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Conradi T, Eggli U, Kreft H, Schweiger AH, Weigelt P, Higgins SI. Reassessment of the risks of climate change for terrestrial ecosystems. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:888-900. [PMID: 38409318 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Forecasting the risks of climate change for species and ecosystems is necessary for developing targeted conservation strategies. Previous risk assessments mapped the exposure of the global land surface to changes in climate. However, this procedure is unlikely to robustly identify priority areas for conservation actions because nonlinear physiological responses and colimitation processes ensure that ecological changes will not map perfectly to the forecast climatic changes. Here, we combine ecophysiological growth models of 135,153 vascular plant species and plant growth-form information to transform ambient and future climatologies into phytoclimates, which describe the ability of climates to support the plant growth forms that characterize terrestrial ecosystems. We forecast that 33% to 68% of the global land surface will experience a significant change in phytoclimate by 2070 under representative concentration pathways RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, respectively. Phytoclimates without present-day analogue are forecast to emerge on 0.3-2.2% of the land surface and 0.1-1.3% of currently realized phytoclimates are forecast to disappear. Notably, the geographic pattern of change, disappearance and novelty of phytoclimates differs markedly from the pattern of analogous trends in climates detected by previous studies, thereby defining new priorities for conservation actions and highlighting the limits of using untransformed climate change exposure indices in ecological risk assessments. Our findings suggest that a profound transformation of the biosphere is underway and emphasize the need for a timely adaptation of biodiversity management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Conradi
- Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Urs Eggli
- Sukkulenten-Sammlung Zürich, Grün Stadt Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Schweiger
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus-Institute Data Science, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Mueller KE, Kray JA, Blumenthal DM. Coordination of leaf, root, and seed traits shows the importance of whole plant economics in two semiarid grasslands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2410-2422. [PMID: 38214451 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Uncertainty persists within trait-based ecology, partly because few studies assess multiple axes of functional variation and their effect on plant performance. For 55 species from two semiarid grasslands, we quantified: (1) covariation between economic traits of leaves and absorptive roots, (2) covariation among economic traits, plant height, leaf size, and seed mass, and (3) relationships between these traits and species' abundance. Pairs of analogous leaf and root traits were at least weakly positively correlated (e.g. specific leaf area (SLA) and specific root length (SRL)). Two pairs of such traits, N content and DMC of leaves and roots, were at least moderately correlated (r > 0.5) whether species were grouped by site, taxonomic group and growth form, or life history. Root diameter was positively correlated with seed mass for all groups of species except annuals and monocots. Species with higher leaf dry matter content (LDMC) tended to be more abundant (r = 0.63). Annuals with larger seeds were more abundant (r = 0.69). Compared with global-scale syntheses with many observations from mesic ecosystems, we observed stronger correlations between analogous leaf and root traits, weaker correlations between SLA and leaf N, and stronger correlations between SRL and root N. In dry grasslands, plant persistence may require coordination of above- and belowground traits, and dense tissues may facilitate dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Mueller
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Julie A Kray
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Dana M Blumenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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3
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Habermann E, Dias de Oliveira EA, Bianconi ME, Contin DR, Lemos MTO, Costa JVCP, Oliveira KS, Riul BN, Bonifácio-Anacleto F, Viciedo DO, Approbato AU, Alzate-Marin AL, Prado RDM, Costa KADP, Martinez CA. Balancing trade-offs: Enhanced carbon assimilation and productivity with reduced nutritional value in a well-watered C 4 pasture under a warmer CO 2-enriched atmosphere. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108408. [PMID: 38367386 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of atmospheric CO2 and temperature are pivotal components of ecosystem productivity, carbon balance, and food security. In this study, we investigated the impacts of a warmer climate (+2 °C above ambient temperature) and an atmosphere enriched with CO2 (600 ppm) on gas exchange, antioxidant enzymatic system, growth, nutritive value, and digestibility of a well-watered, managed pasture of Megathyrsus maximus, a tropical C4 forage grass, under field conditions. Elevated [CO2] (eC) improved photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance, resulting in increased water use efficiency and plant C content. Under eC, stem biomass production increased without a corresponding increase in leaf biomass, leading to a smaller leaf/stem ratio. Additionally, eC had negative impacts on forage nutritive value and digestibility. Elevated temperature (eT) increased photosynthetic gains, as well as stem and leaf biomass production. However, it reduced P and K concentration, forage nutritive value, and digestibility. Under the combined conditions of eC and eT (eCeT), eT completely offset the effects of eC on the leaf/stem ratio. However, eT intensified the effects of eC on photosynthesis, leaf C concentration, biomass accumulation, and nutritive value. This resulted in a forage with 12% more acid detergent fiber content and 28% more lignin. Additionally, there was a decrease of 19% in crude protein leading to a 15% decrease in forage digestibility. These changes could potentially affect animal feeding efficiency and feedback climate change, as ruminants may experience an amplification in methane emissions. Our results highlight the critical significance of conducting multifactorial field studies when evaluating plant responses to climate change variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Habermann
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Augusto Dias de Oliveira
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Enrique Bianconi
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Ribeiro Contin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCFRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Oliverio Lemos
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Kamilla Silva Oliveira
- Department of Agricultural Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Access Road Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane No number, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Neroni Riul
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bonifácio-Anacleto
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Dilier Olivera Viciedo
- Institute of Agrifood, Animals and Environmental Sciences, Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Andressa Uehara Approbato
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lilia Alzate-Marin
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato de Mello Prado
- Department of Agricultural Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Access Road Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane No number, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Martinez
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Tang S, Tian D, Wang J, Zhang R, Wang S, Song J, Wan S, Zhang J, Zhang S, Li Z, Niu S. Synergistic effects of multiple global change drivers on terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167554. [PMID: 37820794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple global change drivers typically co-occur in terrestrial ecosystems, usually with complex interactions on ecosystem carbon fluxes. However, how they interactively impact terrestrial carbon sinks remains unknown. Here, we synthesized 82 field experiments that studied the individual and pairwise effects among nitrogen addition (N), increased precipitation (IP), elevated CO2 (eCO2) and warming, with direct measurements of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). We found that synergistic interactions mostly occurred between pairs of global change drivers on carbon fluxes. Moreover, these interactions varied with treatment magnitude, experimental duration and background precipitation. Specifically, the synergistic effect of N × IP became stronger with experimental precipitation magnitude and background rainfall. With an increasing N addition rate, N and eCO2 had weaker interactive effects on NEP. Warming and IP were more synergic to enhance NEP with higher levels of warming magnitude. However, the interactive effects of N × eCO2 on ER decreased over the experimental duration. Overall, this study provides new insights into the context-dependent occurrence of interactions among multiple global change drivers on ecosystem carbon sinks. These new findings are valuable to validate land C-cycle models with complex global change interactions and advance the next generations of future experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory for Model Innovation in Forage Production Efficiency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affuirs, Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Song
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Jinxin Zhang
- Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry/Grassland Research Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Zamani N, Sabzalian MR, Afyuni M. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 combined with Epichloë endophyte may improve growth and Cd phytoremediation potential of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8164-8185. [PMID: 38172319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Complex environmental conditions like heavy metal contamination and elevated CO2 concentration may cause numerous plant stresses and lead to considerable crop losses worldwide. Cadmium is a non-essential element and potentially highly toxic soil metal pollution, causing oxidative stress in plants and human toxicity. In order to assess a combination of complex factors on the responses of two genotypes of Festuca arundinacea (75B and 75C), a greenhouse experiment was conducted on plants grown in two Cd-contaminated soil conditions and two soil textures under combined effects of elevated ambient CO2 (700 ppm) and Epichloë endophyte infection. Plant biomass, Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn concentrations in the plant shoots and roots, Fv/Fm, chlorophyll (a & b), and carotenoid contents were measured after 7 months of growth in pots. Our results showed that endophyte-infected plants (E+) grown in elevated CO2 atmosphere (CO2+), clay-loam soil texture (H) with no Cd amendment (Cd-) in the genotype 75B had significantly greater shoot and root biomass than non-infected plants (E-) grown in ambient CO2 concentration (CO2-), sandy-loam soil texture (L) with amended Cd (Cd+) in the genotype 75C. Increased CO2 concentration and endophyte infection, especially in the genotype 75B, enabled Festuca for greater phytoremediation of Cd because of higher tolerance to Cd stress and higher biomass accumulation in the plant genotype. However, CO2 enrichment negatively influenced the plant mineral absorption due to the inhibitory effects of high Cd concentration in shoots and roots. It is concluded that Cd phytoremediation can be positively affected by the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, tolerant plant genotype, heavy soil texture, and Epichloë endophyte. Using Taguchi and AIC design methodologies, it was also predicted that the most critical factors affecting Cd phytoremediation potential were CO2 concentration and plant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Zamani
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111, Iran.
| | - Majid Afyuni
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111, Iran
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He Y, Liu Y, Lei L, Terrer C, Huntingford C, Peñuelas J, Xu H, Piao S. CO 2 fertilization contributed more than half of the observed forest biomass increase in northern extra-tropical land. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4313-4326. [PMID: 37277951 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The existence of a large-biomass carbon (C) sink in Northern Hemisphere extra-tropical ecosystems (NHee) is well-established, but the relative contribution of different potential drivers remains highly uncertain. Here we isolated the historical role of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) fertilization by integrating estimates from 24 CO2 -enrichment experiments, an ensemble of 10 dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) and two observation-based biomass datasets. Application of the emergent constraint technique revealed that DGVMs underestimated the historical response of plant biomass to increasing [CO2 ] in forests (β Forest Mod ) but overestimated the response in grasslands (β Grass Mod ) since the 1850s. Combining the constrainedβ Forest Mod (0.86 ± 0.28 kg C m-2 [100 ppm]-1 ) with observed forest biomass changes derived from inventories and satellites, we identified that CO2 fertilization alone accounted for more than half (54 ± 18% and 64 ± 21%, respectively) of the increase in biomass C storage since the 1990s. Our results indicate that CO2 fertilization dominated the forest biomass C sink over the past decades, and provide an essential step toward better understanding the key role of forests in land-based policies for mitigating climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth System and Environmental Resources of the Tibetan Plateau (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Lei
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - César Terrer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hao Xu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth System and Environmental Resources of the Tibetan Plateau (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Bai T, Wang P, Qiu Y, Zhang Y, Hu S. Nitrogen availability mediates soil carbon cycling response to climate warming: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2608-2626. [PMID: 36744998 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global climate warming may induce a positive feedback through increasing soil carbon (C) release to the atmosphere. Although warming can affect both C input to and output from soil, direct and convincing evidence illustrating that warming induces a net change in soil C is still lacking. We synthesized the results from field warming experiments at 165 sites across the globe and found that climate warming had no significant effect on soil C stock. On average, warming significantly increased root biomass and soil respiration, but warming effects on root biomass and soil respiration strongly depended on soil nitrogen (N) availability. Under high N availability (soil C:N ratio < 15), warming had no significant effect on root biomass, but promoted the coupling between effect sizes of root biomass and soil C stock. Under relative N limitation (soil C:N ratio > 15), warming significantly enhanced root biomass. However, the enhancement of root biomass did not induce a corresponding C accumulation in soil, possibly because warming promoted microbial CO2 release that offset the increased root C input. Also, reactive N input alleviated warming-induced C loss from soil, but elevated atmospheric CO2 or precipitation increase/reduction did not. Together, our findings indicate that the relative availability of soil C to N (i.e., soil C:N ratio) critically mediates warming effects on soil C dynamics, suggesting that its incorporation into C-climate models may improve the prediction of soil C cycling under future global warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuo Bai
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Qiu
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Zhu S, Fang X, Cao L, Hang X, Xie X, Sun L, Li Y. Multivariate drives and their interactive effects on the ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration over Central Asia ecosystems. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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9
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Oyarzabal M, Oesterheld M. Assessing multiple limiting factors of seasonal biomass production and N content in a grassland with a year-round production. Oecologia 2023; 201:841-852. [PMID: 36847886 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
There is little evidence on the extent that multiple factors simultaneously limit ecosystem function of grasslands with year-round production. Here we test if multiple factors simultaneously limit (i.e., more than one factor at a time) grassland functioning in different seasons and how they interacted with N availability. In a Flooding Pampa grassland, we ran a separate factorial experiment in spring, summer, and winter with several treatments: control, mowing, shading, P addition, watering (only in summer), and warming (only in winter), each of them crossed with two nitrogen treatments: control and N addition. Grassland functioning was assessed by aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), green and standing dead biomass, and N content at the species group level. Out of 24 potential cases (three seasons by eight response variables), 13 corresponded to just one limiting factor, 4 to multiple limiting factors, and the other 7 to no evidence of limitation. In conclusion, grassland functioning in each season was most often limited by just one factor, while multiple limiting factors were rarer. Nitrogen was the prevailing limiting factor. Our study expands our knowledge of limitations imposed by factors associated with disturbance and stress, such as mowing, shading, water availability, and warming in grasslands with year-round production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Oyarzabal
- Facultad de Agronomía, IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martín Oesterheld
- Facultad de Agronomía, IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zhang S, Yuan M, Shi Z, Yang S, Zhang M, Sun L, Gao J, Wang X. The Variations of Leaf δ 13C and Its Response to Environmental Changes of Arbuscular and Ectomycorrhizal Plants Depend on Life Forms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3236. [PMID: 36501277 PMCID: PMC9739095 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (ECM) are the two most common mycorrhizal types and are paid the most attention to, playing a vital common but differentiated function in terrestrial ecosystems. The leaf carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) is an important factor in understanding the relationship between plants and the environment. In this study, a new database was established on leaf δ13C between AM and ECM plants based on the published data set of leaf δ13C in China's C3 terrestrial plants, which involved 1163 observations. The results showed that the differences in leaf δ13C between AM and ECM plants related closely to life forms. Leaf δ13C of ECM plants was higher than that of AM plants in trees, which was mainly led by the group of evergreen trees. The responses of leaf δ13C to environmental changes were varied between AM and ECM plants. Among the four life forms, leaf δ13C of ECM plants decreased more rapidly than that of AM plants, with an increase of longitude, except for deciduous trees. In terms of the sensitivity of leaf δ13C to temperature changes, AM plants were higher than ECM plants in the other three life forms, although there was no significant difference in evergreen trees. For the response to water conditions, the leaf δ13C of ECM plants was more sensitive than that of AM plants in all life forms, except evergreen and deciduous trees. This study laid a foundation for further understanding the role of mycorrhiza in the relationship between plants and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mingli Yuan
- School of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Engineering, Zhoukou Vocational and Technical College, Zhoukou 466000, China
| | - Zhaoyong Shi
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Mengge Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lirong Sun
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jiakai Gao
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xugang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang 471023, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Human Settlements, Luoyang 471023, China
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Blumenthal DM, Carrillo Y, Kray JA, Parsons MC, Morgan JA, Pendall E. Soil disturbance and invasion magnify CO 2 effects on grassland productivity, reducing diversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6741-6751. [PMID: 36093790 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, disturbance, and plant invasion threaten grassland ecosystems, but their combined and interactive effects are poorly understood. Here, we examine how the combination of disturbance and plant invasion influences the sensitivity of mixed-grass prairie to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2 ) and warming. We established subplots of intact prairie and disturbed/invaded prairie within a free-air CO2 enrichment (to 600 ppmv) by infrared warming (+1.5°C day, 3°C night) experiment and followed plant and soil responses for 5 years. Elevated CO2 initially led to moderate increases in biomass and plant diversity in both intact and disturbed/invaded prairie, but these effects shifted due to strong eCO2 responses of the invasive forb Centaurea diffusa. In the final 3 years, biomass responses to eCO2 in disturbed/invaded prairie were 10 times as large as those in intact prairie (+186% vs. +18%), resulting in reduced rather than increased plant diversity (-17% vs. +10%). At the same time, warming interacted with disturbance/invasion and year, reducing the rate of topsoil carbon recovery following disturbance. The strength of these interactions demonstrates the need to incorporate disturbance into predictions of climate change effects. In contrast to expectations from studies in intact ecosystems, eCO2 may threaten plant diversity in ecosystems subject to soil disturbance and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie A Kray
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew C Parsons
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Resource Environmental Solutions, LLC, Brodhead, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jack A Morgan
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Mueller KE, Ocheltree TW, Kray JA, Bushey JA, Blumenthal DM, Williams DG, Pendall E. Trading water for carbon in the future: Effects of elevated CO 2 and warming on leaf hydraulic traits in a semiarid grassland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5991-6001. [PMID: 35751572 PMCID: PMC9544398 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change on plants and ecosystems are mediated by plant hydraulic traits, including interspecific and intraspecific variability of trait phenotypes. Yet, integrative and realistic studies of hydraulic traits and climate change are rare. In a semiarid grassland, we assessed the response of several plant hydraulic traits to elevated CO2 (+200 ppm) and warming (+1.5 to 3°C; day to night). For leaves of five dominant species (three graminoids and two forbs), and in replicated plots exposed to 7 years of elevated CO2 , warming, or ambient climate, we measured: stomatal density and size, xylem vessel size, turgor loss point, and water potential (pre-dawn). Interspecific differences in hydraulic traits were larger than intraspecific shifts induced by elevated CO2 and/or warming. Effects of elevated CO2 were greater than effects of warming, and interactions between treatments were weak or not detected. The forbs showed little phenotypic plasticity. The graminoids had leaf water potentials and turgor loss points that were 10% to 50% less negative under elevated CO2 ; thus, climate change might cause these species to adjust their drought resistance strategy away from tolerance and toward avoidance. The C4 grass also reduced allocation of leaf area to stomata under elevated CO2 , which helps explain observations of higher soil moisture. The shifts in hydraulic traits under elevated CO2 were not, however, simply due to higher soil moisture. Integration of our results with others' indicates that common species in this grassland are more likely to adjust stomatal aperture in response to near-term climate change, rather than anatomical traits; this contrasts with apparent effects of changing CO2 on plant anatomy over evolutionary time. Future studies should assess how plant responses to drought may be constrained by the apparent shift from tolerance (via low turgor loss point) to avoidance (via stomatal regulation and/or access to deeper soil moisture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E. Mueller
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental SciencesCleveland State UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Troy W. Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Julie A. Kray
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Julie A. Bushey
- Water Management Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Dana M. Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNew South WalesAustralia
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13
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Wang M, Guo X, Zhang S, Xiao L, Mishra U, Yang Y, Zhu B, Wang G, Mao X, Qian T, Jiang T, Shi Z, Luo Z. Global soil profiles indicate depth-dependent soil carbon losses under a warmer climate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5514. [PMID: 36127349 PMCID: PMC9489695 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33278-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) changes under future climate warming are difficult to quantify in situ. Here we apply an innovative approach combining space-for-time substitution with meta-analysis to SOC measurements in 113,013 soil profiles across the globe to estimate the effect of future climate warming on steady-state SOC stocks. We find that SOC stock will reduce by 6.0 ± 1.6% (mean±95% confidence interval), 4.8 ± 2.3% and 1.3 ± 4.0% at 0–0.3, 0.3–1 and 1–2 m soil depths, respectively, under 1 °C air warming, with additional 4.2%, 2.2% and 1.4% losses per every additional 1 °C warming, respectively. The largest proportional SOC losses occur in boreal forests. Existing SOC level is the predominant determinant of the spatial variability of SOC changes with higher percentage losses in SOC-rich soils. Our work demonstrates that warming induces more proportional SOC losses in topsoil than in subsoil, particularly from high-latitudinal SOC-rich systems. The response of soil organic carbon to climate warming may be soil depth-dependent, but remains unquantified in situ. Here the authors show that warming induces more proportional soil carbon losses in topsoil than in subsoil, particularly from high-latitudinal carbon-rich soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujun Xiao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Umakant Mishra
- Computational Biology & Biophysics, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Yuanhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Xiali Mao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Qian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Shi
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.,Academy of Ecological Civilization, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongkui Luo
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,Academy of Ecological Civilization, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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Wang X, Xu C, Xiong D, Yao X, Chen T, Jiang Q, Jia L, Fan A, Chen G. Root age-related response of fine root respiration of Chinese fir seedlings to soil warming. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1177-1187. [PMID: 35043963 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The variation in fine root respiration with root age provides insight into root adaptation to climate warming, but the mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the respiratory response of fine roots (<1 mm and 1-2 mm) of different ages (2-, 4- and 6-month old) of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)) seedlings to soil warming (4 °C above the control using cable heating). Fine roots were excised to measure the specific respiration rate at a reference temperature of 20 °C (SRR20), and root morphological and chemical traits were measured. Soil warming significantly increased SRR20 by 40% compared with the control, potentially indicating limited acclimation on a short time scale (6 months). However, soil warming increased SRR20 significantly in 2-month-old roots (by 72%) compared with 4- and 6-month-old roots, leading to a steeper decline in SRR20 with root age. This result suggests possible increased nutrient uptake efficiency in young fine roots under warmer temperatures. Soil warming significantly increased specific root length (SRL) but not root tissue nitrogen concentration (RTN). The variation in SRR20 between warming treatments, but not across root ages, was predicted by SRL and RTN individually or together. Our findings conclusively indicate that soil warming increased the respiration cost of young fine roots, which was predicted by adjusting for SRL and RTN, indicating that Chinese fir may adopt a faster fine root turnover strategy to enhance nutrient uptake and soil exploitation under warmer temperatures. Future studies should simultaneously investigate age-related root respiration and nutrient uptake in warming experiments to better understand the effects of warming on root metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chensen Xu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Decheng Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Linqiao Jia
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ailian Fan
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Guangshui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Shangsan road No.8, Cangshan district, Fuzhou 350007, China
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15
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Soil Nematodes as the Silent Sufferers of Climate-Induced Toxicity: Analysing the Outcomes of Their Interactions with Climatic Stress Factors on Land Cover and Agricultural Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2519-2586. [PMID: 35593954 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Unsustainable anthropogenic activities over the last few decades have resulted in alterations of the global climate. It can be perceived through changes in the rainfall patterns and rise in mean annual temperatures. Climatic stress factors exert their effects on soil health mainly by modifying the soil microenvironments where the soil fauna reside. Among the members of soil fauna, the soil nematodes have been found to be sensitive to these stress factors primarily because of their low tolerance limits. Additionally, because of their higher and diverse trophic positions in the soil food web they can integrate the effects of many stress factors acting together. This is important because under natural conditions the climatic stress factors do not exert their effect individually. Rather, they interact amongst themselves and other abiotic stress factors in the soil to generate their impacts. Some of these interactions may be synergistic while others may be antagonistic. As such, it becomes very difficult to assess their impacts on soil health by simply analysing the physicochemical properties of soil. This makes soil nematodes outstanding candidates for studying the effects of climatic stress factors on soil biology. The knowledge obtained therefrom can be used to design sustainable agricultural practices because most of the conventional techniques aim at short-term benefits with complete disregard of soil biology. This can partly ensure food security in the coming decades for the expanding population. Moreover, understanding soil biology can help to preserve landscapes that have developed over long periods of climatic stability and belowground soil biota interactions.
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16
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Shi Y, Gao J, Li X, Li J, Brierley G. Effects of disturbances on aboveground biomass of alpine meadow in the Yellow River Source Zone, Western China. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8640. [PMID: 35342553 PMCID: PMC8928900 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A field experiment quantifies the impacts of two external disturbances (mowing‐simulated grazing and number of pika) on aboveground biomass (AGB) in the Yellow River Source Zone from 2018 to 2020. AGB was estimated from drone images for 27 plots subject to three levels of each disturbance (none, moderate, and severe). The three mowing severities bear a close relationship with AGB and its annual change. The effects of pika disturbance on AGB change were overwhelmed by the significantly different AGB at different mowing severities (−.471 < r < −.368), but can still be identified by inspecting each mowing intensity (−.884 < r < −.626). The impact of severe mowing on AGB loss was more profound than that of severe pika disturbance in heavily disturbed plots, and the joint effects of both severe disturbances had the most impacts on AGB loss. However, pika disturbance made little difference to AGB change in the moderate and non‐mowed plots. Mowing intensity weakens the relationship between pika population and AGB change, but pika disturbance hardly affects the relationship between mowing severity and AGB change. The effects of both disturbances on AGB were further complexified by the change in monthly mean temperature. Results indicate that reducing mowing intensity is more effective than controlling pika population in efforts to achieve sustainable grazing of heavily disturbed grassland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jay Gao
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Xilai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Jiexia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Gary Brierley
- School of Environment The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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17
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Yin Y, Deng H, Ma D. Complex effects of moisture conditions and temperature enhanced vegetation growth in the Arid/humid transition zone in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150152. [PMID: 34543796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystems in the arid/humid transition zone (AHTZ) of northern China are highly sensitive to climate change and human activities. Accurately assessing the impact of climate change on these ecosystems is important for effectively reducing the risks faced by them under future climate change. In this study, the leaf area index during the selected growing season (LAIGS) was used as an indicator for vegetation activity. After comparison different potential indicators, the growing season temperature (TGS) was used to indicate temperature, and the growing season aridity index (AIGS), which considers the regional water budget, was used to indicate moisture rather than precipitation, which is used more commonly. Correlation analysis and residual trends were used to study the influence of climatic and non-climatic factors on vegetation activity in the AHTZ from 1982 to 2016. The results for regions where LAIGS increased significantly (0.037/10 yr, 53.58% of the study area), the regions where LAIGS dominated by non-climatic factors (18.40%) was larger than areas dominated by climatic factors (9.61%). However, most (25.57%) of the regions in the selected study area were mainly driven by both climatic and non-climatic factors. In about half (49.73%) of the climate-affected regions, significant changes in LAIGS were driven jointly by TGS and AIGS. These regions were mainly in the northern and western Loess Plateau. The regions where changes were driven mainly by AIGS, and those where changes were driven mainly by TGS, each accounted for nearly a quarter of climate-affected regions (24.87% and 25.40%, respectively). The former regions were on the western Songliao Plain, the northern North China Plain, and the northern Loess Plateau, and the latter regions were in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains, on the southern North China Plain, in the western mountains of North China, and on the southern Loess Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Yin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Haoyu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Danyang Ma
- Henan Province Development and Reform Commission, Zhengzhou 450018, China
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18
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Contrasting responses of woody and grassland ecosystems to increased CO 2 as water supply varies. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:315-323. [PMID: 35027723 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Experiments show that elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) often enhances plant photosynthesis and productivity, yet this effect varies substantially and may be climate sensitive. Understanding if, where and how water supply regulates CO2 enhancement is critical for projecting terrestrial responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change. Here, using data from 14 long-term ecosystem-scale CO2 experiments, we show that the eCO2 enhancement of annual aboveground net primary productivity is sensitive to annual precipitation and that this sensitivity differs between woody and grassland ecosystems. During wetter years, CO2 enhancement increases in woody ecosystems but declines in grass-dominated systems. Consistent with this difference, woody ecosystems can increase leaf area index in wetter years more effectively under eCO2 than can grassland ecosystems. Overall, and across different precipitation regimes, woody systems had markedly stronger CO2 enhancement (24%) than grasslands (13%). We developed an empirical relationship to quantify aboveground net primary productivity enhancement on the basis of changes in leaf area index, providing a new approach for evaluating eCO2 impacts on the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems.
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19
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Ren G, Yang B, Cui M, Yu H, Fan X, Dai Z, Sun J, Li G, Zhang H, Du D. Additive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on the performance and competitiveness of invasive Solidago canadensis L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1017554. [PMID: 36407577 PMCID: PMC9671518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1017554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in temperature and nitrogen (N) deposition determine the growth and competitive dominance of both invasive and native plants. However, a paucity of experimental evidence limits understanding of how these changes influence plant invasion. Therefore, we conducted a greenhouse experiment in which invasive Solidago canadensis L. was planted in mixed culture with native Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van under combined conditions of warming and N addition. Our results show that due to the strong positive effect of nitrogen addition, the temperature increases and nitrogen deposition interaction resulted in greatly enhanced species performance. Most of the relative change ratios (RCR) of phenotypic traits differences between S. canadensis and A. argyi occur in the low invasion stage, and six of eight traits had higher RCR in response to N addition and/or warming in native A. argyi than in invasive S. canadensis. Our results also demonstrate that the effects of the warming and nitrogen interaction on growth-related traits and competitiveness of S. canadensis and A. argyi were usually additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic. This conclusion suggests that the impact of warming and nitrogen deposition on S. canadensis can be inferred from single factor studies. Further, environmental changes did not modify the competitive relationship between invasive S. canadensis and native A. argyi but the relative yield of S. canadensis was significantly greater than A. argyi. This finding indicated that we can rule out the influence of environmental changes such as N addition and warming which makes S. canadensis successfully invade new habitats through competition. Correlation analysis showed that invasive S. canadensis may be more inclined to mobilize various characteristics to strengthen competition during the invasion process, which will facilitate S. canadensis becoming the superior competitor in S. canadensis-A. argyi interactions. These findings contribute to our understanding of the spreading of invasive plants such as S. canadensis under climate change and help identify potential precautionary measures that could prevent biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqian Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Cui
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haochen Yu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xue Fan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhicong Dai
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jianfan Sun
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guanlin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- School of Inspection and Testing Certification, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou, China
| | - Daolin Du
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Academy of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Daolin Du,
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Ogle K, Liu Y, Vicca S, Bahn M. A hierarchical, multivariate meta-analysis approach to synthesising global change experiments. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2382-2394. [PMID: 34137037 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analyses enable synthesis of results from globally distributed experiments to draw general conclusions about the impacts of global change factors on ecosystem function. Traditional meta-analyses, however, are challenged by the complexity and diversity of experimental results. We illustrate how several key issues can be addressed by a multivariate, hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis (MHBM) approach applied to information extracted from published studies. We applied an MHBM to log-response ratios for aboveground biomass (AB, n = 300), belowground biomass (BB, n = 205) and soil CO2 exchange (SCE, n = 544), representing 100 studies. The MHBM accounted for study duration, climate effects and covariation among the AB, BB and SCE responses to elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and/or warming. The MHBM revealed significant among-study covariation in the AB and BB responses to experimental treatments. The MHBM imputed missing duration (4.2%) and climate (6%) data, and revealed that climate context governs how eCO2 and warming impact ecosystem function. Predictions identified biomes that may be particularly sensitive to eCO2 or warming, but that are under-represented in global change experiments. The MHBM approach offers a flexible and powerful tool for synthesising disparate experimental results reported across multiple studies, sites and response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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21
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Russ Monson and the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis. Oecologia 2021; 197:823-840. [PMID: 33661402 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04883-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Early in his career, Russ Monson produced a series of influential eco-physiological papers that helped lay the foundation for the study of C4 plant evolution. Among the most important was a 1984 paper with Maurice Ku and Gerry Edwards that outlined the pathway for the evolutionary bridge from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. This model proposed C4 photosynthesis arose out of a shuttle that imported photorespiratory metabolites into bundle sheath (BS) cells, where glycine decarboxylase cleaved off CO2, allowing it to accumulate and be efficiently refixed by BS Rubisco. By the mid-1990's, Monson's research focus had shifted away from C4 plants, save for one 2003 paper on C3 versus C4 stomatal control with Travis Huxman, and a series of critical reviews on C4 evolution. These reviews heavily influenced the modern synthesis of C4 evolutionary studies, which incorporates phylogenomic understanding with physiological, molecular, and structural characterizations of trait shifts in multiple evolutionary lineages. Subsequent research supported the Monson et al. model from 1984, by showing a glycine shuttle occurs in nearly all C3-C4 intermediate species identified. Monson also examined the physiological controls over the ecological distribution of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis, building our understanding of the fitness value of the intermediate and C4 pathway in relevant microenvironments. By establishing the foundation for discoveries that followed, Russ Monson can rightly be considered a leading pioneer contributing to the evolutionary biology of C4 photosynthesis.
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A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO 2. Nature 2021; 591:599-603. [PMID: 33762765 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystems remove about 30 per cent of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by human activities each year1, yet the persistence of this carbon sink depends partly on how plant biomass and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks respond to future increases in atmospheric CO2 (refs. 2,3). Although plant biomass often increases in elevated CO2 (eCO2) experiments4-6, SOC has been observed to increase, remain unchanged or even decline7. The mechanisms that drive this variation across experiments remain poorly understood, creating uncertainty in climate projections8,9. Here we synthesized data from 108 eCO2 experiments and found that the effect of eCO2 on SOC stocks is best explained by a negative relationship with plant biomass: when plant biomass is strongly stimulated by eCO2, SOC storage declines; conversely, when biomass is weakly stimulated, SOC storage increases. This trade-off appears to be related to plant nutrient acquisition, in which plants increase their biomass by mining the soil for nutrients, which decreases SOC storage. We found that, overall, SOC stocks increase with eCO2 in grasslands (8 ± 2 per cent) but not in forests (0 ± 2 per cent), even though plant biomass in grasslands increase less (9 ± 3 per cent) than in forests (23 ± 2 per cent). Ecosystem models do not reproduce this trade-off, which implies that projections of SOC may need to be revised.
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Stein RA, Sheldon ND, Smith SY. C 3 plant carbon isotope discrimination does not respond to CO 2 concentration on decadal to centennial timescales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2576-2585. [PMID: 33098664 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant carbon isotope discrimination is complex, and could be driven by climate, evolution and/or edaphic factors. We tested the climate drivers of carbon isotope discrimination in modern and historical plant chemistry, and focus in particular on the relationship between rising [CO2 ] over Industrialization and carbon isotope discrimination. We generated temporal records of plant carbon isotopes from museum specimens collected over a climo-sequence to test plant responses to climate and atmospheric change over the past 200 yr (including Pinus strobus, Platycladus orientalis, Populus tremuloides, Thuja koraiensis, Thuja occidentalis, Thuja plicata, Thuja standishii and Thuja sutchuenensis). We aggregated our results with a meta-analysis of a wide range of C3 plants to make a comprehensive study of the distribution of carbon isotope discrimination and values among different plant types. We show that climate variables (e.g. mean annual precipitation, temperature and, key to this study, CO2 in the atmosphere) do not drive carbon isotope discrimination. Plant isotope discrimination is intrinsic to each taxon, and could link phylogenetic relationships and adaptation to climate quantitatively and over ecological to geological time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Stein
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1100 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathan D Sheldon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1100 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Selena Y Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1100 N University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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24
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Ma Z, Chang SX, Bork EW, Steinaker DF, Wilson SD, White SR, Cahill JF. Climate change and defoliation interact to affect root length across northern temperate grasslands. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Ma
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Scott X. Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Edward W. Bork
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | | | - Shannon R. White
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - James F. Cahill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
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25
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Klemm T, Briske DD, Reeves MC. Potential natural vegetation and NPP responses to future climates in the U.S. Great Plains. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Klemm
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University 2258 TAMU College Station Texas77843USA
| | - David D. Briske
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology Texas A&M University 2258 TAMU College Station Texas77843USA
| | - Matthew C. Reeves
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station 800 East Beckwith Avenue Missoula Montana59801USA
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26
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Pastore MA, Lee TD, Hobbie SE, Reich PB. Interactive effects of elevated CO 2 , warming, reduced rainfall, and nitrogen on leaf gas exchange in five perennial grassland species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1862-1878. [PMID: 32400900 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global changes can interact to affect photosynthesis and thus ecosystem carbon capture, yet few multi-factor field studies exist to examine such interactions. Here, we evaluate leaf gas exchange responses of five perennial grassland species from four functional groups to individual and interactive global changes in an open-air experiment in Minnesota, USA, including elevated CO2 (eCO2 ), warming, reduced rainfall and increased soil nitrogen supply. All four factors influenced leaf net photosynthesis and/or stomatal conductance, but almost all effects were context-dependent, i.e. they differed among species, varied with levels of other treatments and/or depended on environmental conditions. Firstly, the response of photosynthesis to eCO2 depended on species and nitrogen, became more positive as vapour pressure deficit increased and, for a C4 grass and a legume, was more positive under reduced rainfall. Secondly, reduced rainfall increased photosynthesis in three functionally distinct species, potentially via acclimation to low soil moisture. Thirdly, warming had positive, neutral or negative effects on photosynthesis depending on species and rainfall. Overall, our results show that interactions among global changes and environmental conditions may complicate predictions based on simple theoretical expectations of main effects, and that the factors and interactions influencing photosynthesis vary among herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pastore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tali D Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Yin J, Yang F, Zhao Y, Jiang Z, Tao J, Yan X, Qiu Y, Guo H, Hu S. Combination of warming and N inputs increases the temperature sensitivity of soil N 2O emission in a Tibetan alpine meadow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135450. [PMID: 31896220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many high-elevation alpine ecosystems have been experiencing significant increases in air temperature and, to a lesser extent, nitrogen (N) deposition. These changes may affect N-cycling microbes and enhance emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O, a potent greenhouse gas) from soil. However, few studies have investigated whether and how the resulting changes in N-cycling microbes may affect the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of N2O emission and in turn feed back to N2O emissions. We conducted two incubation experiments to examine N2O emissions and their temperature sensitivities in soils that had experienced 3-yr field treatments of warming, N inputs and their combination in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Our results showed that neither N inputs nor warming alone affected the rate or Q10 of soil N2O emission, but combining the two significantly increased both parameters. Also, combined N and warming significantly increased the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), corresponding with high soil N2O emission. In addition, N2O emission from nitrification accounted for 60-80% of total emissions in all soils, indicating that nitrifying microbes dominated the N2O production and its temperature sensitivity. Using random forest (RF) and structural equation model (SEM) analyses, we further evaluated the effects of various soil characteristics on soil N2O emissions and Q10. We identified soil moisture, pH, N mineralization and AOB abundance as the main predictors of the Q10 of N2O emissions. Together, these findings suggest that alterations in soil moisture, pH and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria induced by long-term N inputs and warming may increase temperature sensitivity of soil N2O emissions, leading to a positive climate feedback in this high-altitude alpine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yexin Zhao
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongquan Jiang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinjin Tao
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuebin Yan
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunpeng Qiu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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28
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Herbert ER, Schubauer-Berigan JP, Craft CB. Effects of 10 yr of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on carbon and nutrient cycling in a tidal freshwater marsh. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2020; N/A:1-19. [PMID: 32704188 PMCID: PMC7377238 DOI: 10.1002/lno.11411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tidal freshwater marshes can protect downstream ecosystems from eutrophication by intercepting excess nutrient loads, but recent studies in salt marshes suggest nutrient loading compromises their structural and functional integrity. Here, we present data on changes in plant biomass, microbial biomass and activity, and soil chemistry from plots in a tidal freshwater marsh on the Altamaha River (GA) fertilized for 10 yr with nitrogen (+N), phosphorus (+P), or nitrogen and phosphorus (+NP). Nitrogen alone doubled aboveground biomass and enhanced microbial activity, specifically rates of potential nitrification, denitrification, and methane production measured in laboratory incubations. Phosphorus alone increased soil P and doubled microbial biomass but did not affect microbial processes. Nitrogen or P alone decreased belowground biomass and soil carbon (C) whereas +NP increased aboveground biomass, microbial biomass and N cycling, and N, P, and C assimilation and burial more than either nutrient alone. Our findings suggest differential nutrient limitation of tidal freshwater macrophytes by N and microbes by P, similar to what has been observed in salt marshes. Macrophytes outcompete microbes for P in response to long-term N and P additions, leading to increased soil C storage through increased inputs of belowground biomass relative to N and P added singly. The susceptibility of tidal freshwater marshes to long-term nutrient enrichment and, hence their ability to mitigate eutrophication will depend on the quantity and relative proportion of N vs. P entering estuaries and tidal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R. Herbert
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Christopher B. Craft
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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29
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Identification of suites of traits that explains drought resistance and phenological patterns of plants in a semi-arid grassland community. Oecologia 2020; 192:55-66. [PMID: 31932921 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Grassland ecosystems are comprised of plants that occupy a wide array of phenological niches and vary considerably in their ability to resist the stress of seasonal soil-water deficits. Yet, the link between plant drought resistance and phenology remains unclear in perennial grassland ecosystems. To evaluate the role of soil water availability and plant drought tolerance in driving phenology, we measured leaf hydraulic conductance (Ksat), resistance to hydraulic failure (P50), leaf gas exchange, plant and soil water stable isotope ratios (δ18O), and several phenology metrics on ten perennial herbaceous species in mixed-grass prairie. The interaction between P50 and δ18O of xylem water explained 67% of differences in phenology, with lower P50 values associated with later season activity, but only among shallow-rooted species. In addition, stomatal control and high water-use efficiency also contributed to the late flowering and late senescence strategies of plants that had low P50 values and relied upon shallow soil water. Alternatively, plants with deeper roots did not possess drought-tolerant leaves, but had high hydraulic efficiency, contributing to their ability to efficiently move water longer distances while maintaining leaf water potential at relatively high values. The suites of traits that characterize these contrasting strategies provide a mechanistic link between phenology and plant-water relations; thus, these traits could help predict grassland community responses to changes in water availability, both temporally and vertically within the soil profile.
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30
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Volaire F, Morvan-Bertrand A, Prud’homme MP, Benot ML, Augusti A, Zwicke M, Roy J, Landais D, Picon-Cochard C. The resilience of perennial grasses under two climate scenarios is correlated with carbohydrate metabolism in meristems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:370-385. [PMID: 31557303 PMCID: PMC6913708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic events (ECEs) such as droughts and heat waves affect ecosystem functioning and species turnover. This study investigated the effect of elevated CO2 on species' resilience to ECEs. Monoliths of intact soil and their plant communities from an upland grassland were exposed to 2050 climate scenarios with or without an ECE under ambient (390 ppm) or elevated (520 ppm) CO2. Ecophysiological traits of two perennial grasses (Dactylis glomerata and Holcus lanatus) were measured before, during, and after ECE. At similar soil water content, leaf elongation was greater under elevated CO2 for both species. The resilience of D. glomerata increased under enhanced CO2 (+60%) whereas H. lanatus mostly died during ECE. D. glomerata accumulated 30% more fructans, which were more highly polymerized, and 4-fold less sucrose than H. lanatus. The fructan concentration in leaf meristems was significantly increased under elevated CO2. Their relative abundance changed during the ECE, resulting in a more polymerized assemblage in H. lanatus and a more depolymerized assemblage in D. glomerata. The ratio of low degree of polymerization fructans to sucrose in leaf meristems was the best predictor of resilience across species. This study underlines the role of carbohydrate metabolism and the species-dependent effect of elevated CO2 on the resilience of grasses to ECE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie-Lise Benot
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA and Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO33610, Cestas, France
| | - Angela Augusti
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CNR-Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Marine Zwicke
- UCA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR 874, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jacques Roy
- CNRS, UPS 3248, Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Damien Landais
- CNRS, UPS 3248, Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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31
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Das S, Ho A, Kim PJ. Editorial: Role of Microbes in Climate Smart Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2756. [PMID: 31849896 PMCID: PMC6901993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Das
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Adrian Ho
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Pil Joo Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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32
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Asynchronous nitrogen supply and demand produce nonlinear plant allocation responses to warming and elevated CO 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21623-21628. [PMID: 31591204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904990116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change are mediated by complex plant-soil feedbacks that are poorly understood, but often driven by the balance of nutrient supply and demand. We actively increased aboveground plant-surface temperature, belowground soil temperature, and atmospheric CO2 in a brackish marsh and found nonlinear and nonadditive feedbacks in plant responses. Changes in root-to-shoot allocation by sedges were nonlinear, with peak belowground allocation occurring at +1.7 °C in both years. Above 1.7 °C, allocation to root versus shoot production decreased with increasing warming such that there were no differences in root biomass between ambient and +5.1 °C plots in either year. Elevated CO2 altered this response when crossed with +5.1 °C, increasing root-to-shoot allocation due to increased plant nitrogen demand and, consequently, root production. We suggest these nonlinear responses to warming are caused by asynchrony between the thresholds that trigger increased plant nitrogen (N) demand versus increased N mineralization rates. The resulting shifts in biomass allocation between roots and shoots have important consequences for forecasting terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change and understanding global trends.
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33
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Petrie MD, Peters DPC, Burruss ND, Ji W, Savoy HM. Differing climate and landscape effects on regional dryland vegetation responses during wet periods allude to future patterns. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3305-3318. [PMID: 31180158 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dryland vegetation is influenced by biotic and abiotic land surface template (LST) conditions and precipitation (PPT), such that enhanced vegetation responses to periods of high PPT may be shaped by multiple factors. High PPT stochasticity in the Chihuahuan Desert suggests that enhanced responses across broad geographic areas are improbable. Yet, multiyear wet periods may homogenize PPT patterns, interact with favorable LST conditions, and in this way produce enhanced responses. In contrast, periods containing multiple extreme high PPT pulse events could overwhelm LST influences, suggesting a divergence in how climate change could influence vegetation by altering PPT periods. Using a suite of stacked remote sensing and LST datasets from the 1980s to the present, we evaluated PPT-LST-Vegetation relationships across this region and tested the hypothesis that enhanced vegetation responses would be initiated by high PPT, but that LST favorability would underlie response magnitude, producing geographic differences between wet periods. We focused on two multiyear wet periods; one of above average, regionally distributed PPT (1990-1993) and a second with locally distributed PPT that contained two extreme wet pulses (2006-2008). 1990-1993 had regional vegetation responses that were correlated with soil properties. 2006-2008 had higher vegetation responses over a smaller area that were correlated primarily with PPT and secondarily to soil properties. Within the overlapping PPT area of both periods, enhanced vegetation responses occurred in similar locations. Thus, LST favorability underlied the geographic pattern of vegetation responses, whereas PPT initiated the response and controlled response area and maximum response magnitude. Multiyear periods provide foresight on the differing impacts that directional changes in mean climate and changes in extreme PPT pulses could have in drylands. Our study shows that future vegetation responses during wet periods will be tied to LST favorability, yet will be shaped by the pattern and magnitude of multiyear PPT events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Petrie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Debra P C Peters
- Jornada Experimental Range, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Las Cruces, New Mexico
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - N Dylan Burruss
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Wenjie Ji
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
| | - Heather M Savoy
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
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Al‐Hadeethi I, Li Y, Odhafa AKH, Al‐Hadeethi H, Seneweera S, Lam SK. Assessment of grain quality in terms of functional group response to elevated [CO 2], water, and nitrogen using a meta-analysis: Grain protein, zinc, and iron under future climate. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7425-7437. [PMID: 31346413 PMCID: PMC6635941 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing [CO2] in the atmosphere increases crop productivity. However, grain quality of cereals and pulses are substantially decreased and consequently compromise human health. Meta-analysis techniques were employed to investigate the effect of elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) on protein, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) concentrations of major food crops (542 experimental observations from 135 studies) including wheat, rice, soybean, field peas, and corn considering different levels of water and nitrogen (N). Each crop, except soybean, had decreased protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations when grown at e[CO2] concentration (≥550 μmol/mol) compared to ambient [CO2] (a[CO2]) concentration (≤380 μmol/mol). Grain protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations were reduced under e[CO2]; however, the responses of protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations to e[CO2] were modified by water stress and N. There was an increase in Fe concentration in soybean under medium N and wet conditions but nonsignificant. The reductions in protein concentrations for wheat and rice were ~5%-10%, and the reductions in Zn and Fe concentrations were ~3%-12%. For soybean, there was a small and nonsignificant increase of 0.37% in its protein concentration under medium N and dry water, while Zn and Fe concentrations were reduced by ~2%-5%. The protein concentration of field peas decreased by 1.7%, and the reductions in Zn and Fe concentrations were ~4%-10%. The reductions in protein, Zn, and Fe concentrations of corn were ~5%-10%. Bias in the dataset was assessed using a regression test and rank correlation. The analysis indicated that there are medium levels of bias within published meta-analysis studies of crops responses to free-air [CO2] enrichment (FACE). However, the integration of the influence of reporting bias did not affect the significance or the direction of the [CO2] effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas Al‐Hadeethi
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Administration and EconomicsUniversity of WasitKutIraq
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Abdul Kareem H. Odhafa
- Department of Soil Chemistry and Salinity, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of WasitKutIraq
| | - Hanan Al‐Hadeethi
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Administration and EconomicsUniversity of WasitKutIraq
| | - Saman Seneweera
- Centre for Crop HealthUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaQueenslandAustralia
- National Institute of Fundamental StudiesKandySri Lanka
| | - Shu K. Lam
- Melbourne School of Land and EnvironmentThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Su F, Wei Y, Wang F, Guo J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Guo H, Hu S. Sensitivity of plant species to warming and altered precipitation dominates the community productivity in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7628-7638. [PMID: 31346427 PMCID: PMC6635936 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and changes in precipitation patterns can critically influence the structure and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We conducted two independent but complementary experiments (one with warming and precipitation manipulation (+ or - 30%) and another with selective plant removal) in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau, northwestern China, to assess how warming and altered precipitation affect plant community. Our results showed that warming and altered precipitation affected community aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) through impacting soil moisture. Results of the removal experiment showed competitive relationships among dominant grasses, the dominant subshrub and nondominant species, which played a more important role than soil moisture in the response of plant community to warming and altered precipitation. Precipitation addition intensified the competition but primarily benefited the dominant subshrub. Warming and precipitation reduction enhanced water stresses but increased ANPP of the dominant subshrub and grasses, indicating that plant tolerance to drought critically meditated the community responses. These findings suggest that specie competitivity for water resources as well as tolerance to environmental stresses may dominate the responses of plant communities on the Loess Plateaus to future climate change factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglong Su
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yanan Wei
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fuwei Wang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiuxin Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary, Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Hui Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Entomology & Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
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Polley HW, Aspinwall MJ, Collins HP, Gibson AE, Gill RA, Jackson RB, Jin VL, Khasanova AR, Reichmann LG, Fay PA. CO 2 enrichment and soil type additively regulate grassland productivity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:183-192. [PMID: 30367488 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 enrichment usually increases the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grassland vegetation, but the magnitude of the ANPP-CO2 response differs among ecosystems. Soil properties affect ANPP via multiple mechanisms and vary over topographic to geographic gradients, but have received little attention as potential modifiers of the ANPP-CO2 response. We assessed the effects of three soil types, sandy loam, silty clay and clay, on the ANPP response of perennial C3 /C4 grassland communities to a subambient to elevated CO2 gradient over 10 yr in Texas, USA. We predicted an interactive, rather than additive, effect of CO2 and soil type on ANPP. Contrary to prediction, CO2 and soil additively influenced grassland ANPP. Increasing CO2 by 250 μl l-1 increased ANPP by 170 g m-2 across soil types. Increased clay content from 10% to 50% among soils reduced ANPP by 50 g m-2 . CO2 enrichment increased ANPP via a predominant direct effect, accompanied by a smaller indirect effect mediated by a successional shift to increased dominance of the C4 tallgrass Sorghastrum nutans. Our results indicate a large, positive influence of CO2 enrichment on grassland productivity that resulted from the direct physiological benefits of CO2 augmented by species succession, and was expressed similarly across soils of differing physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wayne Polley
- Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, USDA, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Michael J Aspinwall
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Harold P Collins
- Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, USDA, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Anne E Gibson
- Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, USDA, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Richard A Gill
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Robert B Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Y2E2 Building, 379B, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Virginia L Jin
- Agricultural Research Service, ARS Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, USDA, University of Nebraska, 251 Filley Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Albina R Khasanova
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lara G Reichmann
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Data Institute, University of San Francisco, 101 Howard St., San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - Philip A Fay
- Agricultural Research Service, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, USDA, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
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Reed PB, Pfeifer‐Meister LE, Roy BA, Johnson BR, Bailes GT, Nelson AA, Boulay MC, Hamman ST, Bridgham SD. Prairie plant phenology driven more by temperature than moisture in climate manipulations across a latitudinal gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3637-3650. [PMID: 30962915 PMCID: PMC6434541 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant phenology will likely shift with climate change, but how temperature and/or moisture regimes will control phenological responses is not well understood. This is particularly true in Mediterranean climate ecosystems where the warmest temperatures and greatest moisture availability are seasonally asynchronous. We examined plant phenological responses at both the population and community levels to four climate treatments (control, warming, drought, and warming plus additional precipitation) embedded within three prairies across a 520 km latitudinal Mediterranean climate gradient within the Pacific Northwest, USA. At the population level, we monitored flowering and abundances in spring 2017 of eight range-restricted focal species planted both within and north of their current ranges. At the community level, we used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measured from fall 2016 to summer 2018 to estimate peak live biomass, senescence, seasonal patterns, and growing season length. We found that warming exerted a stronger control than our moisture manipulations on phenology at both the population and community levels. Warming advanced flowering regardless of whether a species was within or beyond its current range. Importantly, many of our focal species had low abundances, particularly in the south, suggesting that establishment, in addition to phenological shifts, may be a strong constraint on their future viability. At the community level, warming advanced the date of peak biomass regardless of site or year. The date of senescence advanced regardless of year for the southern and central sites but only in 2018 for the northern site. Growing season length contracted due to warming at the southern and central sites (~3 weeks) but was unaffected at the northern site. Our results emphasize that future temperature changes may exert strong influence on the timing of a variety of plant phenological events, especially those events that occur when temperature is most limiting, even in seasonally water-limited Mediterranean ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Reed
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
- Environmental Studies ProgramUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
| | | | - Bitty A. Roy
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
| | - Bart R. Johnson
- Department of Landscape ArchitectureUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
| | - Graham T. Bailes
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
| | - Aaron A. Nelson
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of OregonEugeneOregon
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Zhou G, Luo Q, Chen Y, He M, Zhou L, Frank D, He Y, Fu Y, Zhang B, Zhou X. Effects of livestock grazing on grassland carbon storage and release override impacts associated with global climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1119-1132. [PMID: 30466147 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting future carbon (C) dynamics in grassland ecosystems requires knowledge of how grazing and global climate change (e.g., warming, elevated CO2 , increased precipitation, drought, and N fertilization) interact to influence C storage and release. Here, we synthesized data from 223 grassland studies to quantify the individual and interactive effects of herbivores and climate change on ecosystem C pools and soil respiration (Rs). Our results showed that grazing overrode global climate change factors in regulating grassland C storage and release (i.e., Rs). Specifically, grazing significantly decreased aboveground plant C pool (APCP), belowground plant C pool (BPCP), soil C pool (SCP), and Rs by 19.1%, 6.4%, 3.1%, and 4.6%, respectively, while overall effects of all global climate change factors increased APCP, BPCP, and Rs by 6.5%, 15.3%, and 3.4% but had no significant effect on SCP. However, the combined effects of grazing with global climate change factors also significantly decreased APCP, SCP, and Rs by 4.0%, 4.7%, and 2.7%, respectively but had no effect on BPCP. Most of the interactions between grazing and global climate change factors on APCP, BPCP, SCP, and Rs were additive instead of synergistic or antagonistic. Our findings highlight the dominant effects of grazing on C storage and Rs when compared with the suite of global climate change factors. Therefore, incorporating the dominant effect of herbivore grazing into Earth System Models is necessary to accurately predict climate-grassland feedbacks in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyao Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Douglas Frank
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Yanghui He
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baocheng Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, ZunYi Normal University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Tiantong National Field Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
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Abdalla Filho AL, Costa Junior GT, Lima PM, Soltangheisi A, Abdalla AL, Ghini R, Piccolo MC. Fiber fractions, multielemental and isotopic composition of a tropical C 4 grass grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. PeerJ 2019; 7:e5932. [PMID: 30809426 PMCID: PMC6385687 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazil has the largest commercial herd of ruminants with approximately 211 million head, representing 15% of world's beef production, in an area of 170 million hectares of grasslands, mostly cultivated with Brachiaria spp. Although nutrient reduction due to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has already been verified in important crops, studies evaluating its effects on fiber fractions and elemental composition of this grass genus are still scarce. Therefore, a better understanding of the effects of elevated CO2 on forage quality can elucidate the interaction between forage and livestock production and possible adaptations for a climate change scenario. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations on biomass production, morphological characteristics, fiber fractions, and elemental composition of Brachiaria decumbens (cv. Basilisk). METHODS A total of 12 octagonal rings with 10 m diameter were distributed in a seven-ha coffee plantation and inside each of them, two plots of 0.25 m2 were seeded with B. decumbens (cv. Basilisk) in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment facility. Six rings were kept under natural conditions (≈390 μmol mol-1 CO2; Control) and other six under pure CO2 flux to achieve a higher concentration (≈550 μmol mol-1 CO2; Elevated CO2). After 30 months under contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentration, grass samples were collected, and then splitted into two portions: in the first, whole forage was kept intact and in the second portion, the leaf, true stem, inflorescence and senescence fractions were manually separated to determine their proportions (%). All samples were then analyzed to determine the fiber fractions (NDF, hemicellulose, ADF, cellulose, and Lignin), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) contents and N isotopic composition. RESULTS Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration did not influence biomass productivity, average height, leaf, stem, senescence and inflorescence proportions, and fiber fractions (p > 0.05). Calcium content of the leaf and senescence portion of B. decumbens were reduced under elevated atmospheric CO2 (p < 0.05). Despite no effect on total C and N (p > 0.05), lower C:N ratio was observed in the whole forage grown under elevated CO2 (p < 0.05). The isotopic composition was also affected by elevated CO2, with higher values of δ15N in the leaf and stem portions of B. decumbens (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION Productivity and fiber fractions of B. decumbens were not influenced by CO2 enrichment. However, elevated CO2 resulted in decreased forage Ca content which could affect livestock production under a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adibe L. Abdalla Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Ciclagem de Nutrientes, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geovani T. Costa Junior
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M.T. Lima
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amin Soltangheisi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adibe L. Abdalla
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Nutrição Animal, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Ghini
- Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa C. Piccolo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura—Laboratório de Ciclagem de Nutrientes, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Koyama A, Steinweg JM, Haddix ML, Dukes JS, Wallenstein MD. Soil bacterial community responses to altered precipitation and temperature regimes in an old field grassland are mediated by plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 94:4628037. [PMID: 29145592 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and function of soil microbiomes often change in response to experimental climate manipulations, suggesting an important role in ecosystem feedbacks. However, it is difficult to know if microbes are responding directly to environmental changes or are more strongly impacted by plant responses. We investigated soil microbial responses to precipitation and temperature manipulations at the Boston-Area Climate Experiment in Massachusetts, USA, in both vegetated and bare plots to parse direct vs. plant-mediated responses to multi-factor climate change. We assessed the bacterial community in vegetated soils in 2009, two years after the experiment was initiated, and bacterial and fungal community in vegetated and bare soils in 2011. The bacterial community structure was significantly changed by the treatments in vegetated soils. However, such changes in the bacterial community across the treatments were absent in the 2011 bare soils. These results suggest that the bacterial communities in vegetated soils were structured via plant community shifts in response to the abiotic manipulations. Co-variation between bacterial community structure and temperature sensitivities and stoichiometry of potential enzyme activities in the 2011 vegetated soils suggested a link between bacterial community structure and ecosystem function. This study emphasizes the importance of plant-soil-microbial interactions in mediating responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Koyama
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Algoma University, Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - J Megan Steinweg
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Roanoke College, Salem, Virginia 24153, USA
| | - Michelle L Haddix
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Matthew D Wallenstein
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.,Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Song J, Wan S, Piao S, Hui D, Hovenden MJ, Ciais P, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhong M, Zheng M, Ma G, Zhou Z, Ru J. Elevated CO2
does not stimulate carbon sink in a semi-arid grassland. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:458-468. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
- College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Shiqiang Wan
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
- College of Life Sciences; Hebei University; Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
- Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences; Tennessee State University; Nashville TN 37209 USA
| | - Mark J. Hovenden
- Biological Sciences; School of Natural Sciences; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tas 7001 Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; CEA CNRS UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Yongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Yinzhan Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Mingxing Zhong
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Mengmei Zheng
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Gaigai Ma
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Zhenxing Zhou
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
| | - Jingyi Ru
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology; School of Life Sciences; Henan University; Kaifeng Henan 475004 China
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Shi Z, Lin Y, Wilcox KR, Souza L, Jiang L, Jiang J, Jung CG, Xu X, Yuan M, Guo X, Wu L, Zhou J, Luo Y. Successional change in species composition alters climate sensitivity of grassland productivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4993-5003. [PMID: 29851205 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Succession theory predicts altered sensitivity of ecosystem functions to disturbance (i.e., climate change) due to the temporal shift in plant community composition. However, empirical evidence in global change experiments is lacking to support this prediction. Here, we present findings from an 8-year long-term global change experiment with warming and altered precipitation manipulation (double and halved amount). First, we observed a temporal shift in species composition over 8 years, resulting in a transition from an annual C3 -dominant plant community to a perennial C4 -dominant plant community. This successional transition was independent of any experimental treatments. During the successional transition, the response of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) to precipitation addition magnified from neutral to +45.3%, while the response to halved precipitation attenuated substantially from -17.6% to neutral. However, warming did not affect ANPP in either state. The findings further reveal that the time-dependent climate sensitivity may be regulated by successional change in species composition, highlighting the importance of vegetation dynamics in regulating the response of ecosystem productivity to precipitation change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Kevin R Wilcox
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Lara Souza
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration in Jiangsu Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Gyo Jung
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Xia Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengting Yuan
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Xue Guo
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyou Wu
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Eze S, Palmer SM, Chapman PJ. Negative effects of climate change on upland grassland productivity and carbon fluxes are not attenuated by nitrogen status. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:398-407. [PMID: 29753228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of climate change on managed grassland carbon (C) fluxes and biomass production are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the individual and interactive effects of experimental warming (+3 °C above ambient summer daily range of 9-12 °C), supplemental precipitation (333 mm +15%) and drought (333 mm -23%) on plant biomass, microbial biomass C (MBC), net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and dissolved organic C (DOC) flux in soil cores from two upland grasslands of different soil nitrogen (N) status (0.54% and 0.37%) in the UK. After one month of acclimation to ambient summer temperature and precipitation, five replicate cores of each treatment were subjected to three months of experimental warming, drought and supplemental precipitation, based on the projected regional summer climate by the end of the 21st Century, in a fully factorial design. NEE and DOC flux were measured throughout the experimental duration, alongside other environmental variables including soil temperature and moisture. Plant biomass and MBC were determined at the end of the experiment. Results showed that warming plus drought resulted in a significant decline in belowground plant biomass (-29 to -37%), aboveground plant biomass (-35 to -77%) and NEE (-13 to -29%), regardless of the N status of the soil. Supplemental precipitation could not reverse the negative effects of warming on the net ecosystem C uptake and plant biomass production. This was attributed to physiological stress imposed by warming which suggests that future summer climate will reduce the C sink capacity of the grasslands. Due to the low moisture retention observed in this study, and to verify our findings, it is recommended that future experiments aimed at measuring soil C dynamics under climate change should be carried out under field conditions. Longer term experiments are recommended to account for seasonal and annual variability, and adaptive changes in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eze
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK.
| | - Sheila M Palmer
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK.
| | - Pippa J Chapman
- School of Geography, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, UK.
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Andresen LC, Yuan N, Seibert R, Moser G, Kammann CI, Luterbacher J, Erbs M, Müller C. Biomass responses in a temperate European grassland through 17 years of elevated CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3875-3885. [PMID: 28370878 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations will potentially enhance grassland biomass production and shift the functional group composition with consequences for ecosystem functioning. In the "GiFACE" experiment (Giessen Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment), fertilized grassland plots were fumigated with elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) year-round during daylight hours since 1998, at a level of +20% relative to ambient concentrations (in 1998, aCO2 was 364 ppm and eCO2 399 ppm; in 2014, aCO2 was 397 ppm and eCO2 518 ppm). Harvests were conducted twice annually through 23 years including 17 years with eCO2 (1998 to 2014). Biomass consisted of C3 grasses and forbs, with a small proportion of legumes. The total aboveground biomass (TAB) was significantly increased under eCO2 (p = .045 and .025, at first and second harvest). The dominant plant functional group grasses responded positively at the start, but for forbs, the effect of eCO2 started out as a negative response. The increase in TAB in response to eCO2 was approximately 15% during the period from 2006 to 2014, suggesting that there was no attenuation of eCO2 effects over time, tentatively a consequence of the fertilization management. Biomass and soil moisture responses were closely linked. The soil moisture surplus (c. 3%) in eCO2 manifested in the latter years was associated with a positive biomass response of both functional groups. The direction of the biomass response of the functional group forbs changed over the experimental duration, intensified by extreme weather conditions, pointing to the need of long-term field studies for obtaining reliable responses of perennial ecosystems to eCO2 and as a basis for model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Andresen
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Naiming Yuan
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ruben Seibert
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerald Moser
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Claudia I Kammann
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, WG Climate Change Research for Special Crops, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Department of Geography, Climatology, Climate Dynamics and Climate Change, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Erbs
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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45
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Nie M, Zou J, Xu X, Liang C, Fang C, Li B. Comment on "Unexpected reversal of C 3 versus C 4 grass response to elevated CO 2 during a 20-year field experiment". Science 2018; 361:361/6405/eaau3016. [PMID: 30166457 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Reich et al (Reports, 20 April 2018, p. 317) reported that elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) switched its effect from promoting C3 grasses to favoring C4 grasses in a long-term experiment. We argue that the authors did not appropriately elucidate the interannual climate variation as a potential mechanism for the reversal of C4-C3 biomass in response to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Junyu Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Changming Fang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bo Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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46
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Carrillo Y, Dijkstra F, LeCain D, Blumenthal D, Pendall E. Elevated CO2
and warming cause interactive effects on soil carbon and shifts in carbon use by bacteria. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1639-1648. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith 2570 NSW Australia
| | - Feike Dijkstra
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food; School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Camden 2570 NSW Australia
| | - Dan LeCain
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit; Agricultural Research Service; United States Department of Agriculture; Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Dana Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit; Agricultural Research Service; United States Department of Agriculture; Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Western Sydney University; Penrith 2570 NSW Australia
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47
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Yu H, Deng Y, He Z, Van Nostrand JD, Wang S, Jin D, Wang A, Wu L, Wang D, Tai X, Zhou J. Elevated CO 2 and Warming Altered Grassland Microbial Communities in Soil Top-Layers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1790. [PMID: 30154760 PMCID: PMC6102351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As two central issues of global climate change, the continuous increase of both atmospheric CO2 concentrations and global temperature has profound effects on various terrestrial ecosystems. Microbial communities play pivotal roles in these ecosystems by responding to environmental changes through regulation of soil biogeochemical processes. However, little is known about the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) and global warming on soil microbial communities, especially in semiarid zones. We used a functional gene array (GeoChip 3.0) to measure the functional gene composition, structure, and metabolic potential of soil microbial communities under warming, eCO2, and eCO2 + warming conditions in a semiarid grassland. The results showed that the composition and structure of microbial communities was dramatically altered by multiple climate factors, including elevated CO2 and increased temperature. Key functional genes, those involved in carbon (C) degradation and fixation, methane metabolism, nitrogen (N) fixation, denitrification and N mineralization, were all stimulated under eCO2, while those genes involved in denitrification and ammonification were inhibited under warming alone. The interaction effects of eCO2 and warming on soil functional processes were similar to eCO2 alone, whereas some genes involved in recalcitrant C degradation showed no significant changes. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis and Mantel test results suggested that NO3-N and moisture significantly correlated with variations in microbial functional genes. Overall, this study revealed the possible feedback of soil microbial communities to multiple climate change factors by the suppression of N cycling under warming, and enhancement of C and N cycling processes under either eCO2 alone or in interaction with warming. These findings may enhance our understanding of semiarid grassland ecosystem responses to integrated factors of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, China
| | - Ye Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiome Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joy D Van Nostrand
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Shang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Liyou Wu
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Daohan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, China
| | - Xin Tai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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48
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Yue K, Yang W, Peng Y, Peng C, Tan B, Xu Z, Zhang L, Ni X, Zhou W, Wu F. Individual and combined effects of multiple global change drivers on terrestrial phosphorus pools: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:181-188. [PMID: 29477116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human activity-induced global change drivers have dramatically changed terrestrial phosphorus (P) dynamics. However, our understanding of the interactive effects of multiple global change drivers on terrestrial P pools remains elusive, limiting their incorporation into ecological and biogeochemical models. We conducted a meta-analysis using 1751 observations extracted from 283 published articles to evaluate the individual, combined, and interactive effects of elevated CO2, warming, N addition, P addition, increased rainfall, and drought on P pools of plant (at both single-plant and plant-community levels), soil and microbial biomass. Our results suggested that (1) terrestrial P pools showed the most sensitive responses to the individual effects of warming and P addition; (2) P pools were consistently stimulated by P addition alone or in combination with simultaneous N addition; (3) environmental and experimental setting factors such as ecosystem type, climate, and latitude could significantly influence both the individual and combined effects; and (4) the interactive effects of two-driver pairs across multiple global change drivers are more likely to be additive rather than synergistic or antagonistic. Our findings highlighting the importance of additive interactive effects among multiple global change drivers on terrestrial P pools would be useful for incorporating P as controls on ecological processes such as photosynthesis and plant growth into ecosystem models used to analyze effects of multiple drivers under future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanqin Yang
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Changhui Peng
- Department of Biological Science, Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Case Postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada; Laboratory for Ecological Forecasting and Global Change, College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xu
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangyin Ni
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Fuzhong Wu
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Forestry Engineering, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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49
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Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Lee TD, Pastore MA. Unexpected reversal of C 3 versus C 4 grass response to elevated CO 2 during a 20-year field experiment. Science 2018; 360:317-320. [PMID: 29674593 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts and evidence shows that plant species that use the C4 photosynthetic pathway (C4 species) are less responsive to elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) than species that use only the C3 pathway (C3 species). We document a reversal from this expected C3-C4 contrast. Over the first 12 years of a 20-year free-air CO2 enrichment experiment with 88 C3 or C4 grassland plots, we found that biomass was markedly enhanced at eCO2 relative to ambient CO2 in C3 but not C4 plots, as expected. During the subsequent 8 years, the pattern reversed: Biomass was markedly enhanced at eCO2 relative to ambient CO2 in C4 but not C3 plots. Soil net nitrogen mineralization rates, an index of soil nitrogen supply, exhibited a similar shift: eCO2 first enhanced but later depressed rates in C3 plots, with the opposite true in C4 plots, partially explaining the reversal of the eCO2 biomass response. These findings challenge the current C3-C4eCO2 paradigm and show that even the best-supported short-term drivers of plant response to global change might not predict long-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Tali D Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, WI 54701, USA
| | - Melissa A Pastore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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50
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Petrie MD, Peters DPC, Yao J, Blair JM, Burruss ND, Collins SL, Derner JD, Gherardi LA, Hendrickson JR, Sala OE, Starks PJ, Steiner JL. Regional grassland productivity responses to precipitation during multiyear above- and below-average rainfall periods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1935-1951. [PMID: 29265568 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of changes in precipitation associated with climate change, and ecosystem responses are also uncertain. Multiyear periods of above- and below-average rainfall may foretell consequences of changes in rainfall regime. We compiled long-term aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation (PPT) data for eight North American grasslands, and quantified relationships between ANPP and PPT at each site, and in 1-3 year periods of above- and below-average rainfall for mesic, semiarid cool, and semiarid warm grassland types. Our objective was to improve understanding of ANPP dynamics associated with changing climatic conditions by contrasting PPT-ANPP relationships in above- and below-average PPT years to those that occurred during sequences of multiple above- and below-average years. We found differences in PPT-ANPP relationships in above- and below-average years compared to long-term site averages, and variation in ANPP not explained by PPT totals that likely are attributed to legacy effects. The correlation between ANPP and current- and prior-year conditions changed from year to year throughout multiyear periods, with some legacy effects declining, and new responses emerging. Thus, ANPP in a given year was influenced by sequences of conditions that varied across grassland types and climates. Most importantly, the influence of prior-year ANPP often increased with the length of multiyear periods, whereas the influence of the amount of current-year PPT declined. Although the mechanisms by which a directional change in the frequency of above- and below-average years imposes a persistent change in grassland ANPP require further investigation, our results emphasize the importance of legacy effects on productivity for sequences of above- vs. below-average years, and illustrate the utility of long-term data to examine these patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Petrie
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Debra P C Peters
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jin Yao
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - John M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nathan D Burruss
- Jornada Basin LTER Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Scott L Collins
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Justin D Derner
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, Cheyenne, WY, USA
| | | | - John R Hendrickson
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Northern Great Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND, USA
| | - Osvaldo E Sala
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick J Starks
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Jean L Steiner
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
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