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Chauvier-Mendes Y, Pollock LJ, Verburg PH, Karger DN, Pellissier L, Lavergne S, Zimmermann NE, Thuiller W. Transnational conservation to anticipate future plant shifts in Europe. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:454-466. [PMID: 38253754 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02287-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To meet the COP15 biodiversity framework in the European Union (EU), one target is to protect 30% of its land by 2030 through a resilient transnational conservation network. The European Alps are a key hub of this network hosting some of the most extensive natural areas and biodiversity hotspots in Europe. Here we assess the robustness of the current European reserve network to safeguard the European Alps' flora by 2080 using semi-mechanistic simulations. We first highlight that the current network needs strong readjustments as it does not capture biodiversity patterns as well as our conservation simulations. Overall, we predict a strong shift in conservation need through time along latitudes, and from lower to higher elevations as plants migrate upslope and shrink their distribution. While increasing species, trait and evolutionary diversity, migration could also threaten 70% of the resident flora. In the face of global changes, the future European reserve network will need to ensure strong elevation and latitudinal connections to complementarily protect multifaceted biodiversity beyond national borders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Chauvier-Mendes
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Quebec
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Environmental Geography Group, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk N Karger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA, CNRS, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
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2
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Leon-Alvarado OD, Miranda-Esquivel DR. Phylogenetic diversity and North Andean block conservation. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16565. [PMID: 38077412 PMCID: PMC10710123 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Northern Andean Block (NAB) harbors high biodiversity; therefore, it is one of the most important areas in the Neotropics. Nevertheless, the settlement of several human populations has triggered the rapid transformation of ecosystems, leading to the extinction or endangerment of many species. Methods Because phylogenetic diversity indices quantify the historical distinctness between species, they are adequate tools for evaluating priority conservation areas. We reconstructed 93 phylogenies encompassing 1,252 species and, utilizing their occurrence data sourced from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, computed the Average Taxonomic Distinctness Index (AvTD) for each grid cell with a spatial resolution of 0.25° within the NAB. The index values for each grid cell were categorized into quantiles, and grid cells displaying values within the upper quantile (Q5) were identified as the most significant in terms of phylogenetic diversity. We also calculated the contribution of endemic species to overall phylogenetic diversity within the NAB, specifically focusing on areas preserved within protected areas. Results The NAB Andean region exhibited the highest AvTD, with high AvTD values observed in the middle and southern areas of Cordilleras. Endemic species made a relatively modest contribution to the overall phylogenetic diversity of the NAB, accounting for only 1.2% of the total. Despite their relatively small geographical footprints, protected areas within the NAB have emerged as crucial repositories of biodiversity, encompassing 40% of the total phylogenetic diversity in the region. Discussion Although the NAB Andean region has been identified as the most crucial area in terms of AvTD, some regions in the Amazonian Piedemonte and Pacific lowlands have high AvTD levels. Interestingly, some protected areas have been found to harbor higher AvTDs than expected, given their smaller size. Although the delimitation of new PAs and species richness have been the primary factors driving the expansion of PAs, it is also essential to consider the evolutionary information of species to conserve all aspects of biodiversity, or at least cover most of them. Therefore, using phylogenetic diversity measures and the results of this study can contribute to expanding the PA network and improving the connectivity between PAs. This approach will help conserve different aspects of biodiversity and preserve evolutionary relationships between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Daniel Leon-Alvarado
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biogeografía, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Sistematica, Entomologia e Biogeografia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Daniel R. Miranda-Esquivel
- Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biogeografía, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
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3
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Qian H, Zhang J, Jiang M. Global patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of flowering plants: Biodiversity hotspots and coldspots. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:265-271. [PMID: 37397596 PMCID: PMC10311147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Species diversity of angiosperms (flowering plants) varies greatly among regions. Geographic patterns of variation in species diversity are shaped by the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, using a comprehensive data set for regional angiosperm floras across the world, we show geographic patterns of taxonomic (species) diversity, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic dispersion, and phylogenetic deviation (i.e., phylogenetic diversity after accounting for taxonomic diversity) across the world. Phylogenetic diversity is strongly and positively correlated with taxonomic diversity; as a result, geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across the world are highly similar. Areas with high taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity are located in tropical regions whereas areas with low taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity are located in temperate regions, particularly in Eurasia and North America, and in northern Africa. Similarly, phylogenetic dispersion is, in general, higher in tropical regions and lower in temperate regions. However, the geographic pattern of phylogenetic deviation differs substantially from those of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion. As a result, hotspots and coldspots of angiosperm diversity identified based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion are incongruent with those identified based on phylogenetic deviations. Each of these metrics may be considered when selecting areas to be protected for their biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qian
- Research and Collections Center, Illinois State Museum, 1011 East Ash Street, Springfield, IL 62703, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meichen Jiang
- Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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4
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Benedetti Y, Callaghan CT, Ulbrichová I, Galanaki A, Kominos T, Abou Zeid F, Ibáñez-Álamo JD, Suhonen J, Díaz M, Markó G, Bussière R, Tryjanowski P, Bukas N, Mägi M, Leveau L, Pruscini F, Jerzak L, Ciebiera O, Jokimäki J, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki ML, Møller AP, Morelli F. EVI and NDVI as proxies for multifaceted avian diversity in urban areas. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 33:e2808. [PMID: 36691190 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Most ecological studies use remote sensing to analyze broad-scale biodiversity patterns, focusing mainly on taxonomic diversity in natural landscapes. One of the most important effects of high levels of urbanization is species loss (i.e., biotic homogenization). Therefore, cost-effective and more efficient methods to monitor biological communities' distribution are essential. This study explores whether the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can predict multifaceted avian diversity, urban tolerance, and specialization in urban landscapes. We sampled bird communities among 15 European cities and extracted Landsat 30-meter resolution EVI and NDVI values of the pixels within a 50-m buffer of bird sample points using Google Earth Engine (32-day Landsat 8 Collection Tier 1). Mixed models were used to find the best associations of EVI and NDVI, predicting multiple avian diversity facets: Taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity, specialization levels, and urban tolerance. A total of 113 bird species across 15 cities from 10 different European countries were detected. EVI mean was the best predictor for foraging substrate specialization. NDVI mean was the best predictor for most avian diversity facets: taxonomic diversity, functional richness and evenness, phylogenetic diversity, phylogenetic species variability, community evolutionary distinctiveness, urban tolerance, diet foraging behavior, and habitat richness specialists. Finally, EVI and NDVI standard deviation were not the best predictors for any avian diversity facets studied. Our findings expand previous knowledge about EVI and NDVI as surrogates of avian diversity at a continental scale. Considering the European Commission's proposal for a Nature Restoration Law calling for expanding green urban space areas by 2050, we propose NDVI as a proxy of multiple facets of avian diversity to efficiently monitor bird community responses to land use changes in the cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Benedetti
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Corey T Callaghan
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, Florida, USA
| | - Iva Ulbrichová
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Department of Forest Ecology, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonia Galanaki
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Kominos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Farah Abou Zeid
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jukka Suhonen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (BGC-MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gábor Markó
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Marko Mägi
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lucas Leveau
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires-IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Leszek Jerzak
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Olaf Ciebiera
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Jukka Jokimäki
- Nature Inventory and EIA-services, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | | | - Anders Pape Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Federico Morelli
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Jarzyna MA, Stagge JH. Decoupled spatiotemporal patterns of avian taxonomic and functional diversity. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1153-1161.e4. [PMID: 36822204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Each year, seasonal bird migration leads to an immense redistribution of species occurrence and abundances,1,2,3 with pervasive, though unclear, consequences for patterns of multi-faceted avian diversity. Here, we uncover stark disparities in spatiotemporal variation between avian taxonomic diversity (TD) and functional diversity (FD) across the continental US. We show that the seasonality of species richness expectedly3 follows a latitudinal gradient, whereas seasonality of FD instead manifests a distinct east-west gradient. In the eastern US, the temporal patterns of TD and FD are diametrically opposed. In winter, functional richness is highest despite seasonal species loss, and the remaining most abundant species are amassed in fewer regions of the functional space relative to the rest of the year, likely reflecting decreased resource availability. In contrast, temporal signatures for TD and FD are more congruent in the western US. There, both species and functional richness peak during the breeding season, and species' abundances are more regularly distributed and widely spread across the functional space than during winter. Our results suggest that migratory birds in the western US disproportionately contribute to avian FD by possessing more unique trait characteristics than resident birds,4,5 while the primary contribution of migrants in the eastern US is through increasing the regularity of abundances within the functional space relative to the rest of the year. We anticipate that the uncovered complexity of spatiotemporal associations among measures of avian diversity will be the catalyst for adopting an explicitly temporal framework for multi-faceted biodiversity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Jarzyna
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - James H Stagge
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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6
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Mendez Angarita VY, Maiorano L, Dragonetti C, Di Marco M. Implications of exceeding the Paris Agreement for mammalian biodiversity. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Maiorano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin” Sapienza University of Rome Italy
| | - Chiara Dragonetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin” Sapienza University of Rome Italy
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin” Sapienza University of Rome Italy
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7
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Ahmadi M, Hemami M, Kaboli M, Shabani F. MaxEnt brings comparable results when the input data are being completed; Model parameterization of four species distribution models. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9827. [PMID: 36820245 PMCID: PMC9937880 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Species distribution models (SDMs) are practical tools to assess the habitat suitability of species with numerous applications in environmental management and conservation planning. The manipulation of the input data to deal with their spatial bias is one of the advantageous methods to enhance the performance of SDMs. However, the development of a model parameterization approach covering different SDMs to achieve well-performing models has rarely been implemented. We integrated input data manipulation and model tuning for four commonly-used SDMs: generalized linear model (GLM), gradient boosted model (GBM), random forest (RF), and maximum entropy (MaxEnt), and compared their predictive performance to model geographically imbalanced-biased data of a rare species complex of mountain vipers. Models were tuned up based on a range of model-specific parameters considering two background selection methods: random and background weighting schemes. The performance of the fine-tuned models was assessed based on recently identified localities of the species. The results indicated that although the fine-tuned version of all models shows great performance in predicting training data (AUC > 0.9 and TSS > 0.5), they produce different results in classifying out-of-bag data. The GBM and RF with higher sensitivity of training data showed more different performances. The GLM, despite having high predictive performance for test data, showed lower specificity. It was only the MaxEnt model that showed high predictive performance and comparable results for identifying test data in both random and background weighting procedures. Our results highlight that while GBM and RF are prone to overfitting training data and GLM over-predict nonsampled areas MaxEnt is capable of producing results that are both predictable (extrapolative) and complex (interpolative). We discuss the assumptions of each model and conclude that MaxEnt could be considered as a practical method to cope with imbalanced-biased data in species distribution modeling approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ahmadi
- Department of Natural ResourcesIsfahan University of TechnologyIsfahanIran
| | | | - Mohammad Kaboli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural ResourcesUniversity of TehranKarajIran
| | - Farzin Shabani
- Department of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and Sciences, Qatar UniversityDohaQatar
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8
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Escobar-Luján J, Castaño-Quintero SM, Villalobos F, Lira-Noriega A, Chiappa-Carrara X, Yañez-Arenas C. Current and future geographic patterns of bird diversity dimensions of the Yucatan Peninsula and their representativeness in natural protected areas. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2022.2087282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Escobar-Luján
- Laboratorio de Ecología Geográfica - Unidad de Biología de la Conservación, Unidad Académica Sisal - Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico Chuburná, México
| | - Sandra M. Castaño-Quintero
- Laboratorio de Ecología Geográfica - Unidad de Biología de la Conservación, Unidad Académica Sisal - Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico Chuburná, México
| | | | - Andrés Lira-Noriega
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C, Xalapa, México
| | - Xavier Chiappa-Carrara
- Laboratorio de Ecología Geográfica - Unidad de Biología de la Conservación, Unidad Académica Sisal - Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico Chuburná, México
| | - Carlos Yañez-Arenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología Geográfica - Unidad de Biología de la Conservación, Unidad Académica Sisal - Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Parque Científico Chuburná, México
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9
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Guo WY, Serra-Diaz JM, Schrodt F, Eiserhardt WL, Maitner BS, Merow C, Violle C, Anand M, Belluau M, Bruun HH, Byun C, Catford JA, Cerabolini BEL, Chacón-Madrigal E, Ciccarelli D, Cornelissen JHC, Dang-Le AT, de Frutos A, Dias AS, Giroldo AB, Guo K, Gutiérrez AG, Hattingh W, He T, Hietz P, Hough-Snee N, Jansen S, Kattge J, Klein T, Komac B, Kraft NJB, Kramer K, Lavorel S, Lusk CH, Martin AR, Mencuccini M, Michaletz ST, Minden V, Mori AS, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Peñuelas J, Pillar VD, Pisek J, Robroek BJM, Schamp B, Slot M, Sosinski ÊE, Soudzilovskaia NA, Thiffault N, van Bodegom P, van der Plas F, Wright IJ, Xu WB, Zheng J, Enquist BJ, Svenning JC. High exposure of global tree diversity to human pressure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2026733119. [PMID: 35709320 PMCID: PMC9231180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026733119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Safeguarding Earth's tree diversity is a conservation priority due to the importance of trees for biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services such as carbon sequestration. Here, we improve the foundation for effective conservation of global tree diversity by analyzing a recently developed database of tree species covering 46,752 species. We quantify range protection and anthropogenic pressures for each species and develop conservation priorities across taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity dimensions. We also assess the effectiveness of several influential proposed conservation prioritization frameworks to protect the top 17% and top 50% of tree priority areas. We find that an average of 50.2% of a tree species' range occurs in 110-km grid cells without any protected areas (PAs), with 6,377 small-range tree species fully unprotected, and that 83% of tree species experience nonnegligible human pressure across their range on average. Protecting high-priority areas for the top 17% and 50% priority thresholds would increase the average protected proportion of each tree species' range to 65.5% and 82.6%, respectively, leaving many fewer species (2,151 and 2,010) completely unprotected. The priority areas identified for trees match well to the Global 200 Ecoregions framework, revealing that priority areas for trees would in large part also optimize protection for terrestrial biodiversity overall. Based on range estimates for >46,000 tree species, our findings show that a large proportion of tree species receive limited protection by current PAs and are under substantial human pressure. Improved protection of biodiversity overall would also strongly benefit global tree diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yong Guo
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Josep M. Serra-Diaz
- UMR Silva, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, and INRAE, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Franziska Schrodt
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf L. Eiserhardt
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian S. Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Uni Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Madhur Anand
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michaël Belluau
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Hans Henrik Bruun
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Chaeho Byun
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Korea
| | - Jane A. Catford
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, London WC2B 4BG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno E. L. Cerabolini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - J. Hans C. Cornelissen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anh Tuan Dang-Le
- University of Science, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Angel de Frutos
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arildo S. Dias
- Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Aelton B. Giroldo
- Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia do Ceará, Crateús 63708-260, Brazil
| | - Kun Guo
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alvaro G. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario, 4070374 Concepción, Chile
| | - Wesley Hattingh
- Global Systems and Analytics, Nova Pioneer, Paulshof, Gauteng, 2191, South Africa
| | - Tianhua He
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Komac
- Centre d’Estudis de la Neu i la Muntanya d’Andorra, Institut d’Estudis, Andorrans (CENMA–IEA), AD600 Sant Julià de Lòria, Principality of Andorra
| | - Nathan J. B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Koen Kramer
- Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Land Life Company, 1092AD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Lavorel
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, LECA, UMR UGA-USMB-CNRS 5553, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Christopher H. Lusk
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sean T. Michaletz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Akira S. Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF, CSIC–UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valério D. Pillar
- Department of Ecology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Jan Pisek
- Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, 61602 Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Bjorn J. M. Robroek
- Aquatic Ecology & Environmental Biology Group, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Brandon Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, ON P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | - Nelson Thiffault
- Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Peter van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wu-Bing Xu
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jingming Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Brian J. Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Szabolcs M, Kapusi F, Carrizo S, Markovic D, Freyhof J, Cid N, Cardoso AC, Scholz M, Kasperidus HD, Darwall WRT, Lengyel S. Spatial priorities for freshwater biodiversity conservation in light of catchment protection and connectivity in Europe. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267801. [PMID: 35580083 PMCID: PMC9113586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems host disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their surface area yet are poorly protected globally. We used data on the distribution of 1631 species of aquatic plant, mollusc, odonate and fish in 18,816 river and lake catchments in Europe to establish spatial conservation priorities based on the occurrence of threatened, range-restricted and endemic species using the Marxan systematic conservation planning tool. We found that priorities were highest for rivers and ancient lakes in S Europe, large rivers and lakes in E and N Europe, smaller lakes in NW Europe and karst/limestone areas in the Balkans, S France and central Europe. The a priori inclusion of well-protected catchments resulted in geographically more balanced priorities and better coverage of threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. The a priori exclusion of well-protected catchments showed that priority areas that need further conservation interventions are in S and E Europe. We developed three ways to evaluate the correspondence between conservation priority and current protection by assessing whether a cathment has more (or less) priority given its protection level relative to all other catchments. Each method found that priority relative to protection was high in S and E Europe and generally low in NW Europe. The inclusion of hydrological connectivity had little influence on these patterns but decreased the coverage of threatened species, indicating a trade-off between connectivity and conservation of threatened species. Our results suggest that catchments in S and E Europe need urgent conservation attention (protected areas, restoration, management, species protection) in the face of imminent threats such as river regulation, dam construction, hydropower development and climate change. Our study presents continental-scale conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems in ecologically meaningful planning units and will thus be important in freshwater biodiversity conservation policy and practice, and water management in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Szabolcs
- ELKH, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Tisza Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Felícia Kapusi
- ELKH, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Tisza Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Savrina Carrizo
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Global Species Programme, Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jörg Freyhof
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Núria Cid
- University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Cardoso
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Water Resources Unit, Ispra, Italy
| | - Mathias Scholz
- UFZ − Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Kasperidus
- UFZ − Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Conservation Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - William R. T. Darwall
- International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Global Species Programme, Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Szabolcs Lengyel
- ELKH, Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Tisza Research, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Gaüzère P, O'Connor L, Botella C, Poggiato G, Münkemüller T, Pollock LJ, Brose U, Maiorano L, Harfoot M, Thuiller W. The diversity of biotic interactions complements functional and phylogenetic facets of biodiversity. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2093-2100.e3. [PMID: 35334226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities are important facets of biodiversity. Studying them together has improved our understanding of community dynamics, ecosystem functioning, and conservation values.1-3 In contrast to species, traits, and phylogenies, the diversity of biotic interactions has so far been largely ignored as a biodiversity facet in large-scale studies. This neglect represents a crucial shortfall because biotic interactions shape community dynamics, drive important aspects of ecosystem functioning,4-7 provide services to humans, and have intrinsic conservation value.8,9 Hence, the diversity of interactions can provide crucial and unique information with respect to other diversity facets. Here, we leveraged large datasets of trophic interactions, functional traits, phylogenies, and spatial distributions of >1,000 terrestrial vertebrate species across Europe at a 10-km resolution. We computed the diversity of interactions (interaction diversity [ID]) in addition to functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD). After controlling for species richness, surplus and deficits of ID were neither correlated with FD nor with PD, thus representing unique and complementary information to the commonly studied facets of diversity. A three-dimensional mapping allowed for visualizing different combinations of ID-FD-PD simultaneously. Interestingly, the spatial distribution of these diversity combinations closely matched the boundaries between 10 European biogeographic regions and revealed new interaction-rich areas in the European Boreal region and interaction-poor areas in Central Europe. Our study demonstrates that the diversity of interactions adds new and ecologically relevant information to multifacetted, large-scale diversity studies with implications for understanding eco-evolutionary processes and informing conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gaüzère
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Louise O'Connor
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Botella
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Poggiato
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Biology Department, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Ulrich Brose
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luigi Maiorano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Charles Darwin," "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Harfoot
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
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12
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Doré M, Willmott K, Leroy B, Chazot N, Mallet J, Freitas AVL, Hall JPW, Lamas G, Dasmahapatra KK, Fontaine C, Elias M. Anthropogenic pressures coincide with Neotropical biodiversity hotspots in a flagship butterfly group. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maël Doré
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité MNHN‐CNRS‐Sorbonne Université‐EPHE‐Université des AntillesMuséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris Paris France
- Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐Sorbonne Université Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris Paris France
| | - Keith Willmott
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Boris Leroy
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA UMR 7208) Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne UniversitésUniversité de Caen NormandieUniversité des AntillesCNRSIRD Paris France
| | - Nicolas Chazot
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - James Mallet
- Dept of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - André V. L. Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu da Biodiversidade Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jason P. W. Hall
- Department of Entomology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Lima Peru
| | | | - Colin Fontaine
- Centre d’Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐Sorbonne Université Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris Paris France
| | - Marianne Elias
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité MNHN‐CNRS‐Sorbonne Université‐EPHE‐Université des AntillesMuséum national d’Histoire naturelle de Paris Paris France
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13
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Benedetti Y, Kapsalis E, Morelli F, Kati V. Sacred oak woods increase bird diversity and specialization: Links with the European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 294:112982. [PMID: 34116304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sacred groves in Greece are usually forest remnants with large trees around chapels, protected through centuries by Orthodox religion. We examined the comparative ecological value of 20 oak-dominated sacred groves vs managed oakwoods, in terms of their habitat characteristics and avian communities (passerines and woodpeckers). Sacred groves have maintained a more pronounced old-growth character than managed oakwoods in terms of average Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and tree height. Besides holding significantly greater bird species richness and abundance, they supported greater functional richness, phylogenetic diversity, and phylogenetic bird species variability. Bird communities in sacred groves were more heterogeneous and showed greater avian specialization levels than in managed woods. Generalized Linear Models showed that the main factor positively affecting all aspects of bird diversity was DBH, while the abundance of dead trees increased bird abundance. Our results underline the importance of maintaining large-sized trees in forest management practices to support bird diversity and decrease biotic homogenization. Since the new European Biodiversity Strategy explicitly requires all remaining European primary and old-growth forests to be strictly protected by 2030, we argue that sacred groves, despite their small size, meet the criteria to be considered in the strict protection and restoration targets of the strategy, as primary old growth woods of high biodiversity value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Benedetti
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eleftherios Kapsalis
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Federico Morelli
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vassiliki Kati
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
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14
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Llorente-Culebras S, Molina-Venegas R, Barbosa AM, Carvalho SB, Rodríguez MÁ, Santos AMC. Iberian Protected Areas Capture Regional Functional, Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Diversity of Most Tetrapod Groups. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.634653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) have been created with the purpose of preserving biodiversity, acting as refuges from anthropogenic pressures. Traditionally, PAs have been designed and managed to represent mainly taxonomic diversity, ignoring other diversity facets such as its functional and phylogenetic components. Yet, functional and phylogenetic diversity are, respectively, connected with species’ roles on ecosystems and evolutionary history held within communities. Here, we focused on the amphibian, reptile, resident breeding bird, and non-flying mammal faunas of the national and natural parks of the Iberian Peninsula, to evaluate whether these PAs are adequately representing regional functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity of each group. Specifically, we computed functional and phylogenetic diversity within each PA, and then compared those values to the ones obtained from a random assembly of species from the regional pool, that was defined as the region encompassing the PA and a neighboring area of 50 km beyond its boundary. We also calculated the proportion of species in each regional pool that were present within the PAs. In general, the functional and phylogenetic diversity of amphibians, reptiles and non-flying mammals found within PAs did not differ significantly from random expectations generated from the species pertaining to the regional pool, although a few PAs showed a higher diversity. In contrast, resident breeding birds presented lower functional and phylogenetic diversity than expected by chance in many of the PAs, which could relate to climatic variables and the habitat specificity of some species. The proportion of species from the regional pools that are present in the PAs was high for amphibians, reptiles and mammals, and slightly lower for birds. These results suggest that the Iberian natural and national parks are effectively capturing the functional, phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of most tetrapod assemblages present at the regional level. Future studies should identify priority areas to expand the representation of these biodiversity components, and assess potential effects of climate and land-use changes on current patterns.
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15
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Franke S, Brandl R, Heibl C, Mattivi A, Müller J, Pinkert S, Thorn S. Predicting regional hotspots of phylogenetic diversity across multiple species groups. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Franke
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Angelina Mattivi
- Fritz & Grossmann (environmental planning) Horb am Necker Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
- Bavarian Forest National Park Grafenau Germany
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Animal Ecology Faculty of Biology Philipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III) Julius‐Maximilians‐University Würzburg Rauhenebrach Germany
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16
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Morales-Barbero J, Ferrer-Castán D. Using a goal programming approach to design and evaluate protected areas for the conservation of multiple dimensions of biodiversity. J Nat Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Species diversity as a surrogate for conservation of phylogenetic and functional diversity in terrestrial vertebrates across the Americas. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:53-61. [PMID: 30532042 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preserving the evolutionary history and ecological functions that different species embody, in addition to species themselves, is a growing concern for conservation. Recent studies warn that conservation priority regions identified using species diversity differ from those based on phylogenetic or functional diversity. However, spatial mismatches in conservation priority regions need not indicate low surrogacy among these dimensions in conservation planning. Here, we use data for 10,213 terrestrial vertebrate species across the Americas to evaluate surrogacy; that is, the proportion of phylogenetic or functional diversity represented in conservation plans targeting species. We find that most conservation plans targeting species diversity also represent phylogenetic and functional diversity well, despite spatial mismatches in the priority regions identified by each plan. However, not all phylogenetic and functional diversity is represented within species-based plans, with the highest-surrogacy conservation strategy depending on the proportion of land area included in plans. Our results indicate that targeting species diversity could be sufficient to preserve much of the phylogenetic and functional dimensions of biodiversity in terrestrial vertebrates of the Americas. Incorporating phylogenetic and functional data in broad-scale conservation planning may not always be necessary, especially when the cost of doing so is high.
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18
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Saraiva DD, Santos ASD, Overbeck GE, Giehl ELH, Jarenkow JA. How effective are protected areas in conserving tree taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in subtropical Brazilian Atlantic Forests? J Nat Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Wicke K, Fischer M. Comparing the rankings obtained from two biodiversity indices: the Fair Proportion Index and the Shapley Value. J Theor Biol 2017; 430:207-214. [PMID: 28716386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Shapley Value and the Fair Proportion Index of phylogenetic trees have been frequently discussed as prioritization tools in conservation biology. Both indices rank species according to their contribution to total phylogenetic diversity, allowing for a simple conservation criterion. While both indices have their specific advantages and drawbacks, it has recently been shown that both values are closely related. However, as different authors use different definitions of the Shapley Value, the specific degree of relatedness depends on the specific version of the Shapley Value - it ranges from a high correlation index to equality of the indices. In this note, we first give an overview of the different indices. Then we turn our attention to the mere ranking order provided by either of the indices. We compare the rankings obtained from different versions of the Shapley Value for a phylogenetic tree of European amphibians and illustrate their differences. We then undertake further analyses on simulated data and show that even though the chance of two rankings being exactly identical (when obtained from different versions of the Shapley Value) decreases with an increasing number of taxa, the distance between the two rankings converges to zero, i.e., the rankings are becoming more and more alike. Moreover, we introduce our freely available software package FairShapley, which was implemented in Perl and with which all calculations have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicke
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Mareike Fischer
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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20
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Understanding the Processes Underpinning Patterns of Phylogenetic Regionalization. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:845-860. [PMID: 28919204 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A key step in understanding the distribution of biodiversity is the grouping of regions based on their shared elements. Historically, regionalization schemes have been largely species centric. Recently, there has been interest in incorporating phylogenetic information into regionalization schemes. Phylogenetic regionalization can provide novel insights into the mechanisms that generate, distribute, and maintain biodiversity. We argue that four processes (dispersal limitation, extinction, speciation, and niche conservatism) underlie the formation of species assemblages into phylogenetically distinct biogeographic units. We outline how it can be possible to distinguish among these processes, and identify centers of evolutionary radiation, museums of diversity, and extinction hotspots. We suggest that phylogenetic regionalization provides a rigorous and objective classification of regional diversity and enhances our knowledge of biodiversity patterns.
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21
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Violle C, Thuiller W, Mouquet N, Munoz F, Kraft NJB, Cadotte MW, Livingstone SW, Mouillot D. Functional Rarity: The Ecology of Outliers. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:356-367. [PMID: 28389103 PMCID: PMC5489079 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rarity has been a central topic for conservation and evolutionary biologists aiming to determine the species characteristics that cause extinction risk. More recently, beyond the rarity of species, the rarity of functions or functional traits, called functional rarity, has gained momentum in helping to understand the impact of biodiversity decline on ecosystem functioning. However, a conceptual framework for defining and quantifying functional rarity is still lacking. We introduce 12 different forms of functional rarity along gradients of species scarcity and trait distinctiveness. We then highlight the potential key role of functional rarity in the long-term and large-scale maintenance of ecosystem processes, as well as the necessary linkage between functional and evolutionary rarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Montpellier, France.
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LECA (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- CNRS UMR 5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CNRS-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Montpellier, Montpellier , France
| | - François Munoz
- Université de Montpellier, botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations (AMAP), Montpellier CEDEX 5, France; French Institute of Pondicherry, Pondicherry 605001, India
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart W Livingstone
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Mouillot
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190 Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-CNRS-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Université Montpellier, Montpellier , France; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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22
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How well are biodiversity drivers reflected in protected areas? A representativeness assessment of the geohistorical gradients that shaped endemic flora in Japan. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Sánchez de Dios R, Cabal Ruano C, Domínguez Lozano F, Sainz Ollero H, Moreno Saiz JC. The role of criteria in selecting important areas for conservation in biodiversity-rich territories. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rut Sánchez de Dios
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/José Antonio Novais 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Ciro Cabal Ruano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/José Antonio Novais 9 28040 Madrid Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Felipe Domínguez Lozano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I; Facultad de Biología; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/José Antonio Novais 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Helios Sainz Ollero
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica); Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin 2 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno Saiz
- Departamento de Biología (Botánica); Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; C/Darwin 2 28049 Madrid Spain
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Veron S, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Loss and conservation of evolutionary history in the Mediterranean Basin. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:43. [PMID: 27717355 PMCID: PMC5055673 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phylogenetic diversity and evolutionary distinctiveness are highly valuable components of biodiversity, but they are rarely considered in conservation practices. Focusing on a biodiversity hotspot, the Mediterranean Basin, we aimed to identify those areas where evolutionary history is highly threatened and range-restricted in the region. Using null models, we first compared the spatial distributions of three indices: two measured threatened evolutionary history-Expected PDloss and Heightened Evolutionary distinctiveness and Global Endangerment-and one measured endemic evolutionary history-Biogeographically Evolutionary Distinctiveness. We focused on three vertebrate groups with high proportions of endemic, threatened species: amphibians, squamates and terrestrial mammals. Second, we estimated the spatial overlap of hotspots of threatened and endemic evolutionary history within the network of protected areas under several conservation scenarios. RESULTS Areas that concentrate evolutionary history of conservation interest greatly differed among taxa and indices, although a large proportion of hotspots were identified in the Maghreb, in the East of the Mediterranean Basin as well as in islands. We found that, in a minimum conservation scenario, there was a significant proportion of hotspots for amphibians and squamates that were protected but not for terrestrial mammals. However, in a strong conservation scenario, only few hotspots overlapped with protected areas and they were significantly less protected than in a model where hotspots were chosen randomly. CONCLUSIONS Some sites concentrate highly threatened and range-restricted evolutionary history of the Mediterranean basin and their conservation could be much improved. These sites are relevant for conservation studies aimed at designing new conservation actions to preserve evolutionary history and the option values it represents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 43-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - P Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 43-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - S Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 43-61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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25
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Gravel D, Albouy C, Thuiller W. The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for ecosystem functioning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150268. [PMID: 27114571 PMCID: PMC4843690 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in using trait-based approaches to characterize the functional structure of animal communities. Quantitative methods have been derived mostly for plant ecology, but it is now common to characterize the functional composition of various systems such as soils, coral reefs, pelagic food webs or terrestrial vertebrate communities. With the ever-increasing availability of distribution and trait data, a quantitative method to represent the different roles of animals in a community promise to find generalities that will facilitate cross-system comparisons. There is, however, currently no theory relating the functional composition of food webs to their dynamics and properties. The intuitive interpretation that more functional diversity leads to higher resource exploitation and better ecosystem functioning was brought from plant ecology and does not apply readily to food webs. Here we appraise whether there are interpretable metrics to describe the functional composition of food webs that could foster a better understanding of their structure and functioning. We first distinguish the various roles that traits have on food web topology, resource extraction (bottom-up effects), trophic regulation (top-down effects), and the ability to keep energy and materials within the community. We then discuss positive effects of functional trait diversity on food webs, such as niche construction and bottom-up effects. We follow with a discussion on the negative effects of functional diversity, such as enhanced competition (both exploitation and apparent) and top-down control. Our review reveals that most of our current understanding of the impact of functional trait diversity on food web properties and functioning comes from an over-simplistic representation of network structure with well-defined levels. We, therefore, conclude with propositions for new research avenues for both theoreticians and empiricists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1K 2R1 Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Camille Albouy
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France CNRS, Laboratoire d'écologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble 38000, France
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26
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Tolimieri N, Shelton AO, Feist BE, Simon V. Can we increase our confidence about the locations of biodiversity ‘hotspots' by using multiple diversity indices? Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00363.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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27
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Victoriano PF, Muñoz-Mendoza C, Sáez PA, Salinas HF, Muñoz-Ramírez C, Sallaberry M, Fibla P, Méndez MA. Evolution and Conservation on Top of the World: Phylogeography of the Marbled Water Frog (Telmatobius marmoratus Species Complex; Anura, Telmatobiidae) in Protected Areas of Chile. J Hered 2015; 106 Suppl 1:546-59. [PMID: 26245789 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Andean Altiplano has served as a complex setting throughout its history, driving dynamic processes of diversification in several taxa. We investigated phylogeographic processes in the Telmatobius marmoratus species complex occurring in this region by studying the geographic patterns of genetic variability, genealogies, and historical migration, using the cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene as a marker. DNA sequences from Telmatobius gigas and Telmatobius culeus, Bolivian species with an uncertain taxonomic status, were also included. Additionally, we evaluated the phylogenetic diversity (PD) represented within Chilean protected areas and the complementary contribution from unprotected populations. Phylogenetic reconstructions from 148 cyt-b sequences revealed 4 main clades, one of which corresponded to T. culeus. T. gigas was part of T. marmoratus clade indicating paraphyletic relationships. Haplotypes from Chilean and Bolivian sites were not reciprocally monophyletic. Geographic distribution of lineages, spatial Bayesian analysis, and migration patterns indicated that T. marmoratus displays a weaker geographic structure than expected based on habitat distribution and physiological requirements. Demographic and statistical phylogeography analyses pointed out to a scenario of recent population expansion and high connectivity events of a more recent age than the post Last Glacial Maximum, probably associated to more humid events in Altiplano. PD of T. marmoratus populations within protected areas represents 55.6% of the total estimated PD. The unprotected populations that would contribute the most to PD are Caquena and Quebe (21%). Recent evolutionary processes and paleoclimatic changes, potentially driving shifts in habitat connectivity levels and population sizes, could explain the phylogeographic patterns recovered herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Victoriano
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez).
| | - Carla Muñoz-Mendoza
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
| | - Paola A Sáez
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
| | - Hugo F Salinas
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
| | - Carlos Muñoz-Ramírez
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
| | - Michel Sallaberry
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
| | - Pablo Fibla
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
| | - Marco A Méndez
- From the Depto. de Zoología, Fac. de Cs. Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile (Victoriano and Muñoz-Mendoza); Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (Sáez, Salinas, Sallaberry, Fibla, and Méndez); Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA (Muñoz-Ramírez)
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28
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González-Orozco CE, Mishler BD, Miller JT, Laffan SW, Knerr N, Unmack P, Georges A, Thornhill AH, Rosauer DF, Gruber B. Assessing biodiversity and endemism using phylogenetic methods across multiple taxonomic groups. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5177-5192. [PMID: 30151122 PMCID: PMC6102556 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying geographical areas with the greatest representation of the tree of life is an important goal for the management and conservation of biodiversity. While there are methods available for using a single phylogenetic tree to assess spatial patterns of biodiversity, there has been limited exploration of how separate phylogenies from multiple taxonomic groups can be used jointly to map diversity and endemism. Here, we demonstrate how to apply different phylogenetic approaches to assess biodiversity across multiple taxonomic groups. We map spatial patterns of phylogenetic diversity/endemism to identify concordant areas with the greatest representation of biodiversity across multiple taxa and demonstrate the approach by applying it to the Murray–Darling basin region of southeastern Australia. The areas with significant centers of phylogenetic diversity and endemism were distributed differently for the five taxonomic groups studied (plant genera, fish, tree frogs, acacias, and eucalypts); no strong shared patterns across all five groups emerged. However, congruence was apparent between some groups in some parts of the basin. The northern region of the basin emerges from the analysis as a priority area for future conservation initiatives focused on eucalypts and tree frogs. The southern region is particularly important for conservation of the evolutionary heritage of plants and fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E González-Orozco
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Basin Futures University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Brent D Mishler
- University and Jepson Herbaria Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California 94720-2465
| | - Joseph T Miller
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research CSIRO Plant Industry GPO Box 1600 Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia.,Division of Environmental Biology National Science Foundation Arlington Virginia 22230
| | - Shawn W Laffan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington New South Wales 2052
| | - Nunzio Knerr
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research CSIRO Plant Industry GPO Box 1600 Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Peter Unmack
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Basin Futures University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Basin Futures University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Andrew H Thornhill
- University and Jepson Herbaria Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California 94720-2465.,Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research CSIRO Plant Industry GPO Box 1600 Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia.,Australian Tropical Herbarium James Cook University Cairns QLD 4870 Australia
| | - Dan F Rosauer
- Division of Ecology, Evolution and Genetics Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory 0200 Australia
| | - Bernd Gruber
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Basin Futures University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
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29
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Veron S, Davies TJ, Cadotte MW, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:271-291. [PMID: 26467982 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's evolutionary history is threatened by species loss in the current sixth mass extinction event in Earth's history. Such extinction events not only eliminate species but also their unique evolutionary histories. Here we review the expected loss of Earth's evolutionary history quantified by phylogenetic diversity (PD) and evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) at risk. Due to the general paucity of data, global evolutionary history losses have been predicted for only a few groups, such as mammals, birds, amphibians, plants, corals and fishes. Among these groups, there is now empirical support that extinction threats are clustered on the phylogeny; however this is not always a sufficient condition to cause higher loss of phylogenetic diversity in comparison to a scenario of random extinctions. Extinctions of the most evolutionarily distinct species and the shape of phylogenetic trees are additional factors that can elevate losses of evolutionary history. Consequently, impacts of species extinctions differ among groups and regions, and even if global losses are low within large groups, losses can be high among subgroups or within some regions. Further, we show that PD and ED are poorly protected by current conservation practices. While evolutionary history can be indirectly protected by current conservation schemes, optimizing its preservation requires integrating phylogenetic indices with those that capture rarity and extinction risk. Measures based on PD and ED could bring solutions to conservation issues, however they are still rarely used in practice, probably because the reasons to protect evolutionary history are not clear for practitioners or due to a lack of data. However, important advances have been made in the availability of phylogenetic trees and methods for their construction, as well as assessments of extinction risk. Some challenges remain, and looking forward, research should prioritize the assessment of expected PD and ED loss for more taxonomic groups and test the assumption that preserving ED and PD also protects rare species and ecosystem services. Such research will be useful to inform and guide the conservation of Earth's biodiversity and the services it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Philippe Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.,Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
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30
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Arnan X, Cerdá X, Retana J. Partitioning the impact of environment and spatial structure on alpha and beta components of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in European ants. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1241. [PMID: 26468433 PMCID: PMC4592154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the relative contribution of environmental and spatial variables to the alpha and beta components of taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD), and functional (FD) diversity in ant communities found along different climate and anthropogenic disturbance gradients across western and central Europe, in order to assess the mechanisms structuring ant biodiversity. To this aim we calculated alpha and beta TD, PD, and FD for 349 ant communities, which included a total of 155 ant species; we examined 10 functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness. Variation partitioning was used to examine how much variation in ant diversity was explained by environmental and spatial variables. Autocorrelation in diversity measures and each trait's phylogenetic signal were also analyzed. We found strong autocorrelation in diversity measures. Both environmental and spatial variables significantly contributed to variation in TD, PD, and FD at both alpha and beta scales; spatial structure had the larger influence. The different facets of diversity showed similar patterns along environmental gradients. Environment explained a much larger percentage of variation in FD than in TD or PD. All traits demonstrated strong phylogenetic signals. Our results indicate that environmental filtering and dispersal limitations structure all types of diversity in ant communities. Strong dispersal limitations appear to have led to clustering of TD, PD, and FD in western and central Europe, probably because different historical and evolutionary processes generated different pools of species. Remarkably, these three facets of diversity showed parallel patterns along environmental gradients. Trait-mediated species sorting and niche conservatism appear to structure ant diversity, as evidenced by the fact that more variation was explained for FD and that all traits had strong phylogenetic signals. Since environmental variables explained much more variation in FD than in PD, functional diversity should be a better indicator of community assembly processes than phylogenetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Arnan
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife Pernambuco, Brazil
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalunya, Spain
| | - Xim Cerdá
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Retana
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalunya, Spain
- Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles Catalunya, Spain
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31
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Huang D, Roy K. The future of evolutionary diversity in reef corals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140010. [PMID: 25561671 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the world's reef-building corals are facing heightened extinction risk from climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Previous studies have shown that such threats are not distributed randomly across the coral tree of life, and future extinctions have the potential to disproportionately reduce the phylogenetic diversity of this group on a global scale. However, the impact of such losses on a regional scale remains poorly known. In this study, we use phylogenetic metrics in conjunction with geographical distributions of living reef coral species to model how extinctions are likely to affect evolutionary diversity across different ecoregions. Based on two measures-phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic species variability-we highlight regions with the largest losses of evolutionary diversity and hence of potential conservation interest. Notably, the projected loss of evolutionary diversity is relatively low in the most species-rich areas such as the Coral Triangle, while many regions with fewer species stand to lose much larger shares of their diversity. We also suggest that for complex ecosystems like coral reefs it is important to consider changes in phylogenetic species variability; areas with disproportionate declines in this measure should be of concern even if phylogenetic diversity is not as impacted. These findings underscore the importance of integrating evolutionary history into conservation planning for safeguarding the future diversity of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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32
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Maiorano L, Amori G, Montemaggiori A, Rondinini C, Santini L, Saura S, Boitani L. On how much biodiversity is covered in Europe by national protected areas and by the Natura 2000 network: insights from terrestrial vertebrates. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:986-995. [PMID: 25997522 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The European Union has made extensive biodiversity conservation efforts with the Habitats and Birds Directives and with the establishment of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas, one of the largest networks of conservation areas worldwide. We performed a gap analysis of the entire Natura 2000 system plus national protected areas and all terrestrial vertebrates (freshwater fish excluded). We also evaluated the level of connectivity of both systems, providing therefore a first estimate of the functionality of the Natura 2000 system as an effective network of protected areas. Together national protected areas and the Natura 2000 network covered more than one-third of the European Union. National protected areas did not offer protection to 13 total gap species (i.e., species not covered by any protected area) or to almost 300 partial gap species (i.e., species whose representation target is not met). Together the Natura 2000 network and national protected areas left 1 total gap species and 121 partial gap species unprotected. The terrestrial vertebrates listed in the Habitats and Birds Directives were relatively well covered (especially birds), and overall connectivity was improved considerably by Natura 2000 sites that act as stepping stones between national protected areas. Overall, we found that the Natura 2000 network represents at continental level an important network of protected areas that acts as a good complement to existing national protected areas. However, a number of problems remain that are mainly linked to the criteria used to list the species in the Habitats and Birds Directives. The European Commission initiated in 2014 a process aimed at assessing the importance of the Birds and Habitats Directives for biodiversity conservation. Our results contribute to this assessment and suggest the system is largely effective for terrestrial vertebrates but would benefit from further updating of the species lists and field management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maiorano
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, La Sapienza, viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - G Amori
- Institute of Ecosystem Studies, CNR, viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - A Montemaggiori
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, La Sapienza, viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - C Rondinini
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, La Sapienza, viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - L Santini
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, La Sapienza, viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - S Saura
- Department of Natural System and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Boitani
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome, La Sapienza, viale dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
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33
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Bellard C, Leclerc C, Courchamp F. Combined impacts of global changes on biodiversity across the USA. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11828. [PMID: 26149694 PMCID: PMC4493580 DOI: 10.1038/srep11828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies of the effects of global changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat, but multiple threats lead to species extinction. We lack spatially explicit assessments of the intensity of multiple threats and their impacts on biodiversity. Here, we used a novel metric of cumulative threats and impacts to assess the consequences of multiple threats on 196 endemic species across the USA. We predict that large areas with high cumulative impact scores for amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles will be concentrated in the eastern part of the USA by the 2050 s and 2080 . These high cumulative impact values are due mainly to the presence of invasive species, climate change, cropland and pasture areas; additionally, a significant proportion of endemic species are vulnerable to some of these threats where they occur. This analysis provides a useful means of identifying where conservation measures and monitoring programs that should consider multiple threats should be implemented in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bellard
- Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Div Biosciences, Center for Biodiversity, Environment & Research, University College of London
- Ecologie, Systématique & Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - C. Leclerc
- Ecologie, Systématique & Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - F. Courchamp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Forest F, Crandall KA, Chase MW, Faith DP. Phylogeny, extinction and conservation: embracing uncertainties in a time of urgency. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140002. [PMID: 25561663 PMCID: PMC4290416 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary studies have played a fundamental role in our understanding of life, but until recently, they had only a relatively modest involvement in addressing conservation issues. The main goal of the present discussion meeting issue is to offer a platform to present the available methods allowing the integration of phylogenetic and extinction risk data in conservation planning. Here, we identify the main knowledge gaps in biodiversity science, which include incomplete sampling, reconstruction biases in phylogenetic analyses, partly known species distribution ranges, and the difficulty in producing conservation assessments for all known species, not to mention that much of the effective biological diversity remains to be discovered. Given the impact that human activities have on biodiversity and the urgency with which we need to address these issues, imperfect assumptions need to be sanctioned and surrogates used in the race to salvage as much as possible of our natural and evolutionary heritage. We discuss some aspects of the uncertainties found in biodiversity science, such as the ideal surrogates for biodiversity, the gaps in our knowledge and the numerous available phylogenetic diversity-based methods. We also introduce a series of cases studies that demonstrate how evolutionary biology can effectively contribute to biodiversity conservation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Forest
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, George Washington University, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Mark W Chase
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel P Faith
- The Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Thuiller W, Maiorano L, Mazel F, Guilhaumon F, Ficetola GF, Lavergne S, Renaud J, Roquet C, Mouillot D. Conserving the functional and phylogenetic trees of life of European tetrapods. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140005. [PMID: 25561666 PMCID: PMC4290419 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) are pivotal tools for biodiversity conservation on the Earth. Europe has had an extensive protection system since Natura 2000 areas were created in parallel with traditional parks and reserves. However, the extent to which this system covers not only taxonomic diversity but also other biodiversity facets, such as evolutionary history and functional diversity, has never been evaluated. Using high-resolution distribution data of all European tetrapods together with dated molecular phylogenies and detailed trait information, we first tested whether the existing European protection system effectively covers all species and in particular, those with the highest evolutionary or functional distinctiveness. We then tested the ability of PAs to protect the entire tetrapod phylogenetic and functional trees of life by mapping species' target achievements along the internal branches of these two trees. We found that the current system is adequately representative in terms of the evolutionary history of amphibians while it fails for the rest. However, the most functionally distinct species were better represented than they would be under random conservation efforts. These results imply better protection of the tetrapod functional tree of life, which could help to ensure long-term functioning of the ecosystem, potentially at the expense of conserving evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Thuiller
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Luigi Maiorano
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Charles Darwin', Università di Roma 'La Sapienza', Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Florent Mazel
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - François Guilhaumon
- Laboratoire ECOSYM, UMR 5119 CNRS-UM2-IRD-IFREMER, Place Eugène Bataillon cc 93, Montpellier 34095, France
| | | | - Sébastien Lavergne
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Julien Renaud
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Cristina Roquet
- LECA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble 38000, France LECA, CNRS, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - David Mouillot
- Laboratoire ECOSYM, UMR 5119 CNRS-UM2-IRD-IFREMER, Place Eugène Bataillon cc 93, Montpellier 34095, France
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Pollock LJ, Rosauer DF, Thornhill AH, Kujala H, Crisp MD, Miller JT, McCarthy MA. Phylogenetic diversity meets conservation policy: small areas are key to preserving eucalypt lineages. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140007. [PMID: 25561668 PMCID: PMC4290421 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary and genetic knowledge is increasingly being valued in conservation theory, but is rarely considered in conservation planning and policy. Here, we integrate phylogenetic diversity (PD) with spatial reserve prioritization to evaluate how well the existing reserve system in Victoria, Australia captures the evolutionary lineages of eucalypts, which dominate forest canopies across the state. Forty-three per cent of remaining native woody vegetation in Victoria is located in protected areas (mostly national parks) representing 48% of the extant PD found in the state. A modest expansion in protected areas of 5% (less than 1% of the state area) would increase protected PD by 33% over current levels. In a recent policy change, portions of the national parks were opened for development. These tourism development zones hold over half the PD found in national parks with some species and clades falling entirely outside of protected zones within the national parks. This approach of using PD in spatial prioritization could be extended to any clade or area that has spatial and phylogenetic data. Our results demonstrate the relevance of PD to regional conservation policy by highlighting that small but strategically located areas disproportionally impact the preservation of evolutionary lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pollock
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dan F Rosauer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew H Thornhill
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO, Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Heini Kujala
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D Crisp
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joseph T Miller
- Australian National Herbarium, CSIRO, Plant Industry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael A McCarthy
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Tamma K, Ramakrishnan U. Higher speciation and lower extinction rates influence mammal diversity gradients in Asia. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:11. [PMID: 25648944 PMCID: PMC4333168 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the patterns and correlates of mammal diversity gradients in Asia. In this study, we examine patterns of species distributions and phylogenetic diversity in Asia and investigate if the observed diversity patterns are associated with differences in diversification rates between the tropical and non-tropical regions. We used species distribution maps and phylogenetic trees to generate species and phylogenetic diversity measures for 1° × 1° cells across mainland Asia. We constructed lineage-through-time plots and estimated diversification shift-times to examine the temporal patterns of diversifications across orders. Finally, we tested if the observed gradients in Asia could be associated with geographical differences in diversification rates across the tropical and non-tropical biomes. We estimated speciation, extinction and dispersal rates across these two regions for mammals, both globally and for Asian mammals. RESULTS Our results demonstrate strong latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of species and phylogenetic diversity with Southeast Asia and the Himalayas showing highest diversity. Importantly, our results demonstrate that differences in diversification (speciation, extinction and dispersal) rates between the tropical and the non-tropical biomes influence the observed diversity gradients globally and in Asia. For the first time, we demonstrate that Asian tropics act as both cradles and museums of mammalian diversity. CONCLUSIONS Temporal and spatial variation in diversification rates across different lineages of mammals is an important correlate of species diversity gradients observed in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Tamma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 65, India.
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bellary Road, Bangalore - 65, India.
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Roquet C, Lavergne S, Thuiller W. One tree to link them all: a phylogenetic dataset for the European tetrapoda. PLOS CURRENTS 2014; 6:ecurrents.tol.5102670fff8aa5c918e78f5592790e48. [PMID: 25685620 PMCID: PMC4322008 DOI: 10.1371/currents.tol.5102670fff8aa5c918e78f5592790e48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the ever-increasing availability of phylogenetic informative data, the last decade has seen an upsurge of ecological studies incorporating information on evolutionary relationships among species. However, detailed species-level phylogenies are still lacking for many large groups and regions, which are necessary for comprehensive large-scale eco-phylogenetic analyses. Here, we provide a dataset of 100 dated phylogenetic trees for all European tetrapods based on a mixture of supermatrix and supertree approaches. Phylogenetic inference was performed separately for each of the main Tetrapoda groups of Europe except mammals (i.e. amphibians, birds, squamates and turtles) by means of maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of supermatrix applying a tree constraint at the family (amphibians and squamates) or order (birds and turtles) levels based on consensus knowledge. For each group, we inferred 100 ML trees to be able to provide a phylogenetic dataset that accounts for phylogenetic uncertainty, and assessed node support with bootstrap analyses. Each tree was dated using penalized-likelihood and fossil calibration. The trees obtained were well-supported by existing knowledge and previous phylogenetic studies. For mammals, we modified the most complete supertree dataset available on the literature to include a recent update of the Carnivora clade. As a final step, we merged the phylogenetic trees of all groups to obtain a set of 100 phylogenetic trees for all European Tetrapoda species for which data was available (91%). We provide this phylogenetic dataset (100 chronograms) for the purpose of comparative analyses, macro-ecological or community ecology studies aiming to incorporate phylogenetic information while accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Roquet
- Evolution, Modeling and Analysis of Biodiversity, CNRS LECA, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Evolution, Modeling and Analysis of Biodiversity, CNRS LECA, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Evolution, Modeling and Analysis of Biodiversity, CNRS LECA, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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