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Arrieta-Gisasola A, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I, Garrido V, Grilló MJ, Bikandi J, Laorden L. Pan-Genome-Wide Association Study reveals a key role of the salmochelin receptor IroN in the biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 419:110753. [PMID: 38797020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium variant 4,[5],12:i:- (so called S. 4,[5],12:i:-) has rapidly become one of the most prevalent serovars in humans in Europe, with clinical cases associated with foodborne from pork products. The mechanisms, genetic basis and biofilms relevance by which S. 4,[5],12:i:- maintains and spreads its presence in pigs remain unclear. In this study, we examined the genetic basis of biofilm production in 78 strains of S. 4,[5],12:i:- (n = 57) and S. Typhimurium (n = 21), from human gastroenteritis, food products and asymptomatic pigs. The former showed a lower Specific Biofilm Formation index (SBF) and distant phylogenetic clades, suggesting that the ability to form biofilms is not a crucial adaptation for the S. 4,[5],12:i:- emerging success in pigs. However, using a pan-Genome-Wide Association Study (pan-GWAS) we identified genetic determinants of biofilm formation, revealing 167 common orthologous groups and genes associated with the SBF. The analysis of annotated sequences highlighted specific genetic deletions in three chromosomal regions of S. 4,[5],12:i:- correlating with SBF values: i) the complete fimbrial operon stbABCDE widely recognized as the most critical factor involved in Salmonella adherence; ii) the hxlA, hlxB, and pgiA genes, which expression in S. Typhimurium is induced in the tonsils during swine infection, and iii) the entire iroA locus related to the characteristic deletion of the second-phase flagellar genomic region in S. 4,[5],12:i:-. Consequently, we further investigated the role of the iro-genes on biofilm by constructing S. Typhimurium deletion mutants in iroBCDE and iroN. While iroBCDE showed no significant impact, iroN clearly contributed to S. Typhimurium biofilm formation. In conclusion, the pan-GWAS approach allowed us to uncover complex interactions between genetic and phenotypic factors influencing biofilm formation in S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arrieta-Gisasola
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - I Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - V Garrido
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB; CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M J Grilló
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB; CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - J Bikandi
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - L Laorden
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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2
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Bester C, Käsbohrer A, Wilkins N, Correia Carreira G, Marschik T. Identification of cost-effective biosecurity measures to reduce Salmonella along the pork production chain. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1380029. [PMID: 38562917 PMCID: PMC10983795 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1380029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The continued occurrence of salmonellosis cases in Europe attributed to the consumption of pork products highlights the importance of identifying cost-effective interventions. Certain biosecurity measures (BSMs) may be effective in reducing the prevalence of specific pathogens along the pork production chain and their presence in food products. The objective of this study was to identify pathogen-specific, cost-effective BSMs to reduce Salmonella at different stages of the pork production chain in two European countries - Austria (AT) and the United Kingdom (UK). For this purpose, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted based on the epidemiological output of an established quantitative microbiological risk assessment that simulated the implementation effect of the BSMs based on their risk ratios. For each of the BSMs, the associated costs and benefits were assessed individually and country-specifically. For both AT and UK, nine different BSMs were evaluated assuming a countrywide implementation rate of 100%. The results showed that four BSMs were cost-effective (benefit-cost ratio > 1) for AT and five for the UK. The uncertainty regarding the cost-effectiveness of the BSMs resulted from the variability of individual risk ratios, and the variability of benefits associated with the implementation of the BSMs. The low number of cost-effective BSMs highlights the need for holistic risk-based models and economic assessments. To increase the willingness to implement BSMs and maximize the benefits for stakeholders, who carry the majority of the implementation costs, epidemiological assessments of BSM effectiveness should consider the impact on several relevant pathogens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bester
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil Wilkins
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Correia Carreira
- Unit Epidemiology, Zoonoses and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatiana Marschik
- Centre for Food Science and Veterinary Public Health, Clinical Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Viltrop A, Niine T, Tobias T, Sassu EL, Bartolo ID, Pavoni E, Alborali GL, Burow E, Smith RP. A Review of Slaughter Practices and Their Effectiveness to Control Microbial - esp. Salmonella spp. - Contamination of Pig Carcasses. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100171. [PMID: 37778508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The BIOPIGEE project (part of the One Health European Joint Programme under Horizon 2020) aimed to identify relevant measures to effectively control Salmonella, and another zoonotic pathogen, hepatitis E virus (HEV) within the pig meat food chain. The aim of this study was to identify biosecurity measures or management practices that are relevant for limiting Salmonella and/or HEV occurrence and spread within pig slaughterhouses. This was with the final goal of compiling a list of biosecurity measures for different processes and operations along the slaughter line with evidence of their effectiveness. To achieve this, a literature review was conducted on studies estimating the effectiveness of measures applied in slaughterhouses to reduce the microbial contamination of pig carcasses. Results of this literature search are discussed and presented in summary tables that could be used as a source of information for the pig slaughter industry to further develop their guidelines on hygienic slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvo Viltrop
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Niine
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Farm Animal Health Unit, Yalelaan 7, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Royal GD (Animal Health Service), P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Institute of Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria.
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Dept. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Enrico Pavoni
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Elke Burow
- German Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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4
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Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8899596. [PMID: 37727836 PMCID: PMC10506869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8899596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen causing diarrhoeal disease to humans after consuming contaminated water, animal, and plant products. The bacterium is the third leading cause of human death among diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Therefore, human salmonellosis is of public health concern demanding integrated interventions against the causative agent, Salmonella enterica. The prevention of salmonellosis in humans is intricate due to several factors, including an immune-stable individual infected with S. enterica continuing to shed live bacteria without showing any clinical signs. Similarly, the asymptomatic Salmonella animals are the source of salmonellosis in humans after consuming contaminated food products. Furthermore, the contaminated products of plant and animal origin are a menace in food industries due to Salmonella biofilms, which enhance colonization, persistence, and survival of bacteria on equipment. The contaminated food products resulting from bacteria on equipment offset the economic competition of food industries and partner institutions in international business. The most worldwide prevalent broad-range Salmonella serovars affecting humans are Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, and poultry products, among others, are the primary source of infection. The broader range of Salmonella serovars creates concern over multiple strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety for humans. Among the strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella spread in animal and plant products include biosecurity measures, isolation and quarantine, epidemiological surveillance, farming systems, herbs and spices, and vaccination. Other measures are the application of phages, probiotics, prebiotics, and nanoparticles reduced and capped with antimicrobial agents. Therefore, Salmonella-free products, such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, milk, and plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, will prevent humans from Salmonella infection. This review explains Salmonella infection in humans caused by consuming contaminated foods and the interventions against Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety and quality for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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5
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Homann C, Eckey I, Chuppava B, Teich K, Buch J, Zimmermann A, Kaltschmitt M, Grone R, Wilke V, Visscher C. Rye and Rye Bran as Components of Diets in Piglet Production-Effects on Salmonella Prevalence. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2262. [PMID: 37508038 PMCID: PMC10376390 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutritional benefits of rye (and therefore rye bran) are mainly due to its high content of fermentable dietary fiber, the non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Microorganisms in the large intestine are able to convert these into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including butyrate. Butyrate strengthens the epithelial barrier function in the colon by nourishing the enterocytes and inhibiting the spread of Salmonella in the intestinal tract. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test under field conditions whether a diet with rye or rye bran as the main ingredient for gilts, sows, and weaned piglets is associated with a lower Salmonella prevalence. Depending on the age groups, between 20-30% rye or between 15-20% rye bran was used in the experimental group. A total of n = 1983 boot swabs, n = 356 fecal samples, and n = 1909 serum samples were examined. The results of this study show that rye or rye bran at the levels used had no apparent effect on the number of positive Salmonella samples. However, the Salmonella OD values in the experimental groups were significantly lower than in the control group. This suggests that the use of rye leads to a lower incidence of infection, but this effect could not be proven from swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Homann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabell Eckey
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Teich
- SAN Group Biotech Germany GmbH, 49685 Emstek, Germany
| | - Juhle Buch
- SAN Group Biotech Germany GmbH, 49685 Emstek, Germany
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltschmitt
- Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Wu Y, Hu A, Shu X, Huang W, Zhang R, Xu Y, Yang C. Lactobacillus plantarum postbiotics trigger AMPK-dependent autophagy to suppress Salmonella intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1336-1353. [PMID: 37052047 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-derived postbiotics protected animals against Salmonella infection, but the molecular mechanism remains obscure. This study clarified the mechanisms from the perspective of autophagy. Intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were pretreated with LP-derived postbiotics (the culture supernatant, LPC; or heat-killed bacteria, LPB), and then challenged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST). Results showed that LP postbiotics markedly triggered autophagy under ST infection, as indicated by the increased LC3 and Beclin1 and the decreased p62 levels. Meanwhile, LP postbiotics (particularly LPC) exhibited a strong capacity of inhibiting ST adhesion, invasion and replication. Pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) led to a significant decrease of autophagy and the aggravated infection, indicating the importance of autophagy in LP postbiotics-mediated Salmonella elimination. LP postbiotics (especially LPB) significantly suppressed ST-induced inflammation by modulating inflammatory cytokines (the increased interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18). Furthermore, LP postbiotics inhibited NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, as evidenced by the decreased levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC). Deficits in autophagy resulted in an increase of inflammatory response and inflammasome activation. Finally, we found that both LPC and LPB triggered AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway to induce autophagy, and this was further confirmed by AMPK RNA interference. The intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome were aggravated after AMPK knockdown. In summary, LP postbiotics trigger AMPK-mediated autophagy to suppress Salmonella intracellular infection and NLRP3 inflammasome in IPEC-J2 cells. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of postbiotics, and provide a new strategy for preventing Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aixin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Shu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinglei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Galipó E, Zoche-Golob V, Sassu EL, Prigge C, Sjölund M, Tobias T, Rzeżutka A, Smith RP, Burow E. Prioritization of pig farm biosecurity for control of Salmonella and hepatitis E virus infections: results of a European expert opinion elicitation. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:8. [PMID: 36872376 PMCID: PMC9987137 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the literature, there is absent or weak evidence on the effectiveness of biosecurity measures to the control of Salmonella spp. and hepatitis E virus (HEV) on pig farms. Therefore, the present study aimed to collect, weigh, and compare opinions from experts on the relevance of several biosecurity measures. An online questionnaire was submitted to selected experts, from multiple European countries, knowledgeable on either HEV or Salmonella spp., in either indoor or outdoor pig farming systems (settings). The experts ranked the relevance of eight biosecurity categories with regards to effectiveness in reducing the two pathogens separately, by assigning a score from a total of 80, and within each biosecurity category they scored the relevance of specific biosecurity measures (scale 1-5). Agreement among experts was analysed across pathogens and across settings. RESULTS After filtering for completeness and expertise, 46 responses were analysed, with 52% of the experts identified as researchers/scientists, whereas the remaining 48% consisted of non-researchers, veterinary practitioners and advisors, governmental staff, and consultant/industrial experts. The experts self-declared their level of knowledge but neither Multidimensional Scaling nor k-means cluster analyses produced evidence of an association between expertise and the biosecurity answers, and so all experts' responses were analysed together without weighting or adaptation. Overall, the top-ranked biosecurity categories were pig mixing; cleaning and disinfection; feed, water and bedding; and purchase of pigs or semen, while the lowest ranked categories were transport, equipment, animals (other than pigs and including wildlife) and humans. Cleaning and disinfection was ranked highest for both pathogens in the indoor setting, whereas pig mixing was highest for outdoor settings. Several (94/222, 42.3%) measures across all four settings were considered highly relevant. Measures with high disagreement between the respondents were uncommon (21/222, 9.6%), but more frequent for HEV compared to Salmonella spp. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of measures from multiple biosecurity categories was considered important to control Salmonella spp. and HEV on farms, and pig mixing activities, as well as cleaning and disinfection practices, were perceived as consistently more important than others. Similarities and differences in the prioritised biosecurity measures were identified between indoor and outdoor systems and pathogens. The study identified the need for further research especially for control of HEV and for biosecurity in outdoor farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Galipó
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Veit Zoche-Golob
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Lucia Sassu
- Division for Animal Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Christopher Prigge
- Division for Animal Health, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert-Koch-Gasse 17, 2340, Mödling, Austria.,Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Sjölund
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tijs Tobias
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Rzeżutka
- Department of Food and Environmental Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Elke Burow
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Bearson SMD, Trachsel JM, Bearson BL, Loving CL, Kerr BJ, Shippy DC, Kiros TG. Effects of β-glucan on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium swine colonization and microbiota alterations. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:7. [PMID: 36782292 PMCID: PMC9926856 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2017 Veterinary Feed Directive eliminated the use of medically important antibiotics for growth promotion of food animals; thus, alternative growth promoters are highly desirable by food animal producers to enhance animal health and reduce pathogen colonization, including the human foodborne pathogen Salmonella. β(1-3)(1-6)-D-glucan (β-glucan) is a soluble fiber with prebiotic characteristics; it has been shown to modulate immune and intestinal functions that strengthen swine resistance to health challenges such as bacterial infections when supplemented in the diets of growing pigs. The current study evaluated the effects of a β-glucan product on gut microbial community structure as well as Salmonella shedding and intestinal colonization. RESULTS Five-week-old pigs were fed a β-glucan amended diet at 500 g/ton (n = 13) or a non-amended control diet (n = 14) for three weeks, followed by inoculation of the 27 pigs with 1 × 109 colony forming units of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain UK1. While remaining on the respective diets, fecal samples collected at 2, 4, 7, and 16 days post-inoculation (dpi) were similar for Salmonella shedding counts between the two diets. At 16 dpi, Salmonella counts were significantly lower in the cecal contents of the β-glucan-fed pigs (P = 0.0339) and a trend towards a reduction was observed in the Peyer's patches region of the ileum (P = 0.0790) compared to the control pigs. Pigs fed β-glucan for three weeks exhibited an increase in members of the Clostridia class in their fecal microbial communities, and after inoculation with Salmonella, several potentially beneficial microorganisms were enriched in the microbiota of β-glucan-fed pigs (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Bifidobacterium and Olsenella). CONCLUSION Administration of β-glucan altered the swine gut microbiome and reduced Salmonella colonization in the cecal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. D. Bearson
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Julian M. Trachsel
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA ,grid.410547.30000 0001 1013 9784Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Bradley L. Bearson
- grid.512855.eAgroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA USA
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Brian J. Kerr
- grid.512855.eAgroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA USA
| | - Daniel C. Shippy
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Tadele G. Kiros
- grid.478269.60000 0004 5902 7857Phileo by Lesaffre, North America, Milwaukee, WI USA
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Huber N, Andraud M, Sassu EL, Prigge C, Zoche-Golob V, Käsbohrer A, D'Angelantonio D, Viltrop A, Żmudzki J, Jones H, Smith RP, Tobias T, Burow E. What is a biosecurity measure? A definition proposal for animal production and linked processing operations. One Health 2022; 15:100433. [PMID: 36277103 PMCID: PMC9582555 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
While biosecurity, a central component of the One Health concept, is clearly defined, a harmonized definition of the term ´biosecurity measure´ (BSM) is missing. In turn, particularly at the farm and policy level, this leads to misunderstandings, low acceptance, poor implementation, and thus suboptimal biosecurity along the food animal production chain. Moreover, different views on BSMs affects making comparisons both at the policy level as well as in the scientific community. Therefore, as part of the One Health EJP BIOPIGEE project, a work group i) collected and discussed relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria for measures to be considered in the context of biosecurity and ii) conducted a systematic literature review for potentially existing definitions for the term BSM. This exercise confirmed the lack of a definition of BSM, underlining the importance of the topic. In the pool of articles considered relevant to defining the term BSM, specific research themes were identified. Based on these outcomes, we propose a definition of the term BSM: “A biosecurity measure (BSM) – is the implementation of a segregation, hygiene, or management procedure (excluding medically effective feed additives and preventive/curative treatment of animals) that specifically aims at reducing the probability of the introduction, establishment, survival, or spread of any potential pathogen to, within, or from a farm, operation or geographical area.” The definition provides a basis for policymakers to identify factual BSMs, highlights the point of implementation and supports to achieve the necessary quality standards of biosecurity in food animal production. It also enables clear, harmonized, cross-sectoral communication of best biosecurity practices to and from relevant stakeholders and thus contribute to improving biosecurity and thereby strengthen the One Health approach. We propose a harmonized definition for the term “biosecurity measure”. Policy makers can use this definition to identify factual BSMs. The definition promotes communication of biosecurity practices between stakeholders.
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10
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Tang B, Elbediwi M, Nambiar RB, Yang H, Lin J, Yue M. Genomic Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Duck, Chicken, and Pig Farms and Retail Markets in Eastern China. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0125722. [PMID: 36047803 PMCID: PMC9603869 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01257-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica poses a significant public health concern worldwide. However, the dissemination of Salmonella enterica among food animals in eastern China has not been fully addressed. Here, we demonstrated the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and the whole-genome characterization of 105 S. enterica isolates from 1,480 fecal samples and anal swabs collected from 22 different farms (chickens, ducks, and pigs) and two live animal markets located in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces in eastern China in 2019. The prevalence of isolates in duck farms (19.17%, 23/120) was statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that in chicken farms (6.61%, 37/523) and pig farms (3.50%, 7/200). Among these isolates, 75.26% (79/105) were multidrug resistant, with the highest rates of resistance to tetracycline (76.20%) and ampicillin (67.62%) and the lowest resistance rate to meropenem (0.00%). The serotypes were consistent with sequence types and were closely related to the sampling animal species and sites. S. enterica serotype Kentucky (20.95%, 22/105) was the most frequent serotype and harbored more AMR patterns and genes than others. Furthermore, IncFII(S) and IncHI2 were the most prevalent replicons. A total of 44 acquired AMR genes were found. Among those genes, aac(6')-Iaa, blaTEM-1B, floR, dfrA14, fosA7, mph(A), qnrS1, sul1, tet(A), and ARR-3 were the dominant AMR genes mediating the AMR toward aminoglycosides, β-lactams, phenicol, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, macrolide, quinolone, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and rifampin, respectively. The consistency of acquired AMR genes with AMR phenotypes for ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftazidime, meropenem, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and tetracycline was >90%. Together, our study highlights the application of whole-genome sequencing to assess veterinary public health threats. IMPORTANCE Public health is a significant concern in China, and the foodborne pathogen Salmonella, which is spread via the animal-borne food chain, plays an important role in the overall disease burden in China annually. The development of advanced sequencing technologies has introduced a new way of understanding emerging pathogens. However, the routine surveillance application of this method in China remains in its infancy. Here, we applied a pool of all isolates from the prevalence data in Zhejiang and Fujian for whole-genome sequencing and combined these data with the cutting-edge bioinformatic analysis pipeline for one-step determination of the complete genetic makeup for all 105 genomes. The illustrated method could provide a cost-effective approach, without labor-intensive laboratory characterization, for predicting serotypes, genotypes, plasmid types, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes, and thus would provide essential knowledge for emerging pathogens. Our findings and perspectives are essential for delivering updated knowledge on foodborne pathogens in an understudied region in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reshma B. Nambiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Scollo A, Levallois P, Fourichon C, Motta A, Mannelli A, Lombardo F, Ferrari P. Monitoring Means and Results of Biosecurity in Pig Fattening Farms: Systematic Assessment of Measures in Place and Exploration of Biomarkers of Interest. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192655. [PMID: 36230396 PMCID: PMC9558513 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited data are available regarding animal-based biomarkers over time as outcomes of biosecurity in pig farms. The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the biosecurity implementation in a convenience sample of 15 swine herds, and to describe potential biomarkers of interest; inputs from a systematic evaluation of biosecurity implementation were used to develop tailor-made biosecurity protocols monitored over a 12-month period. The farms' implementation was then described, and animal-based biomarkers were explored as output parameters. A significative biosecurity improvement was observed at the end of the study (p = 0.047), in particular in the professional zone (p = 0.012). Four clusters of farms were identified for their progress on biosecurity implementation by means of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA): 4/15 farms improved their biosecurity only in the professional zone, 8/15 showed scarce/null improvement of total biosecurity, 2/15 worsened their biosecurity, and 1/15 greatly improved biosecurity. The farm biosecurity profiles showing an improvement included farms with a reduction in lung lesions and scars at slaughter at the end of the study. The results suggest that a systematic evaluation of biosecurity is a useful approach to formulate tailor-made biosecurity plans and monitor their implementation; biomarkers might bring insight into the outcomes of biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scollo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Ambra Motta
- CRPA Research Centre for Animal Production, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Ferrari
- CRPA Research Centre for Animal Production, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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12
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Jones H, Gilson D, Gosling RJ, Oastler C, Davies RH, Smith RP. The effectiveness of short-duration in-feed organic acid use in finisher pigs for Salmonella control at slaughter. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Epidemiological Study on Salmonella Prevalence in Sow Herds Using Direct and Indirect Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081532. [PMID: 36013949 PMCID: PMC9413226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In piglet production, the beginning of pork production, Salmonella prevalence requires greater attention as having an impact on the subsequent production steps. The aim of this study was to investigate Salmonella prevalence in three sow herds with attached piglet rearing units. Salmonella prevalence was investigated either directly by boot swabs and feces or indirectly by serum samples taken during gilt integration, the peripartal period, and piglet rearing. Boot swabs and feces were analyzed by real-time PCR and subsequent microbiology. Results indicated that high biosecurity measures in sow husbandry do not necessarily result in a low Salmonella prevalence. Furthermore, the sow herds’ Salmonella prevalence should not be used to infer the situation in the associated piglet rearing. The proportion of positive boot swabs was 10.5, 3.6, and 21.3% for sows (gilts and peripartal) with an inverse situation in piglet rearing with 50.0, 63.3, and 5.8% positive swabs for farms A, B, and C, respectively. Boot swabs are suitable as a direct sampling method to gain an overview of Salmonella prevalence in both sows and piglets. Indirect serum antibody testing can be useful, although it should be evaluated considering age-dependent levels of antibody titres.
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14
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Delsart M, Fablet C, Rose N, Répérant JM, Blaga R, Dufour B, Pol F. Descriptive Epidemiology of the Main Internal Parasites on Alternative Pig Farms in France. J Parasitol 2022; 108:306-321. [DOI: 10.1645/21-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Delsart
- ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Fablet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Répérant
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Radu Blaga
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, F-94700, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, F-94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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15
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Bearson SMD. Salmonella in Swine: Prevalence, Multidrug Resistance, and Vaccination Strategies. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:373-393. [PMID: 34699256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million Salmonella infections and 420 deaths occur annually in the United States, with an estimated economic burden of $3.7 billion. More than 50% of US swine operations test positive for Salmonella according to the National Animal Health Monitoring System, and 20% of Salmonella from swine are multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. This review on Salmonella in swine addresses the current status of these topics by discussing antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance in Salmonella and the contribution of horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in controlling Salmonella is that Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen in humans but is often a commensal in food animals and thereby establishes an asymptomatic reservoir state in such animals, including swine. As food animal production systems continue to expand and antimicrobial usage becomes more limited, the need for Salmonella interventions has intensified. A promising mitigation strategy is vaccination against Salmonella in swine to limit animal, environmental, and food contamination. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M D Bearson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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16
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De Lucia A, Cawthraw SA, Smith RP, Davies R, Bianco C, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Pilot Investigation of Anti- Salmonella Antibodies in Oral Fluids from Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Swine Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082408. [PMID: 34438865 PMCID: PMC8388757 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The consumption of pork meat is responsible for a significant number of outbreaks of salmonellosis in people. Surveillance in pig herds is constrained by the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of sampling methods. The last decade has seen significant advances in the routine use of pool samples, including oral fluids (OFs). This study aimed to investigate the OF collected passively via chewed sampling ropes as a potential sample type for assessing anti-Salmonella antibodies in two Salmonella-vaccinated (V) and two non-vaccinated (NV) farrow-to-finish pig farms, comparing the results with the Salmonella shedding of tested animals. Sows in the V farms were vaccinated prior to farrowing. Pooled faecal and OF samples were collected from sows and their offspring. Salmonella was isolated with direct bacteriological methods. A commercial ELISA assay was adapted to detect IgG and IgA antibodies in OF. Overall, a higher Salmonella prevalence was observed in the NV farm and in the offspring (76.3%) compared to sows (36.4%). The protocol used to test anti-Salmonella IgA in pig OF samples was found to lack sensitivity and specificity. At herd level, IgG is the most reliable isotype for monitoring Salmonella specific antibody via OF. Abstract Oral fluid (OF) can be a simple, cheap and non-invasive alternative to serum or meat juice for the diagnosis and surveillance of important pathogens in pigs. This study was conducted on four Salmonella Typhimurium-positive farrow-to-finish pig farms: two Salmonella-vaccinated (V) and two non-vaccinated (NV). Gilts and sows in the V farms were vaccinated with a live, attenuated vaccine prior to farrowing. Pooled faecal and OF samples were collected from the sows and their offspring. Salmonella was isolated according to ISO6579–1:2017. In parallel, IgG and IgA levels were assessed in OF samples using a commercial ELISA assay. Salmonella was detected in 90.9% of the pooled faecal samples from the NV farms and in 35.1% of the pooled faecal samples from the V farms. Overall, a higher prevalence was observed in the pooled faecal samples from the offspring (76.3%) compared to the sows (36.4%). IgG antibodies measured in V farms are likely to be related to vaccination, as well as exposure to Salmonella field strains. The detection of IgA antibodies in OF was unreliable with the method used. The results of this study show that IgG is the most reliable isotype for monitoring Salmonella-specific antibody immunity in vaccinated/infected animals via OF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Shaun A. Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Richard Piers Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Carlo Bianco
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Lasswade, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK;
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK; (S.A.C.); (R.P.S.); (R.D.); (F.M.)
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17
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Olsen JV, Christensen T, Jensen JD. Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647697. [PMID: 33937374 PMCID: PMC8086553 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vesterlund Olsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tove Christensen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Blanco G, Díaz de Tuesta JA. Seasonal and spatial occurrence of zoonotic Salmonella serotypes in griffon vultures at farmland environments: Implications in pathogen pollution and ecosystem services and disservices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143681. [PMID: 33250252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Livestock production is a large source of microbial, pharmaceutical, and antimicrobial pollution worldwide. Vultures are one group of birds with particularly high exposure to food-borne pathogens due to frequent consumption of infected livestock carcasses. The potential origin and spatial-temporal shedding patterns of livestock-adapted Salmonella serotypes of zoonotic importance were evaluated in adult and nestling Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus). We specifically assessed the exposure source and subsequent elimination of Salmonella-infected carcasses (ecosystem services) or transmission back to livestock (ecosystem disservices) by vultures, thus contributing respectively to disease mitigation or amplification in natural and farmed environments. The results show a seasonal high occurrence and turnover of a high variety of serotypes, especially swine-adapted ones isolated at high frequency. This suggests that vultures can be reservoirs and long-distance carriers of faecal Salmonella shed in supplementary feeding stations and breeding colonies. Contrary to their conservation purposes, feeding stations can act as Salmonella hotspots and reservoirs. However, a role for vultures in the transmission back to food-producing animals seems impossible because they do not come into contact at indoor farms, while transmission to free-ranging ruminants was not supported by the presence of ruminant-adapted serotypes in the vultures. Therefore, vultures do not promote disservices associated with the re-infection of livestock with Salmonella, but can provide quantitatively important ecosystem services by removing carrion contaminated with these and other zoonotic pathogens potentially affecting their health. Sanitary vigilance of the farms authorised to provide food for avian scavengers should avoid the disposal of swine and poultry carcasses with Salmonella and the antibiotics used to treat it. Extensive free-ranging livestock and their carcasses exploited in the countryside should be a priority for the conservation of vultures and their ecological function as cleaners and disease mitigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan A Díaz de Tuesta
- Laboratorio Regional de Sanidad Animal, Ordenación del Territorio y Sostenibilidad, Comunidad de Madrid, Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Schmidt S, Sassu EL, Vatzia E, Pierron A, Lagler J, Mair KH, Stadler M, Knecht C, Spergser J, Dolezal M, Springer S, Theuß T, Fachinger V, Ladinig A, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Vaccination and Infection of Swine With Salmonella Typhimurium Induces a Systemic and Local Multifunctional CD4 + T-Cell Response. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603089. [PMID: 33584671 PMCID: PMC7874209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) often leads to subclinical infections in pigs, but can also cause severe enterocolitis in this species. Due to its high zoonotic potential, the pathogen is likewise dangerous for humans. Vaccination with a live attenuated STM strain (Salmoporc) is regarded as an effective method to control STM infections in affected pig herds. However, information on the cellular immune response of swine against STM is still scarce. In this study, we investigated the T-cell immune response in pigs that were vaccinated twice with Salmoporc followed by a challenge infection with a virulent STM strain. Blood- and organ-derived lymphocytes (spleen, tonsils, jejunal and ileocolic lymph nodes, jejunum, ileum) were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated STM. Subsequently, CD4+ T cells present in these cell preparations were analyzed for the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A by flow cytometry and Boolean gating. Highest frequencies of STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells were found in lamina propria lymphocytes of jejunum and ileum. Significant differences of the relative abundance of cytokine-producing phenotypes between control group and vaccinated + infected animals were detected in most organs, but dominated in gut and lymph node-residing CD4+ T cells. IL-17A producing CD4+ T cells dominated in gut and gut-draining lymph nodes, whereas IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing CD4+ T cells were present in all locations. Additionally, the majority of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells had a CD8α+CD27- phenotype, indicative of a late effector or effector memory stage of differentiation. In summary, we show that Salmonella-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells exist in vaccinated and infected pigs, dominate in the gut and most likely contribute to protective immunity against STM in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alix Pierron
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Lagler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Theuß
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Perry F, Johnson C, Aylward B, Arsenault RJ. The Differential Phosphorylation-Dependent Signaling and Glucose Immunometabolic Responses Induced during Infection by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg in Chicken Macrophage-like cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1041. [PMID: 32674261 PMCID: PMC7409154 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a burden to the poultry, health, and food safety industries, resulting in illnesses, food contamination, and recalls. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is one of the most prevalent serotypes isolated from poultry. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg), which is becoming as prevalent as S. Enteritidis, is one of the five most isolated serotypes. Although S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg are almost genetically identical, they both are capable of inducing different immune and metabolic responses in host cells to successfully establish an infection. Therefore, using the kinome peptide array, we demonstrated that S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg infections induced differential phosphorylation of peptides on Rho proteins, caspases, toll-like receptors, and other proteins involved in metabolic- and immune-related signaling of HD11 chicken macrophages. Metabolic flux assays measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) demonstrated that S. Enteritidis at 30 min postinfection (p.i.) increased glucose metabolism, while S. Heidelberg at 30 min p.i. decreased glucose metabolism. S. Enteritidis is more invasive than S. Heidelberg. These results show different immunometabolic responses of HD11 macrophages to S. Enteritidis and S. Heidelberg infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (F.P.); (C.J.); (B.A.)
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21
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Cutler R, Gleeson B, Page S, Norris J, Browning G. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for pigs. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:105-134. [PMID: 32281105 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Trinity L, Merrill SC, Clark EM, Koliba CJ, Zia A, Bucini G, Smith JM. Effects of Social Cues on Biosecurity Compliance in Livestock Facilities: Evidence From Experimental Simulations. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:130. [PMID: 32292792 PMCID: PMC7120031 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease outbreaks in U.S. animal livestock industries have economic impacts measured in hundreds of millions of dollars per year. Biosecurity, or procedures intended to protect animals against disease, is known to be effective at reducing infection risk at facilities. Yet, to the detriment of animal health, humans do not always follow biosecurity protocols. Human behavioral factors have been shown to influence willingness to follow biosecurity protocols. Here we show how social cues may affect cooperation with a biosecurity practice. Participants were immersed in a simulated swine production facility through a graphical user interface and prompted to make a decision that addressed their willingness to comply with a biosecurity practice. We tested the effect of varying three experimental variables: (1) the risk of acquiring an infection, (2) the delivery method of the infection risk information (numerical vs. graphical), and (3) the behavior of an automated coworker in the facility. We provide evidence that participants changed their behavior when they observed a simulated worker making a choice to follow or not follow a biosecurity protocol, even though the simulated worker had no economic effect on the participants' payouts. These results advance the understanding of human behavioral effects on biosecurity protocol decisions, demonstrating that social cues need to be considered by livestock facility managers when developing policies to make agricultural systems more disease resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Trinity
- Social Ecological Gaming & Simulation (SEGS) Lab, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Complex Systems Center, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Scott C Merrill
- Social Ecological Gaming & Simulation (SEGS) Lab, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Plant and Soil Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Gund Fellow, Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Eric M Clark
- Social Ecological Gaming & Simulation (SEGS) Lab, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Complex Systems Center, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Christopher J Koliba
- Social Ecological Gaming & Simulation (SEGS) Lab, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Gund Fellow, Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Asim Zia
- Social Ecological Gaming & Simulation (SEGS) Lab, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Gund Fellow, Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Gabriela Bucini
- Social Ecological Gaming & Simulation (SEGS) Lab, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.,Department of Plant and Soil Science, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Julia M Smith
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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23
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Vico JP, Lorenzutti AM, Zogbi AP, Aleu G, Sánchez IC, Caffer MI, Rosmini MR, Mainar-Jaime RC. Prevalence, associated risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella in large scale swine production in Córdoba, Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:161-169. [PMID: 32193003 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella is considered a major public health concern. The growing relevance of pigs as reservoir of Salmonella spp. has prompted several countries to set up surveillance and control programs to fight Salmonella infection in swine and reduce public health risk. In the last decade, pork production in Córdoba increased significantly to become one of the most important pig production provinces in Argentina. The aim of this study was to estimate Salmonella spp. prevalence and associated risk factors in large scale-farms in this province. Mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 580 pigs from 20 finishing large-scale farms were collected between 2014 and 2015 to estimate Salmonella infection. A prevalence of 41.5% (95%CI: 37.6-45.6%) was observed. Two major risk factors were significantly associated with Salmonella infection, both related to the pre-slaughter period (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and lairage time), highlighting the need to pay special attention to pre-slaughter practices in the province. Shortening transport times and complying with national regulations for lairage time at slaughter may help to reduce the prevalence of infection. Sixteen different serovars were identified, being S. Anatum and S. Typhimurium the most prevalent ones. Moreover, two isolate of the monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (I 4,5,12:i:-) resistant to enrofloxacin and which also displayed multidrug resistance was isolated for first time from pigs in Córdoba. The moderate to high levels of antimicrobial resistance detected for antibiotics commonly used in the pig sector suggested the need for implementing a plan to limit their use in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vico
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - A M Lorenzutti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A P Zogbi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Aleu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I C Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Humanos y Sustentabilidad, José Sánchez Labrador S.J IRNASUS-Conicet-Univesidad Católica de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Av. Armada Argentina 3555, X5016DHK Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M I Caffer
- Servicio de Enterobacterias, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI) - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Avenida Velez Sarfield 563, C1282AFF Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M R Rosmini
- Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080HOF Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R C Mainar-Jaime
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Calle de Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Marin C, Chinillac MC, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Montoro-Dasi L, Sevilla-Navarro S, Ayats T, Marco-Jimenez F, Vega S. Contamination of pig carcass with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 1,4[5],12:i:- originates mainly in live animals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134609. [PMID: 31753504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pork is considered a major source of Salmonella Typhimurium infection in humans in the EU, including monophasic strains (mST). Widespread distribution of virulent serotypes such as monophasic variants of S. Typhimurium have emerged as a public health threat. Despite the current situation, within the EU there is no mandatory programme for the control of Salmonella at pork production level. In this context, the aims of this study were: to examine the presence of Salmonella in the swine production system from arrival at the slaughterhouse until the end of processing, and investigate the genetic relationship among serovars. A total of 21 pig herds were intensively sampled during processing at the slaughterhouse. ERIC-PCR followed by PFGE were performed among isolates recovered at the different steps in the slaughterhouse to assess their genetic relationship. The results showed a high level of Salmonella pork batch contamination upon arrival at the slaughterhouse (71.4%) and at the end of the slaughtering process (66.7%), with mST the main serovar isolated from both origins (53.1% and 38.2%, respectively). Similarly, this study shows that 14.3% of the strains isolated from carcasses have the same Xbal-PFGE profile as those previously recovered in the slaughterhouse environment, but not in the live animals from that same batch. In conclusion, there is a high level of Salmonella swine batch contamination upon arrival at the slaughterhouse and at the end of the slaughtering process, mST being the most frequently isolated serovar. Moreover, a strong genetic relationship has been observed between strains isolated from the batch on arrival at the slaughterhouse, the processing environment and pork carcass contamination. In this sense, it would be necessary to implement a control programme to reduce the bacterium from pork farms and raise the awareness of biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mª Carmen Chinillac
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimientación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, C/Nules, 16, 12539, Alquerias del NP, Castellón, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimientación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, C/Nules, 16, 12539, Alquerias del NP, Castellón, Spain; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jimenez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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25
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De Lucia A, Cawthraw S, Davies R, Smith RP, Bianco C, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Correlation of Anti- Salmonella Antibodies Between Serum and Saliva Samples Collected From Finisher Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:489. [PMID: 31998766 PMCID: PMC6967412 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva samples obtained by using absorptive devices, can provide an alternative diagnostic matrix to serum for monitoring disease status in pigs. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of anti-Salmonella antibodies between serum and saliva samples collected from pigs. Twenty individual paired serum and saliva samples were collected from a single farm. Anti-Salmonella IgG was detected in individual serum samples using a commercial Salmonella ELISA kit, validated for sera. The same kit was used with a protocol modified by extending incubation time and increasing temperature to test individual saliva samples. Anti-Salmonella IgG antibodies in pig saliva were always detected at a lower level than in the matching serum samples. A correlation (rho = 0.66; p = 0.002) and a moderate agreement (K > 0.62 p = 0.003) was found between individual Salmonella IgG in serum and saliva samples. Both correlation and the agreement levels are moderate. The size of this investigation was small, and further studies are necessary to further confirm these findings. The results of this work provide some evidence that saliva samples have the potential to be used for the diagnosis of Salmonella infection in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Epidemiology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Bianco
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Pathology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Bacteriology Department, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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26
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Gil C, Latasa C, García-Ona E, Lázaro I, Labairu J, Echeverz M, Burgui S, García B, Lasa I, Solano C. A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs. Vet Res 2020; 51:3. [PMID: 31924274 PMCID: PMC6954585 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most common food-borne zoonosis in the European Union, with pigs being a major reservoir of this pathogen. Salmonella control in pig production requires multiple measures amongst which vaccination may be used to reduce subclinical carriage and shedding of prevalent serovars, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Live attenuated vaccine strains offer advantages in terms of enhancing cell mediated immunity and allowing inoculation by the oral route. However, main failures of these vaccines are the limited cross-protection achieved against heterologous serovars and interference with serological monitoring for infection. We have recently shown that an attenuated S. Enteritidis strain (ΔXIII) is protective against S. Typhimurium in a murine infection model. ΔXIII strain harbours 13 chromosomal deletions that make it unable to produce the sigma factor RpoS and synthesize cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In this study, our objectives were to test the protective effects of ΔXIII strain in swine and to investigate if the use of ΔXIII permits the discrimination of vaccinated from infected pigs. Results show that oral vaccination of pre-weaned piglets with ΔXIII cross-protected against a challenge with S. Typhimurium by reducing faecal shedding and ileocaecal lymph nodes colonization, both at the time of weaning and slaughter. Vaccinated pigs showed neither faecal shedding nor tissue persistence of the vaccine strain at weaning, ensuring the absence of ΔXIII strain by the time of slaughter. Moreover, lack of the SEN4316 protein in ΔXIII strain allowed the development of a serological test that enabled the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gil
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | | | - Enrique García-Ona
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Isidro Lázaro
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, 31610 Villava, Navarra Spain
| | - Javier Labairu
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, 31610 Villava, Navarra Spain
| | - Maite Echeverz
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Saioa Burgui
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Begoña García
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Iñigo Lasa
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Cristina Solano
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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27
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Peeters L, Dewulf J, Boyen F, Brossé C, Vandersmissen T, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Cargnel M, Mattheus W, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Evaluation of group vaccination of sows and gilts against Salmonella Typhimurium with an attenuated vaccine in subclinically infected pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:104884. [PMID: 32536448 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical Salmonella Typhimurium infections occur frequently in pigs and constitute a major risk for human salmonellosis. With the currently available control measures, Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs remain difficult to control. Vaccination has been proposed to be an effective tool to control infections at farm level. In the current study, the effect of group vaccination of sows and gilts against Salmonella Typhimurium is evaluated on Salmonella prevalence in fecal and overshoe samples and ileocecal lymph nodes, and on serology in the sows and their offspring in three subclinically infected pig farms. In each farm, all sows and gilts were vaccinated twice, three weeks apart, with an attenuated histidine-adenine auxotrophic vaccine (Salmoporc®, IDT Biologika). From three months after the group vaccination onwards, all sows were given a booster dose three weeks before every farrowing. The farms were monitored bacteriologically and serologically from 12 months before until 15 months after the group vaccination. After group vaccination, no significant effect was detected in the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the fecal and overshoe samples collected in the sows (before: 2 %, after: 0 %) and their offspring at 18 weeks (before: 17 %, after: 11 %) and at 26 weeks of age (before: 15 %, after: 7 %), and when combining the results of the offspring at 18 and 26 weeks of age (before: 16 %, after: 9 %). Also, no significant effect was detected in the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium positive lymph nodes of sows (before and after: 0 %) and their offspring (before: 4 %, after: 7 %). Regarding serology, the mean S/P-ratios of the sows were significantly higher after the group vaccination, compared to before group vaccination (before: 1.50, after: 2.32, p < 0.001). The mean S/P-ratios of the offspring at slaughter age were significantly lower after the group vaccination, compared to before group vaccination (before: 1.71, after: 1.04, p = 0.001). In conclusion, group vaccination of sows and gilts resulted in a more beneficial serological status of the offspring, but did not significantly decrease Salmonella Typhimurium excretion and lymph node contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Brossé
- Animal Health Care Flanders (DGZ), Lier, Belgium
| | | | - G Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - M Cargnel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Pasmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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28
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Buch JM, Visscher C, Schulte zu Sundern A, Schulte-Wülwer J, Deermann A, Holling C. Prevalence of Salmonella by Serological and Direct Detection Methods in Piglets from Inconspicuous, Conspicuous, and Vaccinated Sow Herds. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:E29. [PMID: 31877795 PMCID: PMC7022314 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the zoonotic potential of Salmonella, the high prevalence of Salmonella on pig farms deserves particular attention. Because there is limited precise data on piglet-producing farms, this survey evaluated the Salmonella status of 24 different pig farms that had previously been divided into 12 Salmonella-conspicuous (SC) and 12 Salmonella-inconspicuous (SI) farms on the basis of the serological status of their piglets (25 kg). The evaluation was based on 498 environmental samples and 2641 blood samples, as well as on a biosecurity screening. SC farms were subdivided into farms with sow vaccination against Salmonella (n = 3) and those without vaccination (n = 9). In accordance with the previous classification, both the highest Salmonella prevalence in the environment and the highest antibody titers of the examined piglets were determined on SC farms at both defined time points. Piglets from vaccinated sows showed the highest OD% values, before and after vaccination. On SC farms, most Salmonella-positive samples could be obtained in rearing areas (2017: 40.8%, 2019: 26.0%). The results of this study indicate that sow vaccination alone cannot influence Salmonella prevalence at the farm level. Above all, general infection pressure seems to play a major role for Salmonella prevalence in the environment and for high OD% values of related pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhle-Marijke Buch
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany; (J.-M.B.); (A.S.z.S.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany; (J.-M.B.); (A.S.z.S.)
| | - Anton Schulte zu Sundern
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany; (J.-M.B.); (A.S.z.S.)
| | - Josef Schulte-Wülwer
- EVH Select GmbH, An der Feuerwache 14, D-49716 Meppen, Germany; (J.S.-W.); (A.D.)
| | - Ansgar Deermann
- EVH Select GmbH, An der Feuerwache 14, D-49716 Meppen, Germany; (J.S.-W.); (A.D.)
| | - Carolin Holling
- Schweinegesundheitsdienst der Landwirtschaftskammer Niedersachsen, Fachbereich Tiergesundheit, Hermann-Ehler-Str. 15, D-26160 Bad-Zwischenhahn-Wehnen, Germany;
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Fajardo-Guerrero M, Rojas-Quintero C, Chamorro-Tobar I, Zambrano C, Sampedro F, Carrascal-Camacho AK. Exposure assessment of Salmonella spp. in fresh pork meat from two abattoirs in Colombia. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2019; 26:21-27. [PMID: 31399019 DOI: 10.1177/1082013219864746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. prevails as the main cause of raw meat foodborne illnesses. Implementation of food safety management systems such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points in swine abattoirs can help to mitigate pathogen exposure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the HACCP system in slaughterhouses in Colombia on reducing Salmonella spp. exposure due to the consumption of fresh pork meat. Two slaughtering plants with a different degree of HACCP implementation were selected and a quantitative microbiological mapping was built by collecting 820 samples of Salmonella spp. enumeration at different processing stages. The overall Salmonella spp. mean concentration was 1.15 ± 0.55 log MPN/g, with no significant differences among plants (P > 0.05). Deficiencies during carcass disinfection and temperature during distribution of meat cuts from the slaughterhouse lacking of HACCP resulted in a significant increase of Salmonella spp. prevalence (20-40%) (P < 0.05). Processing stages with the highest pathogen prevalence were transport (28-32%) and hanging (16-36%). The exposure assessment model estimated a higher degree of pathogen contamination at the time of consumption in meat cuts from the slaughterhouse without HACCP (3.36 versus 3.68 log MPN/g) and 10-fold increase in the probability a consumer would acquire a contaminated portion (0.011 versus 0.105). Implementation of the HACCP system in swine slaughterhouses represents tangible Salmonella spp. reduction control and public health protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fajardo-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Rojas-Quintero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - I Chamorro-Tobar
- Asociación Porkcolombia, Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura, Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología del sector Porcícola (Ceniporcino), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - C Zambrano
- Asociación Porkcolombia, Fondo Nacional de la Porcicultura, Centro de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología del sector Porcícola (Ceniporcino), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - F Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - A K Carrascal-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Coyne LA, Latham SM, Dawson S, Donald IJ, Pearson RB, Smith RF, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL. Exploring Perspectives on Antimicrobial Use in Livestock: A Mixed-Methods Study of UK Pig Farmers. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:257. [PMID: 31428622 PMCID: PMC6688534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine have raised concerns over the irresponsible use of antimicrobials. The role of administering antimicrobials in food producing animals most frequently falls to the farmer, therefore it is essential that their use of antimicrobials is both optimal and responsible. This study sought in-depth information on the drivers behind antimicrobial use behaviors and farmer attitudes to responsible use using a mixed-methodological approach. Initially, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample of farmers (n = 22). A thematic analysis approach was taken to identify key themes from these qualitative data. The generalizability and variation of these themes was then tested on a larger randomly selected sample of pig farmers through a questionnaire study (n = 261). The influences behind antimicrobial use were complex with multiple drivers motivating decisions. There was no consensual opinion on what farming systems resulted in either a low or high antimicrobial requirement however, farmers reported that good management practices, low stocking densities, and a high health status were associated with low antimicrobial use. Farmers expressed desire to avoid the long-term use of in-feed antimicrobials, but identified barriers to discontinuing such behaviors, such as pig morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. The high cost of antimicrobials was described as a motivation toward seeking alternative methods of controlling disease to prophylactic use; however, this expense was balanced against the losses from an increased burden of disease. The high financial costs involved in pig production alongside the economic uncertainty of production and pressure from retailers, were identified as limiting the scope for improvements in pig accommodation and facilities which could reduce the antimicrobial requirements on farm. Long-term, sustainable and economically stable relationships between retailers and farmers may allow farmers to make necessary investments in improving management and housing in order to reduce antimicrobial use. Greater use and more widespread deployment of effective vaccinations were highlighted by farmers as being a feasible alternative to antimicrobial use in preventing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A. Coyne
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia M. Latham
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Dawson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Donald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Population Health Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rob F. Smith
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Williams
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Gina L. Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
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31
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Niemi JK, Heinola K, Simola M, Tuominen P. Salmonella Control Programme of Pig Feeds Is Financially Beneficial in Finland. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:200. [PMID: 31338369 PMCID: PMC6629760 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote public health, Finland has adopted a stringent Salmonella control policy. However, the rationale of Salmonella control in pig feeds has been debated after a European Union (EU)-wide cost-benefit analysis, which provided mixed, country-specific results on whether control measures are economically beneficial. The aim of this study was to analyze the costs and benefits of current pig feed Salmonella control in Finland compared to a reduced control scenario. In addition, this study contributes to the literature by looking at the costs across stakeholder groups. The costs of preventive and monitoring measures were assessed, and a Monte Carlo model was developed to simulate costs caused by Salmonella contaminations along the pork supply chain (including feed importation, commercial feed manufacturing, feed transportation, mobile feed mixers, pig farms, slaughterhouses) and because of human salmonellosis originating from contaminated feed. The data were collected from official records and feed sector operators by surveys and interviews. The prevalence of Salmonella was obtained from a previously conducted risk assessment study. The total costs of pig feed Salmonella control were estimated on average to be €4.2-5.4 million per year (95% of simulated years between €2.1 and €9.1 million) for the current control scenario, and €33.8-34.8 million per year (95% €2.2 to €26.0 million) for the reduced control scenario. In the reduced control scenario, the monitoring and prevention costs were decreased down to €1.1-2.1 million, and the costs of Salmonella contaminations and human salmonellosis were up by €32.7 million when compared to the current control scenario. The results suggest that the current pig feed Salmonella control policy of Finland is economically profitable. It can reduce the costs caused by feed-related Salmonella contaminations on average by €29.4 million per year and provides public health benefits. Pig feed Salmonella control can support the effectiveness of the Finnish Salmonella Control Programme. The current pig feed Salmonella control policy benefits the consumers, while a substantial part of the costs are covered by feed operators. In order to increase the acceptability of current policy, greater attention to the allocation of financial responsibilities regarding the control measures may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko K. Niemi
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Katriina Heinola
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Seinäjoki, Finland
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Simola
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Tuominen
- Risk Assessment Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
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Tassinari E, Duffy G, Bawn M, Burgess CM, McCabe EM, Lawlor PG, Gardiner G, Kingsley RA. Microevolution of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium during persistence on pig farms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8832. [PMID: 31222015 PMCID: PMC6586642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- are the dominant serotypes associated with pigs in many countries. We investigated their population structure on nine farms using whole genome sequencing, and their genotypic and phenotypic variation. The population structure revealed the presence of phylogenetically distinct clades consisting of closely related clones of S. Typhimurium or S. 4,[5],12:i:- on each pig farm, that persisted between production cycles. All the S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains carried the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), which confers resistance to heavy metals, and half of the strains contained the mTmV prophage, harbouring the sopE virulence gene. Most clonal groups were highly drug resistant due to the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and two clades exhibited evidence of recent on-farm plasmid-mediated acquisition of additional AMR genes, including an IncHI2 plasmid. Biofilm formation was highly variable but had a strong phylogenetic signature. Strains capable of forming biofilm with the greatest biomass were from the S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium DT104 clades, the two dominant pandemic clones found over the last 25 years. On-farm microevolution resulted in enhanced biofilm formation in subsequent production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tassinari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland.
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Merrill SC, Moegenburg S, Koliba CJ, Zia A, Trinity L, Clark E, Bucini G, Wiltshire S, Sellnow T, Sellnow D, Smith JM. Willingness to Comply With Biosecurity in Livestock Facilities: Evidence From Experimental Simulations. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:156. [PMID: 31214603 PMCID: PMC6558082 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease in U.S. animal livestock industries annually costs over a billion dollars. Adoption and compliance with biosecurity practices is necessary to successfully reduce the risk of disease introduction or spread. Yet, a variety of human behaviors, such as the urge to minimize time costs, may induce non-compliance with biosecurity practices. Utilizing a “serious gaming” approach, we examine how information about infection risk impacts compliance with biosecurity practices. We sought to understand how simulated environments affected compliance behavior with treatments that varied using three factors: (1) the risk of acquiring an infection, (2) the delivery method of the infection risk message (numerical, linguistic and graphical), and (3) the certainty of the infection risk information. Here we show that compliance is influenced by message delivery methodology, with numeric, linguistic, and graphical messages showing increasing efficacy, respectively. Moreover, increased situational uncertainty and increased risk were correlated with increases in compliance behavior. These results provide insight toward developing messages that are more effective and provide tools that will allow managers of livestock facilities and policy makers to nudge behavior toward more disease resilient systems via greater compliance with biosecurity practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Merrill
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Susan Moegenburg
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Christopher J Koliba
- Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Asim Zia
- Department of Community Development and Applied Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Luke Trinity
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Eric Clark
- The Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Gabriela Bucini
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Serge Wiltshire
- Department of Food Systems, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Timothy Sellnow
- Nicholson School of Communication and Media, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Deanna Sellnow
- Nicholson School of Communication and Media, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Julia M Smith
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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Bacteriological evaluation of vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium with an attenuated vaccine in subclinically infected pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2019; 182:104687. [PMID: 31126632 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical infections with Salmonella Typhimurium occur frequently in pigs. They constitute a risk for human salmonellosis and are difficult to control with currently available control measures. Vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium in pigs can be an effective tool to control Salmonella infections at farm level. In the present study, the efficacy of an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (Salmoporc®, IDT Biologika) to control Salmonella infections in pigs was evaluated in three subclinically infected pig herds. The effect on Salmonella excretion and the number of pigs positive for Salmonella Typhimurium field and vaccine strains in ileocecal lymph nodes at slaughter were evaluated using five different vaccination strategies: 1. vaccination of sows, 2. vaccination of sows and piglets, 3. vaccination of sows and fattening pigs, 4. vaccination of piglets, 5. vaccination of fattening pigs, which were all compared to a non-vaccinated control group (experimental group 6). Each vaccination strategy was implemented in each farm, during two consecutive production cycles of the same sows. The prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain excretion was low; in total, 4% of the fecal and overshoe samples collected in the non-vaccinated control group were Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive. The excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain did not significantly differ between farms, production cycles and experimental groups. Applying vaccination in either sows and piglets, sows and fattening pigs, or in piglets only, resulted in a significantly reduced number of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes of slaughter pigs in the second production cycle, but not in the first production cycle. Vaccination of sows and piglets resulted in the most consistent reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes at slaughter. The vaccine strain was detected in the lymph nodes of 13 pigs at slaughter, indicating the possible persistence of the vaccine strain until slaughter. Because of limitations in the study design, and the variability between farms and production cycles, the results of the current observational study should be extrapolated with care. Nevertheless, the results provide evidence that applying vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium in sows and piglets (preferred), sows and fattening pigs, and piglets only can support the control of Salmonella Typhimurium infections by decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes at slaughter.
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Jajere SM. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World 2019; 12:504-521. [PMID: 31190705 PMCID: PMC6515828 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mohammed Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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Peeters L, Mostin L, Wattiau P, Boyen F, Dewulf J, Maes D. Efficacy of Clostridium butyricum as probiotic feed additive against experimental Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jaja IF, Bhembe NL, Green E, Oguttu J, Muchenje V. Molecular characterisation of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from meat in South Africa. Acta Trop 2019; 190:129-136. [PMID: 30408462 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries, causing significant economic losses on humans and animals worldwide. There are several routes for contracting salmonellosis, but the consumption of contaminated foods is by far the most frequent cause of human infections. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and resistance determinants of S. enterica isolates obtained from meat. Swab samples from meat were cultured for the identification of Salmonella spp., and 239 presumptive S. enterica isolates were recovered, purified and kept in glycerol stocks. The S. enterica. confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were further tested against 15 antimicrobials using the disc-diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar and the genotypic antimicrobial resistance determinants by PCR. Resistance among tetracyclines, bêta-lactams, and 3rd generation cephalosporins was found to be most frequent with a noticeable rise in the number of multi-drug resistance ranging from two to seven antimicrobials. A total of 20 resistance determinants were assessed with their prevalence and distributions obtained as follows; [aminoglycosides: aadA (89%), aacC2 (100%), aphA1 (38%), aphA2 (0%) and strA (7%)], [β-lactams: (ampC 100%), blaTEM, (33%), blaZ (17%) and blaOXA (10%)], [Chloramphenicol: catI (9%), catII (7%), and cmIA1 (10%)] and [tetracyclines: tetA (57%), tetB (30%), tetC (11%), tetD (73%), tetK (20%) and tetM, (43%)], and [sulfonamides: sulI (82%), sulII (7%)]. The findings signify a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. enterica isolates and resistance determinants indicating increased public health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated meat.
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38
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Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. prevalence along smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 290:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Campos J, Mourão J, Peixe L, Antunes P. Non-typhoidal Salmonella in the Pig Production Chain: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Human Health. Pathogens 2019; 8:E19. [PMID: 30700039 PMCID: PMC6470815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains one of the most frequent foodborne zoonosis, constituting a worldwide major public health concern. The most frequent sources of human infections are food products of animal origin, being pork meat one of the most relevant. Currently, particular pig food production well-adapted and persistent Salmonella enterica serotypes (e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-, Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Rissen) are frequently reported associated with human infections in diverse industrialized countries. The dissemination of those clinically-relevant Salmonella serotypes/clones has been related to the intensification of pig production chain and to an increase in the international trade of pigs and pork meat. Those changes that occurred over the years along the food chain may act as food chain drivers leading to new problems and challenges, compromising the successful control of Salmonella. Among those, the emergence of antibiotic resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with antimicrobials use in the pig production chain is of special concern for public health. The transmission of pig-related multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes, clones and/or genetic elements carrying clinically-relevant antibiotic resistance genes, frequently associated with metal tolerance genes, from pigs and pork meat to humans, has been reported and highlights the contribution of different drivers to the antibiotic resistance burden. Gathered data strengthen the need for global mandatory interventions and strategies for effective Salmonella control and surveillance across the pig production chain. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the role of pig and pork meat in human salmonellosis at a global scale, highlighting the main factors contributing to the persistence and dissemination of clinically-relevant pig-related Salmonella serotypes and clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Campos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Mourão
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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40
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Mutz YDS, Rosario DKA, Paschoalin VMF, Conte-Junior CA. Salmonella enterica: A hidden risk for dry-cured meat consumption? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:976-990. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1555132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yhan da Silva Mutz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denes Kaic Alves Rosario
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Fluminense University, Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- National Institute of Health Quality Control, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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41
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Peng Z, Zhang J, Fanning S, Wang L, Li M, Maheshwari N, Sun J, Li F. Effects of metal and metalloid pollutants on the microbiota composition of feces obtained from twelve commercial pig farms across China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:577-586. [PMID: 30092513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the metal and metalloid contamination and microbiota composition of pig feces is an important step required to support the design and implementation of effective pollution control and prevention strategies. A survey was implemented in 12 locations across China to investigate the content of metals and metalloids, and the main composition of the microbial communities of commercially reared pigs during two growth periods, defined as the early (Q group) and the later fattening growth phases (H group). These data showed widespread Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe pollution in pig feces. The concentration of Zn in the Q group feces was nearly two times higher than the levels measured in the H group. The microbial composition of the Q group exhibited greater richness of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and fewer bacteria associated with zoonotic diseases compared with the microbial composition of the H group. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that Cu and northern latitudes had a significant positive effect on the richness of bacterial communities in pig feces. Zn and Cd exhibited the biggest impact on microbial community composition based on canonical correspondence analysis. Functional metagenomic prediction indicated that about 0.8% genes present in the pig feces bacteria community are related to human diseases, and significantly more predicted pathogenic genes were detected in the H group than in the Q group. These results support the need to monitor heavy metal contamination and to control for zoonotic pathogens disseminated from pig feces in Chinese pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7(th) Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Weifang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 39, Siping Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang City, Shandong Province 261401, P.R. China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7(th) Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, P.R. China; UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Weifang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 39, Siping Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang City, Shandong Province 261401, P.R. China
| | - Menghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7(th) Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - Nikunj Maheshwari
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jun Sun
- Weifang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 39, Siping Road, Kuiwen District, Weifang City, Shandong Province 261401, P.R. China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 7(th) Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, P.R. China.
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De Lucia A, Rabie A, Smith RP, Davies R, Ostanello F, Ajayi D, Petrovska L, Martelli F. Role of wild birds and environmental contamination in the epidemiology of Salmonella infection in an outdoor pig farm. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:148-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Schut CH, Farzan A, Ainslie-Garcia MH, Friendship RM, Lillie BN. Antibody Responses to Salmonella in Pigs from Weaning Up to Marketing and Presence of Salmonella at Slaughter. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:187-194. [PMID: 30481060 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is estimated to be one of the leading causes of enteric illness worldwide. Human salmonellosis is most frequently related to contaminated food products, particularly those of animal origin, such as pork. Pigs are often asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, highlighting the importance of identifying high-prevalence farms and effective detection methods. The objectives of this study were to investigate Salmonella antibody responses and their association with on-farm shedding and Salmonella isolation at slaughter. Fourteen groups of pigs from eight farrowing sources were followed from birth to slaughter (totaling 796 pigs). Information about farm management was collected through a questionnaire. Blood and fecal samples were collected four times at different stages of production, and palatine tonsils/submandibular lymph nodes were obtained at slaughter. Sera were tested for Salmonella antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and fecal/tissue samples were cultured for Salmonella. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effect multivariable modeling method with farm, litter, and pig as random effects. Salmonella seropositivity rates were 20.3%, 5.8%, 15.9%, and 37.3% at weaning, at the end of nursery, at end of grower, and at end of finisher, respectively. Salmonella seropositivity and shedding increased with age (p < 0.05), and pigs shedding Salmonella were more likely to test seropositive (p = 0.02). Antibody response and shedding on-farm had no significant association with isolation of Salmonella from tissues harvested at slaughter. The variation in Salmonella seropositivity due to farm was 28.9% of total variation. These findings indicate that on-farm intervention may be a more effective approach to control Salmonella and to reduce the presence of Salmonella at slaughter. Additionally, the observation that some pigs in this study were Salmonella-negative throughout production and at slaughter is promising with regard to food safety, and studies are needed to explore the genotypes of those pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne H Schut
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .,2 Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | - Brandon N Lillie
- 1 Department of Pathobiology and University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
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Marin C, Torres C, Marco-Jiménez F, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Sevilla S, Ayats T, Vega S. Supplementary feeding stations for conservation of vultures could be an important source of monophasic Salmonella typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:449-455. [PMID: 29709862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, feeding on the carcasses of dead animals present in the field. Availability of domestic carrion has been unstable due to rapidly changing agro-grazing economies and increasing sanitary regulations that may require burial or burning of livestock carcasses. Thus, several griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) recoveries are based on European legislation that guarantees the animals' welfare, avoids intense persecution of the vultures and allows the feeding of threatened wildlife in supplementary feeding stations (SFS). However, in recent years, many studies have speculated on the likelihood that avian scavengers may be infected by feeding on pig carcasses at SFS from intensive livestock. In this context, the present study evaluated whether free-living griffon vultures and pig farms share zoonotic Salmonella strains to test the hypothesis that vulture are infected during consumption of carcasses provided at SFS. Here, the occurrence, serotypes and genomic DNA fingerprinting (phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) of isolated strains were carried out in griffon vultures and pig farms authorised to provided carcasses at SFS in Castellón province (eastern Spain). The bacteriological analyses revealed that 21.1% of vultures and 14.5% for pig farms samples tested were Salmonella-positive. Monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- was the most frequently isolated serovar. Comparison of Salmonella strains isolated from vultures and pig farms revealed that monophasic S. typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby and S. Rissen strains were highly genetically homogeneous (similar DNA fingerprint). In conclusion, the current study indicates that free-living griffon vultures and pig farms that provide the carcasses at SFS share several zoonotic Salmonella strains. On this basis, and although transmission could be bidirectional, our result seems to corroborate the pig carcasses-to-vulture transmission and cross-infection at SFS. As an immediate Salmonella control strategy in wild avian scavengers, we suggest the implementation of a programme to guarantee that solely pig carcasses from Salmonella-free farms arrive at SFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Marin
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristobal Torres
- Ministry of Infrastructures, Territory and Environment (Regional Government/Generalitat Valenciana), Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Sevilla
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Ayats
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
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Chantziaras I, Dewulf J, Van Limbergen T, Klinkenberg M, Palzer A, Pineiro C, Aarestrup Moustsen V, Niemi J, Kyriazakis I, Maes D. Factors associated with specific health, welfare and reproductive performance indicators in pig herds from five EU countries. Prev Vet Med 2018; 159:106-114. [PMID: 30314772 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Production diseases are often of multi-factorial origin in which environment (housing, nutrition and management) health and reproductive challenges show complex interactions. The aim of this study was to identify specific environment-related factors and to discuss their associations with health, welfare and reproductive performance in sows and piglets, in diverse systems using data from 130 farms from five EU countries. Two sets of data were used: a) a questionnaire was developed for sows and piglets covering farm management, interventions and housing and b) farm production data covering various performance parameters. Eight parameters were further selected, four of which were related to sow reproductive performance (litter index, replacement rate, repeat breeding (i.e. failure to breed after one mating), weaning to first mating interval) and the remaining four to litter / piglet health performance (piglets born alive per litter, piglets born dead per litter, preweaning mortality rate and weaned piglets per litter). Univariable and multivariable linear models were employed to identify risk factors. Associations were considered significant if P ≤ 0.007 (a criterion of p ≤ 0.05 corrected for the number of parameters tested). Various risk and protective factors were identified for each tested outcome variable. Country effects were included in all models as a fixed factor. Adjusted R-squared values for the multivariable models varied between 9.6% (preweaning mortality) and 66% (litter index). Litter index (litters/sow/year) was negatively associated with a higher weaning age of the piglets. Housing recently weaned sows to be inseminated in a separate unit from the gestation unit had a positive association with litter index. Repeat breeding was negatively associated with PRRS-free farms, farms that bred (raised) all gilts on the farm and farms that perform farrowing induction of sows. PRRS-free farms were also associated with a higher replacement rate. Farms that bred gilts on the farm and PRRS-free farms were negatively associated with preweaning mortality. Natural ventilation in the gestation unit was associated with fewer piglets born alive and with fewer weaned piglets. Closed type of farms was associated with less piglets born dead. The use of open box housing system for pregnant sows (provision of individual resting areas) was associated with more weaned piglets. In conclusion, several factors related to applying good farm and health management, and optimal housing conditions showed positive association with various sow and piglet performance parameters. Further studies will help to assess causal links for these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Chantziaras
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tommy Van Limbergen
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marlijn Klinkenberg
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andreas Palzer
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | | | - Vivi Aarestrup Moustsen
- The Danish Applied Pig Research Scheme, The National Committee for Pig Production, 1609 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jarkko Niemi
- Economics and Society, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 60320 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Agriculture, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Bjork KE, Fields V, Garber LP, Kopral CA. Factors Associated with Salmonella Prevalence in U.S. Swine Grower-Finisher Operations, 2012. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:489-497. [PMID: 29762053 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen with diverse serotypes occurring in animal and human populations. The prevalence of the organism on swine farms has been associated with numerous risk factors, and although there are strong veterinary public health controls for preventing Salmonella from entering food, there remains interest in eradicating or controlling the organism in the preharvest environment. In this study, using data collected via the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Animal Health Monitoring System Swine 2012 study, we describe nontyphoidal Salmonella and specific serotype prevalence on U.S. grower-finisher swine operations and investigate associations between Salmonella detection and numerous factors via multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and regression analysis. MCA plots, complementary to univariate analyses, display relationships between covariates and Salmonella detection at the farm level. In the univariate analysis, Salmonella detection varied with feed characteristics and farm management practices, reports of diseases on farms and vaccinations administered, and administration of certain antimicrobials. Results from the univariate analysis reinforce the importance of biosecurity in managing diseases and pathogens such as Salmonella on farms. All multivariable regression models for the likelihood of Salmonella detection were strongly affected by multicollinearity among variables, and only one variable, pelleted feed preparation, remained in the final model. The study was limited by its cross-sectional nature, timelines of data collection, and reliance on operator-reported data via a convenience sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathe E Bjork
- 1 Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Victoria Fields
- 2 School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Lindsey P Garber
- 1 Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christine A Kopral
- 1 Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health , USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Scott AB, Singh M, Groves P, Hernandez-Jover M, Barnes B, Glass K, Moloney B, Black A, Toribio JA. Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195582. [PMID: 29668707 PMCID: PMC5906091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the level of adoption of biosecurity practices performed on Australian commercial chicken meat and layer farms and farmer-perceived importance of these practices. On-farm interviews were conducted on 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. There was a high level of treatment of drinking water across all farm types; town water was the most common source. In general, meat chicken farms had a higher level of adoption of biosecurity practices than layer farms. Cage layer farms had the shortest median distance between sheds (7.75m) and between sheds and waterbodies (30m). Equipment sharing between sheds was performed on 43% of free range meat chicken farms compared to 92% of free range layer farms. There was little disinfection of this shared equipment across all farm types. Footbaths and visitor recording books were used by the majority of farms for all farm types except cage layer farms (25%). Wild birds in sheds were most commonly reported in free range meat chicken farms (73%). Dogs and cats were kept across all farm types, from 56% of barn layer farms to 89% of cage layer farms, and they had access to the sheds in the majority (67%) of cage layer farms and on the range in some free range layer farms (44%). Most biosecurity practices were rated on average as ‘very important’ by farmers. A logistic regression analysis revealed that for most biosecurity practices, performing a practice was significantly associated with higher perceived farmer importance of that biosecurity practice. These findings help identify farm types and certain biosecurity practices with low adoption levels. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve adoption levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Moloney
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Black
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney, Australia
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Pandolfi F, Edwards SA, Maes D, Kyriazakis I. Connecting Different Data Sources to Assess the Interconnections between Biosecurity, Health, Welfare, and Performance in Commercial Pig Farms in Great Britain. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:41. [PMID: 29560358 PMCID: PMC5845643 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide an overview of the interconnections between biosecurity, health, welfare, and performance in commercial pig farms in Great Britain. We collected on-farm data about the level of biosecurity and animal performance in 40 fattening pig farms and 28 breeding pig farms between 2015 and 2016. We identified interconnections between these data, slaughterhouse health indicators, and welfare indicator records in fattening pig farms. After achieving the connections between databases, a secondary data analysis was performed to assess the interconnections between biosecurity, health, welfare, and performance using correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical clustering. Although we could connect the different data sources the final sample size was limited, suggesting room for improvement in database connection to conduct secondary data analyses. The farm biosecurity scores ranged from 40 to 90 out of 100, with internal biosecurity scores being lower than external biosecurity scores. Our analysis suggested several interconnections between health, welfare, and performance. The initial correlation analysis showed that the prevalence of lameness and severe tail lesions was associated with the prevalence of enzootic pneumonia-like lesions and pyaemia, and the prevalence of severe body marks was associated with several disease indicators, including peritonitis and milk spots (r > 0.3; P < 0.05). Higher average daily weight gain (ADG) was associated with lower prevalence of pleurisy (r > 0.3; P < 0.05), but no connection was identified between mortality and health indicators. A subsequent cluster analysis enabled identification of patterns which considered concurrently indicators of health, welfare, and performance. Farms from cluster 1 had lower biosecurity scores, lower ADG, and higher prevalence of several disease and welfare indicators. Farms from cluster 2 had higher biosecurity scores than cluster 1, but a higher prevalence of pigs requiring hospitalization and lameness which confirmed the correlation between biosecurity and the prevalence of pigs requiring hospitalization (r > 0.3; P < 0.05). Farms from cluster 3 had higher biosecurity, higher ADG, and lower prevalence for some disease and welfare indicators. The study suggests a smaller impact of biosecurity on issues such as mortality, prevalence of lameness, and pig requiring hospitalization. The correlations and the identified clusters suggested the importance of animal welfare for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Pandolfi
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra A. Edwards
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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49
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Smith RP, Andres V, Martelli F, Gosling B, Marco-Jimenez F, Vaughan K, Tchorzewska M, Davies R. Maternal vaccination as a Salmonella Typhimurium reduction strategy on pig farms. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:274-285. [PMID: 29024207 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The control of Salmonella in pig production is necessary for public and animal health, and vaccination was evaluated as a strategy to decrease pig prevalence. METHODS AND RESULTS The study examined the efficacy of a live Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine, administered to sows on eight commercial farrow-to-finish herds experiencing clinical salmonellosis or Salmonella carriage associated with S. Typhimurium or its monophasic variants. Results of longitudinal Salmonella sampling were compared against eight similarly selected and studied control farms. At the last visit (~14 months after the start of vaccination), when all finishing stock had been born to vaccinated sows, both faecal shedding and environmental prevalence of Salmonella substantially declined on the majority of vaccinated farms in comparison to the controls. A higher proportion of vaccine farms resolved clinical salmonellosis than controls. However, Salmonella counts in positive faeces samples were similar between nonvaccinated and vaccinated herds. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that maternal vaccination is a suitable option for a Salmonella Typhimurium reduction strategy in farrow-to-finish pig herds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella vaccines have the potential to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella in pigs and result in a reduction of human cases attributed to pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - V Andres
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - F Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - B Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - F Marco-Jimenez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - K Vaughan
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - M Tchorzewska
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - R Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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50
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Filippitzi ME, Brinch Kruse A, Postma M, Sarrazin S, Maes D, Alban L, Nielsen LR, Dewulf J. Review of transmission routes of 24 infectious diseases preventable by biosecurity measures and comparison of the implementation of these measures in pig herds in six European countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:381-398. [PMID: 29124908 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to review the transmission routes of important infectious pig diseases and to translate these into biosecurity measures preventing or reducing the transmission between and within pig herds. Furthermore, it aimed to identify the level of implementation of these measures in different European countries and discuss the observed variations to identify potentials for improvement. First, a literature review was performed to show which direct and indirect transmission routes of 24 infectious pig diseases can be prevented through different biosecurity measures. Second, a quantitative analysis was performed using the Biocheck.UGent™, a risk-based scoring system to evaluate biosecurity in pig herds, to obtain an insight into the implementation of these biosecurity measures. The database contained farm-specific biosecurity data from 574 pig farms in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, entered between January 2014 and January 2016. Third, a qualitative analysis based on a review of literature and other relevant information resources was performed for every subcategory of internal and external biosecurity in the Biocheck.UGent™ questionnaire. The quantitative analysis indicated that at the level of internal, external and overall biosecurity, Denmark had a significantly distinct profile with higher external biosecurity scores and less variation than the rest of the countries. This is likely due to a widely used specific pathogen-free (SPF) system with extensive focus on biosecurity since 1971 in Denmark. However, the observed pattern may also be attributed to differences in data collection methods. The qualitative analysis identified differences in applied policies, legislation, disease status, pig farm density, farming culture and habits between countries that can be used for shaping country-specific biosecurity advice to attain improved prevention and control of important pig diseases in European pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Filippitzi
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Brinch Kruse
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Porcine Health Management Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Alban
- Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L R Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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