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Xu M, Li K, Xue Y, Wang F, Liu Z, Xiao T. Measurement of mass force field driving water refilling of cuttage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8947. [PMID: 38637680 PMCID: PMC11026483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuttage is a common plant cultivation method, and the key to its survival is the restoration of water refilling, which remains unclear up to now. We report 3D dynamic imaging of water refilling of cuttage without resorting to any contrast agent. Hydrodynamics of the refilled water flow over time reveals the existence of a unit mass force field with a gradient along the refilling direction, which means that cutting plants also have a gradient force field to drive the recovery of water refilling, as predicted by Cohesion-Tension theory in normal plants. We found that force fields of different functional regions are isolated and independently distributed, which is conducive to ensure the safety of water transmission. At the same time, we also found that there is a so-called "inchworm effect" in the mass force field, which contributes to the force transfer inside the cutting through local force accumulation. Results of this paper demonstrate that the developed method for the measurement of mass force field in-vivo is applicable to help decipher the mechanism of plant water refilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Xu
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Li
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yanling Xue
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Feixiang Wang
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhixuan Liu
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Ávila-Lovera E, Haro R, Choudhary M, Acosta-Rangel A, Pratt RB, Santiago LS. The benefits of woody plant stem photosynthesis extend to hydraulic function and drought survival in Parkinsonia florida. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae013. [PMID: 38284819 PMCID: PMC10918054 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
As climate change exacerbates drought stress in many parts of the world, understanding plant physiological mechanisms for drought survival is critical to predicting ecosystem responses. Stem net photosynthesis, which is common in arid environments, may be a drought survival trait, but whether the additional carbon fixed by stems contributes to plant hydraulic function and drought survival in arid land plants is untested. We conducted a stem light-exclusion experiment on saplings of a widespread North American desert tree species, Parkinsonia florida L., and after shading acclimation, we then subjected half of the plants to a drought treatment to test the interaction between light exclusion and water limitation on growth, leaf and stem photosynthetic gas exchange, xylem embolism assessed with micro-computed tomography and gravimetric techniques, and survival. Growth, stem photosynthetic gas exchange, hydraulic function and survival all showed expected reductions in response to light exclusion. However, stem photosynthesis mitigated the drought-induced reductions in gas exchange, xylem embolism (percent loss of conductivity, PLC) and mortality. The highest mortality was in the combined light exclusion and drought treatment, and was related to stem PLC and native sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity. This research highlights the integration of carbon economy and water transport. Our results show that additional carbon income by photosynthetic stems has an important role in the growth and survival of a widespread desert tree species during drought. This shift in function under conditions of increasing stress underscores the importance of considering stem photosynthesis for predicting drought-induced mortality not only for the additional supply of carbon, but also for its extended benefits for hydraulic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleinis Ávila-Lovera
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Roxana Haro
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Manika Choudhary
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Aleyda Acosta-Rangel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA 93311, USA
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama, Republic of Panama
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3
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Yang D, Zhou W, Wang X, Zhao M, Zhang YJ, Tyree MT, Peng G. An analytical complete model of root pressure generation: Theoretical bases for studying hydraulics of bamboo. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:59-71. [PMID: 37807644 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the dynamics and functional roles of root pressure, we represent a novel and the first complete analytical model for root pressure, which can be applied to complex roots/shoots. The osmotic volume of a single root is equal to that of the vessel lumen in fine roots and adjacent apoplastic spaces. Water uptake occurs via passive osmosis and active solute uptake (J s * , osmol s-1 ), resulting in the osmolyte concentration Cr (mol·kg-1 of water) at a fixed osmotic volume. Solute loss occurs via two passive processes: radial diffusion of solute Km (Cr - Csoil ) from fine roots to soil, where Km is the diffusional constant and Csoil is the soil-solute concentration, and the mass flow of solute and water into the plant from the fine roots. The proposed model predicts the quadratic function of root pressure (Pr ),P r 2 + b P r + c = 0 , where b and c are the functions of plant hydraulic resistance, soil water potential, solute flux and gravitational potential. The model demonstrates the root pressure-mediated distribution of water through the hydraulic architecture of a 6.8-m-tall bamboo shoot. This model provides a theoretical basis to test the functional roles of root pressure in shaping the hydraulic architecture and refilling potential xylem embolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Melvin T Tyree
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoquan Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Fuenzalida TI, Blacker MJ, Turner M, Sheppard A, Ball MC. Foliar water uptake enables embolism removal in excised twigs of Avicennia marina. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1136-1145. [PMID: 36372990 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Embolism refilling is thought to require relaxation of xylem tension, and it is unclear whether and how tall trees or plants growing in arid or saline soils recover from embolism. We tested whether foliar water uptake could enable embolism refilling in dehydrated twigs of the grey mangrove (Avicennia marina). Four dehydrated twigs were imaged by laboratory-based micro-computed tomography before and after wetting leaves. Emboli were observed in dehydrated stems and leaves. Embolism decreased with increasing distance from the cut end of stems, suggesting that stem emboli were caused by cutting. A significant (P = 0.026) c. 80% reduction in the embolised area was observed in leaves between the start and the end of the experiment (29 ± 10 h after wetting). Embolus diameter was unaffected by wetting. Embolism refilling occurred slowly, in stems embolised by cutting and leaves embolised by cutting and/or dehydration. The lack of response of embolus diameter to wetting suggests that capillarity was not the main mechanism for refilling. Results show that excised twigs of A. marina are able to recover from embolism by absorption of atmospheric water and call for studies under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás I Fuenzalida
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew J Blacker
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael Turner
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Adrian Sheppard
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Konrad W, Neinhuis C, Roth-Nebelsick A. Straight roads into nowhere - obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:1345-1360. [PMID: 36474925 PMCID: PMC9679617 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There are currently efforts to improve strategies for biomimetic approaches, to identify pitfalls and to provide recommendations for a successful biomimetic work flow. In this contribution, a case study of a concrete biomimetic project is described that started with a posed technical problem for which seemingly obvious biological models exist. The technical problem was to devise a ferrophobic surface that prevents the contact between the copper surface of a tuyère (a water cooled aeration pipe within a blast furnace) and liquid iron. Therefore, biological external surfaces that strongly repel liquids appeared to be suitable, particularly the hair cover of the water fern Salvinia molesta and the surface of Collembola (an arthropod group). It turned out, however, that it was not feasible to realise the functional structures of both biological models for the tuyère problem. Instead, a seemingly not obvious biological model was identified, namely micropores within the cell walls of water-transporting conduits of plants that connect the conduits to a three-dimensional flow network. These specially shaped pores are assumed to be able to create stable air bodies, which support the refilling of embolised conduits. By adopting the shape of these micropores, a successful prototype for a ferrophobic copper surface repelling liquid iron could be devised. This case study illustrates that straight road maps from technical problems to obvious biological models are no guarantee for success, and that it is difficult to arrive at a formalised biomimetic working scheme. Rather, a broad understanding of biological function and its complexity is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Konrad
- Institute of Botany, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94–96, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Institute of Botany, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, D-01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anita Roth-Nebelsick
- State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Guo L, Shan J, Ran P, Yin S, Liu C, Li J. Permeation-Enhanced Degassing Method Based on Xylem Embolism Repair and Gas Permeable Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12373-12381. [PMID: 36171077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have developed a wide range of applications in the fields of biomedicine, chemistry, and analytical science. But it is easy to form and accumulate bubbles in microfluidic devices. These bubbles could decrease the detection sensitivity, cause inaccurate analysis results, and even damage the functional region of the device. Inspired by the embolism repair mechanism of angiosperms and the permeability of gas permeable materials, this work proposes a bioinspired permeation-enhanced degassing method. Bionic redundant pits are used in this method to keep bubbles from spreading between microchannels and maintain the continuity of the flow. A hydrophobic gas permeable material is used to enhance the bubble capture capability and accelerate the degassing process. This method can eliminate bubbles automatically and continuously in real time without auxiliary equipment. Compared to the bubble removal only depending on solution in water, the degassing effect of the permeation-enhanced degassing method shows about 1.6 times improvement in the same conditions, and the capability of trapping bubbles is improved by 1.33 times. In this paper, this method was integrated into a concentration gradient generator and a cell culture device. The results show that the concentration gradient generator with degassing structures can dissolve bubbles in a rapid way and reach the stability of the concentration gradient within 5-15 min. The degassing method can run for a long time and improve the cell density and cell viability of HeLa cells up to 2.64 and 1.12 times, respectively. The method has a broad application prospect in microfluidic fields including biomedical fluid processing, virus detection, and microscale reactor operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guo
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jie Shan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Penghui Ran
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuqing Yin
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Johnson DM, Katul G, Domec J. Catastrophic hydraulic failure and tipping points in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2231-2266. [PMID: 35394656 PMCID: PMC9544843 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water inside plants forms a continuous chain from water in soils to the water evaporating from leaf surfaces. Failures in this chain result in reduced transpiration and photosynthesis and are caused by soil drying and/or cavitation-induced xylem embolism. Xylem embolism and plant hydraulic failure share several analogies to 'catastrophe theory' in dynamical systems. These catastrophes are often represented in the physiological and ecological literature as tipping points when control variables exogenous (e.g., soil water potential) or endogenous (e.g., leaf water potential) to the plant are allowed to vary on time scales much longer than time scales associated with cavitation events. Here, plant hydraulics viewed from the perspective of catastrophes at multiple spatial scales is considered with attention to bubble expansion within a xylem conduit, organ-scale vulnerability to embolism, and whole-plant biomass as a proxy for transpiration and hydraulic function. The hydraulic safety-efficiency tradeoff, hydraulic segmentation and maximum plant transpiration are examined using this framework. Underlying mechanisms for hydraulic failure at fine scales such as pit membranes and cell-wall mechanics, intermediate scales such as xylem network properties and at larger scales such as soil-tree hydraulic pathways are discussed. Understudied areas in plant hydraulics are also flagged where progress is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural ResourcesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Gabriel Katul
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jean‐Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of ForestryBordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRAE‐ISPA 1391GradignanFrance
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8
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Gauthey A, Peters JMR, Lòpez R, Carins-Murphy MR, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Tissue DT, Medlyn BE, Brodribb TJ, Choat B. Mechanisms of xylem hydraulic recovery after drought in Eucalyptus saligna. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1216-1228. [PMID: 35119114 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which woody plants recover xylem hydraulic capacity after drought stress are not well understood, particularly with regard to the role of embolism refilling. We evaluated the recovery of xylem hydraulic capacity in young Eucalyptus saligna plants exposed to cycles of drought stress and rewatering. Plants were exposed to moderate and severe drought stress treatments, with recovery monitored at time intervals from 24 h to 6 months after rewatering. The percentage loss of xylem vessels due to embolism (PLV) was quantified at each time point using microcomputed tomography with stem water potential (Ψx ) and canopy transpiration (Ec ) measured before scans. Plants exposed to severe drought stress suffered high levels of embolism (47.38% ± 10.97% PLV) and almost complete canopy loss. No evidence of embolism refilling was observed at 24 h, 1 week, or 3 weeks after rewatering despite rapid recovery in Ψx . Recovery of hydraulic capacity was achieved over a 6-month period by growth of new xylem tissue, with canopy leaf area and Ec recovering over the same period. These findings indicate that E. saligna recovers slowly from severe drought stress, with potential for embolism to persist in the xylem for many months after rainfall events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gauthey
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer M R Peters
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rosana Lòpez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
- Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Syndey University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
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Guo L, Liu Y, Ran P, Wang G, Shan J, Li X, Liu C, Li J. A bioinspired bubble removal method in microchannels based on angiosperm xylem embolism repair. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:34. [PMID: 35402001 PMCID: PMC8940964 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to remove and eliminate bubbles in microchannels in many devices used in various biomedical fields, such as those needed for microfluidic immunoassays, point-of-care testing, and cell biology evaluations. Accumulated bubbles are associated with a number of negative outcomes, including a decrease in device sensitivity, inaccuracy of analysis results, and even functional failure. Xylem conduits of angiosperm have the ability to remove bubbles in obstructed conduits. Inspired by such an embolism repair mechanism, this paper proposes a bioinspired bubble removal method, which exhibits a prominent ability to dissolve bubbles continuously within a large range of flow rates (2 µL/min-850 µL/min) while retaining the stability and continuity of the flow without auxiliary equipment. Such a method also shows significant bubble removal stability in dealing with Newtonian liquids and non-Newtonian fluids, especially with high viscosity (6.76 Pa s) and low velocity (152 nL/min). Such advantages associated with the proposed bioinspired method reveal promising application prospects in macro/microfluidic fields ranging from 3D printing, implantable devices, virus detection, and biomedical fluid processing to microscale reactor operation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Guo
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Penghui Ran
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Shan
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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Suissa JS, Friedman WE. From cells to stems: the effects of primary vascular construction on drought-induced embolism in fern rhizomes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2238-2253. [PMID: 34273190 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
While a considerable amount of data exists on the link between xylem construction and hydraulic function, few studies have focused on resistance to drought-induced embolism of primary vasculature in herbaceous plants. Ferns rely entirely on primary xylem and display a remarkable diversity of vascular construction in their rhizomes, making them an ideal group in which to examine hydraulic structure-function relationships. New optical methods allowed us to measure vulnerability to embolism in rhizomes, which are notoriously difficult to work with. We investigated five fern species based on their diverse xylem traits at the cellular, histological, and architectural levels. To link below- and above-ground hydraulics, we then measured leaf-stem vulnerability segmentation. Overall, rhizome vulnerability to embolism was correlated most strongly with cellular but not histological or architectural traits. Interestingly, at P6-12 , species with increased architectural dissection were actually more vulnerable to embolism, suggesting different hydraulic dynamics at low compared to high percent embolism. Importantly, leaves fully embolize before stems reach P88 , suggesting strong vulnerability segmentation. This is the first study to explore the functional implications of primary vascular construction in fern rhizomes and leaf-stem vulnerability segmentation. Strong segmentation suggests that leaves protect perennial rhizomes against severe drought stress and hydraulically induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Suissa
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - William E Friedman
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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Vasupalli N, Hou D, Singh RM, Wei H, Zou LH, Yrjälä K, Wu A, Lin X. Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312917. [PMID: 34884720 PMCID: PMC8657895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin biosynthesis enzymes form complexes for metabolic channelling during lignification and these enzymes also play an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress response. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a vital enzyme that catalyses the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, which is the final step in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, we identified 49 CAD enzymes in five Bambusoideae species and analysed their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression analysis of Moso bamboo PheCAD genes in several developmental tissues and stages revealed that among the PheCAD genes, PheCAD2 has the highest expression level and is expressed in many tissues and PheCAD1, PheCAD6, PheCAD8 and PheCAD12 were also expressed in most of the tissues studied. Co-expression analysis identified that the PheCAD2 positively correlates with most lignin biosynthesis enzymes, indicating that PheCAD2 might be the key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Further, more than 35% of the co-expressed genes with PheCADs were involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress transcriptomic data (SA, ABA, drought, and salt) analysis identified that PheCAD2, PheCAD3 and PheCAD5 genes were highly upregulated, confirming their involvement in abiotic stress response. Through yeast two-hybrid analysis, we found that PheCAD1, PheCAD2 and PheCAD8 form homo-dimers. Interestingly, BiFC and pull-down experiments identified that these enzymes form both homo- and hetero- dimers. These data suggest that PheCAD genes are involved in abiotic stress response and PheCAD2 might be a key lignin biosynthesis pathway enzyme. Moreover, this is the first report to show that three PheCAD enzymes form complexes and that the formation of PheCAD homo- and hetero- dimers might be tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Vasupalli
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Rahul Mohan Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Hantian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Long-Hai Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kim Yrjälä
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aimin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilisation of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilisation of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (N.V.); (D.H.); (H.W.); (L.-H.Z.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18958162317
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12
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Słupianek A, Dolzblasz A, Sokołowska K. Xylem Parenchyma-Role and Relevance in Wood Functioning in Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1247. [PMID: 34205276 PMCID: PMC8235782 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Woody plants are characterised by a highly complex vascular system, wherein the secondary xylem (wood) is responsible for the axial transport of water and various substances. Previous studies have focused on the dead conductive elements in this heterogeneous tissue. However, the living xylem parenchyma cells, which constitute a significant functional fraction of the wood tissue, have been strongly neglected in studies on tree biology. Although there has recently been increased research interest in xylem parenchyma cells, the mechanisms that operate in these cells are poorly understood. Therefore, the present review focuses on selected roles of xylem parenchyma and its relevance in wood functioning. In addition, to elucidate the importance of xylem parenchyma, we have compiled evidence supporting the hypothesis on the significance of parenchyma cells in tree functioning and identified the key unaddressed questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Słupianek
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; (A.D.); (K.S.)
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13
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Zhang H, Yuan F, Wu J, Jin C, Pivovaroff AL, Tian J, Li W, Guan D, Wang A, McDowell NG. Responses of functional traits to seven-year nitrogen addition in two tree species: coordination of hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon reserves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:190-205. [PMID: 33313912 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been observed to impact plant structure and functional traits in terrestrial ecosystems. Although the effect of N deposition on plant water use has been well-evaluated in laboratories and in experimental forests, the linkages between water and carbon relations under N deposition are unclear. Here, we report on hydraulics, gas exchange and carbon reserves of two broad-leaved tree species (Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica) in mature temperate forests after a seven-year experiment with different levels of N addition (control (CK), low (23 kg N ha-1 yr-1), medium (46 kg N ha-1 yr-1) and high (69 kg N ha-1 yr-1)). We investigated variation in hydraulic traits (xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), native percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) and leaf water potential), xylem anatomy (vessel diameter and density), gas exchange (maximum net photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance) and carbon reserves (soluble sugars, starch and total nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC)) with different N addition levels. We found that medium N addition significantly increased Ks and vessel diameter compared to control, but accompanied increasing PLC and decreasing leaf water potential, suggesting that N addition results in a greater hydraulic efficiency and higher risk of embolism. N addition promoted photosynthetic capacity via increasing foliar N concentration but did not change stomatal conductance. In addition, we found increase in foliar soluble sugar concentration and decrease in starch concentration with N addition, and positive correlations between hydraulic traits (vessel diameter and PLC) and soluble sugars. These coupled responses of tree hydraulics and carbon metabolism are consistent with a regulatory role of carbohydrates in maintaining hydraulic integrity. Our study provides an important insight into the relationship of plant water transport and carbon dynamics under increasing N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Alexandria L Pivovaroff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Jinyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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14
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Rice immune sensor XA21 differentially enhances plant growth and survival under distinct levels of drought. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16938. [PMID: 33037245 PMCID: PMC7547014 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is a complex stress that limits plant growth and crop production worldwide. The mechanisms by which plants coordinately respond to distinct levels of water deficits (e.g., mild, moderate or severe drought) remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that the rice immune sensor XA21 promotes survival of rice seedlings during dehydration stress. XA21 expression increases deposition of lignin and cellulose in the xylem vessels and their surrounding cells. Inhibition of aquaporin water channels by mercuric chloride eliminates XA21-mediated dehydration survival, suggesting that XA21 enables plant survival during drought, probably by protecting xylem functionality. In contrast to prevailing observations of stress tolerance genes, XA21 is also capable of enhancing rice growth during moderate drought. Thus, XA21 acts as a mediator for stress protection and plant growth under water-limiting conditions.
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15
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Gebauer R, Plichta R, Urban J, Volařík D, Hájíčková M. The resistance and resilience of European beech seedlings to drought stress during the period of leaf development. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1147-1164. [PMID: 32470134 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spring drought is becoming a frequently occurring stress factor in temperate forests. However, the understanding of tree resistance and resilience to the spring drought remains insufficient. In this study, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings at the early stage of leaf development were moderately and severely drought stressed for 1 month and then subjected to a 2-week recovery period after rewatering. The study aimed to disentangle the complex relationships between leaf gas exchange, vascular anatomy, tree morphology and patterns of biomass allocation. Stomatal conductance decreased by 80 and 85% upon moderate and severe drought stress, respectively, which brought about a decline in net photosynthesis. However, drought did not affect the indices of slow chlorophyll fluorescence, indicating no permanent damage to the light part of the photosynthetic apparatus. Stem hydraulic conductivity decreased by more than 92% at both drought levels. Consequently, the cambial activity of stressed seedlings declined, which led to lower stem biomass, reduced tree ring width and a lower number of vessels in the current tree ring, these latter also with smaller dimensions. In contrast, the petiole structure was not affected, but at the cost of reduced leaf biomass. Root biomass was reduced only by severe drought. After rewatering, the recovery of gas exchange and regrowth of the current tree ring were observed, all delayed by several days and by lower magnitudes in severely stressed seedlings. The reduced stem hydraulic conductivity inhibited the recovery of gas exchange, but xylem function started to recover by regrowth and refilling of embolized vessels. Despite the damage to conductive xylem, no mortality occurred. These results suggest the low resistance but high resilience of European beech to spring drought. Nevertheless, beech resilience could be weakened if the period between drought events is short, as the recovery of severely stressed seedlings took longer than 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Urban
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Daniel Volařík
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hájíčková
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Souza Dias A, Oliveira RS, Martins FR. Costs and benefits of gas inside wood and its relationship with anatomical traits: a contrast between trees and lianas. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:856-868. [PMID: 32186732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas inside wood plays an important role in plant functioning, but there has been no study examining the adaptive nature of gas inside wood across plants differing in biomechanical demands. Using a comparative approach, we measured gas volumetric content, xylem's anatomical traits and wood density of 15 tree and 16 liana species, to test whether gas content varies between these plant types strongly differing in their biomechanical demands. We asked (i) whether trees and lianas differ in gas content and (ii) how anatomical traits and wood density are related to gas content. Lianas had significantly less gas content in their branches compared with tree species. In tree species, gas content scaled positively with fiber, vessel and xylem cross-sectional area and fiber and vessel diameter, and negatively with dry-mass density. When pooling trees and lianas together, fiber cross-sectional area was the strongest predictor of gas content, with higher xylem cross-sectional area of fiber associated with higher gas content. In addition, we showed, through a simple analytical model, that gas inside wood increases the minimum branch diameter needed to prevent rupture, and this effect was stronger on trees compared with lianas. Our results support the view that gas inside wood plays an important role in the evolution of biomechanical functioning in different plant forms. Gas inside wood may also play an important role in physiological activities such as water transport, storage, photosynthesis and respiration, but it is still unknown whether these roles are or are not secondary to the mechanical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arildo Souza Dias
- Plant Biology Graduate Course, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Rafael Silva Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Roberto Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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17
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Morris H, Hietala AM, Jansen S, Ribera J, Rosner S, Salmeia KA, Schwarze FWMR. Using the CODIT model to explain secondary metabolites of xylem in defence systems of temperate trees against decay fungi. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:701-720. [PMID: 31420666 PMCID: PMC7182590 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In trees, secondary metabolites (SMs) are essential for determining the effectiveness of defence systems against fungi and why defences are sometimes breached. Using the CODIT model (Compartmentalization of Damage/Dysfunction in Trees), we explain defence processes at the cellular level. CODIT is a highly compartmented defence system that relies on the signalling, synthesis and transport of defence compounds through a three-dimensional lattice of parenchyma against the spread of decay fungi in xylem. SCOPE The model conceptualizes 'walls' that are pre-formed, formed during and formed after wounding events. For sapwood, SMs range in molecular size, which directly affects performance and the response times in which they can be produced. When triggered, high-molecular weight SMs such as suberin and lignin are synthesized slowly (phytoalexins), but can also be in place at the time of wounding (phytoanticipins). In contrast, low-molecular weight phenolic compounds such as flavonoids can be manufactured de novo (phytoalexins) rapidly in response to fungal colonization. De novo production of SMs can be regulated in response to fungal pathogenicity levels. The protective nature of heartwood is partly based on the level of accumulated antimicrobial SMs (phytoanticipins) during the transitionary stage into a normally dead substance. Effectiveness against fungal colonization in heartwood is largely determined by the genetics of the host. CONCLUSION Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SMs in trees in the context of CODIT, with emphasis on the relationship between defence, carbohydrate availability and the hydraulic system.We also raise the limitations of the CODIT model and suggest its modification, encompassing other defence theory concepts. We envisage the development of a new defence system that is modular based and incorporates all components (and organs) of the tree from micro- to macro-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ari M Hietala
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Khalifah A Salmeia
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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18
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Li S, Hao GY, Niinemets Ü, Harley PC, Wanke S, Lens F, Zhang YJ, Cao KF. The effects of intervessel pit characteristics on xylem hydraulic efficiency and photosynthesis in hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:661-675. [PMID: 30637766 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to cavitation and hydraulic efficiency are directly linked to fine-scale bordered pit features in water-conducting cells of vascular plants. However, it is unclear how pit characteristics influence water transport and carbon economy in tropical species. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate functional implications of changes in pit characteristics for water relations and photosynthetic traits in tropical Ficus species with different growth forms (i.e. hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic) grown under common conditions. Intervessel pit characteristics were measured using scanning electron microscopy in five hemiepiphytic and five non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species to determine whether these traits were related to hydraulics, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and wood density. Ficus species varied greatly in intervessel pit structure, hydraulic conductivity and leaf physiology, and clear differences were observed between the two growth forms. The area and diameter of pit aperture were negatively correlated with sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity, mass-based net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance (gs ), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ) and the petiole vessel lumen diameters (Dv ), but positively correlated with wood density. Pit morphology was only negatively correlated with sapwood- and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity and Dv . Pit density was positively correlated with gs , Ci and Dv , but negatively with intrinsic leaf water-use efficiency. Pit and pit aperture shape were not significantly correlated with any of the physiological traits. These findings indicate a significant role of pit characteristics in xylem water transport, carbon assimilation and ecophysiological adaptation of Ficus species in tropical rain forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Peter C Harley
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
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19
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Abstract
Research Highlights: Pronounced winter embolism and recovery were observed in the Alpine conifer shrub Pinus mugo L. Data indicated that the hydraulic courses and underlying mechanism were similar to timberline trees. Background and Objectives: At high elevation, plants above the snow cover are exposed to frost drought and temperature stress during winter. Previous studies demonstrated winter stress to induce low water potentials (Ψ) and significant xylem embolism (loss of conductivity, or LC) in evergreen conifer trees, and recovery from embolism in late winter. Here, we analyzed xylem hydraulics and related structural and cellular changes in a conifer shrub species. Materials and Methods: The uppermost branches of Pinus mugo shrubs growing at the Alpine timberline were harvested over one year, and the Ψ, water content, LC, proportion of aspirated pits, and carbohydrate contents were analyzed. Results: Minimum Ψ (−1.82 ± 0.04 MPa) and maximum LC (39.9% ± 14.5%) values were observed in mid and late winter, followed by a recovery phase. The proportion of aspirated pits was also highest in winter (64.7% ± 6.9% in earlywood, 27.0% ± 1.4% in latewood), and decreased in parallel with hydraulic recovery in late winter and spring. Glucose and fructose contents gradually decreased over the year, while starch contents (also microscopically visible as starch grains in needle and stem tissues) increased from May to July. Conclusions: The formation and recovery of embolism in Pinus mugo were similar to those of timberline trees, as were the underlying mechanisms, with pit aspiration enabling the isolation of embolized tracheids, and changes in carbohydrate contents indicating adjustments of osmotic driving forces for water re-distribution. The effects of future changes in snow cover regimes may have pronounced and complex effects on shrub-like growth forms, because a reduced snow cover may shorten the duration of frost drought, but expose the plants to increased temperature stress and impair recovery processes.
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20
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Holmlund HI, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL, Davis SD, Pittermann J. High-resolution computed tomography reveals dynamics of desiccation and rehydration in fern petioles of a desiccation-tolerant fern. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:97-105. [PMID: 31318447 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation-tolerant (DT) plants can dry past -100 MPa and subsequently recover function upon rehydration. Vascular DT plants face the unique challenges of desiccating and rehydrating complex tissues without causing structural damage. However, these dynamics have not been studied in intact DT plants. We used high resolution micro-computed tomography (microCT), light microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy to characterize the dynamics of tissue desiccation and rehydration in petioles (stipes) of intact DT ferns. During desiccation, xylem conduits in stipes embolized before cellular dehydration of living tissues within the vascular cylinder. During resurrection, the chlorenchyma and phloem within the stipe vascular cylinder rehydrated before xylem refilling. We identified unique stipe traits that may facilitate desiccation and resurrection of the vascular system, including xylem conduits containing pectin (which may confer flexibility and wettability); chloroplasts within the vascular cylinder; and an endodermal layer impregnated with hydrophobic substances that impede apoplastic leakage while facilitating the upward flow of water within the vascular cylinder. Resurrection ferns are a novel system for studying extreme dehydration recovery and embolism repair in the petioles of intact plants. The unique anatomical traits identified here may contribute to the spatial and temporal dynamics of water movement observed during desiccation and resurrection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen I Holmlund
- University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- California State University, 9001 Stockdale Hwy, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Stephen D Davis
- Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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21
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Lachenbruch B, Zhao JP. Effects of phloem on canopy dieback, tested with manipulations and a canker pathogen in the Corylus avellana/Anisogramma anomala host/pathogen system. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1086-1098. [PMID: 30938425 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Canker pathogens cause necrosis of the phloem, but in many host/pathogen systems, they also cause canopy dieback, which implicates xylem, not phloem dysfunction. We hypothesize that this dieback distal to the canker is caused by water stress resulting from the lack of a phloem-to-xylem connection, which in a healthy plant would allow delivery of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and water inward to aid in xylem embolism refilling. We tested several components of this hypothesis in the host/pathogen system Corylus avellana L./Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müll (Eastern filbert blight). Cankers were non-girdling and usually ≥0.1 m long. As expected, healthy controls had higher specific conductivity (Ks) than diseased stems, but unexpectedly, had similar moisture content (m.c.), showing that the lower Ks did not result from more embolisms in the diseased stems. Moreover, manipulations that removed cambium and phloem to simulate a canker, or that shaded stems to lower NSCs, did not result in lower Ks or m.c. than controls. The outer millimeter of xylem adjacent to a canker had infrequent tyloses and/or fungal hyphae in many but not all samples, and dye studies showed little xylem water transport in that region, but the incidence of these blockages was insufficient to cause the observed 19% decrease in Ks. Healthy stems had higher m.c. than diseased stems above the canker (or analogous) location and were longer for the same leaf weight, suggestive of water stress in the upper portion of diseased stems. These results suggest that dieback distal to cankers in this system results from the bottleneck in water transport in the region adjacent to a canker, but did not find evidence to support the requirement of a phloem-to-xylem connection for continued water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems & Society, Oregon State University, OR
| | - Jia-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Forestry Institute of New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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22
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Pagliarani C, Casolo V, Ashofteh Beiragi M, Cavalletto S, Siciliano I, Schubert A, Gullino ML, Zwieniecki MA, Secchi F. Priming xylem for stress recovery depends on coordinated activity of sugar metabolic pathways and changes in xylem sap pH. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1775-1787. [PMID: 30756400 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some plant species are capable of significant reduction of xylem embolism during recovery from drought despite stem water potential remains negative. However, the functional biology underlying this process is elusive. We subjected poplar trees to drought stress followed by a period of recovery. Water potential, hydraulic conductivity, gas exchange, xylem sap pH, and carbohydrate content in sap and woody stems were monitored in combination with an analysis of carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, and expression of genes involved in sugar metabolic and transport pathways. Drought resulted in an alteration of differential partitioning between starch and soluble sugars. Upon stress, an increase in the starch degradation rate and the overexpression of sugar symporter genes promoted the efflux of disaccharides (mostly maltose and sucrose) to the apoplast. In turn, the efflux activity of the sugar-proton cotransporters caused a drop in xylem pH. The newly acidic environment induced the activity of apoplastic invertases leading to the accumulation of monosaccharides in the apoplast, thus providing the main osmoticum necessary for recovery. During drought and recovery, a complex network of coordinated molecular and biochemical signals was activated at the interface between xylem and parenchyma cells that appeared to prime the xylem for hydraulic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pagliarani
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maryam Ashofteh Beiragi
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Cavalletto
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ilenia Siciliano
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- AGROINNOVA, Centre for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Schubert
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
- AGROINNOVA, Centre for Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Secchi
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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23
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Knipfer T, Reyes C, Earles JM, Berry ZC, Johnson DM, Brodersen CR, McElrone AJ. Spatiotemporal Coupling of Vessel Cavitation and Discharge of Stored Xylem Water in a Tree Sapling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1658-1668. [PMID: 30718351 PMCID: PMC6446773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Water discharge from stem internal storage compartments is thought to minimize the risk of vessel cavitation. Based on this concept, one would expect that water storage compartments involved in the buffering of xylem tensions empty before the onset of vessel cavitation under drought stress, and potentially refill after soil saturation. However, scant in vivo data exist that elucidate this localized spatiotemporal coupling. In this study on intact saplings of American chestnut (Castanea dentata), x-ray computed microtomography (microCT) showed that the xylem matrix surrounding vessels releases stored water and becomes air-filled either concurrent to or after vessel cavitation under progressive drought stress. Among annual growth rings, the xylem matrix of the current year remained largely water-filled even under severe drought stress. In comparison, microtomography images collected on excised stems showed that applied pressures of much greater than 0 MPa were required to induce water release from the xylem matrix. Viability staining highlighted that water release from the xylem matrix was associated primarily with emptying of dead fibers. Refilling of the xylem matrix and vessels was detected in intact saplings when the canopy was bagged and stem water potential was close to 0 MPa, and in leafless saplings over the winter period. In conclusion, this study indicates that the bulk of water stored in the xylem matrix is released after the onset of vessel cavitation, and suggests that capillary water contributes to overall stem water storage under drought but is not used primarily for the prevention of drought-induced vessel cavitation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Clarissa Reyes
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J Mason Earles
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Z Carter Berry
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95618
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24
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Konrad W, Katul G, Roth-Nebelsick A, Jensen KH. Xylem functioning, dysfunction and repair: a physical perspective and implications for phloem transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:243-261. [PMID: 30299503 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylem and phloem are the two main conveyance systems in plants allowing exchanges of water and carbohydrates between roots and leaves. While each system has been studied in isolation for well over a century, the coupling and coordination between them remains the subject of inquiry and active research and frames the scope of the review here. Using a set of balance equations, hazards of bubble formation and their role in shaping xylem pressure and its corollary impact on phloem pressure and sugar transport are featured. The behavior of an isolated and freely floating air bubble within the xylem is first analyzed so as to introduce key principles such as the Helmholtz free energy and its links to embryonic bubble sizes. These principles are extended by considering bubbles filled with water vapor and air arising from air seeding. Using this framework, key results about stability and hazards of bubbles in contact with xylem walls are discussed. A chemical equilibrium between phloem and xylem systems is then introduced to link xylem and osmotic pressures. The consequences of such a link for sugar concentration needed to sustain efficient phloem transport by osmosis in the loading zone is presented. Catastrophic cases where phloem dysfunction occurs are analyzed in terms of xylem function and its vulnerability to cavitation. A link between operating pressures in the soil system bounded by field capacity and wilting points and maintenance of phloem functioning are discussed as conjectures to be tested in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Konrad
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Hoelderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriel Katul
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anita Roth-Nebelsick
- Deptartment of Palaeontology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Building 309, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Kono Y, Ishida A, Saiki ST, Yoshimura K, Dannoura M, Yazaki K, Kimura F, Yoshimura J, Aikawa SI. Initial hydraulic failure followed by late-stage carbon starvation leads to drought-induced death in the tree Trema orientalis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:8. [PMID: 30623104 PMCID: PMC6323055 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought-induced tree death has become a serious problem in global forest ecosystems. Two nonexclusive hypotheses, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, have been proposed to explain tree die-offs. To clarify the mechanisms, we investigated the physiological processes of drought-induced tree death in saplings with contrasting Huber values (sapwood area/total leaf area). First, hydraulic failure and reduced respiration were found in the initial process of tree decline, and in the last stage carbon starvation led to tree death. The carbohydrate reserves at the stem bases, low in healthy trees, accumulated at the beginning of the declining process due to phloem transport failure, and then decreased just before dying. The concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates at the stem bases are a good indicator of tree damage. The physiological processes and carbon sink-source dynamics that occur during lethal drought provide important insights into the adaptive measures underlying forest die-offs under global warming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kono
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
| | - Shin-Taro Saiki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555 Japan
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan
| | - Fuku Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880 Japan
| | - Jin Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology and Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, Naka-Ku, Hamamatsu Shizuoka, 432-8561 Japan
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Aikawa
- Japan Forest Technology Association, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-5281 Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397 Japan
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26
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Wang AY, Han SJ, Zhang JH, Wang M, Yin XH, Fang LD, Yang D, Hao GY. The interaction between nonstructural carbohydrate reserves and xylem hydraulics in Korean pine trees across an altitudinal gradient. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1792-1804. [PMID: 30376119 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) have been proposed to play an important role in maintaining the hydraulic integrity of trees, particularly in environments with high risks of embolism formation, but knowledge about the interaction between NSC reserves and xylem hydraulics is still very limited. We studied the variation of NSC reserves and hydraulic traits in Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. (Korean pine) in March and June across a relatively large altitudinal gradient in Changbai Mountain of Northeast China. One of the major aims was to investigate the potential role NSC plays in maintaining hydraulic integrity of overwintering stems in facing freezing-induced embolism. Consistent with our hypotheses, substantial variations in both NSC contents and hydraulic traits were observed across altitudes and between the two seasons. In March, when relatively high degrees of winter embolism exist, the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) showed an exponential increase with altitude. Most notably, positive correlations between branch and trunk soluble sugar content and PLC (P = 0.053 and 0.006) were observed across altitudes during this period. These correlations could indicate that more soluble sugars are required for maintaining stem hydraulic integrity over the winter by resisting or refilling freezing-induced embolism in harsher environments, although more work is needed to establish a direct causal relationship between NSC dynamics and xylem hydraulics. If the correlation is indeed directly associated with varying demands for maintaining hydraulic integrity across environmental gradients, greater carbon demands may compromise tree growth under conditions of higher risk of winter embolism leading to a trade-off between competitiveness and stress resistance, which may be at least partially responsible for the lower dominance of Korean pine trees at higher altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Jie Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Miao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Han Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-Dong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Da Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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27
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28
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De Baerdemaeker NJF, Hias N, Van den Bulcke J, Keulemans W, Steppe K. The effect of polyploidization on tree hydraulic functioning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:161-171. [PMID: 29570227 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Recent research has highlighted the importance of living tissue in wood. Polyploidization can impact amounts and arrangements of living cells in wood, potentially leading to increased drought tolerance. Tetraploid variants were created from the apple cultivar Malus ×domestica 'Gala' (Gala-4x), and their vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and their hydraulic capacitance were compared to those of their diploid predecessors (Gala-2x). Assuming a positive correlation between polyploidy and drought tolerance, we hypothesized lower vulnerability and higher capacitance for the tetraploid. METHODS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and the hydraulic capacitance were quantified through acoustic emission and continuous weighing of shoots during a bench-top dehydration experiment. To underpin the hydraulic trait results, anatomical variables such as vessel area, conduit diameter, cell wall reinforcement, and ray and vessel-associated parenchyma were measured. KEY RESULTS Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation was intrinsically equal for both ploidy variants, but Gala-4x proved to be more vulnerable than Gala-2x during the early phase of desiccation as was indicated by its significantly lower air entry value. Higher change in water content of the leafy shoot, higher amount of parenchyma, and larger vessel area and size resulted in a significantly higher hydraulic capacitance and efficiency for Gala-4x compared to Gala-2x. CONCLUSIONS Both ploidy variants were typified as highly sensitive to drought-induced cavitation, with no significant difference in their overall drought vulnerability. But, when water deficit is short and moderate, Gala-4x may delay a drought-induced decrease in performance by trading hydraulic safety for increased release of capacitively stored water from living tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niek Hias
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Keulemans
- Laboratory for Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Morris H, Gillingham MAF, Plavcová L, Gleason SM, Olson ME, Coomes DA, Fichtler E, Klepsch MM, Martínez-Cabrera HI, McGlinn DJ, Wheeler EA, Zheng J, Ziemińska K, Jansen S. Vessel diameter is related to amount and spatial arrangement of axial parenchyma in woody angiosperms. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:245-260. [PMID: 29047119 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Parenchyma represents a critically important living tissue in the sapwood of the secondary xylem of woody angiosperms. Considering various interactions between parenchyma and water transporting vessels, we hypothesize a structure-function relationship between both cell types. Through a generalized additive mixed model approach based on 2,332 woody angiosperm species derived from the literature, we explored the relationship between the proportion and spatial distribution of ray and axial parenchyma and vessel size, while controlling for maximum plant height and a range of climatic factors. When factoring in maximum plant height, we found that with increasing mean annual temperatures, mean vessel diameter showed a positive correlation with axial parenchyma proportion and arrangement, but not for ray parenchyma. Species with a high axial parenchyma tissue fraction tend to have wide vessels, with most of the parenchyma packed around vessels, whereas species with small diameter vessels show a reduced amount of axial parenchyma that is not directly connected to vessels. This finding provides evidence for independent functions of axial parenchyma and ray parenchyma in large vesselled species and further supports a strong role for axial parenchyma in long-distance xylem water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Mark A F Gillingham
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Sean M Gleason
- USDA-ARS Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mark E Olson
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n de CU, Mexico, DF, 04510, Mexico
| | - David A Coomes
- Forest Ecology and Conservation Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Esther Fichtler
- Department of Crop Sciences, Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling, Göttingen University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias M Klepsch
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Daniel J McGlinn
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Wheeler
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8005, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones St., Raleigh, NC, 27601, USA
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Zheng JingminG, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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30
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Brodersen CR, Knipfer T, McElrone AJ. In vivo visualization of the final stages of xylem vessel refilling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) stems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:117-126. [PMID: 28940305 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Embolism removal is critical for restoring hydraulic pathways in some plants, as residual gas bubbles should expand when vessels are reconnected to the transpiration stream. Much of our understanding of embolism removal remains theoretical as a consequence of the lack of in vivo images of the process at high magnification. Here, we used in vivo X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to visualize the final stages of xylem refilling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) paired with scanning electron microscopy. Before refilling, vessel walls were covered with a surface film, but vessel perforation plate openings and intervessel pits were filled with air. Bubbles were removed from intervessel pits first, followed by bubbles within perforation plates, which hold the last volumes of air which eventually dissolve. Perforation plates were dimorphic, with more steeply angled scalariform plates in narrow diameter vessels, compared with the simple perforation plates in older secondary xylem, which may favor rapid refilling and compartmentalization of embolisms that occur in small vessels, while promoting high hydraulic conductivity in large vessels. Our study provides direct visual evidence of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the final stages of embolism removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
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31
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Shelden MC, Vandeleur R, Kaiser BN, Tyerman SD. A Comparison of Petiole Hydraulics and Aquaporin Expression in an Anisohydric and Isohydric Cultivar of Grapevine in Response to Water-Stress Induced Cavitation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1893. [PMID: 29163613 PMCID: PMC5681967 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report physiological, anatomical and molecular differences in two economically important grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars cv. Grenache (near-isohydric) and Chardonnay (anisohydric) in their response to water-stress induced cavitation. The aim of the study was to compare organ vulnerability (petiole and stem) to cavitation by measuring ultrasonic acoustic emissions (UAE) and percent loss of conductance of potted grapevines subject to the onset of water-stress. Leaf (ψL) and stem water potential (ψS), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), petiole hydraulics (KPet), and xylem diameter were also measured. Chardonnay displayed hydraulic segmentation based on UAE, with cavitation occurring at a less negative ψL in the petiole than in the stem. Vulnerability segmentation was not observed in Grenache, with both petioles and stems equally vulnerable to cavitation. Leaf water potential that induced 50% of maximum UAE was significantly different between petioles and stems in Chardonnay (ψ50Petiole = -1.14 and ψ50Stem = -2.24 MPa) but not in Grenache (ψ50Petiole = -0.73 and ψ50Stem = -0.78 MPa). Grenache stems appeared more susceptible to water-stress induced cavitation than Chardonnay stems. Grenache displayed (on average) a higher KPet likely due to the presence of larger xylem vessels. A close relationship between petiole hydraulic properties and vine water status was observed in Chardonnay but not in Grenache. Transcriptional analysis of aquaporins in the petioles and leaves (VvPIP1;1, VvPIP2;1, VvPIP2;2 VvPIP2;3, VvTIP1;1, and VvTIP2;1) showed differential regulation diurnally and in response to water-stress. VvPIP2;1 showed strong diurnal regulation in the petioles and leaves of both cultivars with expression highest predawn. Expression of VvPIP2;1 and VvPIP2;2 responded to ψL and ψS in both cultivars indicating the expression of these two genes are closely linked to vine water status. Expression of several aquaporin genes correlated with gas exchange measurements, however, these genes differed between cultivars. In summary, the data shows two contrasting responses in petiole hydraulics and aquaporin expression between the near-isohydric cultivar, Grenache and anisohydric cultivar, Chardonnay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Shelden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca Vandeleur
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brent N. Kaiser
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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32
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Venturas MD, Sperry JS, Hacke UG. Plant xylem hydraulics: What we understand, current research, and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:356-389. [PMID: 28296168 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water transport in plants and the limits of this transport system, highlighting the relationships between xylem structure and function. We describe the great variety of techniques existing for evaluating xylem resistance to cavitation. We address several methodological issues and their connection with current debates on conduit refilling and exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. We analyze the trade-offs existing between water transport safety and efficiency. We also stress how little information is available on molecular biology of cavitation and the potential role of aquaporins in conduit refilling. Finally, we draw attention to how plant hydraulic traits can be used for modeling stomatal responses to environmental variables and climate change, including drought mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
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33
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Beikircher B, Mayr S. Annual patterns of xylem embolism in high-yield apple cultivars. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:587-596. [PMID: 32480590 DOI: 10.1071/fp16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Temperate angiosperm species show pronounced annual patterns in xylem embolism. In this study, we investigated whether high-yield cultivars of Malus domestica Borkh. growing under optimised soil water conditions follow similar patterns to wild-type plants, and evaluated crucial factors for the formation of winter embolism and the subsequent restoration of the hydraulic system in spring. In five different cultivars growing at three different sites, various hydraulic and microclimatic parameters were monitored over three successive years. In all cultivars on all sites and in all years, the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) increased in autumn with freeze-thaw events and accumulated over winter. Maximum values were reached in late winter and differed significantly among cultivars. In spring, the hydraulic system was restored and PLC remained negligible during summer. Embolism formation in autumn was significantly correlated with the occurrence of freeze-thaw events, whereas further conductivity losses over winter were related to winter desiccation and influenced by climatic and cultivar-specific parameters. Restoration of the hydraulic system in spring was strongly linked to a decrease in the starch content of wood and buds, and soil temperature. Despite high soil water availability, hydraulic recovery took several weeks and was not completed before bud break. Spring is thus a critical phase for temperate angiosperms, especially for high-yield cultivars with risky hydraulic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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34
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Secchi F, Pagliarani C, Zwieniecki MA. The functional role of xylem parenchyma cells and aquaporins during recovery from severe water stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:858-871. [PMID: 27628165 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Xylem parenchyma cells [vessel associated cells (VACs)] constitute a significant fraction of the xylem in woody plants. These cells are often closely connected with xylem vessels or tracheids via simple pores (remnants of plasmodesmata fields). The close contact and biological activity of VACs during times of severe water stress and recovery from stress suggest that they are involved in the maintenance of xylem transport capacity and responsible for the restoration of vessel/tracheid functionality following embolism events. As recovery from embolism requires the transport of water across xylem parenchyma cell membranes, an understanding of stem-specific aquaporin expression patterns, localization and activity is a crucial part of any biological model dealing with embolism recovery processes in woody plants. In this review, we provide a short overview of xylem parenchyma cell biology with a special focus on aquaporins. In particular we address their distributions and activity during the development of drought stress, during the formation of embolism and the subsequent recovery from stress that may result in refilling. Complemented by the current biological model of parenchyma cell function during recovery from stress, this overview highlights recent breakthroughs on the unique ability of long-lived perennial plants to undergo cycles of embolism-recovery related to drought/rewetting or freeze/thaw events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Secchi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliarani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
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Ooeda H, Terashima I, Taneda H. Structures of Bordered Pits Potentially Contributing to Isolation of a Refilled Vessel from Negative Xylem Pressure in Stems of Morus australis Poir.: Testing of the Pit Membrane Osmosis and Pit Valve Hypotheses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:354-364. [PMID: 28013275 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism preventing the refilling vessel water from being drained to the neighboring functional vessels under negative pressure. The pit membrane osmosis hypothesis proposes that the xylem parenchyma cells release polysaccharides that are impermeable to the intervessel pit membranes into the refilling vessel; this osmotically counteracts the negative pressure, thereby allowing the vessel to refill. The pit valve hypothesis proposes that gas trapped within intervessel bordered pits isolates the refilling vessel water from the surrounding functional vessels. Here, using the single-vessel method, we assessed these hypotheses in shoots of mulberry (Morus australis Poir.). First, we confirmed the occurrence of xylem refilling under negative pressure in the potted mulberry saplings. To examine the pit membrane osmosis hypothesis, we estimated the semi-permeability of pit membranes for molecules of various sizes and found that the pit membranes were not semi-permeable to polyethylene glycol of molecular mass <20,000. For the pit valve hypothesis, we formed pit valves in the intervessel pits in the short stem segments and measured the maximum liquid pressure up to which gases in bordered pits were retained. The threshold pressure ranged from 0.025 to 0.10 MPa. These values matched the theoretical value calculated from the geometry of the pit chamber (0.0692-0.101 MPa). Our results suggest that gas in the pits is retained by surface tension, even under substantial positive pressure to resolve gases in the refilling vessel, whereas the molecule size required for the pit membrane osmosis mechanism in mulberry would be unrealistically large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ooeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Simplex Inc., Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Nardini A, Savi T, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA. Drought Stress and the Recovery from Xylem Embolism in Woody Plants. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Charrier G, Torres-Ruiz JM, Badel E, Burlett R, Choat B, Cochard H, Delmas CEL, Domec JC, Jansen S, King A, Lenoir N, Martin-StPaul N, Gambetta GA, Delzon S. Evidence for Hydraulic Vulnerability Segmentation and Lack of Xylem Refilling under Tension. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1657-1668. [PMID: 27613852 PMCID: PMC5100766 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of grapevine (Vitis spp.) has been reported as being highly vulnerable, even though grapevine regularly experiences seasonal drought. Consequently, stomata would remain open below water potentials that would generate a high loss of stem hydraulic conductivity via xylem embolism. This situation would necessitate daily cycles of embolism repair to restore hydraulic function. However, a more parsimonious explanation is that some hydraulic techniques are prone to artifacts in species with long vessels, leading to the overestimation of vulnerability. The aim of this study was to provide an unbiased assessment of (1) the vulnerability to drought-induced embolism in perennial and annual organs and (2) the ability to refill embolized vessels in two Vitis species X-ray micro-computed tomography observations of intact plants indicated that both Vitis vinifera and Vitis riparia were relatively vulnerable, with the pressure inducing 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity = -1.7 and -1.3 MPa, respectively. In V. vinifera, both the stem and petiole had similar sigmoidal vulnerability curves but differed in pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (-1.7 and -1 MPa for stem and petiole, respectively). Refilling was not observed as long as bulk xylem pressure remained negative (e.g. at the apical part of the plants; -0.11 ± 0.02 MPa) and change in percentage loss of conductivity was 0.02% ± 0.01%. However, positive xylem pressure was observed at the basal part of the plant (0.04 ± 0.01 MPa), leading to a recovery of conductance (change in percentage loss of conductivity = -0.24% ± 0.12%). Our findings provide evidence that grapevine is unable to repair embolized xylem vessels under negative pressure, but its hydraulic vulnerability segmentation provides significant protection of the perennial stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Charrier
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Eric Badel
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Regis Burlett
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Brendan Choat
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Herve Cochard
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Chloe E L Delmas
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Steven Jansen
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Andrew King
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Nicolas Lenoir
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Nicolas Martin-StPaul
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Gregory Alan Gambetta
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
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Klein T, Cohen S, Paudel I, Preisler Y, Rotenberg E, Yakir D. Diurnal dynamics of water transport, storage and hydraulic conductivity in pine trees under seasonal drought. IFOREST - BIOGEOSCIENCES AND FORESTRY 2016; 9:710-719. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3832/ifor2046-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Ryu J, Hwang BG, Lee SJ. In vivo dynamic analysis of water refilling in embolized xylem vessels of intact Zea mays leaves. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1033-1042. [PMID: 27539601 PMCID: PMC5055824 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The refilling of embolized xylem vessels under tension is a major issue in water transport among vascular plants. However, xylem embolism and refilling remain poorly understood because of technical limitations. Direct observation of embolism repair in intact plants is essential to understand the biophysical aspects of water refilling in embolized xylem vessels. This paper reports on details of the water refilling process in leaves of the intact herbaceous monocot plant Zea mays and its refilling kinetics obtained by a direct visualization technique. Methods A synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique was used to monitor water refilling in embolized xylem vessels of intact maize leaves. Xylem embolism was artificially induced by using a glass capillary; real-time images of water refilling dynamics were consecutively captured at a frame rate of 50 f.p.s. Key Results Water supply in the radial direction initiates droplet formation on the wall of embolized xylem vessels. Each droplet grows into a water column; this phenomenon shows translation motion or continuous increase in water column volume. In some instances, water columns merge and form one large water column. Water refilling in the radial direction causes rapid recovery from embolism in several minutes. The average water refilling velocity is approx. 1 μm s-1. Conclusions Non-destructive visualization of embolized xylem vessels demonstrates rapid water refilling and gas bubble removal as key elements of embolism repair in a herbaceous monocot species. The refilling kinetics provides new insights into the dynamic mechanism of water refilling phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Ryu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Geun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Knipfer T, Cuneo IF, Brodersen CR, McElrone AJ. In Situ Visualization of the Dynamics in Xylem Embolism Formation and Removal in the Absence of Root Pressure: A Study on Excised Grapevine Stems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1024-36. [PMID: 27208267 PMCID: PMC4902599 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gas embolisms formed during drought can disrupt long-distance water transport through plant xylem vessels, but some species have the ability to remove these blockages. Despite evidence suggesting that embolism removal is linked to the presence of vessel-associated parenchyma, the underlying mechanism remains controversial and is thought to involve positive pressure generated by roots. Here, we used in situ x-ray microtomography on excised grapevine stems to determine if embolism removal is possible without root pressure, and if the embolism formation/removal affects vessel functional status after sample excision. Our data show that embolism removal in excised stems was driven by water droplet growth and was qualitatively identical to refilling in intact plants. When stem segments were rehydrated with H2O after excision, vessel refilling occurred rapidly (<1 h). The refilling process was substantially slower when polyethylene glycol was added to the H2O source, thereby providing new support for an osmotically driven refilling mechanism. In contrast, segments not supplied with H2O showed no refilling and increased embolism formation. Dynamic changes in liquid/wall contact angles indicated that the processes of embolism removal (i.e. vessel refilling) by water influx and embolism formation by water efflux were directly linked to the activity of vessel-associated living tissue. Overall, our results emphasize that root pressure is not required as a driving force for vessel refilling, and care should be taken when performing hydraulics measurements on excised plant organs containing living vessel-associated tissue, because the vessel behavior may not be static.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (T.K., I.F.C., A.J.M.); School of Agronomy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile (I.F.C.); School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 (C.R.B.); and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95618 (A.J.M.)
| | - Italo F Cuneo
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (T.K., I.F.C., A.J.M.); School of Agronomy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile (I.F.C.); School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 (C.R.B.); and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95618 (A.J.M.)
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (T.K., I.F.C., A.J.M.); School of Agronomy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile (I.F.C.); School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 (C.R.B.); and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95618 (A.J.M.)
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (T.K., I.F.C., A.J.M.); School of Agronomy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota, Chile (I.F.C.); School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 (C.R.B.); and United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, California 95618 (A.J.M.)
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41
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Baer A, Wheeler JK, Pittermann J. Not dead yet: the seasonal water relations of two perennial ferns during California's exceptional drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:122-132. [PMID: 26660879 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The understory of the redwood forests of California's coast harbors perennial ferns, including Polystichum munitum and Dryopteris arguta. Unusual for ferns, these species are adapted to the characteristic Mediterranean-type dry season, but the mechanisms of tolerance have not been studied. The water relations of P. munitum and D. arguta were surveyed for over a year, including measures of water potential (Ψ), stomatal conductance (gs) and frond stipe hydraulic conductivity (K). A dehydration and re-watering experiment on potted P. munitum plants corroborated the field data. The seasonal Ψ varied from 0 to below -3 MPa in both species, with gs and K generally tracking Ψ; the loss of K rarely exceeded 80%. Quantile regression analysis showed that, at the 0.1 quantile, 50% of K was lost at -2.58 and -3.84 MPa in P. munitum and D. arguta, respectively. The hydraulic recovery of re-watered plants was attributed to capillarity. The seasonal water relations of P. munitum and D. arguta are variable, but consistent with laboratory-based estimates of drought tolerance. Hydraulic and Ψ recovery following rain allows perennial ferns to survive severe drought, but prolonged water deficit, coupled with insect damage, may hamper frond survival. The legacy effects of drought on reproductive capacity and community dynamics are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - James K Wheeler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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Charra-Vaskou K, Badel E, Charrier G, Ponomarenko A, Bonhomme M, Foucat L, Mayr S, Améglio T. Cavitation and water fluxes driven by ice water potential in Juglans regia during freeze-thaw cycles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:739-50. [PMID: 26585223 PMCID: PMC4737071 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw cycles induce major hydraulic changes due to liquid-to-ice transition within tree stems. The very low water potential at the ice-liquid interface is crucial as it may cause lysis of living cells as well as water fluxes and embolism in sap conduits, which impacts whole tree-water relations. We investigated water fluxes induced by ice formation during freeze-thaw cycles in Juglans regia L. stems using four non-invasive and complementary approaches: a microdendrometer, magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray microtomography, and ultrasonic acoustic emissions analysis. When the temperature dropped, ice nucleation occurred, probably in the cambium or pith areas, inducing high water potential gradients within the stem. The water was therefore redistributed within the stem toward the ice front. We could thus observe dehydration of the bark's living cells leading to drastic shrinkage of this tissue, as well as high tension within wood conduits reaching the cavitation threshold in sap vessels. Ultrasonic emissions, which were strictly emitted only during freezing, indicated cavitation events (i.e. bubble formation) following ice formation in the xylem sap. However, embolism formation (i.e. bubble expansion) in stems was observed only on thawing via X-ray microtomography for the first time on the same sample. Ultrasonic emissions were detected during freezing and were not directly related to embolism formation. These results provide new insights into the complex process and dynamics of water movements and ice formation during freeze-thaw cycles in tree stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katline Charra-Vaskou
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandre Ponomarenko
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Bonhomme
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thierry Améglio
- INRA, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Blaise Pascal University, UMR PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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43
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Hwang BG, Ryu J, Lee SJ. Vulnerability of Protoxylem and Metaxylem Vessels to Embolisms and Radial Refilling in a Vascular Bundle of Maize Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:941. [PMID: 27446168 PMCID: PMC4921478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of water flow in an interconnected xylem vessel network enables plants to survive despite challenging environment changes that can cause xylem embolism. In this study, vulnerability to embolisms of xylem vessels and their water-refilling patterns in vascular bundles of maize leaves were experimentally investigated by employing synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique. A vascular bundle in maize consisted of a protoxylem vessel with helical thickenings between two metaxylem vessels with single perforation plates and nonuniformly distributed pits. When embolism was artificially induced in excised maize leaves by exposing them to air, protoxylem vessels became less vulnerable to dehydration compared to metaxylem vessels. After supplying water into the embolized vascular bundles, when water-refilling process stopped at the perforation plates in metaxylem vessels, discontinuous radial water influx occurred surprisingly in the adjacent protoxylem vessels. Alternating water refilling pattern in protoxylem and metaxylem vessels exhibited probable correlation between the incidence location and time of water refilling and the structural properties of xylem vessels. These results imply that the maintenance of water transport and modulation of water refilling are affected by hydrodynamic roles of perforation plates and radial connectivity in a xylem vascular bundle network.
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Zelinka SL, Bourne KJ, Hermanson JC, Glass SV, Costa A, Wiedenhoeft AC. Force-displacement measurements of earlywood bordered pits using a mesomechanical tester. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2088-2097. [PMID: 25754548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The elastic properties of pit membranes are reported to have important implications in understanding air-seeding phenomena in gymnosperms, and pit aspiration plays a large role in wood technological applications such as wood drying and preservative treatment. Here we present force-displacement measurements for pit membranes of circular bordered pits, collected on a mesomechanical testing system. The system consists of a quartz microprobe attached to a microforce sensor that is positioned and advanced with a micromanipulator mounted on an inverted microscope. Membrane displacement is measured from digital image analysis. Unaspirated pits from earlywood of never-dried wood of Larix and Pinus and aspirated pits from earlywood of dried wood of Larix were tested to generate force-displacement curves up to the point of membrane failure. Two failure modes were observed: rupture or tearing of the pit membrane by the microprobe tip, and the stretching of the pit membrane until the torus was forced out of the pit chamber through the pit aperture without rupture, a condition we refer to as torus prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Zelinka
- Building and Fire Sciences, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Keith J Bourne
- Building and Fire Sciences, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John C Hermanson
- Engineering Mechanics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Samuel V Glass
- Building and Fire Sciences, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Adriana Costa
- Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Alex C Wiedenhoeft
- Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
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45
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Jansen S, Schenk HJ. On the ascent of sap in the presence of bubbles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1561-1563. [PMID: 26400778 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850 USA
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Maurel C, Boursiac Y, Luu DT, Santoni V, Shahzad Z, Verdoucq L. Aquaporins in Plants. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1321-58. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins are membrane channels that facilitate the transport of water and small neutral molecules across biological membranes of most living organisms. In plants, aquaporins occur as multiple isoforms reflecting a high diversity of cellular localizations, transport selectivity, and regulation properties. Plant aquaporins are localized in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, plastids and, in some species, in membrane compartments interacting with symbiotic organisms. Plant aquaporins can transport various physiological substrates in addition to water. Of particular relevance for plants is the transport of dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia or metalloids such as boron and silicon. Structure-function studies are developed to address the molecular and cellular mechanisms of plant aquaporin gating and subcellular trafficking. Phosphorylation plays a central role in these two processes. These mechanisms allow aquaporin regulation in response to signaling intermediates such as cytosolic pH and calcium, and reactive oxygen species. Combined genetic and physiological approaches are now integrating this knowledge, showing that aquaporins play key roles in hydraulic regulation in roots and leaves, during drought but also in response to stimuli as diverse as flooding, nutrient availability, temperature, or light. A general hydraulic control of plant tissue expansion by aquaporins is emerging, and their role in key developmental processes (seed germination, emergence of lateral roots) has been established. Plants with genetically altered aquaporin functions are now tested for their ability to improve plant tolerance to stresses. In conclusion, research on aquaporins delineates ever expanding fields in plant integrative biology thereby establishing their crucial role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Doan-Trung Luu
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Santoni
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Zaigham Shahzad
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Verdoucq
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, CNRS/INRA/Montpellier SupAgro/Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Zolfaghar S, Villalobos-Vega R, Zeppel M, Eamus D. The hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus trees growing across a gradient of depth-to-groundwater. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:888-898. [PMID: 32480731 DOI: 10.1071/fp14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in water availability acts as an important driver of variation in plant structure and function. Changes in hydraulic architecture represent a key mechanism by which adaptation to changes in water availability can be expressed in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in depth-to-groundwater influence the hydraulic architecture of Eucalyptus trees in remnant woodlands within mesic environments. Hydraulic architecture of trees was examined in winter and summer by measuring the following traits: Huber value (HV: the ratio between sapwood area and leaf area), branch hydraulic conductivity (leaf and sapwood area specific), sapwood density, xylem vulnerability (P50 and Pe) and hydraulic safety margins across four sites where depth-to-groundwater ranged from 2.4 to 37.5m. Huber value increased significantly as depth-to-groundwater increased. Neither sapwood density nor branch hydraulic conductivity (sapwood and leaf area specific) varied significantly across sites. Xylem vulnerability to embolism (represented by P50 and Pe) in both seasons was significantly and negatively correlated with depth-to-groundwater. Hydraulic safety margins increased with increasing depth-to-groundwater and therefore trees growing at sites with deeper water tables were less sensitive to drought induced embolism. These results showed plasticity in some, but not all, hydraulic traits (as reflected in HV, P50, Pe and hydraulic safety margin) in response to increase in depth-to-groundwater in a mesic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Zolfaghar
- University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | - Melanie Zeppel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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48
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Zwieniecki MA, Secchi F. Threats to xylem hydraulic function of trees under 'new climate normal' conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1713-24. [PMID: 25039674 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict increases in frequency and intensity of extreme environmental conditions, such as changes to minimum and maximum temperatures, duration of drought periods, intensity of rainfall/snowfall events and wind strength. These local extremes, rather than average climatic conditions, are closely linked to woody plant survival, as trees cope with such events over long lifespans. While the xylem provides trees with structural strength and is considered the most robust part of a tree's structure, it is also the most physiologically vulnerable as tree survival depends on its ability to sustain water supply to the tree crown under variable environmental conditions. Many structural, functional and biological tree properties evolved to protect xylem from loss of transport function because of embolism or to restore xylem transport capacity following embolism formation. How 'the new climate normal' conditions will affect these evolved strategies is yet to be seen. Our understanding of xylem physiology and current conceptual models describing embolism formation and plant recovery from water stress, however, can provide insight into near-future challenges that woody plants will face. In addition, knowledge of species-specific properties of xylem function may help guide mitigation of climate change impacts on woody plants in natural and agricultural tree communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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49
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Yazaki K, Kuroda K, Nakano T, Kitao M, Tobita H, Ogasa MY, Ishida A. Recovery of Physiological Traits in Saplings of Invasive Bischofia Tree Compared with Three Species Native to the Bonin Islands under Successive Drought and Irrigation Cycles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135117. [PMID: 26291326 PMCID: PMC4546390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial leaf shedding induced by hydraulic failure under prolonged drought can prevent excess water consumption, resulting in delayed recovery of carbon productivity following rainfall. To understand the manner of water use of invasive species in oceanic island forests under a fluctuating water regime, leaf shedding, multiple physiological traits, and the progress of embolism in the stem xylem under repeated drought-irrigation cycles were examined in the potted saplings of an invasive species, Bischofia javanica Blume, and three endemic native species, Schima mertensiana (Sieb. Et Zucc,) Koitz., Hibiscus glaber Matsum, and Distylium lepidotum Nakai, from the Bonin Islands, Japan. The progress of xylem embolism was observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The samples exhibited different processes of water saving and drought tolerance based on the different combinations of partial leaf shedding involved in embolized conduits following repeated de-rehydration. Predawn leaf water potential largely decreased with each successive drought-irrigation cycle for all tree species, except for B. javanica. B. javanica shed leaves conspicuously under drought and showed responsive stomatal conductance to VPD, which contributed to recover leaf gas exchange in the remaining leaves, following a restored water supply. In contrast, native tree species did not completely recover photosynthetic rates during the repeated drought-irrigation cycles. H. glaber and D. lepidotum preserved water in vessels and adjusted leaf osmotic rates but did not actively shed leaves. S. mertensiana exhibited partial leaf shedding during the first cycle with an osmotic adjustment, but they showed less responsive stomatal conductance to VPD. Our data indicate that invasive B. javanica saplings can effectively use water supplied suddenly under drought conditions. We predict that fluctuating precipitation in the future may change tree distributions even in mesic or moist sites in the Bonin Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kuroda
- Department of Wood Properties, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Division of Natural Environmental Sciences, Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi, 403-0005, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Mayumi Y. Ogasa
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
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50
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Knipfer T, Eustis A, Brodersen C, Walker AM, McElrone AJ. Grapevine species from varied native habitats exhibit differences in embolism formation/repair associated with leaf gas exchange and root pressure. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1503-13. [PMID: 25495925 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought induces xylem embolism formation, but grapevines can refill non-functional vessels to restore transport capacity. It is unknown whether vulnerability to embolism formation and ability to repair differ among grapevine species. We analysed in vivo embolism formation and repair using x-ray computed microtomography in three wild grapevine species from varied native habitats (Vitis riparia, V. arizonica, V. champinii) and related responses to measurements of leaf gas exchange and root pressure. Vulnerability to embolism formation was greatest in V. riparia, intermediate in V. arizonica and lowest in V. champinii. After re-watering, embolism repair was rapid and pronounced in V. riparia and V. arizonica, but limited or negligible in V. champinii even after numerous days. Similarly, root pressure measured after re-watering was positively correlated with drought stress severity for V. riparia and V. arizonica (species exhibiting embolism repair) but not for V. champinii. Drought-induced reductions in transpiration were greatest for V. riparia and least in V. champinii. Recovery of transpiration after re-watering was delayed for all species, but was greatest for V. champinii and most rapid in V. arizonica. These species exhibit varied responses to drought stress that involve maintenance/recovery of xylem transport capacity coordinated with root pressure and gas exchange responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ashley Eustis
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Andrew M Walker
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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