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Trivedi PJ, Hirschfield GM, Adams DH, Vierling JM. Immunopathogenesis of Primary Biliary Cholangitis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis: Themes and Concepts. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:995-1019. [PMID: 38342195 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases include primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis, a family of chronic immune-mediated disorders that target hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Treatments remain nonspecific, variably effective, and noncurative, and the need for liver transplantation is disproportionate to their rarity. Development of effective therapies requires better knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms, including the roles of genetic risk, and how the environment and gut dysbiosis cause immune cell dysfunction and aberrant bile acid signaling. This review summarizes key etiologic and pathogenic concepts and themes relevant for clinical practice and how such learning can guide the development of new therapies for people living with autoimmune liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak J Trivedi
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David H Adams
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John M Vierling
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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2
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Guo Z, He K, Pang K, Yang D, Lyu C, Xu H, Wu D. Exploring Advanced Therapies for Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Insights from the Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid-Immunity Network. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4321. [PMID: 38673905 PMCID: PMC11050225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a cholestatic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated injury to small bile ducts. Although PBC is an autoimmune disease, the effectiveness of conventional immunosuppressive therapy is disappointing. Nearly 40% of PBC patients do not respond to the first-line drug UDCA. Without appropriate intervention, PBC patients eventually progress to liver cirrhosis and even death. There is an urgent need to develop new therapies. The gut-liver axis emphasizes the interconnection between the gut and the liver, and evidence is increasing that gut microbiota and bile acids play an important role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic diseases. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota, imbalance of bile acids, and immune-mediated bile duct injury constitute the triad of pathophysiology in PBC. Autoimmune cholangitis has the potential to be improved through immune system modulation. Considering the failure of conventional immunotherapies and the involvement of gut microbiota and bile acids in the pathogenesis, targeting immune factors associated with them, such as bile acid receptors, microbial-derived molecules, and related specific immune cells, may offer breakthroughs. Understanding the gut microbiota-bile acid network and related immune dysfunctions in PBC provides a new perspective on therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we summarize the latest advances in research of gut microbiota and bile acids in PBC and, for the first time, explore the possibility of related immune factors as novel immunotherapy targets. This article discusses potential therapeutic approaches focusing on regulating gut microbiota, maintaining bile acid homeostasis, their interactions, and related immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Guo
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Z.G.); (K.P.); (D.Y.)
| | - Kun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (K.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Ke Pang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Z.G.); (K.P.); (D.Y.)
| | - Daiyu Yang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (Z.G.); (K.P.); (D.Y.)
| | - Chengzhen Lyu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (K.H.); (C.L.)
| | - Haifeng Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (K.H.); (C.L.)
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3
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Liu B, Liu Z, Jiang T, Gu X, Yin X, Cai Z, Zou X, Dai L, Zhang B. Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study identified the key role of gut microbiota in immunotherapeutic toxicity. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:161. [PMID: 38475836 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), there is emerging evidence suggesting a correlation between gut microbiota and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). However, the exact roles of gut microbiota and the causal associations are yet to be clarified. METHODS To investigate this, we first conducted a univariable bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Instrumental variables (IVs) for gut microbiota were retrieved from the MiBioGen consortium (18,340 participants). GWAS summary data for irAEs were gathered from an ICIs-treated cohort with 1,751 cancer patients. Various MR analysis methods, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR PRESSO, maximum likelihood (ML), weighted median, weighted mode, and cML-MA-BIC, were used. Furthermore, multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was performed to account for possible influencing instrumental variables. RESULTS Our analysis identified fourteen gut bacterial taxa that were causally associated with irAEs. Notably, Lachnospiraceae was strongly associated with an increased risk of both high-grade and all-grade irAEs, even after accounting for the effect of BMI in the MVMR analysis. Akkermansia, Verrucomicrobiaceae, and Anaerostipes were found to exert protective roles in high-grade irAEs. However, Ruminiclostridium6, Coprococcus3, Collinsella, and Eubacterium (fissicatena group) were associated with a higher risk of developing high-grade irAEs. RuminococcaceaeUCG004, and DefluviitaleaceaeUCG011 were protective against all-grade irAEs, whereas Porphyromonadaceae, Roseburia, Eubacterium (brachy group), and Peptococcus were associated with an increased risk of all-grade irAEs. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis highlights a strong causal association between Lachnospiraceae and irAEs, along with some other gut microbial taxa. These findings provide potential modifiable targets for managing irAEs and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baike Liu
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheran Liu
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangshuai Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiao Zou
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Ma D, Ma J, Zhao C, Tai W. Reasons why women are more likely to develop primary biliary cholangitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25634. [PMID: 38384574 PMCID: PMC10878884 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune disease of biliary stasis in which immune factors cause the gradual destruction of small bile ducts, biliary stasis, and eventually the development of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver failure. One of the main characteristics of PBC is that it primarily affects middle-aged women, but the precise cause is still unknown. This article analyzes the unique causes and mechanisms of the female predominance of PBC and summarizes the potential causes.The female domination of PBC is reported to be primarily caused by sex hormones, environmental circumstances, and epigenetic changes, each of which has a different subtle impact on patients' gender disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiaxuan Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenlin Tai
- Clinical Laboratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Faisal MS, Gonzalez HC, Gordon SC. Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Presentation. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:63-77. [PMID: 37945163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Using ursodeoxycholic acid as a standard treatment and for its ability to test for antimitochondrial antibody to accelerate diagnosis, survival of primary biliary cholangitis patients has approached that of the general population, leading to a change in nomenclature from primary biliary cirrhosis to primary biliary cholangitis to more accurately describe the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Faisal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Humberto C Gonzalez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Stuart C Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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6
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Ria F, Delogu G, Ingrosso L, Sali M, Di Sante G. Secrets and lies of host-microbial interactions: MHC restriction and trans-regulation of T cell trafficking conceal the role of microbial agents on the edge between health and multifactorial/complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:40. [PMID: 38216734 PMCID: PMC11071949 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Here we critically discuss data supporting the view that microbial agents (pathogens, pathobionts or commensals alike) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but their role is concealed by the rules presiding over T cell antigen recognition and trafficking. These rules make it difficult to associate univocally infectious agents to diseases' pathogenesis using the paradigm developed for canonical infectious diseases. (Cross-)recognition of a variable repertoire of epitopes leads to the possibility that distinct infectious agents can determine the same disease(s). There can be the need for sequential infection/colonization by two or more microorganisms to develop a given disease. Altered spreading of infectious agents can determine an unwanted activation of T cells towards a pro-inflammatory and trafficking phenotype, due to differences in the local microenvironment. Finally, trans-regulation of T cell trafficking allows infectious agents unrelated to the specificity of T cell to modify their homing to target organs, thereby driving flares of disease. The relevant role of microbial agents in largely prevalent diseases provides a conceptual basis for the evaluation of more specific therapeutic approaches, targeted to prevent (vaccine) or cure (antibiotics and/or Biologic Response Modifiers) multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Delogu
- Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026, Olbia, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - L Ingrosso
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sali
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectivology Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 60132, Perugia, Italy.
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7
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Ichikawa M, Okada H, Nakamoto N, Taniki N, Chu PS, Kanai T. The gut-liver axis in hepatobiliary diseases. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:2. [PMID: 38191517 PMCID: PMC10773109 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the analysis of intestinal bacteria have led to reports of variations in intestinal bacterial levels among hepatobiliary diseases. The mechanisms behind the changes in intestinal bacteria in various hepatobiliary diseases include the abnormal composition of intestinal bacteria, weakening of the intestinal barrier, and bacterial translocation outside the intestinal tract, along with their metabolites, but many aspects remain unresolved. Further research employing clinical studies and animal models is expected to clarify the direct relationship between intestinal bacteria and hepatobiliary diseases and to validate the utility of intestinal bacteria as a diagnostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target. This review summarizes the involvement of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary diseases via the gut-liver axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ichikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan
| | - Haruka Okada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan.
| | - Nobuhito Taniki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan
| | - Po-Sung Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Tokyo, 1608582, Japan.
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8
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Shao T, Hsu R, Rafizadeh DL, Wang L, Bowlus CL, Kumar N, Mishra J, Timilsina S, Ridgway WM, Gershwin ME, Ansari AA, Shuai Z, Leung PSC. The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance. J Autoimmun 2023; 141:103114. [PMID: 37748979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is home to the largest microbial population in the human body. The gut microbiota plays significant roles in the development of the gut immune system and has a substantial impact on the maintenance of immune tolerance beginning in early life. These microbes interact with the immune system in a dynamic and interdependent manner. They generate immune signals by presenting a vast repertoire of antigenic determinants and microbial metabolites that influence the development, maturation and maintenance of immunological function and homeostasis. At the same time, both the innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in modulating a stable microbial ecosystem between the commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, the gut microbial population and the host immune system work together to maintain immune homeostasis synergistically. In susceptible hosts, disruption of such a harmonious state can greatly affect human health and lead to various auto-inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the interactions between the gut microbiota and immunity with an emphasis on: a) important players of gut innate and adaptive immunity; b) the contribution of gut microbial metabolites; and c) the effect of disruption of innate and adaptive immunity as well as alteration of gut microbiome on the molecular mechanisms driving autoimmunity in various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihong Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China; Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ronald Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Desiree L Rafizadeh
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher L Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, ILR-College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W. Ave B. MSC 131, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Jayshree Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, ILR-College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 1010 W. Ave B. MSC 131, Kingsville, TX, 78363, USA
| | - Suraj Timilsina
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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9
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Wang X, Wei Y, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Li Y, Zhang F, Wang L. Animal models of primary biliary cholangitis: status and challenges. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:214. [PMID: 37993960 PMCID: PMC10664283 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease. The aetiology of PBC remains unclear, and its pathogenesis is complex. Animal models are essential to clarify the pathogenesis of PBC and explore the occurrence of early events. MAIN BODY Herein, we review recent research progress in PBC animal models, including genetically modified, chemically inducible, biologically inducible, and protein-immunised models. Although these animal models exhibit several immunological and pathological features of PBC, they all have limitations that constrain further research and weaken their connection with clinical practice. CONCLUSION The review will benefit efforts to understand and optimise animal models in order to further clarify PBC pathogenesis and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Yang
- Clinical Biobank, Department Medical Research Central, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing, China.
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10
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Lei Y, Li S, He M, Ao Z, Wang J, Wu Q, Wang Q. Oral Pathogenic Bacteria and the Oral-Gut-Liver Axis: A New Understanding of Chronic Liver Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3324. [PMID: 37958220 PMCID: PMC10648517 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have long been a prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, and their development and progression involve multiple vital organs throughout the body. Recent studies on the oral-gut-liver axis have revealed that the oral microbiota is associated with the pathophysiology of chronic liver diseases. Since interventions aimed at regulating oral biological disorders may delay the progress of liver disease, it is crucial to better comprehend this process. Oral bacteria with potential pathogenicity have been extensively studied and are closely related to several types of chronic liver diseases. Therefore, this review will systemically describe the emerging role of oral pathogenic bacteria in common liver diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, autoimmune liver diseases (AILD), and liver cancer, and bring in new perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (Y.L.); (S.L.); (M.H.); (Z.A.); (J.W.); (Q.W.)
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11
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Schneider KM, Kummen M, Trivedi PJ, Hov JR. Role of microbiome in autoimmune liver diseases. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00493. [PMID: 37369002 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a crucial role in integrating environmental influences into host physiology, potentially linking it to autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. All autoimmune liver diseases are associated with reduced diversity of the gut microbiome and altered abundance of certain bacteria. However, the relationship between the microbiome and liver diseases is bidirectional and varies over the course of the disease. This makes it challenging to dissect whether such changes in the microbiome are initiating or driving factors in autoimmune liver diseases, secondary consequences of disease and/or pharmacological intervention, or alterations that modify the clinical course that patients experience. Potential mechanisms include the presence of pathobionts, disease-modifying microbial metabolites, and more nonspecific reduced gut barrier function, and it is highly likely that the effect of these change during the progression of the disease. Recurrent disease after liver transplantation is a major clinical challenge and a common denominator in these conditions, which could also represent a window to disease mechanisms of the gut-liver axis. Herein, we propose future research priorities, which should involve clinical trials, extensive molecular phenotyping at high resolution, and experimental studies in model systems. Overall, autoimmune liver diseases are characterized by an altered microbiome, and interventions targeting these changes hold promise for improving clinical care based on the emerging field of microbiota medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kummen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Palak J Trivedi
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, University of Birmingham, UK
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham Queen Elizabeth, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Johannes R Hov
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Di Vincenzo F, Nicoletti A, Negri M, Vitale F, Zileri Dal Verme L, Gasbarrini A, Ponziani FR, Cerrito L. Gut Microbiota and Antibiotic Treatments for the Main Non-Oncologic Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Disorders. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1068. [PMID: 37370387 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a pivotal actor in the maintenance of the balance in the complex interconnections of hepato-biliary-pancreatic system. It has both metabolic and immunologic functions, with an influence on the homeostasis of the whole organism and on the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases, from non-neoplastic ones to tumorigenesis. The continuous bidirectional metabolic communication between gut and hepato-pancreatic district, through bile ducts and portal vein, leads to a continuous interaction with translocated bacteria and their products. Chronic liver disease and pancreatic disorders can lead to reduced intestinal motility, decreased bile acid synthesis and intestinal immune dysfunction, determining a compositional and functional imbalance in gut microbiota (dysbiosis), with potentially harmful consequences on the host's health. The modulation of the gut microbiota by antibiotics represents a pioneering challenge with striking future therapeutic opportunities, even in non-infectious diseases. In this setting, antibiotics are aimed at harmonizing gut microbial function and, sometimes, composition. A more targeted and specific approach should be the goal to pursue in the future, tailoring the treatment according to the type of microbiota modulation to be achieved and using combined strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Vincenzo
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Nicoletti
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcantonio Negri
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Vitale
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zileri Dal Verme
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Cerrito
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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13
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Yang Y, He X, Rojas M, Leung PSC, Gao L. Mechanism-based target therapy in primary biliary cholangitis: opportunities before liver cirrhosis? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184252. [PMID: 37325634 PMCID: PMC10266968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated liver disease characterized by cholestasis, biliary injuries, liver fibrosis, and chronic non-suppurative cholangitis. The pathogenesis of PBC is multifactorial and involves immune dysregulation, abnormal bile metabolism, and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are currently used as first- and second-line treatments, respectively. However, many patients do not respond adequately to UDCA, and the long-term effects of these drugs are limited. Recent research has advanced our understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC and greatly facilitated development of novel drugs to target mechanistic checkpoints. Animal studies and clinical trials of pipeline drugs have yielded promising results in slowing disease progression. Targeting immune mediated pathogenesis and anti-inflammatory therapies are focused on the early stage, while anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic therapies are emphasized in the late stage of disease, which is characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis development. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that currently, there exists a dearth of therapeutic options that can effectively impede the progression of the disease to its terminal stages. Hence, there is an urgent need for further research aimed at investigating the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms with potential therapeutic effects. This review highlights our current knowledge of the underlying immunological and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC. Further, we also address current mechanism-based target therapies for PBC and potential therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - XiaoSong He
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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14
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Ghozzi M, Mankai A, Zneidi I, Manoubi W, Melayah S, Mechi F, Trabelsi A, Ghedira I. Serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and the vice versa: A Tunisian study. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152398. [PMID: 37269587 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by destructive lymphocytic cholangitis and anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA). Anti-gp210 and anti-Sp100, are used for the diagnosis of PBC in AMA-negative PBC patients. Patients with PBC have a propensity to have an extrahepatic manifestation which is especially autoimmune. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the frequency of serological markers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (CCP-Ab or RF) in PBC patients and to do the vice versa. METHODS Our PBC study included 70 patients with PBC and 80 healthy blood donors (HBD) and our RA study included 75 patients with RA and 75 HBD. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (CCP-Ab) and rheumatoid factor (RF) were performed by indirect ELISA. AMA, anti-Sp100 and anti-gp210 were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS RA autoantibodies (CCP-Ab or RF) were more frequent in PBC patients than in HBD (65.7% vs. 8.7% p 〈10-6). CCP-Ab were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (15.7% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.004). Nine patients had both CCP-Ab and RF vs. none of controls (12.8% vs. 0%; p = 0.001). RF were detected in 45 patients with PBC and in 5 HBD (64.3% vs. 6.2%; p 〈10-6). In PBC patients, RF were more frequent than CCP-Ab (64.3% vs. 15.7%; p 〈10-6). RF-IgG were present in 18.5% of patients; RF-immunoglobulin (Ig) A in 34.3% and RF-IgM in 54.3%. These frequencies were significantly higher than those found in control group (1.2% for RF-IgG (p 〈10-3); 0% for RF-IgA (p 〈10-6); and 6.2% for RF-IgM (p 〈10-6)). In our PBC patients, RF-IgA were more frequent than RF-IgG (34.3% vs. 18.5%; p = 0.03) and than CCP-Ab (34.3% vs. 15.7%; p = 0.01). Six patients had only RF-IgA versus none of the control group (8.6% vs. 0%; p = 0.01). AMA, anti-Sp100 and anti-gp 210 were absent in all RA patients. CONCLUSIONS Serological markers of RA were more frequent in PBC patients than in HBD and the vice versa was not true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ghozzi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Amani Mankai
- High School of Sciences and Techniques of Health, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia; Research Unit "Obesity: Etiopathology and Treatment, UR18ES01", National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Inssaf Zneidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wiem Manoubi
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarra Melayah
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Mechi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ghedira
- Laboratory of Immunology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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15
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Vázquez ME, Mesías AC, Acuña L, Spangler J, Zabala B, Parodi C, Thakur M, Oh E, Walper SA, Brandán CP. Exploring the performance of Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles as a tool for vaccine development against Chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2023; 118:e220263. [PMID: 37222309 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine development is a laborious craftwork in which at least two main components must be defined: a highly immunogenic antigen and a suitable delivery method. Hence, the interplay of these elements could elicit the required immune response to cope with the targeted pathogen with a long-lasting protective capacity. OBJECTIVES Here we evaluate the properties of Escherichia coli spherical proteoliposomes - known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) - as particles with natural adjuvant capacities and as antigen-carrier structures to assemble an innovative prophylactic vaccine for Chagas disease. METHODS To achieve this, genetic manipulation was carried out on E. coli using an engineered plasmid containing the Tc24 Trypanosoma cruzi antigen. The goal was to induce the release of OMVs displaying the parasite protein on their surface. FINDINGS As a proof of principle, we observed that native OMVs - as well as those carrying the T. cruzi antigen - were able to trigger a slight, but functional humoral response at low immunization doses. Of note, compared to the non-immunized group, native OMVs-vaccinated animals survived the lethal challenge and showed minor parasitemia values, suggesting a possible involvement of innate trained immunity mechanism. MAIN CONCLUSION These results open the range for further research on the design of new carrier strategies focused on innate immunity activation as an additional immunization target and venture to seek for alternative forms in which OMVs could be used for optimizing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Vázquez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Patología Experimental Dr Miguel Ángel Basombrío, Salta, Argentina
| | - Andrea Cecilia Mesías
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Patología Experimental Dr Miguel Ángel Basombrío, Salta, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Acuña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Patología Experimental Dr Miguel Ángel Basombrío, Salta, Argentina
| | - Joseph Spangler
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Brenda Zabala
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Patología Experimental Dr Miguel Ángel Basombrío, Salta, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Parodi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Patología Experimental Dr Miguel Ángel Basombrío, Salta, Argentina
| | - Meghna Thakur
- George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Optical Science Division, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Scott Allan Walper
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science & Engineering, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Instituto de Patología Experimental Dr Miguel Ángel Basombrío, Salta, Argentina
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16
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Cai X, Tacke F, Guillot A, Liu H. Cholangiokines: undervalued modulators in the hepatic microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192840. [PMID: 37261338 PMCID: PMC10229055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, line the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, forming a barrier between intra- and extra-ductal environments. Cholangiocytes are mostly known to modulate bile composition and transportation. In hepatobiliary diseases, bile duct injury leads to drastic alterations in cholangiocyte phenotypes and their release of soluble mediators, which can vary depending on the original insult and cellular states (quiescence, senescence, or proliferation). The cholangiocyte-secreted cytokines (also termed cholangiokines) drive ductular cell proliferation, portal inflammation and fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Hence, despite the previous consensus that cholangiocytes are bystanders in liver diseases, their diverse secretome plays critical roles in modulating the intrahepatic microenvironment. This review summarizes recent insights into the cholangiokines under both physiological and pathological conditions, especially as they occur during liver injury-regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis and malignant transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Center of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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17
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Bozward A, Ce M, Dell'oro L, Oo YH, Ronca V. Breakdown in hepatic tolerance and its relation to autoimmune liver diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:10-22. [PMID: 33793157 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5985.21.02853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a complex immunological organ. It has both immunogenic and tolerogenic capacity. Tolerogenic potential of human liver with its protective firewalls is required to guard the body against the continuous influx of microbial product from the gut via the sinusoids and biliary tree. Immunotolerance and anergic state is maintained by a combined effort of both immune cells, parenchyma cells, epithelial and endothelial cells. Despite this, an unknown trigger can ignite the pathway towards breakdown in hepatic tolerance leading to autoimmune liver diseases. Understanding the initial stimulus which causes the hepatic immune system to switch from the regulatory arm towards self-reactive effector arm remains challenging. Dissecting this pathology using the current technological advances is crucial to develop curative immune based therapy in autoimmune liver diseases. We discuss the hepatic immune cells and non-immune cells which maintain liver tolerance and the evidence of immune system barrier breach which leads to autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Bozward
- Center for Liver and Gastro Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Center for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre - Rare Liver, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maurizio Ce
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ye H Oo
- Center for Liver and Gastro Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Center for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre - Rare Liver, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vincenzo Ronca
- Center for Liver and Gastro Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK - .,Center for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Centre - Rare Liver, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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18
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The Role of Red Cell Distribution Width as a Prognostic Marker in Chronic Liver Disease: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043487. [PMID: 36834895 PMCID: PMC9967940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is one of the leading public health problems faced by healthcare practitioners regularly. As such, there has been a search for an inexpensive, readily available, non-invasive marker to aid in monitoring and prognosticating hepatic disorders. Recently, red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be associated with various inflammatory conditions with implications for its use as a potential marker for assessing disease progression and prognosis in multiple conditions. Multiple factors effect red blood cell production whereby a dysfunction in any process can lead to anisocytosis. Furthermore, a chronic inflammatory state leads to increased oxidative stress and produces inflammatory cytokines causing dysregulation and increased intracellular uptake and use of both iron and vitamin B12, which leads to a reduction in erythropoiesis causing an increase in RDW. This literature review reviews in-depth pathophysiology that may lead to an increase in RDW and its potential correlation with chronic liver diseases, including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In our review, we examine the use of RDW as a prognostic and predictive marker for hepatic injury and chronic liver disease.
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19
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Kasztelan-Szczerbinska B, Rycyk-Bojarzynska A, Szczerbinska A, Cichoz-Lach H. Selected Aspects of the Intricate Background of Immune-Related Cholangiopathies-A Critical Overview. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030760. [PMID: 36771465 PMCID: PMC9921714 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are rare immune-related cholangiopathies with still poorly explained pathogenesis. Although triggers of chronic inflammation with subsequent fibrosis that affect cholangiocytes leading to obliteration of bile ducts and conversion to liver cirrhosis are unclear, both disorders are regarded to be multifactorial. Different factors can contribute to the development of hepatocellular injury in the course of progressive cholestasis, including (1) body accumulation of bile acids and their toxicity, (2) decreased food intake and nutrient absorption, (3) gut microbiota transformation, and (4) reorganized host metabolism. Growing evidence suggests that intestinal microbiome composition not only can be altered by liver dysfunction, but in turn, it actively impacts hepatic conditions. In this review, we highlight the role of key factors such as the gut-liver axis, intestinal barrier integrity, bile acid synthesis and circulation, and microbiome composition, which seem to be strongly related to PBC and PSC outcome. Emerging treatments and future therapeutic strategies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kasztelan-Szczerbinska
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewski Street, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Rycyk-Bojarzynska
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewski Street, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Halina Cichoz-Lach
- Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 8 Jaczewski Street, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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20
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Li K, Jiang S, Fu H, Hao Y, Tian S, Zhou F. Risk Factors and Prognosis of Carbapenem-Resistant Organism Colonization and Infection in Acute Cholangitis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7777-7787. [PMID: 36597450 PMCID: PMC9805710 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s398581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify the risk factors and prognosis of carbapenem-resistant organisms (CRO) in patients with acute cholangitis. Methods This retrospective observational study was conducted to explore the risk factors and prognosis of CRO infection in 503 acute cholangitis patients diagnosed between July 2013 and January 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, who were divided into a CRO group and non-CRO group based on the presence or absence of CRO. Univariate, multivariate analyses, and the proportional hazards model were used to compare the risk factors and prognosis of CRO suffering in patients with acute cholangitis. Results We identified 35 patients colonized with CRO from 503 acute cholangitis patients. In the multivariate analysis, tumor (OR=7.09, 95% CI=1.11-45.30, P=0.038) and chronic kidney disease (OR=8.70, 95% CI=2.11-35.88, P=0.003) were ascertained as the risk factors of the occurrence on CRO infection under the background of acute cholangitis. CRO infection was identified as an independent risk factor for acute cholangitis patient death (HR=5.147, 95% CI=1.475-17.595, P=0.01) by Cox proportional-hazards regression. Conclusion Tumor and chronic kidney disease may be risk factors for CRO infection. Patients diagnosed with acute cholangitis further infected with CRO had a poor prognosis and a more severe mortality. Active screening for CRO is expected to facilitate early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanle Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxue Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingting Hao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijing Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Shijing Tian; Fachun Zhou, Emergency Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong Qu, 17th Floor, Building 1, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 023-89011756, Email ; ;
| | - Fachun Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Leung KK, Hirschfield GM. Autoantibodies in Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis 2022; 26:613-627. [PMID: 36270719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic immune-mediated liver disease characterized by a lymphocytic cholangitis, with subsequent cholestasis, progressive liver fibrosis, and ultimately complications arising from end-stage liver disease. Testing for autoantibodies is important in the diagnosis of PBC, as well as stratifying prognosis. This review focuses on the role of autoantibodies in the diagnosis of PBC, as well as the relationship between autoantibodies with pathophysiology and prognostication, along with a discussion regarding novel and other related disease autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel K Leung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton Building, 9th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Eaton Building, 9th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
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22
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Huang CY, Zhang HP, Han WJ, Zhao DT, Liao HY, Ma YX, Xu B, Li LJ, Han Y, Liu XH, Wang Q, Lou JL, Zhang XD, Zhao J, Li WJ, Liu YM, Yan HP. Disease predisposition of human leukocyte antigen class II genes influences the gut microbiota composition in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984697. [PMID: 36203614 PMCID: PMC9531677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) susceptibility gene is the main genetic risk factor for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The prognosis of patients with PBC is linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, whether the HLA alleles are associated with the gut microbiota distribution and disease severity remains unknown.MethodsA cohort of 964 Chinese patients with PBC was enrolled at Beijing YouAn Hospital, Beijing, China. High-resolution genotyping of the HLA class I and class II loci from 151 of these patients was performed using sequence-based PCR. Stool samples were collected from 43 of the 151 fully HLA-typed patients to analyze their microbiota compositions via 16S RNA gene sequencing.ResultsOf the 964 patients, the male:female ratio was 114:850, and 342 of these patients (35.5%) had already developed liver cirrhosis (LC) before enrollment. Patients with PBC showed a significantly higher frequency of HLA DRB1*08:03 than did the controls (21.2% vs. 9.0%, P=0.0001). HLA-DRB1*03:01, DRB1*07:01, DRB1*14:05, and DRB1*14:54 frequencies were also increased but did not reach significance after Bonferroni’s correction. Conversely, the DQB1*03:01 frequency was significantly lower in patients with PBC than in the controls (24.5% vs. 39.2%, P=0.0010). The patients’ gut microbiota were analyzed from four perspectives. The microbial community abundances were significantly lower in FHRAC-positive patients (patients with a combination of five HLA DRB1 high-risk alleles) than in FHRAC-negative patients (P<0.05). Of the top 10 microbial genera, Lachnospiraceae_incertae_sedis was higher in the FHRAC-positive patients than in the FHRAC-negative patients (P<0.05). linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect-size (LEfSe) analysis showed different microbes at different levels in the FHRAC-negative patients but not in the FHRAC-positive patients. DQB1*03:01-positive patients contained mostly Lactobacillaceae at the family level. A comparison of the FHRAC-positive patients with and without liver cirrhosis showed that the abundances of Veillonella were significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis and FHRAC than in those without cirrhosis and are FHRAC-negative.ConclusionThe HLA class II genes may influence the gut microbiota compositions in patients with PBC. Differential gut microbiota were expressed at different taxonomic levels. Some bacterial abundances may be increased in FHRAC-positive patients with PBC and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Huang
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Ping Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jia Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Integrated Clinical Microecology Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan-Tong Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Yu Liao
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yin-Xue Ma
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Juan Li
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Han
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Hepatology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Li Lou
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Zhang
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Min Liu
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui-Ping Yan, , ; Yan-Min Liu,
| | - Hui-Ping Yan
- Second Department of Liver Disease Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center and Clinical Research Center for Autoimmune Liver Disease, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui-Ping Yan, , ; Yan-Min Liu,
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23
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Mulinacci G, Palermo A, Gerussi A, Asselta R, Gershwin ME, Invernizzi P. New insights on the role of human leukocyte antigen complex in primary biliary cholangitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975115. [PMID: 36119102 PMCID: PMC9471323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune cholangiopathy. Genetic studies have shown that the strongest statistical association with PBC has been mapped in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus, a highly polymorphic area that mostly contribute to the genetic variance of the disease. Furthermore, PBC presents high variability throughout different population groups, which may explain the different geoepidemiology of the disease. A major role in defining HLA genetic contribution has been given by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies; more recently, new technologies have been developed to allow a deeper understanding. The study of the altered peptides transcribed by genetic alterations also allowed the development of novel therapeutic strategies in the context of immunotolerance. This review summarizes what is known about the immunogenetics of PBC with a focus on the HLA locus, the different distribution of HLA alleles worldwide, and how HLA modifications are associated with the pathogenesis of PBC. Novel therapeutic strategies are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mulinacci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessio Gerussi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Merrill Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Pietro Invernizzi,
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24
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Linking Human Betaretrovirus with Autoimmunity and Liver Disease in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091941. [PMID: 36146750 PMCID: PMC9502388 DOI: 10.3390/v14091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the production of diagnostic antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) reactive to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A human betaretrovirus (HBRV) resembling mouse mammary tumor virus has been characterized in patients with PBC. However, linking the viral infection with the disease is not a straight-forward process because PBC is a complex multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, hormonal, autoimmune, environmental, and other factors. Currently, PBC is assumed to have an autoimmune etiology, but the evidence is lacking to support this conjecture. In this review, we describe different approaches connecting HBRV with PBC. Initially, we used co-cultivation of HBRV with biliary epithelial cells to trigger the PBC-specific phenotype with cell surface expression of cryptic mitochondrial autoantigens linked with antimitochondrial antibody expression. Subsequently, we have derived layers of proof to support the role of betaretrovirus infection in mouse models of autoimmune biliary disease with spontaneous AMA production and in patients with PBC. Using Hill’s criteria, we provide an overview of how betaretrovirus infection may trigger autoimmunity and propagate biliary disease. Ultimately, the demonstration that disease can be cured with antiviral therapy may sway the argument toward an infectious disease etiology in an analogous fashion that was used to link H. pylori with peptic ulcer disease.
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25
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Plüß M, Tampe D, Schwörer H, Bremer SCB, Tampe B. Case report: Kinetics of human leukocyte antigen receptor HLA-DR during liver injury induced by potassium para-aminobenzoate as assessed for causality using the updated RUCAM. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966910. [PMID: 36059975 PMCID: PMC9428317 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium para-aminobenzoate (POTABA) is used to treat Peyronie’s disease by decreasing fibrosis and plaque size progression. Among potential side effects, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) attributed to POTABA administration has been reported in a few cases and inferred to immune hypersensitivity. In the present case, we investigated clinical, biochemical, and serological features as well as searched for non-drug-related causes, and applied the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) confirming a highly probable causality of POTABA-induced liver injury. Moreover, we here observed specific activated CD3+ T lymphocytes during the acute phase of liver injury by monitoring of human leukocyte antigen receptor (HLA-DR) expression. Furthermore, improvement of biochemical markers of liver injury after POTABA withdrawal was associated with a rapid decline of CD3+ HLA-DR+ immune cells. In contrast, CD14+ monocytes expressing HLA-DR remained stable during recovery from liver injury. These observations implicate a specific involvement of activated T lymphocytes in liver injury mediated by POTABA. Clinicians should be aware of POTABA-induced liver injury, and measurement of activated immune cells by assessment of HLA-DR could provide pathomechanistic insights enabling biomonitoring of recovery from DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Plüß
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Désirée Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Schwörer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Björn Tampe
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Björn Tampe,
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26
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El Jamaly H, Eslick GD, Weltman M. Primary biliary cholangitis in pregnancy: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2022; 21:218-225. [PMID: 35361530 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes and disease associations in pregnant women with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have not been largely explored. This study aimed to determine the level of evidence associated with maternal and fetal outcomes and other disease associations in female patients with PBC. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature search was conducted. Maternal and fetal outcomes were obtained from patients with a previous, current or subsequent diagnosis of PBC. A random-effects model was employed, using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Eleven studies, with 2179 female PBC patients were included. Pregnant women with PBC were significantly more likely to have a miscarriage (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02-1.58; P = 0.03), and a history of abortion (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.09-2.07; P = 0.01), with absent heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). PBC pregnant women were significantly more likely to deliver via vaginal birth (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.33-2.14; P < 0.001) with low level heterogeneity (I2 < 0.001%). Patients had a statistically significant increased likelihood of lifetime smoking (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.17-3.23; P = 0.01). Egger's regression revealed no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides pooled evidence that a PBC pregnancy is associated with fetal morbidity and maternal lifestyle associations that may influence pregnancy outcomes. More studies are needed to establish disease associations that may directly affect pregnancy outcomes. These data are essential for clinicians managing these patients before, during or after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hydar El Jamaly
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia; Nepean Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Guy D Eslick
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin Weltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia; Nepean Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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The intestinal and biliary microbiome in autoimmune liver disease-current evidence and concepts. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:485-507. [PMID: 35536431 PMCID: PMC9088151 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases are a group of immune-mediated liver diseases with three distinct entities, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The interplay of genetic and environmental factors leads to the breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in hyper-responsiveness, and auto-aggressive immune activation. Emerging evidence links autoimmune liver diseases with alterations of the commensal microbiome configuration and aberrant immune system activation by microbial signals, mainly via the gut-liver axis. Thus, the microbiome is a new frontier to deepen the pathogenetic understanding, uncover biomarkers, and inspire innovative treatments. Herein, we review the current evidence on the role of the microbiome in autoimmune liver diseases from both clinical and basic research. We highlight recent achievements and also bottlenecks and limitations. Moreover, we give an outlook on future developments and potential for clinical applications.
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28
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McCormick PA, Campollo O. Andrew K. Burroughs: a research hepatologist extraordinaire. Ann Hepatol 2022; 25:100361. [PMID: 34147698 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Andrew K (Andy) Burroughs passed away in March 2014 at the early age of 60 years. Andy was one of the last of the great all round giants of hepatology. He was a consummate physician, clinical investigator and educator. Over a period of 35 years at the Royal Free Hospital Liver Unit he produced a prodigious quantity of original research and made major contributions in many areas of hepatology including portal hypertension, liver transplantation and chronic liver disease. His work on the methodology of clinical trials is carried on by the Baveno consensus meetings. From bedside clinical mastery to early molecular biology applications to diagnosis and pathology, his contributions left a mark in liver science and advanced medical science in general. He also was praised by his work in medical education particularly in post-graduate mentorship and, an admirable human touch with patients. We will not see his like again.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Octavio Campollo
- Center of Studies on Alcoholism and Addictions, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Antiguo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
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29
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Yang Y, Choi J, Chen Y, Invernizzi P, Yang G, Zhang W, Shao TH, Jordan F, Nemeria NS, Coppel RL, Ridgway WM, Kurth M, Ansari AA, Leung PSC, Gershwin ME. E. coli and the etiology of human PBC: Antimitochondrial antibodies and spreading determinants. Hepatology 2022; 75:266-279. [PMID: 34608663 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The increased frequency of urinary tract infections in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and the cross-reactivity between the lipoyl domains (LD) of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (hPDC-E2) and Escherichia coli PDC-E2 (ePDC-E2) have long suggested a role of E. coli in causality of PBC. This issue, however, has remained speculative. We hypothesized that by generating specific constructs of human and E. coli PDC-E2, we would be able to assess the specificity of autoantibody responses and define whether exposure to E. coli in susceptible hosts is the basis for the antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) response. APPROACH AND RESULTS Importantly, the reactivity of hPDC-E2 LD (hPDC-E2LD) affinity-purified antibodies against hPDC-E2LD could only be removed by prior absorption with hPDC-E2LD and not ePDC-E2, suggesting the presence of unique human PDC-E2 epitopes distinct from E. coli PDC-E2. To identify the autoepitope(s) present in hPDC-E2LD, a more detailed study using a variety of PDC-E2 constructs was tested, including the effect of lipoic acid (LA) on ePDC-E2 conformation and AMA recognition. Individual recombinant ePDCE2 LD domains LD1, LD2 and LD3 did not react with either AMA or antibodies to LA (anti-LA), but in contrast, anti-LA was readily reactive against purified recombinant LD1, LD2, and LD3 expressed in tandem (LP); such reactivity increased when LP was precultured with LA. Moreover, when the three LD (LD1, LD2, LD3) domains were expressed in tandem in pET28a or when LD1 was expressed in another plasmid pGEX, they were lipoylated and reactive to PBC sera. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data are consistent with an exposure to E. coli that elicits specific antibody to ePDC-E2 resulting in determinant spreading and the classic autoantibody to hPDC-E2LD. We argue this is the first step to development of human PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA.,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jinjung Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA.,Division of RheumatologyCHA University Medical CenterBundangKorea
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- International Center for Digestive HealthDepartment of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milan-BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ti-Hong Shao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of ChemistryRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Nursing and Health SciencesMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark Kurth
- Department of ChemisrtyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of PathologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
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30
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Matsumoto K, Ohfuji S, Abe M, Komori A, Takahashi A, Fujii H, Kawata K, Noritake H, Tadokoro T, Honda A, Asami M, Namisaki T, Ueno M, Sato K, Kakisaka K, Arakawa M, Ito T, Tanaka K, Matsui T, Setsu T, Takamura M, Yasuda S, Katsumi T, Itakura J, Sano T, Tamura Y, Miura R, Arizumi T, Asaoka Y, Uno K, Nishitani A, Ueno Y, Terai S, Takikawa Y, Morimoto Y, Yoshiji H, Mochida S, Ikegami T, Masaki T, Kawada N, Ohira H, Tanaka A. Environmental factors, medical and family history, and comorbidities associated with primary biliary cholangitis in Japan: a multicenter case-control study. J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:19-29. [PMID: 34796398 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is considered to be caused by the interaction between genetic background and environmental triggers. Previous case-control studies have indicated the associations of environmental factors (tobacco smoking, a history of urinary tract infection, and hair dye) use with PBC. Therefore, we conducted a multicenter case-control study to identify the environmental factors associated with the development of PBC in Japan. METHODS From 21 participating centers in Japan, we prospectively enrolled 548 patients with PBC (male/female = 78/470, median age 66), and 548 age- and sex-matched controls. These participants completed a questionnaire comprising 121 items with respect to demographic, anthropometric, socioeconomic features, lifestyle, medical/familial history, and reproductive history in female individuals. The association was determined using conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The identified factors were vault toilet at home in childhood [odds ratio (OR), 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-2.62], unpaved roads around the house in childhood (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.07-1.92), ever smoking (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.28-2.25), and hair dye use (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.15-2.14) in the model for lifestyle factors, and a history of any type of autoimmune disease (OR, 8.74; 95% CI, 3.99-19.13), a history of Cesarean section (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.077-0.53), and presence of PBC in first-degree relatives (OR, 21.1; 95% CI, 6.52-68.0) in the model for medical and familial factors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that poor environmental hygiene in childhood (vault toilets and unpaved roads) and chronic exposure to chemicals (smoking and hair dye use) are likely to be risk factors for the development of PBC in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoko Ohfuji
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Atsumasa Komori
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Premier Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Kawata
- Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine II, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hidenao Noritake
- Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine II, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Maiko Asami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Namisaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakisaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mie Arakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanaka
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Center for Gastroenterology, Teine-Keijinkai Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toru Setsu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jun Itakura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yamato Tamura
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Miura
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Arizumi
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Asaoka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Uno
- Teikyo Academic Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Nishitani
- Teikyo Academic Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Youichi Morimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ikegami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Norifumi Kawada
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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McCormick PA, Campollo O. Andrew K. Burroughs: a research hepatologist extraordinaire. Ann Hepatol 2021; 25:100361. [DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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McCormick PA, Campollo O. Andrew K. Burroughs: a research hepatologist extraordinaire. Ann Hepatol 2021; 25:100361. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2021.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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Cueto-Sanchez A, Niu H, Del Campo-Herrera E, Robles-Díaz M, Sanabria-Cabrera J, Ortega-Alonso A, Garcia-Cortes M, Gonzalez-Grande R, Jimenez-Perez M, Ruiz-Cabello F, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Stephens C. Lymphocyte Profile and Immune Checkpoint Expression in Drug-Induced Liver Injury: An Immunophenotyping Study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1604-1612. [PMID: 34543448 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of specific HLA risk alleles in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) points toward an important role of the adaptive immune system in DILI development. In this study, we aimed to corroborate the role of an adaptive immune response in DILI through immunophenotyping of leukocyte populations and immune checkpoint expressions. Blood samples were collected from adjudicated DILI (n = 12), acute viral hepatitis (VH; n = 13), acute autoimmune hepatitis (AIH; n = 9), and acute liver injury of unknown etiology (n = 15) at day 1 (recognition), day 7, and day >30. Blood samples from patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD; n = 20) and healthy liver controls (HLCs; n = 54) were extracted at one time point. Leukocyte populations and immune checkpoint expressions were determined based on cell surface receptors, except for CTLA-4 that was determined intracellularly, using flow cytometry. At recognition, DILI demonstrated significantly higher levels of activated helper T-cell (P < 0.0001), activated cytotoxic T-cells (P = 0.0003), Th1 (P = 0.0358), intracellular CTLA-4 level in helper T-cells (P = 0.0192), and PD-L1 presenting monocytes (P = 0.0452) than HLC. These levels approached those of HLC over time. No significant differences were found between DILI and VH. However, DILI presented higher level of activated helper T-cells and CTLA-4 than NAFLD and lower PD-L1 level than AIH. Our findings suggest that an adaptive immune response is involved in DILI in which activated CD4+ and CD8+ play an important role. Increased expression of negative immune checkpoints is likely the effect of peripheral tolerance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cueto-Sanchez
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Hao Niu
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Del Campo-Herrera
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Robles-Díaz
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Judith Sanabria-Cabrera
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Platform ISCiii for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials UICEC-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Aida Ortega-Alonso
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Garcia-Cortes
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Gonzalez-Grande
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Jimenez-Perez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Cabello
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, UGC de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl J Andrade
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain.,Platform ISCiii for Clinical Research and Clinical Trials UICEC-IBIMA, Malaga, Spain
| | - Camilla Stephens
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica and UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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Lv L, Jiang H, Chen X, Wang Q, Wang K, Ye J, Li Y, Fang D, Lu Y, Yang L, Gu S, Chen J, Diao H, Yan R, Li L. The Salivary Microbiota of Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis Is Distinctive and Pathogenic. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713647. [PMID: 34367180 PMCID: PMC8335641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of host-microbiota interactions in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has received increased attention. However, the impact of PBC on the oral microbiota and contribution of the oral microbiota to PBC are unclear. In this study, thirty-nine PBC patients without other diseases and 37 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled and tested for liver functions and haematological variables. Saliva specimens were collected before and after brushing, microbiota was determined using 16S rDNA sequencing, metabolomics was profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), 80 cytokines were assayed using biochips, and inflammation inducibility was evaluated using OKF6 keratinocytes and THP-1 macrophages. Finally, the effect of ultrasonic scaling on PBC was estimated. Compared with HCs, PBC saliva had enriched taxa such as Bacteroidetes, Campylobacter, Prevotella and Veillonella and depleted taxa such as Enterococcaceae, Granulicatella, Rothia and Streptococcus. PBC saliva also had enriched sCD163, enriched metabolites such as 2-aminomalonic acid and 1-dodecanol, and depleted metabolites such as dodecanoic acid and propylene glycol. sCD163, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and 2-aminomalonic acid were significantly correlated with salivary cytokines, bacteria and metabolites. Salivary Veillonellaceae members, 2-aminomalonic acid, and sCD163 were positively correlated with liver function indicators such as serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). PBC salivary microbes induced more soluble interleukin (IL)-6 receptor α (sIL-6Rα), sIL-6Rβ and tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily (TNFSF)13B from OKF6 keratinocytes, and PBC salivary supernatant induced more IL-6, IL-10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)13, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXC)L1 and CXCL16 from THP-1 macrophages. Toothbrushing significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α and harmful metabolites such as cadaverine and putrescine in PBC but not HC saliva after P-value correction. The levels of ALP and bilirubin in PBC serum were decreased after ultrasonic scaling. Together, PBC patients show significant alterations in their salivary microbiota, likely representing one cause and treatment target of oral inflammation and worsening liver functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaicen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daiqiong Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Silan Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Diao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients with HBV Infection or Other Chronic Liver Diseases: Update on Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122605. [PMID: 34204748 PMCID: PMC8231596 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease and gut dysbiosis are strictly associated, and the pathophysiology of this bidirectional relationship has recently been the subject of several investigations. Growing evidence highlights the link between gut microbiota composition, impairment of the gut-liver axis, and the development or progression of liver disease. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota to maintain homeostasis of the gut-liver axis could represent a potential instrument to halt liver damage, modify the course of liver disease, and improve clinical outcomes. Among all the methods available to achieve this purpose, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is one of the most promising, being able to directly reshape the recipient’s gut microbial communities. In this review, we report the main characteristics of gut dysbiosis and its pathogenetic consequences in cirrhotic patients, discussing the emerging data on the application of FMT for liver disease in different clinical settings.
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French J, Simpson-Yap S, van der Mei I, Ng J, Angus P, Gow PJ. Identification of a Latitude Gradient in the Prevalence of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00357. [PMID: 34003806 PMCID: PMC8345914 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) reported in different countries varies significantly and seems to have a latitudinal gradient with the highest prevalence reported in higher latitudes, as has been observed with other autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to determine whether there is a latitudinal gradient of PBC prevalence in Australia using 2 methods of case ascertainment. METHODS We investigated the latitudinal variation of PBC prevalence across the states and territories of Australia (latitudinal range 18.0°-42.7°S) using pathology-based (private pathology antimitochondrial antibody results and PBC-specific prescription databases (prescriptions for ursodeoxycholic acid, the only publicly subsidized treatment for this disease). RESULTS PBC prevalence was significantly positively associated with latitude, and the postcodes in the highest quintile of latitude (encompassing the south coastal areas of the Australian mainland and Tasmania; latitude range -37.75° to -42.72°) had a prevalence estimate that was 1.78 times higher using the pathology-based prevalence estimation than those in the lowest quintile (encompassing tropical and southern Queensland; latitude range -18.02° to -27.59°). Comparing prevalence estimates between states/territories, the result was 2.53 and 2.21 times higher in Tasmania compared with Queensland when using the pathology-based and prescription-based methods, respectively. DISCUSSION Using 2 different case-ascertainment methods, we have demonstrated that prevalence estimates of PBC vary significantly with latitude in Australia. Further studies are needed to determine whether factors such as variations in ultraviolet radiation exposure and/or vitamin D levels are responsible for this observation and to investigate the latitudinal prevalence of PBC in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine French
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Steve Simpson-Yap
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Justin Ng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Peter Angus
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Paul J. Gow
- Department of Gastroenterology, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia
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Granito A, Muratori L, Tovoli F, Muratori P. Autoantibodies to speckled protein family in primary biliary cholangitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 17:35. [PMID: 33789734 PMCID: PMC8011120 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The autoantibody profile of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) includes antinuclear antibodies (ANA) which are detectable by indirect immunofluorescence in more than 50% of PBC patients. One of the two immunofluorescence patterns which are historically considered "PBC-specific" is the so-called "multiple nuclear dots" (MND) targeting nuclear body proteins such as Sp100, Sp140, Sp140L proteins, promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and small ubiquitin-related modifier proteins (SUMO). It has been hypothesized a role of nuclear body protein alterations in immune disorders such as PBC, thus suggesting novel and more refined therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Granito
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
- Center for the Study, Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver, Biliary System, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luigi Muratori
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Center for the Study, Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver, Biliary System, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Center for the Study, Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver, Biliary System, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Muratori
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
- Center for the Study, Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases of the Liver, Biliary System, Bologna, Italy
- Department for the Science of the Quality of Life (QUVI), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Wang MN, Yu HT, Li YQ, Zeng Y, Yang S, Yang GP, Pei Q, Huang J. Bioequivalence and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Generic and Branded Obeticholic Acid in Healthy Chinese Subjects Under Fasting and Fed Conditions. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:185-193. [PMID: 33469270 PMCID: PMC7813459 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s289016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study was conducted to evaluate the bioequivalence (BE) of a generic form of obeticholic acid (OCA) and OcalivaTM under fasting and fed conditions and to determine the effects of food on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of OCA in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods A randomized, single-dose, three-sequence, three-period, partial replicated crossover study was conducted with a 21-day washout interval between periods under fasting (n=48) and fed (n=48) conditions. Blood samples for OCA and its metabolites Glyco-OCA and Tauro-OCA were collected up to 168 hours after administration in each period. PK parameters were calculated using the non-compartmental method. Geometric mean ratios for PK parameters of the test to reference drug under fasting and fed conditions and their 90% confidence intervals were estimated. Safety evaluations were carried out all through the study. Results A total of 91 subjects completed the study with 45 in a fasted state and 46 receiving a high-fat diet. There were no serious or unexpected drug-related adverse events occurring during the study. There was no significant difference in the main PK parameters of the two preparations, irrespective of the fasting or fed conditions. Under fasting and fed conditions, the SWR of lnCmax, lnAUC0-t and lnAUC0-∞ were 0.445, 0.370, 0.448, 0.340, 0.168, and 0.180, respectively. Thus, the average BE or the reference-scaled average BE was used to verify that the two preparations were bioequivalent under fasting and fed conditions. Compared with the fasting state, the AUC0-t of the test drug, the AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of the reference drug were higher in the fed state. Conclusion The test drug and the reference drug were BE and well tolerated in Chinese healthy subjects under both fasting and fed conditions. Food-intake may cause a significant difference in the main PK parameters of the two preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Na Wang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao Yu
- Research and Development Center, Nanjing Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qian Li
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zeng
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Research Center of Drug Clinical Evaluation of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ping Yang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Drug Clinical Evaluation of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,XiangYa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Drug Clinical Evaluation Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Pei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Drug Clinical Evaluation of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
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Ahmad A, Heijke R, Eriksson P, Wirestam L, Kechagias S, Dahle C, Sjöwall C. Autoantibodies associated with primary biliary cholangitis are common among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus even in the absence of elevated liver enzymes. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:22-31. [PMID: 32910463 PMCID: PMC7744498 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of concomitant autoimmune liver diseases (AILD) is more detailed in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) compared to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Herein, the prevalence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) was investigated in stored sera from patients with SLE (n = 280) and pSS (n = 114). Antibodies against mitochondria (AMA), liver-kidney microsomal (LKM) antigen, smooth muscle (SMA) and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) were analysed with immunofluorescence microscopy. In addition, AILD-associated autoantibodies were tested with immunoblot. Prior to sampling, eight SLE (2·9%) and three pSS (2·6%) cases were diagnosed with AILD. Among SLE-cases without known AILD (n = 272), 26 (9·6%) had PBC-associated autoantibodies, 15 (5·5%) AIH-associated autoantibodies (excluding ANA) and one serological overlap. Most subjects with PBC-associated autoantibodies had liver enzymes within reference limits (22 of 27, 81%) or mild laboratory cholestasis (two of 27, 7·4%), while one fulfilled the diagnostic PBC-criteria. AMA-M2 detected by immunoblot was the most common PBC-associated autoantibody in SLE (20 of 272, 7·4%). The prevalence of SMA (4·4%) was comparable with a healthy reference population, but associated with elevated liver enzymes in four of 12 (25%), none meeting AIH-criteria. The patient with combined AIH/PBC-serology had liver enzymes within reference limits. Among pSS cases without known AILD (n = 111), nine (8·1%) had PBC-associated, 12 (10·8%) AIH-associated autoantibodies and two overlapped. PBC-associated autoantibodies were found as frequently in SLE as in pSS but were, with few exceptions, not associated with laboratory signs of liver disease. Overall, AILD-associated autoantibodies were predominantly detected by immunoblot and no significant difference in liver enzymes was found between AILD autoantibody-negative and -positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ahmad
- Division of Inflammation and Infection/Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - R. Heijke
- Division of Inflammation and Infection/RheumatologyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - P. Eriksson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection/RheumatologyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - L. Wirestam
- Division of Inflammation and Infection/RheumatologyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - S. Kechagias
- Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine/Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - C. Dahle
- Division of Inflammation and Infection/Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - C. Sjöwall
- Division of Inflammation and Infection/RheumatologyDepartment of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
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Galectin-3 in Inflammasome Activation and Primary Biliary Cholangitis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145097. [PMID: 32707678 PMCID: PMC7404314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune liver disease characterized by inflammation and damage of small bile ducts. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric complex of proteins that after activation with various stimuli initiates an inflammatory process. Increasing data obtained from animal studies implicate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that plays important roles in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, inflammation, fibrosis and host defense. The multilineage immune response at various stages of PBC development includes the involvement of Gal-3 in the pathogenesis of this disease. The role of Galectin-3 in the specific binding to NLRP3, and inflammasome activation in models of primary biliary cholangitis has been recently described. This review provides a brief pathogenesis of PBC and discusses the current knowledge about the role of Gal-3 in NLRP3 activation and PBC development.
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Ronca V, Mancuso C, Milani C, Carbone M, Oo YH, Invernizzi P. Immune system and cholangiocytes: A puzzling affair in primary biliary cholangitis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:659-671. [PMID: 32349179 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0320-200r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a cholestatic liver disease characterized by the destruction of the small and medium bile ducts. Its pathogenesis is still unknown. Despite the genome wide association study findings, the therapies targeting the cytokines pathway, tested so far, have failed. The concept of the biliary epithelium as a key player of the PBC pathogenesis has emerged over the last few years. It is now well accepted that the biliary epithelial cells (BECs) actively participate to the genesis of the damage. The chronic stimulation of BECs via microbes and bile changes the cell phenotype toward an active state, which, across the production of proinflammatory mediators, can recruit, retain, and activate immune cells. The consequent immune system activation can in turn damage BECs. Thus, the crosstalk between both innate and adaptive immune cells and the biliary epithelium creates a paracrine loop responsible for the disease progression. In this review, we summarize the evidence provided in literature about the role of BECs and the immune system in the pathogenesis of PBC. We also dissect the relationship between the immune system and the BECs, focusing on the unanswered questions and the future potential directions of the translational research and the cellular therapy in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Ronca
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Centre Birmingham, Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Clara Mancuso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Milani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Carbone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- National Institute of Health Research Liver Biomedical Research Centre Birmingham, Centre for Liver Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital of Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
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Nilsson I, Palmer J, Apostolou E, Gottfries CG, Rizwan M, Dahle C, Rosén A. Metabolic Dysfunction in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Not Due to Anti-mitochondrial Antibodies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:108. [PMID: 32296708 PMCID: PMC7136523 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiling studies have recently indicated dysfunctional mitochondria in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). This includes an impaired function of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), possibly driven by serum factor(s), which leads to inadequate adenosine triphosphate generation and excessive lactate accumulation. A reminiscent energy blockade is likely to occur in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), caused by anti-PDC autoantibodies, as recently proposed. PBC is associated with fatigue and post-exertional malaise, also signifying ME/CFS. We herein have investigated whether ME/CFS patients have autoreactive antibodies that could interfere with mitochondrial function. We found that only 1 of 161 examined ME/CFS patients was positive for anti-PDC, while all PBC patients (15/15) presented significant IgM, IgG, and IgA anti-PDC reactivity, as previously shown. None of fibromyalgia patients (0/14), multiple sclerosis patients (0/29), and healthy blood donors (0/44) controls showed reactivities. Anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies (inner and outer membrane) were negative in ME/CFS cohort. Anti-cardiolipin antibody levels in patients did not differ significantly from healthy blood donors. In conclusion, the impaired mitochondrial/metabolic dysfunction, observed in ME/CFS, cannot be explained by presence of circulating autoantibodies against the tested mitochondrial epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Nilsson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Palmer
- The Medical School, The University Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Apostolou
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Dahle
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Xu H, Niu Q, Su Z, Wang F, Zhang J, Yang B, Huang Z. Genetic association of E26 transformation specific sequence 1 polymorphisms with the susceptibility of primary biliary cholangitis in China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19680. [PMID: 31873148 PMCID: PMC6927954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and cholestatic liver disease characterized by an autoimmune-mediated destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts. E26 transformation specific sequence 1 (ETS-1) is a transcription factor regulating the expression of various immune-related genes. The aim of our study was to identify the associations between the gene polymorphisms of ETS-1 with the susceptibility and clinical characteristics of PBC in Chinese Han population. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs4937333, rs11221332 and rs73013527) of ETS-1 were selected based on relevant studies. Genotyping was executed with polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) assay. SNP rs4937333 of ETS-1 was prominent correlation with the susceptibility of PBC (P = 0.007, OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.10–1.88). For rs4937333, PBC patients carrying the allele T assumed high-level TP (P = 0.020), and homozygous genotype TT assumed low-level RDW (P = 0.033). For rs11221332, PBC patients carrying the allele T assumed high-level TP and HDLC (P = 0.004, P = 0.015, respectively). For rs73013527, PBC patients carrying the allele T assumed low-level PLT (P = 0.002), and homozygous genotype TT assumed high-level RDW (P = 0.021). In conclusion, Gene polymorphisms of ETS-1 present relevant with the susceptibility of PBC, and affect the expression of TP, HDLC, PLT and RDW concentrations in patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuochun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Tanaka A, Kono H, Leung PSC, Gershwin ME. Recurrence of disease following organ transplantation in autoimmune liver disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104021. [PMID: 31767117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disease recurrence after organ transplantation associated with graft failure is a major clinical challenge in autoimmune diseases. Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) are the three most common (autoimmune liver diseases) ALD for which liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment option for patients with end-stage diseases. Although the 5- and 10-year survival rates of post-LT patients are remarkable (80-84% and 71-79% in PBC, 73-87% and 58-83% in PSC, 76-79% and 67-77% respectively in AIH patients), post-LT disease recurrence is not uncommon. Here, we summarize literature findings on disease recurrence of these ALD with emphasis on the incidence, risk factors and impact on long-term outcome. We noted that the incidence of disease recurrence varies between studies, which ranges from 53% to 10.9% in PBC, 8.2% to 44.7% in PSC and 7% to 42% in AIH. The variations are likely due to differences in study design, such as sample size, duration of studies and follow up time. This is further compounded by the lack of precise clinical diagnosis criteria and biomarkers of disease recurrence in these ALD, variation in post-LT treatment protocols to prevent disease recurrence and a multitude of risk factors associated with these ALD. While recurrence of PBC and AIH does not significantly impact long term outcome including overall survival, recurrent PSC patients often require another LT. Renal transplantation, like LT, is the treatment of choice in patients with end-stage lupus nephritis. While calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) and immunosuppressive drugs have improved the survival rate, post-transplant recurrence of lupus nephritis from surveillance-biopsy proven lupus nephritis range from 30% to 44%. On the other hand, recurrence of post-transplant lupus nephritis from registry survey analysis were only 1.1% to 2.4%. In general, risk factors associated with an increased frequency of post-transplant recurrence of autoimmune diseases are not clearly defined. Large scale multi-center studies are needed to further define guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical management to minimize disease recurrence and improve outcomes of post-transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Kono
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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No difference in TCRβ repertoire of CD4+ naive T cell between patients with primary biliary cholangitis and healthy control subjects. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:167-173. [PMID: 31698163 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is considered as a model of organ-specific autoimmune disease based on the serological findings of anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), infiltrates of T cells, and selective destruction of epithelial cells in the liver. T-cell-mediated autoimmune mechanisms are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). In this context, we used a combination of multiplex-PCR, Illumina sequencing and IMGT/HighV-QUEST for a standardized analysis of the T cell receptor β-chain (TCRβ) repertoire of CD4+naive T cells in PBC patients compared with healthy volunteers. Nonfunctional TCRs were used to study the pre-selection TCR repertoire, as they are not subject to functional selection (positive and negative selection). Functional TCRs were used to study the post-selection TCR repertoire. The results showed that there was not significant difference between PBC patients and healthy volunteers in TCRβ diversity, CDR3 length distributions, degree of sequence sharing, and usage frequency of TRBV and TRBJ segments, no matter in Pre-selection or Post-selection repertoires. In conclusion, early events in thymic T cell development and repertoire generation are not abnormality in PBC patients. The breakdown of self-tolerance to autoantigen may be derived from other immunological dysregulation or environmental agents.
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Epigenetic Modifications in Generalized Autoimmune Epithelitis: Sjögren's Syndrome and Primary Biliary Cholangitis. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:epigenomes3030015. [PMID: 34968227 PMCID: PMC8594719 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) can be classified as a model of generalized autoimmune epithelitis based on their frequent coexistence in clinical practice and the highly specific immune mediated injury of target epithelial cells. Both of these autoimmune diseases are characterized by female predominance, highly specific circulating autoantibodies, and immune-mediated destruction of the salivary and lachrymal glands and the biliary epithelial cells, respectively. Although the genetic predisposition has been well described for both diseases, genetic studies have failed to completely elucidate their pathogenesis. The recent integration of epigenetic data, analyzing the different cellular partners, opens new perspectives and allows for better understanding of these complex and still incurable diseases. Epigenetic studies on SjS have elucidated the role of DNA methylation alterations in disease pathogenesis, while epigenetic changes that influence expression of genes on the X chromosome have been implicated in the geo-variability and occurrence of PBC. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in epigenetics in the field of autoimmune epithelitis as well as to highlight how epigenetic changes could contribute to better understanding of disease pathogenesis and progression. These advances could yield insights on novel therapeutic interventions.
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47
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Immunological abnormalities in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:741-760. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20181123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), an autoimmune liver disease occurring predominantly in women, is characterized by high titers of serum anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) and progressive intrahepatic cholestasis. The immune system plays a critical role in PBC pathogenesis and a variety of immune cell subsets have been shown to infiltrate the portal tract areas of patients with PBC. Amongst the participating immune cells, CD4 T cells are important cytokine-producing cells that foster an inflammatory microenvironment. Specifically, these cells orchestrate activation of other immune cells, including autoreactive effector CD8 T cells that cause biliary epithelial cell (BEC) injury and B cells that produce large quantities of AMAs. Meanwhile, other immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, monocytes, and macrophages are also important in PBC pathogenesis. Activation of these cells initiates and perpetuates bile duct damage in PBC patients, leading to intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatic damage, liver fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis or even liver failure. Taken together, the body of accumulated clinical and experimental evidence has enhanced our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of PBC and suggests that immunotherapy may be a promising treatment option. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding immunological abnormalities of PBC patients, with emphasis on underlying pathogenic mechanisms. The differential immune response which occurs over decades of disease activity suggests that different therapies may be needed at different stages of disease.
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- U. Christen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFESGoethe University HospitalFrankfurt am MainGermany
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49
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Rojas M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Monsalve DM, Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Ramírez-Santana C, Leung PS, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Molecular mimicry and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2018; 95:100-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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