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Marttinen EM, Decker EL, Heinonen P, Reski R, Valkonen JPT. Putative NAD(P)-Binding Rossmann Fold Protein Is Involved in Chitosan-Induced Peroxidase Activity and Lipoxygenase Expression in Physcomitrium patens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:682-692. [PMID: 37486175 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative burst, the rapid production of high levels of reactive oxygen species in response to external stimuli, is an early defense reaction against pathogens. The fungal elicitor chitosan causes an oxidative burst in the moss Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens), mainly due to the peroxidase enzyme Prx34. To better understand the chitosan responses in P. patens, we conducted a screen of part of a P. patens mutant collection to isolate plants with less peroxidase activity than wild-type (WT) plants after chitosan treatment. We isolated a P. patens mutant that affected the gene encoding NAD(P)-binding Rossmann fold protein (hereafter, Rossmann fold protein). Three Rossmann fold protein-knockout (KO) plants (named Rossmann fold KO lines) were generated and used to assess extracellular peroxidase activity and expression of defense-responsive genes, including alternative oxidase, lipoxygenase (LOX), NADPH oxidase, and peroxidase (Prx34) in response to chitosan treatment. Extracellular (apoplastic) peroxidase activity was significantly lower in Rossmann fold KO lines than in WT plants after chitosan treatments. Expression of the LOX gene in Rossmann fold KO plants was significantly lower before and after chitosan treatment when compared with WT. Peroxidase activity assays together with gene expression analyses suggest that the Rossmann fold protein might be an important component of the signaling pathway leading to oxidative burst and basal expression of the LOX gene in P. patens. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva M Marttinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva L Decker
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Petra Heinonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Li Z, Liu J, Ma W, Li X. Characteristics, Roles and Applications of Proteinaceous Elicitors from Pathogens in Plant Immunity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020268. [PMID: 36836624 PMCID: PMC9960299 DOI: 10.3390/life13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In interactions between pathogens and plants, pathogens secrete many molecules that facilitate plant infection, and some of these compounds are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce immune responses. Molecules in both pathogens and plants that trigger immune responses in plants are termed elicitors. On the basis of their chemical content, elicitors can be classified into carbohydrates, lipopeptides, proteinaceous compounds and other types. Although many studies have focused on the involvement of elicitors in plants, especially on pathophysiological changes induced by elicitors in plants and the mechanisms mediating these changes, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews on the characteristics and functions of proteinaceous elicitors. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date knowledge on several important families of pathogenic proteinaceous elicitors (i.e., harpins, necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) and elicitins), focusing mainly on their structures, characteristics and effects on plants, specifically on their roles in plant immune responses. A solid understanding of elicitors may be helpful to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and gardening, generate more resistant germplasms and increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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3
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Janků M, Jedelská T, Činčalová L, Sedlář A, Mikulík J, Luhová L, Lochman J, Petřivalský M. Structure-activity relationships of oomycete elicitins uncover the role of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in triggering plant defense responses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111239. [PMID: 35487652 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elicitins are proteinaceous elicitors that induce the hypersensitive response and plant resistance against diverse phytopathogens. Elicitin recognition by membrane receptors or high-affinity sites activates a variety of fast responses including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), leading to induction of plant defense genes. Beta-cryptogein (CRY) is a basic β-elicitin secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea that shows high necrotic activity in some plant species, whereas infestin 1 (INF1) secreted by the oomycete P. infestans belongs to acidic α-elicitins with a significantly weaker capacity to induce necrosis. We compared several mutated forms of β-CRY and INF1 with a modulated capacity to trigger ROS and NO production, bind plant sterols and induce cell death responses in cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi. We evidenced a key role of the lysine residue in position 13 in basic elicitins for their biological activity and enhancement of necrotic effects of acidic INF1 by the replacement of the valine residue in position 84 by larger phenylalanine. Studied elicitins activated in differing intensity signaling pathways of ROS, NO and phytohormones jasmonic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid, known to be involved in triggering of hypersensitive response and establishment of systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Janků
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Jedelská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Činčalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Sedlář
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Mikulík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Luhová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Zhang Z, Xie Y, Sun P, Zhang F, Zheng P, Wang X, You C, Hao Y. Nitrate-inducible MdBT2 acts as a restriction factor to limit apple necrotic mosaic virus genome replication in Malus domestica. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:383-399. [PMID: 34837323 PMCID: PMC8828459 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV) is highly associated with the occurrence of apple mosaic disease in China. However, ApNMV-host interactions and defence mechanisms of host plants against this virus are poorly studied. Here, we report that nitrate treatment restrains ApNMV genomic RNA accumulation by destabilizing viral replication protein 1a through the MdBT2-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. MdBT2, a nitrate-responsive BTB/TAZ domain-containing protein, was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen of an apple cDNA library using viral protein 1a as bait, and 1a was further confirmed to interact with MdBT2 both in vivo and in vitro. It was further verified that MdBT2 promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of viral protein 1a through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in an MdCUL3A-independent manner. Viral genomic RNA accumulation was reduced in MdBT2-overexpressing transgenic apple leaves but enhanced in MdBT2-antisense leaves compared to the wild type. Moreover, MdBT2 was found to interfere with the interaction between viral replication proteins 1a and 2apol by competitively interacting with 1a. Taken together, our results demonstrate that nitrate-inducible MdBT2 functions as a limiting factor in ApNMV viral RNA accumulation by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of viral protein 1a and interfering with interactions between viral replication proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Yin‐Huan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Fu‐Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Xiao‐Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Chun‐Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Yu‐Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
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5
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Nuhkat M, Brosché M, Stoelzle-Feix S, Dietrich P, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG, Kollist H. Rapid depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase go hand-in-hand in mesophyll cells' ozone response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1692-1702. [PMID: 34482538 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress signalling involves bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be mimicked by the application of acute pulses of ozone. Such ozone-pulses inhibit photosynthesis and trigger stomatal closure in a few minutes, but the signalling that underlies these responses remains largely unknown. We measured changes in Arabidopsis thaliana gas exchange after treatment with acute pulses of ozone and set up a system for simultaneous measurement of membrane potential and cytosolic calcium with the fluorescent reporter R-GECO1. We show that within 1 min, prior to stomatal closure, O3 triggered a drop in whole-plant CO2 uptake. Within this early phase, O3 pulses (200-1000 ppb) elicited simultaneous membrane depolarization and cytosolic calcium increase, whereas these pulses had no long-term effect on either stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. In contrast, pulses of 5000 ppb O3 induced cell death, systemic Ca2+ signals and an irreversible drop in stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity. We conclude that mesophyll cells respond to ozone in a few seconds by distinct pattern of plasma membrane depolarizations accompanied by an increase in the cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+ ) level. These responses became systemic only at very high ozone concentrations. Thus, plants have rapid mechanism to sense and discriminate the strength of ozone signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris Nuhkat
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Biocentre 3, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | | | - Petra Dietrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, Würzburg, D-97082, Germany
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu, 50411, Estonia
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Solanský M, Mikulášek K, Zapletalová M, Petřivalský M, Chiltz A, Zdráhal Z, Leborgne-Castel N, Lochman J. The oligomeric states of elicitins affect the hypersensitive response and resistance in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3219-3234. [PMID: 33475728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant defence against microbial pathogens is based on early recognition and fast activation of inducible responses. Key mechanisms include detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns by membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors that induce a basal resistance response. A well-described model of such responses to pathogens involves the interactions between Solanaceae plants and proteinaceous elicitors secreted by oomycetes, called elicitins. It has been hypothesized that the formation of oligomeric structures by elicitins could be involved in their recognition and activation of defensive transduction cascades. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using several approaches, and we observed differences in tobacco plant responses induced by the elicitin β-cryptogein (β-CRY) and its homodimer, β-CRYDIM. We also found that the C-terminal domain of elicitins of other ELI (true-elicitin) clades plays a significant role in stabilization of their oligomeric structure and restraint in the cell wall. In addition, covalently cross-linking β-CRYDIM impaired the formation of signalling complexes, thereby reducing its capacity to elicit the hypersensitive response and resistance in the host plant, with no significant changes in pathogenesis-related protein expression. By revealing the details of the effects of β-CRY dimerization on recognition and defence responses in tobacco, our results shed light on the poorly understood role of elicitins' oligomeric structures in the interactions between oomycetes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Solanský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Mikulášek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Zapletalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Annick Chiltz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jan Lochman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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Roudaire T, Héloir MC, Wendehenne D, Zadoroznyj A, Dubrez L, Poinssot B. Cross Kingdom Immunity: The Role of Immune Receptors and Downstream Signaling in Animal and Plant Cell Death. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612452. [PMID: 33763054 PMCID: PMC7982415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and animals are endowed with sophisticated innate immune systems to combat microbial attack. In these multicellular eukaryotes, innate immunity implies the presence of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors able to detect danger signal referred as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Membrane-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are employed by these organisms for sensing different invasion patterns before triggering antimicrobial defenses that can be associated with a form of regulated cell death. Intracellularly, animals nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors or plants nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)-containing leucine rich repeats (NLRs) immune receptors likely detect effectors injected into the host cell by the pathogen to hijack the immune signaling cascade. Interestingly, during the co-evolution between the hosts and their invaders, key cross-kingdom cell death-signaling macromolecular NLR-complexes have been selected, such as the inflammasome in mammals and the recently discovered resistosome in plants. In both cases, a regulated cell death located at the site of infection constitutes a very effective mean for blocking the pathogen spread and protecting the whole organism from invasion. This review aims to describe the immune mechanisms in animals and plants, mainly focusing on cell death signaling pathways, in order to highlight recent advances that could be used on one side or the other to identify the missing signaling elements between the perception of the invasion pattern by immune receptors, the induction of defenses or the transmission of danger signals to other cells. Although knowledge of plant immunity is less advanced, these organisms have certain advantages allowing easier identification of signaling events, regulators and executors of cell death, which could then be exploited directly for crop protection purposes or by analogy for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Roudaire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aymeric Zadoroznyj
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Dubrez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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8
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Classification of Plant Electrophysiology Signals for Detection of Spider Mites Infestation in Tomatoes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods, such as spider mites, are one of the major causes of annual crop losses. They are usually hard to spot before a severe infestation takes place. When feeding, these insects cause external perturbation that triggers changes in the underlying physiological process of a plant, which are expressed by a generation of distinct variations of electrical potential. Therefore, plant electrophysiology data portray information of the plant state. Analyses involving machine learning techniques applied to plant electrical response triggered by spider mite infestation have not been previously reported. This study investigates plant electrophysiological signals recorded from 12 commercial tomatoes plants contaminated with spider mites and proposes a workflow based on Gradient Boosted Tree algorithm for an automated differentiation of the plant’s normal state from the stressed state caused by infestation. The classification model built using the signal samples recorded during daylight and employing a reduced feature subset performs with an accuracy of 80% in identifying the plant’s stressed state. Furthermore, the Hjorth complexity encloses the most relevant information for discrimination of the plant status. The obtained findings open novel access towards automated detection of insect infestation in greenhouse crops and, consequently, more optimal prevention and treatment approaches.
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9
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Simmi FZ, Dallagnol LJ, Ferreira AS, Pereira DR, Souza GM. Electrome alterations in a plant-pathogen system: Toward early diagnosis. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 133:107493. [PMID: 32145516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to verify the existence of patterns on the electrophysiological systemic responses of tomato plants inoculated with a pathogenic fungus in an environment with controlled light and temperature. Electrical signalling was measured before and after inoculation in the same plants, and data were analysed with time series techniques and approximate multi-scale entropy (ApEn). Machine learning algorithms were utilised in order to classify data before and after infection throughout the five days of experiments. The obtained results have shown that it is possible to distinguish differences in the plant's electrome activity before and after the fungus inoculation. In some cases, we have found scale invariance quantified by the power law decay in the distribution histogram. We also found a higher degree of internal organisation quantified by ApEn. The results of the classification algorithms achieved higher accuracy of infection detection at the initial stage of pathogen recognition by the plant. Besides, this study showed evidence that long-distance electrical signalling is likely involved in the plant-pathogen interaction, since signals were obtained in the stem and the inoculum applied on the plant leaves. This might be useful for the early detection of plant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Z Simmi
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduation Programme on Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - L J Dallagnol
- Federal University of Pelotas, Crop Protection Graduate Program, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Crop Protection, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - A S Ferreira
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Physics, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - D R Pereira
- University of Western São Paulo, Machine Intelligence Laboratory, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - G M Souza
- Federal University of Pelotas, Post-Graduation Programme on Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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10
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Naveed ZA, Wei X, Chen J, Mubeen H, Ali GS. The PTI to ETI Continuum in Phytophthora-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593905. [PMID: 33391306 PMCID: PMC7773600 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are notorious pathogens of several economically important crop plants. Several general elicitors, commonly referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), from Phytophthora spp. have been identified that are recognized by the plant receptors to trigger induced defense responses in a process termed PAMP-triggered Immunity (PTI). Adapted Phytophthora pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to evade PTI. They can either modify or suppress their elicitors to avoid recognition by host and modulate host defense responses by deploying hundreds of effectors, which suppress host defense and physiological processes by modulating components involved in calcium and MAPK signaling, alternative splicing, RNA interference, vesicle trafficking, cell-to-cell trafficking, proteolysis and phytohormone signaling pathways. In incompatible interactions, resistant host plants perceive effector-induced modulations through resistance proteins and activate downstream components of defense responses in a quicker and more robust manner called effector-triggered-immunity (ETI). When pathogens overcome PTI-usually through effectors in the absence of R proteins-effectors-triggered susceptibility (ETS) ensues. Qualitatively, many of the downstream defense responses overlap between PTI and ETI. In general, these multiple phases of Phytophthora-plant interactions follow the PTI-ETS-ETI paradigm, initially proposed in the zigzag model of plant immunity. However, based on several examples, in Phytophthora-plant interactions, boundaries between these phases are not distinct but are rather blended pointing to a PTI-ETI continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Xiangying Wei
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- Xiangying Wei
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
| | - Hira Mubeen
- Departement of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gul Shad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Apopka, FL, United States
- EukaryoTech LLC, Apopka, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gul Shad Ali
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11
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Cao J, Zhang M, Zhu M, He L, Xiao J, Li X, Yuan M. Autophagy-Like Cell Death Regulates Hydrogen Peroxide and Calcium Ion Distribution in Xa3/Xa26-Mediated Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010194. [PMID: 31892124 PMCID: PMC6981989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum and durable resistance gene Xa3/Xa26 against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) has been widely exploited in rice production in China. But the cytological features of the Xa3/Xa26-mediated resistance reaction have been rarely reported. This study reveals the cytological characteristics of the Xa3/Xa26-mediated resistance reaction against Xoo to uncover the functions of hypersensitive response programmed cell death (HR-PCD) in rice. Autophagy-like cell death, which was characterized by double-membrane bodies appearance in xylem parenchyma cell and mesophyll cell, was inhibited by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenin (3-MA). The autophagy-related genes were induced to reach a high level in resistance reaction. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) maintained a low concentration on the plasma membrane. The calcium ions localized on the apoplast were transferred into the vacuole. The autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) impaired Xa3/Xa26-mediated resistance by promoting the accumulation of H2O2, and inhibited the transfer of extracellular calcium ions into the vacuole in the xylem parenchyma cells and mesophyll cells. Therefore, the HR-PCD belongs to autophagy-like cell death in the Xa3/Xa26-mediated resistance reaction. These results suggest that the autophagy-like cell death participates in the Xa3/Xa26-mediated resistance by negatively regulating H2O2 accumulation, in order to abolish oxidative stress and possibly activate calcium ion signals in xylem parenchyma cells of the rice leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.X.); (X.L.)
- Public Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (M.Y.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-2466 (J.C. & M.Y.)
| | - Meng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Limin He
- Public Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Meng Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Z.); (M.Z.); (J.X.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (M.Y.); Tel.: +86-27-8728-2466 (J.C. & M.Y.)
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12
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Zang H, Xie S, Zhu B, Yang X, Gu C, Hu B, Gao T, Chen Y, Gao X. Mannan oligosaccharides trigger multiple defence responses in rice and tobacco as a novel danger-associated molecular pattern. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1067-1079. [PMID: 31094073 PMCID: PMC6640537 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide, a typical danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), has been studied and applied as plant defence elicitor for several years. Here, we report a novel oligosaccharide, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) with a degree of polymerization of 2-6, which was hydrolysed from locust bean gum by a newly reported enzyme, BpMan5. The MOS treatment can significantly enhance the generation of signalling molecules such as intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species. Subsequent defence events like stomata closure and cell death were also caused by MOS, eventually leading to the prevention of pathogen invasion or expansion. Transcriptional expression assay indicated that MOS activated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in tobacco and rice via different cascading pathways. The expression levels of the defence-related genes PR-1a and LOX were both up-regulated after MOS treatment, suggesting that MOS may simultaneously activate salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-dependent signalling pathways. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that MOS led to the accumulation of four phytoalexins (momilactone A, phytocassane A, phytocassane D, and phytocassane E) in rice seedling leaves within 12-24 h. Finally, MOS conferred resistance in rice and tobacco against Xanthomonas oryzae and Phytophthora nicotianae, respectively. Taken together, our results indicated that MOS, a novel DAMP, could trigger multiple defence responses to prime plant resistance and has a great potential as plant defence elicitor for the management of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, College of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Bichun Zhu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Benjin Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Tongchun Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
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13
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, Poinssot B. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31620151 PMCID: PMC6760519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera, like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Justine Claverie
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UniLaSalle, AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot,
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14
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Hürter AL, Fort S, Cottaz S, Hedrich R, Geiger D, Roelfsema MRG. Mycorrhizal lipochitinoligosaccharides (LCOs) depolarize root hairs of Medicago truncatula. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198126. [PMID: 29851976 PMCID: PMC5979017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Root Nodule Symbiosis are symbiotic interactions with a high benefit for plant growth and crop production. Thus, it is of great interest to understand the developmental process of these symbioses in detail. We analysed very early symbiotic responses of Medicago truncatula root hair cells, by stimulation with lipochitinoligosaccharides specific for the induction of nodules (Nod-LCOs), or the interaction with mycorrhiza (Myc-LCOs). Intracellular micro electrodes were used, in combination with Ca2+ sensitive reporter dyes, to study the relations between cytosolic Ca2+ signals and membrane potential changes. We found that sulfated Myc- as well as Nod-LCOs initiate a membrane depolarization, which depends on the chemical composition of these signaling molecules, as well as the genotype of the plants that were studied. A successive application of sulfated Myc-LCOs and Nod-LCOs resulted only in a single transient depolarization, indicating that Myc-LCOs can repress plasma membrane responses to Nod-LCOs. In contrast to current models, the Nod-LCO-induced depolarization precedes changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ level of root hair cells. The Nod-LCO induced membrane depolarization thus is most likely independent of cytosolic Ca2+ signals and nuclear Ca2+ spiking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Hürter
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Fort
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Cottaz
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Geiger
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Rob G. Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Shen Y, Liu N, Li C, Wang X, Xu X, Chen W, Xing G, Zheng W. The early response during the interaction of fungal phytopathogen and host plant. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170057. [PMID: 28469008 PMCID: PMC5451545 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can be infected by a variety of pathogens, most of which can cause severe economic losses. The plants resist the invasion of pathogens via the innate or acquired immune system for surviving biotic stress. The associations between plants and pathogens are sophisticated beyond imaging and the interactions between them can occur at a very early stage after their touching each other. A number of researchers in the past decade have shown that many biochemical events appeared even as early as 5 min after their touching for plant disease resistance response. The early molecular interactions of plants and pathogens are likely to involve protein phosphorylation, ion fluxes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other signalling transduction. Here, we reviewed the recent progress in the study for molecular interaction response of fungal pathogens and host plant at the early infection stage, which included many economically important crop fungal pathogens such as cereal rust fungi, tomato Cladosporium fulvum, rice blast and so on. By dissecting the earlier infection stage of the diseases, the avirulent/virulent genes of pathogen or resistance genes of plant could be defined more clearly and accurately, which would undoubtedly facilitate fungal pathogenesis study and resistant crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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16
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Blanc C, Coluccia F, L'Haridon F, Torres M, Ortiz-Berrocal M, Stahl E, Reymond P, Schreiber L, Nawrath C, Métraux JP, Serrano M. The Cuticle Mutant eca2 Modifies Plant Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivory Insects. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:344-355. [PMID: 29130376 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0181-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Blanc
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fania Coluccia
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martha Torres
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Marlene Ortiz-Berrocal
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- 4 Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- 3 Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- 1 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg. Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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17
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Zhang X, Valdés-López O, Arellano C, Stacey G, Balint-Kurti P. Genetic dissection of the maize (Zea mays L.) MAMP response. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:1155-1168. [PMID: 28289802 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2876-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Loci associated with variation in maize responses to two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) were identified. MAMP responses were correlated. No relationship between MAMP responses and quantitative disease resistance was identified. Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are highly conserved molecules commonly found in microbes which can be recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors. Recognition triggers a suite of responses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and expression changes of defense-related genes. In this study, we used two well-studied MAMPs (flg22 and chitooctaose) to challenge different maize lines to determine whether there was variation in the level of responses to these MAMPs, to dissect the genetic basis underlying that variation and to understand the relationship between MAMP response and quantitative disease resistance (QDR). Naturally occurring quantitative variation in ROS, NO production, and defense genes expression levels triggered by MAMPs was observed. A major quantitative traits locus (QTL) associated with variation in the ROS production response to both flg22 and chitooctaose was identified on chromosome 2 in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the maize inbred lines B73 and CML228. Minor QTL associated with variation in the flg22 ROS response was identified on chromosomes 1 and 4. Comparison of these results with data previously obtained for variation in QDR and the defense response in the same RIL population did not provide any evidence for a common genetic basis controlling variation in these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Division of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Laboratorio de Genomica Funcional de Leguminosas, FES Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, 54090, Mexico
| | - Consuelo Arellano
- Statistics Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Peter Balint-Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Plant Science Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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18
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Bègue H, Jeandroz S, Blanchard C, Wendehenne D, Rosnoblet C. Structure and functions of the chaperone-like p97/CDC48 in plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3053-3060. [PMID: 27717811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chaperone-like p97 is a member of the AAA+ ATPase enzyme family that contributes to numerous cellular activities. P97 has been broadly studied in mammals (VCP/p97) and yeasts (CDC48: Cell Division Cycle 48/p97) and numerous investigations highlighted that this protein is post-translationally regulated, is structured in homohexamer and interacts with partners and cofactors that direct it to distinct cellular signalization pathway including protein quality control and degradation, cell cycle regulation, genome stability, vesicular trafficking, autophagy and immunity. SCOPE OF REVIEW p97 is also conserved in plants (CDC48) but its functions are less understood. In the present review we intended to present the state of the art of the structure, regulation and functions of CDC48 in plants. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence accumulated underline that CDC48 plays a crucial role in development, cell cycle regulation and protein turnover in plants. Furthermore, its involvement in plant immunity has recently emerged and first interacting partners have been identified, shedding light on its putative cellular activities. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Identification of emerging functions of CDC48 in plants opens new roads of research in immunity and provides new insights into the mechanisms of protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Bègue
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Cécile Blanchard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Claire Rosnoblet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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19
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Brauer EK, Ahsan N, Dale R, Kato N, Coluccio AE, Piñeros MA, Kochian LV, Thelen JJ, Popescu SC. The Raf-like Kinase ILK1 and the High Affinity K+ Transporter HAK5 Are Required for Innate Immunity and Abiotic Stress Response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1470-84. [PMID: 27208244 PMCID: PMC4902592 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other environmental stresses trigger transient ion fluxes at the plasma membrane. Apart from the role of Ca(2+) uptake in signaling, the regulation and significance of PAMP-induced ion fluxes in immunity remain unknown. We characterized the functions of INTEGRIN-LINKED KINASE1 (ILK1) that encodes a Raf-like MAP2K kinase with functions insufficiently understood in plants. Analysis of ILK1 mutants impaired in the expression or kinase activity revealed that ILK1 contributes to plant defense to bacterial pathogens, osmotic stress sensitivity, and cellular responses and total ion accumulation in the plant upon treatment with a bacterial-derived PAMP, flg22. The calmodulin-like protein CML9, a negative modulator of flg22-triggered immunity, interacted with, and suppressed ILK1 kinase activity. ILK1 interacted with and promoted the accumulation of HAK5, a putative (H(+))/K(+) symporter that mediates a high-affinity uptake during K(+) deficiency. ILK1 or HAK5 expression was required for several flg22 responses including gene induction, growth arrest, and plasma membrane depolarization. Furthermore, flg22 treatment induced a rapid K(+) efflux at both the plant and cellular levels in wild type, while mutants with impaired ILK1 or HAK5 expression exhibited a comparatively increased K(+) loss. Taken together, our results position ILK1 as a link between plant defense pathways and K(+) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Brauer
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Nagib Ahsan
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Renee Dale
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Naohiro Kato
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Alison E Coluccio
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Miguel A Piñeros
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Leon V Kochian
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Jay J Thelen
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
| | - Sorina C Popescu
- The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (E.K.B., S.C.P.); Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (N.A., J.T.T.); Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 (R.D., N.K.); and Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 (A.E.C., M.A.P., L.V.K.)
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Ptáčková N, Klempová J, Obořil M, Nedělová S, Lochman J, Kašparovský T. The effect of cryptogein with changed abilities to transfer sterols and altered charge distribution on extracellular alkalinization, ROS and NO generation, lipid peroxidation and LOX gene transcription in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:82-95. [PMID: 26433637 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptogein, a protein from oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, induces a hypersensitive cell death in Nicotiana tabacum. We prepared a new series of cryptogein mutant proteins with altered abilities to bind sterols and with altered charge distribution in the proteins. The effect of the mutations on the cryptogein ability to induce plant defence mechanisms associated with hypersensitive cell death were examined. Our results with new mutants support the previous findings that the sterol binding does not influence synthesis of ROS, cytosol acidification and development of leaf necrosis as these events seem to be more likely affected by the charge distribution and the overall protein structure. This hypothesis was also applicable on other mechanisms involved in the execution of plant cell death such as the NO generation, the stimulation of lipid peroxidation (determination of malondialdehyde and hydroxy fatty acids levels) and LOX gene transcription. In addition, the ability to bind sterols was found to serve not only for pathogen utilisation in its own metabolism but also to have an important function for the destabilization of plant membrane facilitating the pathogen spread inside the plant tissue as well as intensively contributing to the development of plant cell death. Considering the insertion of charged amino acid residues in the protein structure, the change localized in the protein surface affected its biological activity more effectively than that change inside the protein cavity. Moreover, the insertion of negative charged amino acids influenced mainly the events involved in the early phase of defence reaction, while the positive residues affected especially the necrotic activity of cryptogein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Ptáčková
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klempová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Obořil
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Nedělová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Lochman
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kašparovský
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kim NH, Lee DH, Choi DS, Hwang BK. The pepper GNA-related lectin and PAN domain protein gene, CaGLP1, is required for plant cell death and defense signaling during bacterial infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:307-15. [PMID: 26706081 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding proteins, commonly referred to as lectins or agglutinins, function in defense responses to microbial pathogens. Pepper (Capsicum annuum) GNA-related lectin and PAN-domain protein gene CaGLP1 was isolated and functionally characterized from pepper leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv). CaGLP1 contained an amine-terminus prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site, a Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-related lectin domain responsible for the recognition of high-mannose N-glycans, and a carboxyl-terminus PAN/apple domain. RNA gel blot and immunoblot analyses determined that CaGLP1 was strongly induced in pepper by compatible and incompatible Xcv infection. CaGLP1 protein localized primarily to the plasma membrane and exhibited mannose-binding specificity. CaGLP1-silenced pepper plants were more susceptible to compatible or incompatible Xcv infection compared with that of non-silenced control plants. CaGLP1 silencing in pepper leaves did not accumulate H2O2 and induce cell death during incompatible Xcv infection. Defense-related CaDEF1 (defensin) gene expression was significantly reduced in CaGLP1-silenced pepper plants. CaGLP1-overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Defense-related AtPDF1.2 expression was elevated in CaGLP1-overexpression lines. Together, these results suggest that CaGLP1 is required for plant cell death and defense responses through the reactive oxygen species burst and downstream defense-related gene expression in response to bacterial pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nak Hyun Kim
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Dong Hyuk Lee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8751, USA
| | - Du Seok Choi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Byung Kook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
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Coursol S, Fromentin J, Noirot E, Brière C, Robert F, Morel J, Liang YK, Lherminier J, Simon-Plas F. Long-chain bases and their phosphorylated derivatives differentially regulate cryptogein-induced production of reactive oxygen species in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1239-1249. [PMID: 25303640 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The proteinaceous elicitor cryptogein triggers defence reactions in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) through a signalling cascade, including the early production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the plasma membrane (PM)-located tobacco respiratory burst oxidase homologue D (NtRbohD). Sphingolipid long-chain bases (LCBs) are emerging as potent positive regulators of plant defence-related mechanisms. This led us to question whether both LCBs and their phosphorylated derivatives (LCB-Ps) are involved in the early signalling process triggered by cryptogein in tobacco BY-2 cells. Here, we showed that cryptogein-induced ROS production was inhibited by LCB kinase (LCBK) inhibitors. Additionally, Arabidopsis thaliana sphingosine kinase 1 and exogenously supplied LCB-Ps increased cryptogein-induced ROS production, whereas exogenously supplied LCBs had a strong opposite effect, which was not driven by a reduction in cellular viability. Immunogold-electron microscopy assay also revealed that LCB-Ps are present in the PM, which fits well with the presence of a high LCBK activity associated with this fraction. Our data demonstrate that LCBs and LCB-Ps differentially regulate cryptogein-induced ROS production in tobacco BY-2 cells, and support a model in which a cooperative synergism between LCBK/LCB-Ps and NtRbohD/ROS in the cryptogein signalling pathway is likely at the PM in tobacco BY-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Coursol
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Fromentin
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Noirot
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Christian Brière
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, UMR 5546, Université de Toulouse, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Franck Robert
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Johanne Morel
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Yun-Kuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jeannine Lherminier
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Wu S, Shan L, He P. Microbial signature-triggered plant defense responses and early signaling mechanisms. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:118-26. [PMID: 25438792 PMCID: PMC4254448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It has long been observed that microbial elicitors can trigger various cellular responses in plants. Microbial elicitors have recently been referred to as pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) and remarkable progress has been made on research of their corresponding receptors, signaling mechanisms and critical involvement in disease resistance. Plants also generate endogenous signals due to the damage or wounds caused by microbes. These signals were originally called endogenous elicitors and subsequently renamed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that serve as warning signals for infections. The cellular responses induced by PAMPs and DAMPs include medium alkalinization, ion fluxes across the membrane, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethylene production. They collectively contribute to plant pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and play an important role in plant basal defense against a broad spectrum of microbial infections. In this review, we provide an update on multiple PTI responses and early signaling mechanisms and discuss its potential applications to improve crop disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Laboratory of Apple Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Camilios-Neto D, Bonato P, Wassem R, Tadra-Sfeir MZ, Brusamarello-Santos LCC, Valdameri G, Donatti L, Faoro H, Weiss VA, Chubatsu LS, Pedrosa FO, Souza EM. Dual RNA-seq transcriptional analysis of wheat roots colonized by Azospirillum brasilense reveals up-regulation of nutrient acquisition and cell cycle genes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:378. [PMID: 24886190 PMCID: PMC4042000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid growth of the world’s population demands an increase in food production that no longer can be reached by increasing amounts of nitrogenous fertilizers. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) might be an alternative to increase nitrogenous use efficiency (NUE) in important crops such wheat. Azospirillum brasilense is one of the most promising PGPB and wheat roots colonized by A. brasilense is a good model to investigate the molecular basis of plant-PGPB interaction including improvement in plant-NUE promoted by PGPB. Results We performed a dual RNA-Seq transcriptional profiling of wheat roots colonized by A. brasilense strain FP2. cDNA libraries from biological replicates of colonized and non-inoculated wheat roots were sequenced and mapped to wheat and A. brasilense reference sequences. The unmapped reads were assembled de novo. Overall, we identified 23,215 wheat expressed ESTs and 702 A. brasilense expressed transcripts. Bacterial colonization caused changes in the expression of 776 wheat ESTs belonging to various functional categories, ranging from transport activity to biological regulation as well as defense mechanism, production of phytohormones and phytochemicals. In addition, genes encoding proteins related to bacterial chemotaxi, biofilm formation and nitrogen fixation were highly expressed in the sub-set of A. brasilense expressed genes. Conclusions PGPB colonization enhanced the expression of plant genes related to nutrient up-take, nitrogen assimilation, DNA replication and regulation of cell division, which is consistent with a higher proportion of colonized root cells in the S-phase. Our data support the use of PGPB as an alternative to improve nutrient acquisition in important crops such as wheat, enhancing plant productivity and sustainability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-378) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuel M Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil.
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Pottosin I, Velarde-Buendía AM, Bose J, Zepeda-Jazo I, Shabala S, Dobrovinskaya O. Cross-talk between reactive oxygen species and polyamines in regulation of ion transport across the plasma membrane: implications for plant adaptive responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1271-83. [PMID: 24465010 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many stresses are associated with increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and polyamines (PAs). PAs act as ROS scavengers, but export of putrescine and/or PAs to the apoplast and their catabolization by amine oxidases gives rise to H2O2 and other ROS, including hydroxyl radicals ((•)OH). PA catabolization-based signalling in apoplast is implemented in plant development and programmed cell death and in plant responses to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Central to ROS signalling is the induction of Ca(2+) influx across the plasma membrane. Different ion conductances may be activated, depending on ROS, plant species, and tissue. Both H2O2 and (•)OH can activate hyperpolarization-activated Ca(2+)-permeable channels. (•)OH is also able to activate both outward K(+) current and weakly voltage-dependent conductance (ROSIC), with a variable cation-to-anion selectivity and sensitive to a variety of cation and anion channel blockers. Unexpectedly, PAs potentiated (•)OH-induced K(+) efflux in vivo, as well as ROSIC in isolated protoplasts. This synergistic effect is restricted to the mature root zone and is more pronounced in salt-sensitive cultivars compared with salt-tolerant ones. ROS and PAs suppress the activity of some constitutively expressed K(+) and non-selective cation channels. In addition, both (•)OH and PAs activate plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase and affect H(+) pumping. Overall, (•)OH and PAs may provoke a substantial remodelling of cation and anion conductance at the plasma membrane and affect Ca(2+) signalling.
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26
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Guo W, Zuo Z, Cheng X, Sun J, Li H, Li L, Qiu JL. The chloride channel family gene CLCd negatively regulates pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1205-15. [PMID: 24449384 PMCID: PMC3935575 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloride channel (CLC) family genes are ubiquitous from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and encode proteins with both channel and transporter activities. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes seven CLC genes, and their products are found in a variety of cellular compartments and have various physiological functions. However, a role for AtCLCs in plant innate immunity has not previously been demonstrated. Here it is reported that AtCLCd is a negative regulator of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). T-DNA insertion mutants of AtCLCd exhibited enhanced responses to the elicitor, flg22. The PTI phenotypes of the clcd mutants were rescued by expression of AtCLCd. Overexpression of AtCLCd led to impaired flg22-induced responses. In line with a role for AtCLCd in PTI, the clcd mutants were more resistant to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 when spray inoculated, while AtCLCd-overexpressing lines displayed increased susceptibility to this pathogen. Interestingly, flg22 treatment was found to repress the expression of AtCLCd. In addition, its expression was elevated in mutants of the flg22 pattern recognition receptor (PRR) FLS2 and the PRR regulatory proteins BAK1 and BKK1, and reduced in an FLS2-overexpressing line. These latter findings indicate that FLS2 complexes regulate the expression of AtCLCd, further supporting a role for AtCLCd in PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhangli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Legong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jin-Long Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Gauthier A, Trouvelot S, Kelloniemi J, Frettinger P, Wendehenne D, Daire X, Joubert JM, Ferrarini A, Delledonne M, Flors V, Poinssot B. The sulfated laminarin triggers a stress transcriptome before priming the SA- and ROS-dependent defenses during grapevine's induced resistance against Plasmopara viticola. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88145. [PMID: 24516597 PMCID: PMC3916396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is susceptible to many pathogens which cause significant losses to viticulture worldwide. Chemical control is available, but agro-ecological concerns have raised interest in alternative methods, especially in triggering plant immunity by elicitor treatments. The β-glucan laminarin (Lam) and its sulfated derivative (PS3) have been previously demonstrated to induce resistance in grapevine against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). However, if Lam elicits classical grapevine defenses such as oxidative burst, pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins and phytoalexin production, PS3 triggered grapevine resistance via a poorly understood priming phenomenon. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms of the PS3-induced resistance. For this purpose we studied i) the signaling events and transcriptome reprogramming triggered by PS3 treatment on uninfected grapevine, ii) grapevine immune responses primed by PS3 during P. viticola infection. Our results showed that i) PS3 was unable to elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration variations, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation but triggered a long lasting plasma membrane depolarization in grapevine cells, ii) PS3 and Lam shared a common stress-responsive transcriptome profile that partly overlapped the salicylate- (SA) and jasmonate-(JA)-dependent ones. After P. viticola inoculation, PS3 specifically primed the SA- and ROS-dependent defense pathways leading to grapevine induced resistance against this biotroph. Interestingly pharmacological approaches suggested that the plasma membrane depolarization and the downstream ROS production are key events of the PS3-induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Gauthier
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Jani Kelloniemi
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Ferrarini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Victor Flors
- Plant Physiology Section, University of Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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Kurusu T, Saito K, Horikoshi S, Hanamata S, Negi J, Yagi C, Kitahata N, Iba K, Kuchitsu K. An S-type anion channel SLAC1 is involved in cryptogein-induced ion fluxes and modulates hypersensitive responses in tobacco BY-2 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70623. [PMID: 23950973 PMCID: PMC3741279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological evidence suggests that anion channel-mediated plasma membrane anion effluxes are crucial in early defense signaling to induce immune responses and hypersensitive cell death in plants. However, their molecular bases and regulation remain largely unknown. We overexpressed Arabidopsis SLAC1, an S-type anion channel involved in stomatal closure, in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells and analyzed the effect on cryptogein-induced defense responses including fluxes of Cl(-) and other ions, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), gene expression and hypersensitive responses. The SLAC1-GFP fusion protein was localized at the plasma membrane in BY-2 cells. Overexpression of SLAC1 enhanced cryptogein-induced Cl(-) efflux and extracellular alkalinization as well as rapid/transient and slow/prolonged phases of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production, which was suppressed by an anion channel inhibitor, DIDS. The overexpressor also showed enhanced sensitivity to cryptogein to induce downstream immune responses, including the induction of defense marker genes and the hypersensitive cell death. These results suggest that SLAC1 expressed in BY-2 cells mediates cryptogein-induced plasma membrane Cl(-) efflux to positively modulate the elicitor-triggered activation of other ion fluxes, ROS as well as a wide range of defense signaling pathways. These findings shed light on the possible involvement of the SLAC/SLAH family anion channels in cryptogein signaling to trigger the plasma membrane ion channel cascade in the plant defense signal transduction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Kurusu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Saito
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sonoko Horikoshi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hanamata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Juntaro Negi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikako Yagi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Kitahata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Lampl N, Alkan N, Davydov O, Fluhr R. Set-point control of RD21 protease activity by AtSerpin1 controls cell death in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:498-510. [PMID: 23398119 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in plants plays a key role in defense response and is promoted by the release of compartmentalized proteases to the cytoplasm. Yet the exact identity and control of these proteases is poorly understood. Serpins are an important group of proteins that uniquely curb the activity of proteases by irreversible inhibition; however, their role in plants remains obscure. Here we show that during cell death the Arabidopsis serpin protease inhibitor, AtSerpin1, exhibits a pro-survival function by inhibiting its target pro-death protease, RD21. AtSerpin1 accumulates in the cytoplasm and RD21 accumulates in the vacuole and in endoplasmic reticulum bodies. Elicitors of cell death, including the salicylic acid agonist benzothiadiazole and the fungal toxin oxalic acid, stimulated changes in vacuole permeability as measured by the changes in the distribution of marker dye. Concomitantly, a covalent AtSerpin1-RD21 complex was detected indicative of a change in protease compartmentalization. Furthermore, mutant plants lacking RD21 or plants with AtSerpin1 over-expression exhibited significantly less elicitor-stimulated PCD than plants lacking AtSerpin1. The necrotrophic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotina sclerotiorum secrete oxalic acid as a toxin that stimulates cell death. Consistent with a pro-death function for RD21 protease, the growth of these necrotrophs was compromised in plants lacking RD21 but accelerated in plants lacking AtSerpin1. The results indicate that AtSerpin1 controls the pro-death function of compartmentalized protease RD21 by determining a set-point for its activity and limiting the damage induced during cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardy Lampl
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Mur LAJ, Mandon J, Persijn S, Cristescu SM, Moshkov IE, Novikova GV, Hall MA, Harren FJM, Hebelstrup KH, Gupta KJ. Nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:pls052. [PMID: 23372921 PMCID: PMC3560241 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS After a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (NO) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. Nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. By considering the recent advances in plant NO biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS The following questions will be considered. While cytosolic nitrate reductase is an important source of NO, the contributions of other mechanisms, including a poorly defined arginine oxidizing activity, need to be characterized at the molecular level. Other oxidative pathways utilizing polyamine and hydroxylamine also need further attention. Nitric oxide action is dependent on its concentration and spatial generation patterns. However, no single technology currently available is able to provide accurate in planta measurements of spatio-temporal patterns of NO production. It is also the case that pharmaceutical NO donors are used in studies, sometimes with little consideration of the kinetics of NO production. We here include in planta assessments of NO production from diethylamine nitric oxide, S-nitrosoglutathione and sodium nitroprusside following infiltration of tobacco leaves, which could aid workers in their experiments. Further, based on current data it is difficult to define a bespoke plant NO signalling pathway, but rather NO appears to act as a modifier of other signalling pathways. Thus, early reports that NO signalling involves cGMP-as in animal systems-require revisiting. Finally, as plants are exposed to NO from a number of external sources, investigations into the control of NO scavenging by such as non-symbiotic haemoglobins and other sinks for NO should feature more highly. By crystallizing these questions the authors encourage their resolution through the concerted efforts of the plant NO community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Julien Mandon
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Persijn
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Igor E. Moshkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Galina V. Novikova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Michael A. Hall
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kapuganti J. Gupta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Astier J, Besson-Bard A, Lamotte O, Bertoldo J, Bourque S, Terenzi H, Wendehenne D. Nitric oxide inhibits the ATPase activity of the chaperone-like AAA+ ATPase CDC48, a target for S-nitrosylation in cryptogein signalling in tobacco cells. Biochem J 2012; 447:249-60. [PMID: 22835150 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
NO has important physiological functions in plants, including the adaptative response to pathogen attack. We previously demonstrated that cryptogein, an elicitor of defence reaction produced by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, triggers NO synthesis in tobacco. To decipher the role of NO in tobacco cells elicited by cryptogein, in the present study we performed a proteomic approach in order to identify proteins undergoing S-nitrosylation. We provided evidence that cryptogein induced the S-nitrosylation of several proteins and identified 11 candidates, including CDC48 (cell division cycle 48), a member of the AAA+ ATPase (ATPase associated with various cellular activities) family. In vitro, NtCDC48 (Nicotiana tabacum CDC48) was shown to be poly-S-nitrosylated by NO donors and we could identify Cys(110), Cys(526) and Cys(664) as a targets for S-nitrosylation. Cys(526) is located in the Walker A motif of the D2 domain, that is involved in ATP binding and was previously reported to be regulated by oxidative modification in Drosophila. We investigated the consequence of NtCDC48 S-nitrosylation and found that NO abolished NtCDC48 ATPase activity and induced slight conformation changes in the vicinity of Cys(526). Similarly, substitution of Cys(526) by an alanine residue had an impact on NtCDC48 activity. More generally, the present study identified CDC48 as a new candidate for S-nitrosylation in plants facing biotic stress and further supports the importance of Cys(526) in the regulation of CDC48 by oxidative/nitrosative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéremy Astier
- UMR 1347 Agroécologie AgroSup Dijon/INRA/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Mécanisme et Gestion des Interactions Plantes-microorganismes - ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France
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Frei dit Frey N, Mbengue M, Kwaaitaal M, Nitsch L, Altenbach D, Häweker H, Lozano-Duran R, Njo MF, Beeckman T, Huettel B, Borst JW, Panstruga R, Robatzek S. Plasma membrane calcium ATPases are important components of receptor-mediated signaling in plant immune responses and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:798-809. [PMID: 22535420 PMCID: PMC3375942 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane-resident receptor kinases (RKs) initiate signaling pathways important for plant immunity and development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the receptor for the elicitor-active peptide epitope of bacterial flagellin, flg22, is encoded by FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), which promotes plant immunity. Despite its relevance, the molecular components regulating FLS2-mediated signaling remain largely unknown. We show that plasma membrane ARABIDOPSIS-AUTOINHIBITED Ca(2+)-ATPase (ACA8) forms a complex with FLS2 in planta. ACA8 and its closest homolog ACA10 are required for limiting the growth of virulent bacteria. One of the earliest flg22 responses is the transient increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) ions, which is crucial for many of the well-described downstream responses (e.g. generation of reactive oxygen species and the transcriptional activation of defense-associated genes). Mutant aca8 aca10 plants show decreased flg22-induced Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species bursts and exhibit altered transcriptional reprogramming. In particular, mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent flg22-induced gene expression is elevated, whereas calcium-dependent protein kinase-dependent flg22-induced gene expression is reduced. These results demonstrate that the fine regulation of Ca(2+) fluxes across the plasma membrane is critical for the coordination of the downstream microbe-associated molecular pattern responses and suggest a mechanistic link between the FLS2 receptor complex and signaling kinases via the secondary messenger Ca(2+). ACA8 also interacts with other RKs such as BRI1 and CLV1 known to regulate plant development, and both aca8 and aca10 mutants show morphological phenotypes, suggesting additional roles for ACA8 and ACA10 in developmental processes. Thus, Ca(2+) ATPases appear to represent general regulatory components of RK-mediated signaling pathways.
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Amelot N, Dorlhac de Borne F, San Clemente H, Mazars C, Grima-Pettenati J, Brière C. Transcriptome analysis of tobacco BY-2 cells elicited by cryptogein reveals new potential actors of calcium-dependent and calcium-independent plant defense pathways. Cell Calcium 2012; 51:117-30. [PMID: 22177386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cryptogein is a proteinaceous elicitor secreted by the oomycete Phytophthora cryptogea, which induces a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. We have previously reported that in tobacco BY-2 cells treated with cryptogein, most of the genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were upregulated and cell wall-bound phenolics accumulated. Both events were Ca(2+) dependent. In this study, we designed a microarray covering a large proportion of the tobacco genome and monitored gene expression in cryptogein-elicited BY-2 cells to get a more complete view of the transcriptome changes and to assess their Ca(2+) dependence. The predominant functional gene categories affected by cryptogein included stress- and disease-related proteins, phenylpropanoid pathway, signaling components, transcription factors and cell wall reinforcement. Among the 3819 unigenes whose expression changed more than fourfold, 90% were Ca(2+) dependent, as determined by their sensitivity to lanthanum chloride. The most Ca(2+)-dependent transcripts upregulated by cryptogein were involved in defense responses or the oxylipin pathway. This genome-wide study strongly supports the importance of Ca(2+)-dependent transcriptional regulation of regulatory and defense-related genes contributing to cryptogein responses in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Amelot
- Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Haapalainen M, Dauphin A, Li CM, Bailly G, Tran D, Briand J, Bouteau F, Taira S. HrpZ harpins from different Pseudomonas syringae pathovars differ in molecular interactions and in induction of anion channel responses in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 51:168-74. [PMID: 22153254 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
HrpZ, a type three secretion system helper protein from the plant-pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, can be recognized by many plants as a defence elicitor. Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells to different HrpZ variants were studied by electrophysiological methods and cell death assay. Purified HrpZ originating from a compatible pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (HrpZ(Pto)) and incompatible P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (HrpZ(Pph)) both promoted Arabidopsis cell death. As an early response, both HrpZ variants induced an increase in time dependent K(+) outward rectifying current. In contrast, the effects of HrpZ proteins on anion currents were different: HrpZ(Pph) had no effect, and HrpZ(Pto) induced an anion current increase. This suggests that the observed responses of the K(+) channels and anion channels resulted from different and separable interactions and that the interaction implied in anion current modulation is host-specific. HrpZ(Pto) and HrpZ(Pph) also had a different sequence preference in phage display screen for peptide-binding. These peptides presumably represent a part of a putative target protein in the host, and HrpZ proteins of different P. syringae pathovars might have different binding specificities to match the allelic variation between plant species. Supporting the idea that the peptide-binding region of HrpZ is important for interactions with host cell components, we found that a mutation in that region changed the anion channel response of Arabidopsis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Haapalainen
- General Microbiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Glyan’ko AK, Mitanova NB, Stepanov AV. Influence of environmental factors on the generation of nitric oxide in the roots of etiolated pea seedlings. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683812010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Dubreuil-Maurizi C, Vitecek J, Marty L, Branciard L, Frettinger P, Wendehenne D, Meyer AJ, Mauch F, Poinssot B. Glutathione deficiency of the Arabidopsis mutant pad2-1 affects oxidative stress-related events, defense gene expression, and the hypersensitive response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:2000-12. [PMID: 22007023 PMCID: PMC3327178 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.182667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phytoalexin-deficient mutant pad2-1 displays enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens and herbivorous insects that correlates with deficiencies in the production of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and salicylic acid (SA). The pad2-1 mutation is localized in the GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE (GCL) gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis. While pad2-1 glutathione deficiency is not caused by a decrease in GCL transcripts, analysis of GCL protein level revealed that pad2-1 plants contained only 48% of the wild-type protein amount. In contrast to the wild type, the oxidized form of GCL was dominant in pad2-1, suggesting a distinct redox environment. This finding was corroborated by the expression of GRX1-roGFP2, showing that the cytosolic glutathione redox potential was significantly less negative in pad2-1. Analysis of oxidative stress-related gene expression showed a higher transcript accumulation in pad2-1 of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D in response to the oomycete Phytophthora brassicae. Interestingly, oligogalacturonide elicitation in pad2-1 revealed a lower plasma membrane depolarization that was found to act upstream of an impaired hydrogen peroxide production. This impaired hydrogen peroxide production was also observed during pathogen infection and correlated with a reduced hypersensitive response in pad2-1. In addition, a lack of pathogen-triggered expression of the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 gene, coding for the SA-biosynthetic enzyme isochorismate synthase, was identified as the cause of the SA deficiency in pad2-1. Together, our results indicate that the pad2-1 mutation is related to a decrease in GCL protein and that the resulting glutathione deficiency negatively affects important processes of disease resistance.
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Wimalasekera R, Tebartz F, Scherer GFE. Polyamines, polyamine oxidases and nitric oxide in development, abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:593-603. [PMID: 21893256 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), polyamines (PAs), diamine oxidases (DAO) and polyamine oxidases (PAO) play important roles in wide spectrum of physiological processes such as germination, root development, flowering and senescence and in defence responses against abiotic and biotic stress conditions. This functional overlapping suggests interaction of NO and PA in signalling cascades. Exogenous application of PAs putrescine, spermidine and spermine to Arabidopsis seedlings induced NO production as observed by fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy using the NO-binding fluorophores DAF-2 and DAR-4M. The observed NO release induced by 1 mM spermine treatment in the Arabidopsis seedlings was very rapid without apparent lag phase. These observations pave a new insight into PA-mediated signalling and NO as a potential mediator of PA actions. When comparing the functions of NO and PA in plant development and abiotic and biotic stresses common to both signalling components it can be speculated that NO may be a link between PA-mediated stress responses filing a gap between many known physiological effects of PAs and amelioration of stresses. NO production indicated by PAs could be mediated either by H(2)O(2), one reaction product of oxidation of PAs by DAO and PAO, or by unknown mechanisms involving PAs, DAO and PAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinukshi Wimalasekera
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Floriculture and Wood Science, Section of Molecular Developmental Physiology, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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Koers S, Guzel-Deger A, Marten I, Roelfsema MRG. Barley mildew and its elicitor chitosan promote closed stomata by stimulating guard-cell S-type anion channels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:670-80. [PMID: 21781196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal closure is known to be associated with early defence responses of plant cells triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these guard-cell responses have not yet been elucidated. We therefore studied pathogen-induced changes in ion channel activity in Hordeum vulgare guard cells. Barley mildew (Blumeria graminis) hyphae growing on leaves inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, starting at 9 h after inoculation, when appressoria had developed. Alternatively, stomatal closure was induced by nano-infusion of chitosan via open stomata into the sub-stomatal cavity. Experiments using intracellular double-barreled micro-electrodes revealed that mildew stimulated S-type (slow) anion channels in guard cells. These channels enable the efflux of anions from guard cells and also promote K(+) extrusion by altering the plasma membrane potential. Stimulation of S-type anion channels was also provoked by nano-infusion of chitosan. These data suggest that MAMPs of mildew hyphae penetrating the cuticle provoke activation of S-type anion channels in guard cells. In response, guard cells extrude K(+) salts, resulting in stomatal closure. Plasma membrane anion channels probably represent general targets of MAMP signaling in plants, as these elicitors depolarize the plasma membrane of various cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Koers
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Bourque S, Dutartre A, Hammoudi V, Blanc S, Dahan J, Jeandroz S, Pichereaux C, Rossignol M, Wendehenne D. Type-2 histone deacetylases as new regulators of elicitor-induced cell death in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 192:127-139. [PMID: 21651563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03788.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
• Plant resistance to pathogen attack is often associated with a localized programmed cell death called hypersensitive response (HR). How this cell death is controlled remains largely unknown. • Upon treatment with cryptogein, an elicitor of tobacco defence and cell death, we identified NtHD2a and NtHD2b, two redundant isoforms of type-2 nuclear histone deacetylases (HDACs). These HDACs are phosphorylated after a few minutes' treatment, and their rate of mRNAs are rapidly and strongly reduced, leading to a 40-fold decrease after 10 h of treatment. • By using HDAC inhibitors, RNAi- and overexpression-based approaches, we showed that HDACs, and especially NtHD2a/b, act as inhibitors of cryptogein-induced cell death. Moreover, in NtHD2a/b-silenced plants, infiltration with cryptogein led to HR-like symptoms in distal leaves. • Taken together, these results show for the first time that type-2 HDACs, which are specific to plants, act as negative regulators of elicitor-induced cell death in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), suggesting that the HR is controlled by post-translational modifications including (de)acetylation of nuclear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bourque
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
- GDR CNRS N°2688 'Calcium et régulation de l'expression des gènes en contexte normal et pathologique', 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Agnès Dutartre
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Valentin Hammoudi
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Sabrina Blanc
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Jennifer Dahan
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- UPSP PROXISS, AgroSup Dijon, 26 Boulevard du Dr Petitjean, BP 87999, 21079 Dijon cedex, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France and Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Rossignol
- Plateforme Protéomique Génopole Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France and Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France
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Lachaud C, Da Silva D, Amelot N, Béziat C, Brière C, Cotelle V, Graziana A, Grat S, Mazars C, Thuleau P. Dihydrosphingosine-induced programmed cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells is independent of H₂O₂ production. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:310-8. [PMID: 21199880 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphinganine or dihydrosphingosine (d18:0, DHS), one of the most abundant free sphingoid Long Chain Base (LCB) in plants, has been recently shown to induce both cytosolic and nuclear calcium transient increases and a correlated Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in tobacco BY-2 cells. In this study, in order to get deeper insight into the LCB signaling pathway leading to cell death, the putative role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) has been investigated. We show that DHS triggers a rapid dose-dependent production of H₂O₂ that is blocked by diphenyleniodonium (DPI), indicating the involvement of NADPH oxidase(s) in the process. In addition, while DPI does not block DHS-induced calcium increases, the ROS production is inhibited by the broad spectrum calcium channel blocker lanthanum (La³+). Therefore, ROS production occurs downstream of DHS-induced Ca²+ transients. Interestingly, DHS activates expression of defense-related genes that is inhibited by both La³+ and DPI. Since DPI does not prevent DHS-induced cell death, these results strongly indicate that DHS-induced H₂O₂ production is not implicated in PCD mechanisms but rather would be associated to basal cell defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lachaud
- UPS, UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, Université de Toulouse, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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41
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Wu SJ, Siu KC, Wu JY. Involvement of anion channels in mediating elicitor-induced ATP efflux in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:128-132. [PMID: 20813428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the roles of anion channels and ATP binding cassette (ABC) protein transporters in mediating elicitor-induced ATP release in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures. The elicitor-induced ATP release was effectively blocked by two putative membrane anion channel blockers, niflumic acid and Zn(2+), but not by a specific Cl(-) channel blocker, phenylanthranilic acid. The elicitor-induced ATP release was also significantly suppressed by two ABC inhibitors, glibenclamide and ethacrynic acid. Notable ATP release from the hairy roots was also induced by verapamil (2mM), an ABC activator in animal cells. The verapamil-induced ATP release was effectively blocked by niflumic acid, but only slightly inhibited by the ABC inhibitors. Another notable effect of verapamil was the induction of exocytosis, the secretion of vesicle-like particles to the root surface. The verapamil-induced exocytosis was not inhibited by nifulumic acid and YE did not induce the exocytosis. Overall, the results suggest a significant role of anion channels, a possible involvement of ABC proteins and no significant involvement of exocytosis in mediating the ATP efflux in hairy root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Wu
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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42
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Barbier-Brygoo H, De Angeli A, Filleur S, Frachisse JM, Gambale F, Thomine S, Wege S. Anion channels/transporters in plants: from molecular bases to regulatory networks. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:25-51. [PMID: 21275645 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Anion channels/transporters are key to a wide spectrum of physiological functions in plants, such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, plant nutrition and compartmentalization of metabolites, and metal tolerance. The recent identification of gene families encoding some of these transport systems opened the way for gene expression studies, structure-function analyses of the corresponding proteins, and functional genomics approaches toward further understanding of their integrated roles in planta. This review, based on a few selected examples, illustrates that the members of a given gene family exhibit a diversity of substrate specificity, regulation, and intracellular localization, and are involved in a wide range of physiological functions. It also shows that post-translational modifications of transport proteins play a key role in the regulation of anion transport activity. Key questions arising from the increasing complexity of networks controlling anion transport in plant cells (the existence of redundancy, cross talk, and coordination between various pathways and compartments) are also addressed.
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43
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Otulak K, Garbaczewska G. Cellular localisation of calcium ions during potato hypersensitive response to Potato virus Y. Micron 2010; 42:381-91. [PMID: 21227706 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) is one of the most universal and versatile signalling molecules and is involved in almost every aspect of cellular processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ca(2+) serves as a messenger in many growth and developmental processes and in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Numerous signals have been shown to induce transient elevation of cytoplasmic [Ca(2+)](cyt) in plants. The calcium free ions were detected cytochemically in Solanum tuberosum cv. Rywal tissues as a hypersensitive response (HR) from 10h to 5 days after a Potato virus Y (PVY) infection. Calcium was detected in vivo by its reaction with Alizarin S Red, producing an intense red staining in contact with calcium free ions. Calcium was found in the necrotic area of the epidermal and mesophyll cells 3 days after the PVY infection (when morphological symptoms on potato leaves appeared). Calcium ions were detected cytochemically in HR also by its reaction with potassium pyroantimonate. Inoculation with PVY(NTN) and also PVY(N) Wi induced a rapid hypersensitive response during which highly localised increased accumulation of electron-dense deposits of calcium pyroantimonate were detected. Calcium deposition was observed in necrotic and non-necrotic areas, starting from 10h after PVY infection. The deposits were present along ER cisternae, chloroplasts and mitochondria envelopes connected with PVY particles. The precipitates of calcium antimonate were detected near the nuclear envelope, inside karyolymph and along tracheary elements, especially when virus particles were present inside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland. katarzyna
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44
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Deng S, Yu M, Wang Y, Jia Q, Lin L, Dong H. The antagonistic effect of hydroxyl radical on the development of a hypersensitive response in tobacco. FEBS J 2010; 277:5097-111. [PMID: 21073656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signalling molecules in living cells. It is believed that ROS molecules are the main triggers of the hypersensitive response (HR) in plants. In the present study of the effect of riboflavin, which is excited to generate ROS in light, on the development of the HR induced by the elicitin protein ParA1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), we found that the extent of the ParA1-induced HR was diminished by hydroxyl radical (OH•), a type of ROS. As compared with the zones treated with ParA1 only, the HR symptom in the zones that were infiltrated with ParA1 plus riboflavin was significantly diminished when the treated plants were placed in the light. However, this did not occur when the plants were maintained in the dark. Trypan blue staining and the ion leakage measurements confirmed HR suppression in the light. Further experiments proved that HR suppression is attributed to the involvement of the photoexcited riboflavin, and that the suppression can be eliminated with the addition of hydrogen peroxide scavengers or OH• scavengers. Fenton reagent treatment and EPR measurements demonstrated that it is OH• rather than hydrogen peroxide that contributes to HR suppression. Accompanying the endogenous OH• formation, suppression of the ParA1-induced HR occurred in the tobacco leaves that had been treated with high-level abscisic acid, and that suppression was also removed by OH• scavengers. These results offer evidence that OH•, an understudied and little appreciated ROS, participates in and modulates biologically relevant signalling in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agricuture of People's Republic of China, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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45
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Diatloff E, Peyronnet R, Colcombet J, Thomine S, Barbier-Brygoo H, Frachisse JM. R type anion channel: a multifunctional channel seeking its molecular identity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1347-52. [PMID: 21051946 PMCID: PMC3115232 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes code for channels involved in the transport of cations, anions and uncharged molecules through membranes. Although the molecular identity of channels for cations and uncharged molecules has progressed rapidly in the recent years, the molecular identity of anion channels has lagged behind. Electrophysiological studies have identified S-type (slow) and R-type (rapid) anion channels. In this brief review, we summarize the proposed functions of the R-type anion channels which, like the S-type, were first characterized by electrophysiology over 20 years ago, but unlike the S-type, have still yet to be cloned. We show that the R-type channel can play multiple roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Diatloff
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal; CNRS UPR 2355; Gif sur Yvette
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- IPMC-CNRS; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis; Valbonne
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Boursiac Y, Lee SM, Romanowsky S, Blank R, Sladek C, Chung WS, Harper JF. Disruption of the vacuolar calcium-ATPases in Arabidopsis results in the activation of a salicylic acid-dependent programmed cell death pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:1158-71. [PMID: 20837703 PMCID: PMC2971596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.159038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) signals regulate many aspects of plant development, including a programmed cell death pathway that protects plants from pathogens (hypersensitive response). Cytosolic Ca(2+) signals result from a combined action of Ca(2+) influx through channels and Ca(2+) efflux through pumps and cotransporters. Plants utilize calmodulin-activated Ca(2+) pumps (autoinhibited Ca(2+)-ATPase [ACA]) at the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuole. Here, we show that a double knockout mutation of the vacuolar Ca(2+) pumps ACA4 and ACA11 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) results in a high frequency of hypersensitive response-like lesions. The appearance of macrolesions could be suppressed by growing plants with increased levels (greater than 15 mm) of various anions, providing a method for conditional suppression. By removing plants from a conditional suppression, lesion initials were found to originate primarily in leaf mesophyll cells, as detected by aniline blue staining. Initiation and spread of lesions could also be suppressed by disrupting the production or accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), as shown by combining aca4/11 mutations with a sid 2 (for salicylic acid induction-deficient2) mutation or expression of the SA degradation enzyme NahG. This indicates that the loss of the vacuolar Ca(2+) pumps by itself does not cause a catastrophic defect in ion homeostasis but rather potentiates the activation of a SA-dependent programmed cell death pathway. Together, these results provide evidence linking the activity of the vacuolar Ca(2+) pumps to the control of a SA-dependent programmed cell death pathway in plants.
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47
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Kadono T, Tran D, Errakhi R, Hiramatsu T, Meimoun P, Briand J, Iwaya-Inoue M, Kawano T, Bouteau F. Increased anion channel activity is an unavoidable event in ozone-induced programmed cell death. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13373. [PMID: 20967217 PMCID: PMC2954175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is a major secondary air pollutant often reaching high concentrations in urban areas under strong daylight, high temperature and stagnant high-pressure systems. Ozone in the troposphere is a pollutant that is harmful to the plant. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By exposing cells to a strong pulse of ozonized air, an acute cell death was observed in suspension cells of Arabidopsis thaliana used as a model. We demonstrated that O(3) treatment induced the activation of a plasma membrane anion channel that is an early prerequisite of O(3)-induced cell death in A. thaliana. Our data further suggest interplay of anion channel activation with well known plant responses to O(3), Ca(2+) influx and NADPH-oxidase generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating the oxidative cell death. This interplay might be fuelled by several mechanisms in addition to the direct ROS generation by O(3); namely, H(2)O(2) generation by salicylic and abscisic acids. Anion channel activation was also shown to promote the accumulation of transcripts encoding vacuolar processing enzymes, a family of proteases previously reported to contribute to the disruption of vacuole integrity observed during programmed cell death. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, our data indicate that anion efflux is an early key component of morphological and biochemical events leading to O(3)-induced programmed cell death. Because ion channels and more specifically anion channels assume a crucial position in cells, an understanding about the underlying role(s) for ion channels in the signalling pathway leading to programmed cell death is a subject that warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kadono
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Daniel Tran
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
| | - Rafik Errakhi
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
| | - Takuya Hiramatsu
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu
1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
| | - Joël Briand
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
| | - Mari Iwaya-Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka,
Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu
1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - François Bouteau
- Laboratoire d'Electrophysiologie des Membranes,
Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Institut de Biologie des Plantes,
Bât 630, Orsay, France
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu
1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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48
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Demidchik V, Cuin TA, Svistunenko D, Smith SJ, Miller AJ, Shabala S, Sokolik A, Yurin V. Arabidopsis root K+-efflux conductance activated by hydroxyl radicals: single-channel properties, genetic basis and involvement in stress-induced cell death. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1468-79. [PMID: 20375061 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central to plant stress response, signalling, development and a multitude of other processes. In this study, the plasma-membrane hydroxyl radical (HR)-activated K(+) channel responsible for K(+) efflux from root cells during stress accompanied by ROS generation is characterised. The channel showed 16-pS unitary conductance and was sensitive to Ca(2+), tetraethylammonium, Ba(2+), Cs(+) and free-radical scavengers. The channel was not found in the gork1-1 mutant, which lacks a major plasma-membrane outwardly rectifying K(+) channel. In intact Arabidopsis roots, both HRs and stress induced a dramatic K(+) efflux that was much smaller in gork1-1 plants. Tests with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that NaCl can stimulate HR generation in roots and this might lead to K(+)-channel activation. In animals, activation of K(+)-efflux channels by HRs can trigger programmed cell death (PCD). PCD symptoms in Arabidopsis roots developed much more slowly in gork1-1 and wild-type plants treated with K(+)-channel blockers or HR scavengers. Therefore, similar to animal counterparts, plant HR-activated K(+) channels are also involved in PCD. Overall, this study provides new insight into the regulation of plant cation transport by ROS and demonstrates possible physiological properties of plant HR-activated K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 5AP, UK.
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49
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Jeworutzki E, Roelfsema MRG, Anschütz U, Krol E, Elzenga JTM, Felix G, Boller T, Hedrich R, Becker D. Early signaling through the Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptors FLS2 and EFR involves Ca-associated opening of plasma membrane anion channels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:367-78. [PMID: 20113440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The perception of microbes by plants involves highly conserved molecular signatures that are absent from the host and that are collectively referred to as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). The Arabidopsis pattern recognition receptors FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) and EF-Tu receptor (EFR) represent genetically well studied paradigms that mediate defense against bacterial pathogens. Stimulation of these receptors through their cognate ligands, bacterial flagellin or bacterial elongation factor Tu, leads to a defense response and ultimately to increased resistance. However, little is known about the early signaling pathway of these receptors. Here, we characterize this early response in situ, using an electrophysiological approach. In line with a release of negatively charged molecules, voltage recordings of microelectrode-impaled mesophyll cells and root hairs of Col-0 Arabidopsis plants revealed rapid, dose-dependent membrane potential depolarizations in response to either flg22 or elf18. Using ion-selective microelectrodes, pronounced anion currents were recorded upon application of flg22 and elf18, indicating that the signaling cascades initiated by each of the two receptors converge on the same plasma membrane ion channels. Combined calcium imaging and electrophysiological measurements revealed that the depolarization was superimposed by an increase in cytosolic calcium that was indispensable for depolarization. NADPH oxidase mutants were still depolarized upon elicitor stimulation, suggesting a reactive oxygen species-independent membrane potential response. Furthermore, electrical signaling in response to either flg22 or elf 18 critically depends on the activity of the FLS2-associated receptor-like kinase BAK1, suggesting that activation of FLS2 and EFR lead to BAK1-dependent, calcium-associated plasma membrane anion channel opening as an initial step in the pathogen defense pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jeworutzki
- Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biosciences, Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Krol E, Mentzel T, Chinchilla D, Boller T, Felix G, Kemmerling B, Postel S, Arents M, Jeworutzki E, Al-Rasheid KAS, Becker D, Hedrich R. Perception of the Arabidopsis danger signal peptide 1 involves the pattern recognition receptor AtPEPR1 and its close homologue AtPEPR2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13471-9. [PMID: 20200150 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane-borne pattern recognition receptors, which recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns, provide the first line of defense in innate immunity. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases fulfill this role, as exemplified by FLS2 and EFR, the receptors for the microbe-associated molecular patterns flagellin and elongation factor Tu. Here we examined the perception of the damage-associated molecular pattern peptide 1 (AtPep1), an endogenous peptide of Arabidopsis identified earlier and shown to be perceived by the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase PEPR1. Using seedling growth inhibition, elicitation of an oxidative burst and induction of ethylene biosynthesis, we show that wild type plants and the pepr1 and pepr2 mutants, affected in PEPR1 and in its homologue PEPR2, are sensitive to AtPep1, but that the double mutant pepr1/pepr2 is completely insensitive. As a central body of our study, we provide electrophysiological evidence that at the level of the plasma membrane, AtPep1 triggers a receptor-dependent transient depolarization through activation of plasma membrane anion channels, and that this effect is absent in the double mutant pepr1/pepr2. The double mutant also fails to respond to AtPep2 and AtPep3, two distant homologues of AtPep1 on the basis of homology screening, implying that the PEPR1 and PEPR2 are responsible for their perception too. Our findings provide a basic framework to study the biological role of AtPep1-related danger signals and their cognate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Krol
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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