stobiecki M. Influence of plant secondary metabolites on in vitro oxidation of methyl ferulate with cell wall peroxidases from lupine apoplast. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 165:239-250. [PMID: 17928101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ionically bound cell wall peroxidases (POXs) were liberated to intercellular washing fluids (IWFs) and isolated together with other proteins and metabolites present in the apoplast of white lupine (Lupinus albus L. var. Bac) root. After separation of proteins from low molecular weight compounds, activity of peroxidases was monitored in in vitro experiments. Oxidation of methyl ferulate with H2O2 was studied in multi-component mixtures of plant metabolites. Secondary metabolites identified in IWFs or other natural products playing important roles in different physiological processes were applied as modifiers of the dehydrodimerization process during oxidation reactions performed in vitro. These were isoflavones and their conjugates, lupanine representing quinolizidine alkaloids synthesized in lupine, or other natural products such as quercetin, ascorbic, and salicylic acid. The influence of these substances on the oxidation kinetics of methyl ferulate was monitored with liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC/UV), and identification of compounds was confirmed with the liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy (LC/MS) system. On the basis of data collected, it was possible to reveal changes in the activities of cell wall POXs. Application of the LC system permitted us to monitor, independently, quantitative changes of two or more reaction products in the mixtures. In multi-component combinations, oxidation yields of methyl ferulate by POXs were modified depending on the actual composition of the reaction mixture. We conclude that various classes of plant secondary metabolites can modify the yield of methyl ferulate oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of POX, due to interactions with the enzyme's active site (genistein) or radical scavenging properties of metabolites present in the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
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27
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Hushpulian DM, Poloznikov AA, Savitski PA, Rozhkova AM, Chubar TA, Fechina VA, Orlova MA, Tishkov VI, Gazaryan IG, Lagrimini LM. Glutamic acid-141: a heme 'bodyguard' in anionic tobacco peroxidase. Biol Chem 2007; 388:373-80. [PMID: 17391058 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of the conserved glutamic acid residue in anionic plant peroxidases with regard to substrate specificity and stability was examined. A Glu141Phe substitution was generated in tobacco anionic peroxidase (TOP) to mimic neutral plant peroxidases such as horseradish peroxidase C (HRP C). The newly constructed enzyme was compared to wild-type recombinant TOP and HRP C expressed in E. coli. The Glu141Phe substitution supports heme entrapment during the refolding procedure and increases the reactivation yield to 30% compared to 7% for wild-type TOP. The mutation reduces the activity towards ABTS, o-phenylenediamine, guaiacol and ferrocyanide to 50% of the wild-type activity. No changes are observed with respect to activity for the lignin precursor substrates, coumaric and ferulic acid. The Glu141Phe mutation destabilizes the enzyme upon storage and against radical inactivation, mimicking inactivation in the reaction course. Structural alignment shows that Glu141 in TOP is likely to be hydrogen-bonded to Gln149, similar to the Glu143-Lys151 bond in Arabidopsis A2 peroxidase. Supposedly, the Glu141-Gln149 bond provides TOP with two different modes of stabilization: (1) it prevents heme dissociation, i.e., it 'guards' heme inside the active center; and (2) it constitutes a shield to protect the active center from solvent-derived radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri M Hushpulian
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Chemical Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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Sasaki S, Baba K, Nishida T, Tsutsumi Y, Kondo R. The cationic cell-wall-peroxidase having oxidation ability for polymeric substrate participates in the late stage of lignification of Populus alba L. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 62:797-807. [PMID: 17004015 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that purified Cell Wall Peroxidase-Cationic (CWPO-C) from poplar callus (Populus alba L.) oxidizes sinapyl alcohol and polymeric substrate unlike other plant peroxidases and proposed that this isoenzyme is a conceivable lignification specific peroxidase. In this study, we cloned full-length cDNA of CWPO-C and investigated the transcription of CWPO-C gene in various organs and the localization of CWPO-C protein in the differentiating xylem of poplar stem.Real-time PCR analyses indicated that CWPO-C gene is constitutively expressed in the developing xylem, leaf, and shoot but not affected by many stress treatments. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CWPO-C locates in the middle lamellae, cell corners, and secondary cell walls of the fiber cells during the lignification. The intensity of the CWPO-C labeling increased gradually from the cell wall thickening stage to mature stage of fiber cells, which is very consistent with the increase of lignin content in the developing xylem. These results strongly support that CWPO-C is responsible for the lignification of the secondary xylem. Interestingly, immuno-labeling of CWPO-C was also observed inside of the ray parenchyma cells instead no signals were detected within the developing fiber cells. This suggests that CWPO-C is biosynthesized in the parenchyma cells and provided to the middle lamellae, the cell corners, and the cell walls to achieve lignin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sasaki
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Heggie L, Jansen MAK, Burbridge EM, Kavanagh TA, Thorneley RNF, Dix PJ. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun-NN) plants over-expressing a synthetic HRP-C gene are altered in growth, development and susceptibility to abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:1067-73. [PMID: 16386428 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of class III peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) in controlling plant growth and development has been investigated by over-expression of both native and heterologous peroxidases. However, it has remained an enigma as to why the phenotypes of different peroxidase over-expressing transgenics vary. In order to resolve the conflicting information about the consequences of peroxidase over-expression, we have explored the role of the subcellular targeting of HRP-C in controlling stem growth, root development, axillary branching and abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Altering the sub-cellular targeting of vacuolar HRP-C, such that over-expressed peroxidase accumulates in the cytoplasm and cell wall, induced phenotypic changes that are typically associated with altered auxin homeostasis, and over-expression of cell wall located peroxidases. We conclude that sub-cellular targeting is a determinant of the phenotype of peroxidase over-expressing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heggie
- Plant Cell Culture Unit, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Sasaki K, Iwai T, Hiraga S, Kuroda K, Seo S, Mitsuhara I, Miyasaka A, Iwano M, Ito H, Matsui H, Ohashi Y. Ten Rice Peroxidases Redundantly Respond to Multiple Stresses Including Infection with Rice Blast Fungus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:1442-52. [PMID: 15564528 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Class III plant peroxidases are believed to function in diverse physiological processes including disease resistance and wound response, but predicted low substrate specificities and the presence of 70 or more isoforms have made it difficult to define a specific physiological function(s) for each gene. To select pathogen-responsive POX genes, we analyzed the expression profiles of 22 rice POX genes after infection with rice blast fungus. The expression of 10 POX genes among the 22 genes was induced after fungal inoculation in both compatible and incompatible hosts. Seven of the 10 POX genes were expressed at higher levels in the incompatible host than in the compatible host 6-24 h after inoculation by which time no fungus-induced lesions have appeared. Organ-specific expression and stress-induced expression by wounding and treatment with probenazole, an agrichemical against blast fungus, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a precursor of ethylene, indicated that rice POXs have individual characteristics and can be classified into several types. A comparison of the amino acid sequences of POXs showed that multiple isoforms with a high sequence similarity respond to stress in different or similar ways. Such redundant responses of POX genes may guarantee POX activities that are necessary for self-defense in plant tissues against environmental stresses including pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutomo Sasaki
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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Jansen MAK, Elfstrand M, Heggie L, Sitbon F, Dix PJ, Thorneley RNF. Over-expression of phenol-oxidising peroxidases alters the UV-susceptibility of transgenic Nicotiana tabacum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 163:585-594. [PMID: 33873742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Class III peroxidases catalyse the oxidative crosslinking of UV-absorbing phenolics. The effect of changes in the activity of phenol oxidising peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) on UV-tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum plants has been determined. • The UV-sensitivity of transgenic N. tabacum lines, altered in their peroxidase expression pattern, was studied by measuring radiation effects on photosynthetic efficiency. • Analysis of the effect of UV-radiation on the relative variable chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the SPI-2 line, which over-expresses a defence-related cationic peroxidase, is markedly UV-tolerant. By contrast, the ROPN3-line, which overexpresses a synthetic horseradish peroxidase-C gene, was found to be UV-sensitive. The increased activity of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) inducible peroxidases in homozygous IAA-overproducing transgenic plants was also found to correlate with UV-sensitivity. • It is concluded that only specific peroxidase isozymes, through their effects on phenolic metabolism, contribute to the UV protection response. Thus, the analysis of the role of isozymes in UV-protection addresses fundamental questions of isozyme diversity and/or redundancy in relation to phenolic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A K Jansen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Present address: Department of Plant Sciences (ZEPS), University College Cork, Distillery Field, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Heggie
- Institute of Bioengineering and Agroecology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
- Present address: Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Folke Sitbon
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip J Dix
- Institute of Bioengineering and Agroecology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Roger N F Thorneley
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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GÓMEZ‐VÁSQUEZ ROCÍO, DAY ROBERT, BUSCHMANN HOLGER, RANDLES SOPHIE, BEECHING JOHNR, COOPER RICHARDM. Phenylpropanoids, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidases in elicitor-challenged cassava (Manihot esculenta) suspension cells and leaves. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2004; 94:87-97. [PMID: 15145789 PMCID: PMC4242363 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mch107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Control of diseases in the key tropical staple, cassava, is dependent on resistant genotypes, but the innate mechanisms are unknown. The aim was to study phenylpropanoids and associated enzymes as possible defence components. METHODS Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), phenylpropanoids and peroxidases (POD) were investigated in elicited cassava suspension cells and leaves. Yeast elicitor was the most effective of several microbial and endogenous elicitors. Fungitoxicity was determined against the cassava pathogens Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum and the saprotroph Trichoderma harzianum. KEY RESULTS A single and rapid (> or =2-3 min) oxidative burst, measured as hydrogen peroxide, occurred in elicited cells. PAL activity was induced maximally at 15 h and was preceded by PAL mRNA accumulation, which peaked at 9 h. Symplasmic POD activity increased four-fold in cells, 48 h post-elicitation. POD isoforms (2-7 isoforms, pI 3.1-8.8) were detected in elicited and unelicited cells, extracellular medium and leaves but two extracellular isoforms were enhanced post-elicitation. Also expression of a cassava peroxidase gene MecPOD1 increased in elicited cells. Only anionic forms oxidized scopoletin, with highest activity by isoform pI 3.6, present in all samples. Unidentified phenolics and possibly scopolin increased post-elicitation, but there was no enhancement of scopoletin, rutin or kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside concentration. Fungal germ tube elongation was inhibited more than germination by esculetin, ferulic acid, quercetin and scopoletin. T. harzianum was generally more sensitive than the pathogens and was inhibited by > or =50 microg mL(-1) of ferulic acid and quercetin and > or =10 microg mL(-1) of scopoletin. CONCLUSIONS Phenolic levels in cells were not enhanced and were, theoretically, too low to be inhibitory. However, in combination and when oxidized they may contribute to defence, because oxidation of esculetin and scopoletin by peroxidase and of esculetin by tyrosinase enhanced their fungitoxicity up to 20-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROCÍO GÓMEZ‐VÁSQUEZ
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - ROBERT DAY
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - HOLGER BUSCHMANN
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - SOPHIE RANDLES
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - JOHN R. BEECHING
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - RICHARD M. COOPER
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Blaschke L, Legrand M, Mai C, Polle A. Lignification and structural biomass production in tobacco with suppressed caffeic/5-hydroxy ferulic acid-O-methyl transferase activity under ambient and elevated CO concentrations. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2004; 121:75-83. [PMID: 15086820 DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-9317.2004.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between growth, biomass partitioning and lignification we used tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in which O-methyl transferase (OMT) activity, an enzyme involved in the pathway of sinapyl alcohol formation for lignin synthesis, was suppressed by antisense transformation. To modulate growth, controls and transformed tobacco plants were grown under ambient (approximately 380 p.p.m) or elevated CO(2) (700 p.p.m), respectively. Lignin concentrations and composition were determined with spectrophotometric methods (thioglycolate and acetyl bromide) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. A comparison of the thioglycolate and acetylbromide method suggested that the thioglycolate method was sensitive to changes in the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G)-ratio in lignin and therefore not suitable for quantification in tissues with altered lignin composition. Growth under elevated CO(2) increased leaf and stem biomass of both genotypes by 40 and 20%, respectively, compared with ambient CO(2) and had no effect on root biomass. OMT suppression did not affect lignin concentrations in the leaves but caused a shift in biomass partitioning from the structural to the non-structural fraction. Elevated CO(2) caused a shift towards production of structural compounds resulting in decreased foliar lignin concentrations and indicating that the lignin/structural mass ratio is flexible in leaves. By contrast, the lignin concentrations of stems were unaffected by elevated CO(2) or OMT suppression and increased about three-fold from the apex to the base. Antisense-OMT plants produced more stem biomass than controls but showed no changes of the relative partitioning of biomass to the different pools. This indicates that the metabolic control of carbon fluxes to the production of structural versus non-structural fractions is tighter in stems than in leaves. FTIR spectroscopy indicated a relative increase in guaiacyl- as compared with syringyl-units in antisense-OMT tobacco, which was more pronounced under elevated as compared with ambient CO(2). Since there was no evidence for decreased lignin concentrations in the antisense-OMT plants but increased biomass formation we suggest that less methylated lignins are 'cheaper' in biosynthetic carbon and energy demand and, thus, may enable plants to allocate increased resources to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Blaschke
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Georges Köhler Allee 17, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
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Lebedeva OV, Ezhova TA, Shestakov SV. Localization and molecular analysis of the PXD gene encoding anionic peroxidase of Arabidopsis thaliana. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2004; 394:41-3. [PMID: 15088401 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobs.0000017126.83343.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O V Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Vorob'evy gory, Moscow, 119899 Russia
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35
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Balen B, Krsnik-Rasol M, Simeon-Rudolf V. Isoenzymes of peroxidase and esterase related to morphogenesis in Mammillaria gracillis Pfeiff. tissue culture. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:1401-1406. [PMID: 14658394 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vitro propagated plants of the cactus Mammillaria gracillis Pfeiff. (Cactaceae) spontaneously produced callus. The habituated callus regenerated normal and hyperhydric shoots without the addition of grown regulators. Tumours were obtained by infecting cactus explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens; the wild strain B6S3 (tumour TW) or with the rooty mutant GV3101 (tumour TR). Both tumour lines grew vigorously, never expressing any morphogenic potential. In this study, cactus shoots, callus, normal and hyperhydric regenerants and TW and TR tumours were compared with regard to peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and esterase activity, and isoenzyme patterns. Guaiacol peroxidase activity was the lowest in the cactus shoots and in the normal regenerants. Callus, hyperhydric regenerants and tumours had peroxidase activity of 6 to 7 times higher. Esterase activity was measured with 1- and 2-naphthylacetate as broad-spectrum substrates. The highest esterase activity was determined in tumours with both substrates. All tissues, except the TR tumour, had higher esterase activity for 2-compared to 1-naphtylacetate. Peroxidase and esterase isoenzyme patterns were not completely identical among the investigated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Balen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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36
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Blee KA, Choi JW, O'Connell AP, Schuch W, Lewis NG, Bolwell GP. A lignin-specific peroxidase in tobacco whose antisense suppression leads to vascular tissue modification. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 64:163-76. [PMID: 12946415 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A tobacco peroxidase isoenzyme (TP60) was down-regulated in tobacco using an antisense strategy, this affording transformants with lignin reductions of up to 40-50% of wild type (control) plants. Significantly, both guaiacyl and syringyl levels decreased in essentially a linear manner with the reductions in lignin amounts, as determined by both thioacidolysis and nitrobenzene oxidative analyses. These data provisionally suggest that a feedback mechanism is operative in lignifying cells, which prevents build-up of monolignols should oxidative capacity for their subsequent metabolism be reduced. Prior to this study, the only known rate-limiting processes in the monolignol/lignin pathways involved that of Phe supply and the relative activities of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase/p-coumarate-3-hydroxylase, respectively. These transformants thus provide an additional experimental means in which to further dissect and delineate the factors involved in monolignol targeting to precise regions in the cell wall, and of subsequent lignin assembly. Interestingly, the lignin down-regulated tobacco phenotypes displayed no readily observable differences in overall growth and development profiles, although the vascular apparatus was modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A Blee
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Kawaoka A, Matsunaga E, Endo S, Kondo S, Yoshida K, Shinmyo A, Ebinuma H. Ectopic expression of a horseradish peroxidase enhances growth rate and increases oxidative stress resistance in hybrid aspen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:1177-85. [PMID: 12857800 PMCID: PMC167058 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.019794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2002] [Revised: 01/24/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that overexpression of the horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) peroxidase prxC1a gene stimulated the growth rate of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. Here, the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S::prxC1a construct was introduced into hybrid aspen (Populus sieboldii x Populus grandidentata). The growth rate of these transformed hybrid aspen plants was substantially increased under greenhouse conditions. The average stem length of transformed plants was 25% greater than that of control plants. There was no other obvious phenotypic difference between the transformed and control plants. Fast-growing transformed hybrid aspen showed high levels of expression of prxC1a and had elevated peroxidase activities toward guaiacol and ascorbate. However, there was no increase of the endogenous class I ascorbate peroxidase activities in the transformed plants by separate assay and activity staining of native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, calli derived from the transformed hybrid aspen grew faster than those from control plants and were resistant to the oxidative stress imposed by hydrogen peroxide. Therefore, enhanced peroxidase activity affects plant growth rate and oxidative stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Kawaoka
- Pulp and Paper Research Laboratory, Nippon Paper Industries Co. Ltd., 5-21-1 Oji, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0002, Japan.
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Li Y, Kajita S, Kawai S, Katayama Y, Morohoshi N. Down-regulation of an anionic peroxidase in transgenic aspen and its effect on lignin characteristics. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2003; 116:175-82. [PMID: 12836039 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-003-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2002] [Accepted: 01/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that peroxidases catalyze the final step in the biosynthesis of lignin. In this study, to examine how expression of prxA3a, a gene for an anionic peroxidase, might be related to lignification in plant tissues, we produced transgenic tobacco plants that harbored a gene for beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fused to the prxA3a promoter. Histochemical staining for GUS activity indicated that the prxA3a promoter was active mainly in the lignifying cells of stem tissues. Further, to examine the effects of suppressing the expression of prxA3a, we transferred an antisense prxA3a gene construct into the original host, hybrid aspen ( Populus sieboldii x P. gradidentata), under the control of the original promoter of the prxA3a gene. Eleven transformed aspens were obtained and characterized, and the stable integration of the antisense construct was confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting analysis in all these lines. Assays of enzymatic activity showed that both total peroxidase activity and acidic peroxidase activity were lower in most transgenic lines than in the control plants. In addition, the reduction of peroxidase activity was associated with lower lignin content and modified lignin composition. Transgenic lines with the highest reduction of peroxidase activity displayed a higher syringyl/vanillin (S/V) ratio and a lower S+V yield, mainly because of a decreased amount of V units. Thus, our results indicate that prxA3a is involved in the lignification of xylem tissue and that the down-regulation of anionic peroxidase alters both lignin content and composition in hybrid aspen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Li
- Department of Environmental Symbiotic Production Systems, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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de Obeso M, Caparrós-Ruiz D, Vignols F, Puigdomènech P, Rigau J. Characterisation of maize peroxidases having differential patterns of mRNA accumulation in relation to lignifying tissues. Gene 2003; 309:23-33. [PMID: 12727355 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(03)00462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Among other enzymes, peroxidases have been proposed to participate in the latest steps of lignin biosynthesis. In order to identify new proteins involved in such mechanism of lignification in maize, we have isolated three cDNAs coding for three different peroxidases, named ZmPox1, ZmPox2, and ZmPox3, respectively. Computational analyses of these three proteins correlate with features typically attributed to heme-containing plant peroxidases of approximately 300 amino acid residues. Although with different expression levels, ZmPox2 and ZmPox3 mRNAs are accumulated in the elongating region of young roots but not in the root tips. In addition, the ZmPox2 mRNA levels are up-regulated by wounding and ethylene treatments. However, ZmPox1 is also expressed in the root tip meristems, where lignification does not occur. Finally, in situ hybridisations indicate that ZmPox2 mRNA localises in vascular tissues and epidermis. Although ZmPox1 mRNA localises in the same regions as ZmPox2 mRNA in root tips, its mRNA is only detected in the epidermis but not in the vascular tissues of young roots, suggesting that the function of ZmPox1 is not correlated to lignification. In addition, although ZmPox3 mRNA is also detected in the regions where lignification occurs, the involvement of this peroxidase in such a mechanism remains to be further investigated due to its very low expression level. Therefore, based on its amino acid sequence and mRNA accumulation and localisation patterns, the involvement of ZmPox2 in the latest steps of lignification is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Ethylenes/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- In Situ Hybridization
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Lignin/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peroxidases/genetics
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Mechanical
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica de Obeso
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Jansen MAK. Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on plants: induction of morphogenic responses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Ranocha P, Chabannes M, Chamayou S, Danoun S, Jauneau A, Boudet AM, Goffner D. Laccase down-regulation causes alterations in phenolic metabolism and cell wall structure in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:145-55. [PMID: 12011346 PMCID: PMC155879 DOI: 10.1104/pp.010988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2001] [Revised: 01/07/2002] [Accepted: 02/16/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laccases are encoded by multigene families in plants. Previously, we reported the cloning and characterization of five divergent laccase genes from poplar (Populus trichocarpa) xylem. To investigate the role of individual laccase genes in plant development, and more particularly in lignification, three independent populations of antisense poplar plants, lac3AS, lac90AS, and lac110AS with significantly reduced levels of laccase expression were generated. A repression of laccase gene expression had no effect on overall growth and development. Moreover, neither lignin content nor composition was significantly altered as a result of laccase suppression. However, one of the transgenic populations, lac3AS, exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in total soluble phenolic content. As indicated by toluidine blue staining, these phenolics preferentially accumulate in xylem ray parenchyma cells. In addition, light and electron microscopic observations of lac3AS stems indicated that lac3 gene suppression led to a dramatic alteration of xylem fiber cell walls. Individual fiber cells were severely deformed, exhibiting modifications in fluorescence emission at the primary wall/middle lamella region and frequent sites of cell wall detachment. Although a direct correlation between laccase gene expression and lignification could not be assigned, we show that the gene product of lac3 is essential for normal cell wall structure and integrity in xylem fibers. lac3AS plants provide a unique opportunity to explore laccase function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ranocha
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Paul Sabatier 5546 Signaux et Messages Cellulaires chez les Végétaux, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24, Chemin de Borde Rouge, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
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Christensen JH, Overney S, Rohde A, Diaz WA, Bauw G, Simon P, Van Montagu M, Boerjan W. The syringaldazine-oxidizing peroxidase PXP 3-4 from poplar xylem: cDNA isolation, characterization and expression. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 47:581-593. [PMID: 11725944 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012271729285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall polymer lignin is believed to be condensed by specific cell wall-localized oxidoreductases. In many plants species, including poplar, the peroxidase-directed oxidation of the lignin analogue syringaldazine (SYR) has been localized to cells that undergo secondary wall formation, a process that includes lignification. As a first step to analyse the corresponding peroxidases. we have isolated previously two anionic isoenzymes (PXP 3-4 and PXP 5) from poplar xylem (Populus trichocarpa), which use SYR as a substrate. Here, we demonstrate that these enzymes are responsible for the visualized SYR oxidation in the developing xylem. The cDNA that corresponds to PXP 3-4 was isolated and the deduced protein was found closely related to the other SYR-oxidizing peroxidase PXP 5 (ca. 98% of identity). PXP 3-4 was expressed in a baculovirus expression system yielding high levels of active peroxidase (3 mg/l medium). The heterologously produced protein showed characteristics similar to those of the corresponding protein from poplar xylem (enzymatic properties, isoelectric point, and migration in a native gel). PXP 3-4 was expressed in the stem and in the root xylem. The data demonstrate that PXP 3-4 (and/or PXP 5) are present in differentiating xylem. supporting a function in secondary cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Christensen
- Vakgroep Moleculaire Genetica, Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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Fossdal CG, Sharma P, Lönneborg A. Isolation of the first putative peroxidase cDNA from a conifer and the local and systemic accumulation of related proteins upon pathogen infection. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 47:423-435. [PMID: 11587513 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011615328684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidases are associated with the active defence reactions in higher plants in response to foreign organisms. They are involved in the oxidation of phenolic compounds in cell walls, polymerization of lignin and suberin, and in several other oxidation processes but the exact function of individual peroxidases is not known. We have isolated a cDNA encoding the putative defence-related and basic plant peroxidase SPI2 (spruce pathogen-induced 2), with an estimated molecular mass of 34 kDa, from roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings. This is the first description of the isolation of a complete cDNA encoding a putative peroxidase from a gymnosperm. The transcript was present in the roots of healthy seedlings, and during infection with the pathogen Pythium dimorphum there was a rapid initial increase followed by a dramatic reduction of the transcript. The 34 kDa mature SPI2 protein was detected in both the developing root and shoot of healthy seedlings and increased amounts of SPI2 and increased accumulation of highly basic peroxidase isoforms was observed in roots after infection. In addition, two SPI2-related proteins with apparent molecular masses of 38 and 39 kDa, were also detected. Both these proteins accumulated in roots only after infection, and the 39 kDa protein was in addition detected in shoots of root-infected seedlings. Thus, both SPI2 and the SPI2-related proteins accumulate as a local response, in roots, and as a systemic response to infection the 39 kDa protein accumulates in the shoot.
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44
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Jansen MA, van den Noort RE, Tan MY, Prinsen E, Lagrimini LM, Thorneley RN. Phenol-oxidizing peroxidases contribute to the protection of plants from ultraviolet radiation stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 126:1012-23. [PMID: 11457952 PMCID: PMC116458 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.3.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2000] [Revised: 01/12/2001] [Accepted: 03/20/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of UV protection in two duckweed species (Lemnaceae) by exploiting the UV sensitivity of photosystem II as an in situ sensor for radiation stress. A UV-tolerant Spirodela punctata G.F.W. Meyer ecotype had significantly higher indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels than a UV-sensitive ecotype. Parallel work on Lemna gibba mutants suggested that UV tolerance is linked to IAA degradation rather than to levels of free or conjugated IAA. This linkage is consistent with a role for class III phenolic peroxidases, which have been implicated both in the degradation of IAA and the cross-linking of various UV-absorbing phenolics. Biochemical analysis revealed increased activity of a specific peroxidase isozyme in both UV-tolerant duckweed lines. The hypothesis that peroxidases play a role in UV protection was tested in a direct manner using genetically modified tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris). It was found that increased activity of the anionic peroxidase correlated with increased tolerance to UV radiation as well as decreased levels of free auxin. We conclude that phenol-oxidizing peroxidases concurrently contribute to UV protection as well as the control of leaf and plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Jansen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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45
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Hiraga S, Sasaki K, Ito H, Ohashi Y, Matsui H. A large family of class III plant peroxidases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:462-8. [PMID: 11382811 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Class III plant peroxidase (POX), a plant-specific oxidoreductase, is one of the many types of peroxidases that are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. POXs exist as isoenzymes in individual plant species, and each isoenzyme has variable amino acid sequences and shows diverse expression profiles, suggesting their involvement in various physiological processes. Indeed, studies have provided evidence that POXs participate in lignification, suberization, auxin catabolism, wound healing and defense against pathogen infection. Little, however, is known about the signal transduction for inducing expression of the pox genes. Recent studies have provided information on the regulatory mechanisms of wound- and pathogen-induced expression of some pox genes. These studies suggest that pox genes are induced via different signal transduction pathways from those of other known defense-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hiraga
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
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46
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Fang W, Kao CH. Enhanced peroxidase activity in rice leaves in response to excess iron, copper and zinc. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 158:71-76. [PMID: 10996246 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of excess Fe(2+) on the peroxidase (POD) activity in detached rice leaves was investigated. FeSO(4) was effective in stimulating POD activity in detached rice leaves under both light and dark conditions. FeSO(4) but not K(2)SO(4) induced POD activity, indicating that POD activity is induced by Fe(2+). FeSO(4)-induced POD activity is not specific for the rice cultivar used in this study. CuSO(4) and ZnSO(4) were also observed to induce POD activity in detached rice leaves. Cycloheximide blocked the enhanced activity of POD by Fe(2+), Cu(2+) or Zn(2+), indicating de novo biosynthesis of the enzyme. Paraquat treatment resulted in a decrease in POD activity. H(2)O(2) had no effect on POD activity in detached rice leaves. It seems that Fe(2+)-, Cu(2+)- or Zn(2+)-induced POD may not be mediated by free radicals. Using isoelectric focusing to separate POD, it was found that excess Fe(2+), Cu(2+) or Zn(2+) induced both quantitative and qualitative metal-specific changes in POD isozyme pattern in detached rice leaves. A new POD isozyme with a pI of 4.81 can be induced by Fe(2+), Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) in detached rice leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
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47
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Wu Y, Cosgrove DJ. Adaptation of roots to low water potentials by changes in cell wall extensibility and cell wall proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:1543-53. [PMID: 11006305 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.350.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is common for the root/shoot ratio of plants to increase when water availability is limiting. This ratio increases because roots are less sensitive than shoots to growth inhibition by low water potentials. The physiological and molecular mechanisms that assist root growth under drought conditions are reviewed, with a focus on changes in cell walls. Maize seedlings adapt to low water potential by making the walls in the apical part of the root more extensible. In part, this is accomplished by increases in expansin activity and in part by other, more complex changes in the wall. The role of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, peroxidase and other wall enzymes in root adaptation to low water potential is evaluated and some of the complications in the field of study are listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Laboratory, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Quiroga M, Guerrero C, Botella MA, Barceló A, Amaya I, Medina MI, Alonso FJ, de Forchetti SM, Tigier H, Valpuesta V. A tomato peroxidase involved in the synthesis of lignin and suberin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:1119-27. [PMID: 10759507 PMCID: PMC58946 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.4.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/1999] [Accepted: 12/30/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The last step in the synthesis of lignin and suberin has been proposed to be catalyzed by peroxidases, although other proteins may also be involved. To determine which peroxidases are involved in the synthesis of lignin and suberin, five peroxidases from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots, representing the majority of the peroxidase activity in this organ, have been partially purified and characterized kinetically. The purified peroxidases with isoelectric point (pI) values of 3.6 and 9.6 showed the highest catalytic efficiency when the substrate used was syringaldazine, an analog of lignin monomer. Using a combination of transgenic expression and antibody recognition, we now show that the peroxidase pI 9.6 is probably encoded by TPX1, a tomato peroxidase gene we have previously isolated. In situ RNA hybridization revealed that TPX1 expression is restricted to cells undergoing synthesis of lignin and suberin. Salt stress has been reported to induce the synthesis of lignin and/or suberin. This stress applied to tomato caused changes in the expression pattern of TPX1 and induced the TPX1 protein. We propose that the TPX1 product is involved in the synthesis of lignin and suberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quiroga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto (Cba), Argentina
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Hiraga S, Ito H, Yamakawa H, Ohtsubo N, Seo S, Mitsuhara I, Matsui H, Honma M, Ohashi Y. An HR-induced tobacco peroxidase gene is responsive to spermine, but not to salicylate, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:210-6. [PMID: 10659711 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.2.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tobacco plants carrying the N resistance gene, a hypersensitive reaction or response (HR) occurs to enclose the virus in the infected tissue. Although a contribution of peroxidases to the resistance has been proposed, no evidence has been presented that tobacco peroxidase genes respond to HR. Here, we describe the HR-induced expression of a tobacco peroxidase gene (tpoxC1) whose induction kinetics were slightly different from those of acidic and basic tobacco pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes. Interestingly, tpoxC1 was insensitive to the inducers of PR genes such as salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon. Spermine activated tpoxC1 gene expression at a low level and both acidic and basic PR gene expression at a considerably higher level. These results indicate that the induced expression of tpoxC1 is regulated differently from that of classical tobacco PR genes in the N gene-mediated self-defense system in tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hiraga
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Carpin S, Crèvecoeur M, Greppin H, Penel C. Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression of an anionic peroxidase in zucchini. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:799-810. [PMID: 10398715 PMCID: PMC59318 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.3.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1999] [Accepted: 03/23/1999] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A calcium-pectate-binding anionic isoperoxidase (APRX) from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) was purified and subjected to N-terminal amino acid microsequencing. The cDNA encoding this enzyme was obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from a cDNA library. It encoded a mature protein of 309 amino acids exhibiting all of the sequence characteristics of a plant peroxidase. Despite the presence of a C-terminal propeptide, APRX was found in the apoplast. APRX protein and mRNA were found in the root, hypocotyls, and cotyledons. In situ hybridization showed that the APRX-encoding gene was expressed in many different tissues. The strongest expression was observed in root epidermis and in some cells of the stele, in differentiating tracheary elements of hypocotyl, in the lower and upper epidermis, in the palisade parenchyma of cotyledons, and in lateral and adventitious root primordia. In the hypocotyl hook there was an asymmetric expression, with the inner part containing more transcripts than the outer part. Treatment with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid reduced the expression of the APRX-encoding gene in the lower part of the hypocotyl. Our observations suggest that APRX could be involved in lignin formation and that the transcription of its gene was related to auxin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carpin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Végétales, Université de Genève, Place de l'Université 3, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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