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Ma N, Ji Y, Dong H, Zhu J, Peng Y, Yue K, Zhang H, Ma Y, Zheng T, Wu Q, Li Y. Effects of seasonal precipitation regimes on microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity during shrub foliar litter decomposition in a subtropical forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:173098. [PMID: 38729364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms underlying microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity responses to the seasonal precipitation regime during foliar litter decomposition is highly important for understanding the material cycle of forest ecosystems in the context of global climate change; however, the specific underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, a precipitation manipulation experiment involving a control (CK) and treatments with decreased precipitation in the dry season and extremely increased precipitation in the wet season (IE) and decreased precipitation in the dry season and proportionally increased precipitation in the wet season (IP) was conducted in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in China from October 2020 to October 2021. The moisture, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities of foliar litter from two dominant shrub species, Phyllostachys violascens and Alangium chinense, were measured at six stages during the dry and wet seasons. The results showed that (1) both IE and IP significantly decreased the microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen content and the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, acid phosphatase and cellulase in the dry season, while the opposite effects were observed in the wet season. (2) Compared with those of IE, the effects of IP on foliar litter microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity were more significant. (3) The results from the partial least squares model indicated that extracellular enzyme activity during foliar litter decomposition was strongly controlled by the foliar litter water content, microbial biomass nitrogen, the ratio of total carbon to total phosphorus, foliar litter total carbon, and foliar litter total nitrogen. These results provide an important theoretical basis for elucidating the microbial mechanisms driving litter decomposition in a subtropical forest under global climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yongkang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Huihui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jianxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Kai Yue
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuandan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tianli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Qiqian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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de Alencar AS, da F Lira C, Rosado BHP, de F Mansano V. Twenty-five years of Open-Top Chambers in tropical environments: where, how, and what are we looking at regarding flora response to climate change? PLANTA 2024; 259:82. [PMID: 38438633 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Open-Top Chambers should be more used in tropical ecosystems to study climate change effects in plants as they are still insufficient to extract plant response patterns in these ecosystems. Understanding flora response to climate change (CC) is critical for predicting future ecosystem dynamics. Open-Top Chambers (OTCs) have been widely used to study the effects of CC on plants and are very popular in temperate ecosystems but are still underused in tropical regions. In this systematic review, we aimed to discuss the use of OTCs in the study of the effects of different agents of climate change on tropical flora by presenting scientometric data, discussing the technical aspects of its use and enumerating some observations on plant response patterns to climatic alterations in the tropics. Our analysis indicated that the bottleneck in choosing an OTC shape is not strictly related to its purpose or the type of parameter modulated; instead, passive or active approaches seem to be a more sensitive point. The common critical point in using this technique in warmer regions is overheating and decoupling, but it can be overcome with simple adaptations and extra features. The most frequently parameter modulated was CO2, followed by O3 and temperature. The plant families with more representatives in the studies analyzed were Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and Poaceae, and the most represented biome was tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. In conclusion, OTCs are a valuable and feasible tool to study CC effects on various tropical ecosystems, regardless of structure, active/passive approach, or other technical features. One of the primary advantages of this methodology is its applicability for in situ use, eliminating the need for plant transplantation. We encourage studies using OTC experimental design for plant conservation in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S de Alencar
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil.
| | - Catarina da F Lira
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique P Rosado
- Department of Ecology, IBRAG, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Vidal de F Mansano
- Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22460-030, Brazil
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Liu X, Lie Z, Reich PB, Zhou G, Yan J, Huang W, Wang Y, Peñuelas J, Tissue DT, Zhao M, Wu T, Wu D, Xu W, Li Y, Tang X, Zhou S, Meng Z, Liu S, Chu G, Zhang D, Zhang Q, He X, Liu J. Long-term warming increased carbon sequestration capacity in a humid subtropical forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17072. [PMID: 38273547 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical forests play a crucial role in global carbon (C) pools, and their responses to warming can significantly impact C-climate feedback and predictions of future global warming. Despite earth system models projecting reductions in land C storage with warming, the magnitude of this response varies greatly between models, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Here, we conducted a field ecosystem-level warming experiment in a subtropical forest in southern China, by translocating mesocosms (ecosystem composed of soils and plants) across 600 m elevation gradients with temperature gradients of 2.1°C (moderate warming), to explore the response of ecosystem C dynamics of the subtropical forest to continuous 6-year warming. Compared with the control, the ecosystem C stock decreased by 3.8% under the first year of 2.1°C warming; but increased by 13.4% by the sixth year of 2.1°C warming. The increased ecosystem C stock by the sixth year of warming was mainly attributed to a combination of sustained increased plant C stock due to the maintenance of a high plant growth rate and unchanged soil C stock. The unchanged soil C stock was driven by compensating and offsetting thermal adaptation of soil microorganisms (unresponsive soil respiration and enzyme activity, and more stable microbial community), increased plant C input, and inhibitory C loss (decreased C leaching and inhibited temperature sensitivity of soil respiration) from soil drying. These results suggest that the humid subtropical forest C pool would not necessarily diminish consistently under future long-term warming. We highlight that differential and asynchronous responses of plant and soil C processes over relatively long-term periods should be considered when predicting the effects of climate warming on ecosystem C dynamics of subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyang Lie
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter B Reich
- Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Huang
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yingping Wang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelin Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyidan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze Meng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Feeley KJ, Bernal-Escobar M, Fortier R, Kullberg AT. Tropical Trees Will Need to Acclimate to Rising Temperatures-But Can They? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3142. [PMID: 37687387 PMCID: PMC10490527 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
For tropical forests to survive anthropogenic global warming, trees will need to avoid rising temperatures through range shifts and "species migrations" or tolerate the newly emerging conditions through adaptation and/or acclimation. In this literature review, we synthesize the available knowledge to show that although many tropical tree species are shifting their distributions to higher, cooler elevations, the rates of these migrations are too slow to offset ongoing changes in temperatures, especially in lowland tropical rainforests where thermal gradients are shallow or nonexistent. We also show that the rapidity and severity of global warming make it unlikely that tropical tree species can adapt (with some possible exceptions). We argue that the best hope for tropical tree species to avoid becoming "committed to extinction" is individual-level acclimation. Although several new methods are being used to test for acclimation, we unfortunately still do not know if tropical tree species can acclimate, how acclimation abilities vary between species, or what factors may prevent or facilitate acclimation. Until all of these questions are answered, our ability to predict the fate of tropical species and tropical forests-and the many services that they provide to humanity-remains critically impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Feeley
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; (M.B.-E.); (R.F.); (A.T.K.)
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5
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D'Alò F, Zucconi L, Onofri S, Canini F, Cannone N, Malfasi F, Morais DK, Starke R. Effects of 5-year experimental warming in the Alpine belt on soil Archaea: Multi-omics approaches and prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023. [PMID: 36999249 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We currently lack a predictive understanding of how soil archaeal communities may respond to climate change, particularly in Alpine areas where warming is far exceeding the global average. Here, we characterized the abundance, structure, and function of total (by metagenomics) and active soil archaea (by metatranscriptomics) after 5-year experimental field warming (+1°C) in Italian Alpine grasslands and snowbeds. Our multi-omics approach unveiled an increasing abundance of Archaea during warming in snowbeds, which was negatively correlated with the abundance of fungi (by qPCR) and micronutrients (Ca and Mg), but positively correlated with soil water content. In the snowbeds transcripts, warming resulted in the enrichment of abundances of transcription and nucleotide biosynthesis. Our study provides novel insights into possible changes in soil Archaea composition and function in the climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica D'Alò
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, Viterbo, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISP), Messina, Italy
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabiana Canini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cannone
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University, Como, CO, Italy
| | - Francesco Malfasi
- Department of Science and High Technology, Insubria University, Como, CO, Italy
| | - Daniel Kumazawa Morais
- Biological Institute of São Paulo - Vila Mariana, São Paulo, Brazil
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Robert Starke
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
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Zhou SYD, Lie Z, Liu X, Zhu YG, Peñuelas J, Neilson R, Su X, Liu Z, Chu G, Meng Z, Yan J, Liu J. Distinct patterns of soil bacterial and fungal community assemblages in subtropical forest ecosystems under warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1501-1513. [PMID: 36448266 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Climate change globally affects soil microbial community assembly across ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of warming on the structure of soil microbial communities or underlying mechanisms that shape microbial community composition in subtropical forest ecosystems. To address this gap, we utilized natural variation in temperature via an altitudinal gradient to simulate ecosystem warming. After 6 years, microbial co-occurrence network complexity increased with warming, and changes in their taxonomic composition were asynchronous, likely due to contrasting community assembly processes. We found that while stochastic processes were drivers of bacterial community composition, warming led to a shift from stochastic to deterministic drivers in dry season. Structural equation modelling highlighted that soil temperature and water content positively influenced soil microbial communities during dry season and negatively during wet season. These results facilitate our understanding of the response of soil microbial communities to climate warming and may improve predictions of ecosystem function of soil microbes in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi-Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyang Lie
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Xiaoxuan Su
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze Meng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Jiang Q, Lin C, Guo R, Xiong D, Yao X, Wang X, Chen T, Jia L, Wu D, Fan A, Chen G, Yang Y. Root nitrogen uptake capacity of Chinese fir enhanced by warming and nitrogen addition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:31-46. [PMID: 36049081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a knowledge gap in the effects of climate warming and nitrogen (N) deposition on root N absorption capacity, which limits our ability to predict how climate change alters the N cycling and its consequences for forest productivity especially in subtropical areas where soil N availability is already high. In order to explore the effects and mechanism of warming and the N deposition on root N absorption capacity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a subtropical arbuscular mycorrhizal conifer, the fine root 15NH4+ and 15NO3- uptake kinetics at a reference temperature of 20 °C were measured across different seasons in a factorial soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) × N addition (ambient, +40 kg N ha-1 yr-1) experiment. The results showed that (i) compared with the control, warming increased the maximal uptake rate of NH4+ (Vmax,20 °C-NH4+) in summer, while N addition enhanced it in spring and summer; compared with non-warming treatments, warming treatments increased the uptake rate of NO3- at a reference concentration of 100 μmol (V100,20 °C-NO3-) in spring. (ii) The analysis of covariance showed that Vmax,20 °C-NH4+ was positively correlated with root mycorrhizal colonization rate (MCR) and V100,20 °C-NO3- was positively correlated with specific root respiration rate (SRR), whereas no N uptake kinetic parameter was correlated with specific root length, root N and non-structural carbon concentrations. Thus, our results demonstrate that warming-increased root NH4+ uptake might be related to warming-increased MCR, whereas warming-increased root NO3- uptake might be related to warming-increased SRR. We conclude that root NH4+ and NO3- uptake capacity of subtropical Chinese fir can be elevated under warming and N deposition, which could improve plantation productivity and mitigate N leaching loss and soil acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chengfang Lin
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Runquan Guo
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Decheng Xiong
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Linqiao Jia
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ailian Fan
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Guangshui Chen
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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8
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Zhou G, Terrer C, Huang A, Hungate BA, van Gestel N, Zhou X, van Groenigen KJ. Nitrogen and water availability control plant carbon storage with warming. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158243. [PMID: 36007637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants may slow global warming through enhanced growth, because increased levels of photosynthesis stimulate the land carbon (C) sink. However, how climate warming affects plant C storage globally and key drivers determining the response of plant C storage to climate warming remains unclear, causing uncertainty in climate projections. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis, compiling 393 observations from 99 warming studies to examine the global patterns of plant C storage responses to climate warming and explore the key drivers. Warming significantly increased total biomass (+8.4 %), aboveground biomass (+12.6 %) and belowground biomass (+10.1 %). The effect of experimental warming on plant biomass was best explained by the availability of soil nitrogen (N) and water. Across the entire dataset, warming-induced changes in total, aboveground and belowground biomass all positively correlated with soil C:N ratio, an indicator of soil N availability. In addition, warming stimulated plant biomass more strongly in humid than in dry ecosystems, and warming tended to decrease root:shoot ratios at high soil C:N ratios. Together, these results suggest dual controls of warming effects on plant C storage; warming increases plant growth in ecosystems where N is limiting plant growth, but it reduces plant growth where water availability is limiting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyao Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cesar Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - An Huang
- School of Public Administration, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Natasja van Gestel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Kees Jan van Groenigen
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4 RJ, UK.
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9
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A Severe Hurricane Increases Carbon Dioxide and Methane Fluxes and Triples Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Tropical Forest. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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da Rosa Ferraz Jardim AM, de Morais JEF, de Souza LSB, da Silva TGF. Understanding interactive processes: a review of CO 2 flux, evapotranspiration, and energy partitioning under stressful conditions in dry forest and agricultural environments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:677. [PMID: 35974211 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arid and semiarid environments are characterized by low water availability (e.g., in soil and atmosphere), high air temperature, and irregularity in the spatio-temporal distribution of rainfall. In addition to the economic and environmental consequences, drought also causes physiological damage to crops and compromises their survival in ecosystems. The removal of vegetation is responsible for altering the energy exchange of heat and water in natural ecosystems and agricultural areas. The fluxes of CO2 are also changed, and environments with characteristics of sinks, which can be sources of CO2 after anthropic disturbances. These changes can be measured through methods such as sap flow, eddy covariance, remote sensing, and energy balance. Despite the relevance of each method mentioned above, there are limitations in their applications that must be respected. Thus, this review aims to quantify the processes and changes of energy fluxes, CO2, and their interactions with the surfaces of terrestrial ecosystems in dry environments. Studies report that the use of methods that integrate data from climate monitoring towers and remote sensing products helps to improve the accuracy of the determination of energy fluxes on a global scale, also helping to reduce the dissimilarity of results obtained individually. Through the collection of works in the literature, it is reported that several areas of the Brazilian Caatinga biome, which is a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest have been suffering from changes in land use and land cover. Similar fluxes of sensible heat in areas with cacti and Caatinga can be observed in studies. On the other hand, one of the variables influenced mainly by air temperature is net radiation. In dry forest areas, woody species can store large amounts of carbon in their biomass above and belowground. The use of cacti can modify the local carbon budget when using tree crops together. Therefore, the study highlights the complexity and severity of land degradation and changes in CO2, water, and energy fluxes in dry environments with areas of forest, grassland, and cacti. Vegetation energy balance is also a critical factor, as these simulations are helpful for use in forecasting weather or climate change. We also highlight the need for more studies that address environmental conservation techniques and cactus in the conservation of degraded areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, 52171-900, Brazil.
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, 56909-535, Brazil.
| | - José Edson Florentino de Morais
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, 56909-535, Brazil
| | - Thieres George Freire da Silva
- Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, 56909-535, Brazil
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11
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Maynard LD, Moureau E, Bader MY, Salazar D, Zotz G, Whitehead SR. Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub. Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Maynard
- Department of Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia USA
| | - Elodie Moureau
- Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | | | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment Florida International University Miami Florida USA
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany
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12
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Werkmeister GA, Galbraith D, Docherty E, Borges CS, da Rocha JM, da Silva PA, Marimon BS, Marimon-Junior BH, Phillips OL, Gloor E. A novel in situ passive heating method for evaluating whole-tree responses to daytime warming in remote environments. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:78. [PMID: 35689241 PMCID: PMC9188097 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many significant ecosystems, including important non-forest woody ecosystems such as the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah), are under threat from climate change, yet our understanding of how increasing temperatures will impact native vegetation remains limited. Temperature manipulation experiments are important tools for investigating such impacts, but are often constrained by access to power supply and limited to low-stature species, juvenile individuals, or heating of target organs, perhaps not fully revealing how entire or mature individuals and ecosystems will react to higher temperatures. RESULTS We present a novel, modified open top chamber design for in situ passive heating of whole individuals up to 2.5 m tall (but easily expandable) in remote field environments with strong solar irradiance. We built multiple whole-tree heating structures (WTHSs) in an area of Cerrado around native woody species Davilla elliptica and Erythroxylum suberosum to test the design and its effects on air temperature and humidity, while also studying the physiological responses of E. suberosum to short-term heating. The WTHSs raised internal air temperature by approximately 2.5 °C above ambient during the daytime. This increased to 3.4 °C between 09:00 and 17:00 local time when thermal impact was greatest, and during which time mean internal temperatures corresponded closely with maximum ambient temperatures. Heating was consistent over time and across WTHSs of variable size and shape, and they had minimal effect on humidity. E. suberosum showed no detectable response of photosynthesis or respiration to short-term experimental heating, but some indication of acclimation to natural temperature changes. CONCLUSIONS Our WTHSs produced a consistent and reproducible level of daytime heating in line with mid-range climate predictions for the Cerrado biome by the end of the century. The whole-tree in situ passive heating design is flexible, low-cost, simple to build using commonly available materials, and minimises negative impacts associated with passive chambers. It could be employed to investigate the high temperature responses of many understudied species in a range of complex non-forest environments with sufficient solar irradiance, providing new and important insights into the possible impacts of our changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Camilla Silva Borges
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Jairo Matos da Rocha
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
- Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Campus de Nova Xavantina, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil
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13
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García‐Palacios P, Chen J. Emerging relationships among soil microbes, carbon dynamics and climate change. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García‐Palacios
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Tjele Denmark
- iCLIMATE Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark
- Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy Aarhus University Tjele Denmark
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14
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Wu D, Deng L, Sun Y, Wang R, Zhang L, Wang R, Song Y, Gao Z, Haider H, Wang Y, Hou L, Liu M. Climate warming, but not Spartina alterniflora invasion, enhances wetland soil HONO and NO x emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153710. [PMID: 35149064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming and invasive plant growth (plant invasion) may aggravate air pollution by affecting soil nitrogen (N) cycling and the emissions of reactive N gases, such as nitrous acid (HONO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, little is known about the response of soil NOy (HONO + NOx) emissions and microbial functional genes to the interaction of climate warming and plant invasion. Here, we found that experimental warming (approximately 1.5 °C), but not Spartina alterniflora invasion, increased NOy emissions (0-140 ng N m-2 s-1) of treated wetland soils by 4-10 fold. Warming also decreased soil archaeal and fungal richness and diversity, shifted their community structure (e.g., decreased the archaeal classes Thermoplasmata and Iainarchaeia, and increased the archaeal genus Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum, and the fungal classes Saccharomycetes and Tritirachiomycetes), and decreased the overall abundance of soil N cycling genes. Structural equation modeling revealed that warming-associated changes in edaphic factors and the microbial N cycling potential are responsible for the observed increase in soil NOy emissions. Collectively, the results showed that climate warming accelerates soil N cycling by stimulating large soil HONO and NOx emissions, and influences air quality by contributing to atmospheric reactive N and ozone cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 202162 Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingling Deng
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruhai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, 230036 Hefei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqi Song
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; College of Biology and the Environment, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Haroon Haider
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241 Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 202162 Shanghai, China
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15
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Choury Z, Wujeska‐Klause A, Bourne A, Bown NP, Tjoelker MG, Medlyn BE, Crous KY. Tropical rainforest species have larger increases in temperature optima with warming than warm-temperate rainforest trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1220-1236. [PMID: 35263440 PMCID: PMC9311211 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
While trees can acclimate to warming, there is concern that tropical rainforest species may be less able to acclimate because they have adapted to a relatively stable thermal environment. Here we tested whether the physiological adjustments to warming differed among Australian tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate rainforest trees. Photosynthesis and respiration temperature responses were quantified in six Australian rainforest seedlings of tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate climates grown across four growth temperatures in a glasshouse. Temperature-response models were fitted to identify mechanisms underpinning the response to warming. Tropical and subtropical species had higher temperature optima for photosynthesis (ToptA ) than temperate species. There was acclimation of ToptA to warmer growth temperatures. The rate of acclimation (0.35-0.78°C °C-1 ) was higher in tropical and subtropical than in warm-temperate trees and attributed to differences in underlying biochemical parameters, particularly increased temperature optima of Vcmax25 and Jmax25 . The temperature sensitivity of respiration (Q10 ) was 24% lower in tropical and subtropical compared with warm-temperate species. Overall, tropical and subtropical species had a similar capacity to acclimate to changes in growth temperature as warm-temperate species, despite being grown at higher temperatures. Quantifying the physiological acclimation in rainforests can improve accuracy of future climate predictions and assess their potential vulnerability to warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zineb Choury
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Agnieszka Wujeska‐Klause
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- Urban StudiesSchool of Social SciencesWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Aimee Bourne
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Nikki P. Bown
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Mark G. Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Kristine Y. Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
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16
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Chevalier H, Brokaw NVL, Ward SE, Zimmerman JK, Shiels AB, Bithorn J, Matta Carmona S. Aboveground carbon responses to experimental and natural hurricane impacts in a subtropical wet forest in Puerto Rico. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Chevalier
- Department of Environmental Science University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
| | - Nicholas V. L. Brokaw
- Department of Environmental Science University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
| | | | - Jess K. Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Science University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
| | - Aaron B. Shiels
- USDA APHIS, National Wildlife Research Center Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - John Bithorn
- Department of Environmental Science University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
| | - Samuel Matta Carmona
- Department of Environmental Science University of Puerto Rico‐Río Piedras Río Piedras Puerto Rico USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erland Bååth
- Section of Microbial Ecology Department of Biology Lund University 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Crew Building, Kings Buildings Edinburgh UK
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18
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Bujan J, Nottingham AT, Velasquez E, Meir P, Kaspari M, Yanoviak SP. Tropical ant community responses to experimental soil warming. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210518. [PMID: 35382584 PMCID: PMC8984296 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is one of the primary agents of the global decline in insect abundance. Because of their narrow thermal ranges, tropical ectotherms are predicted to be most threatened by global warming, yet tests of this prediction are often confounded by other anthropogenic disturbances. We used a tropical forest soil warming experiment to directly test the effect of temperature increase on litter-dwelling ants. Two years of continuous warming led to a change in ant community between warming and control plots. Specifically, six ant genera were recorded only on warming plots, and one genus only on control plots. Wasmannia auropuctata, a species often invasive elsewhere but native to this forest, was more abundant in warmed plots. Ant recruitment at baits was best predicted by soil surface temperature and ant heat tolerance. These results suggest that heat tolerance is useful for predicting changes in daily foraging activity, which is directly tied to colony fitness. We show that a 2-year increase in temperature (of 2-4°C) can have a profound effect on the most abundant insects, potentially favouring species with invasive traits and moderate heat tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Bujan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nottingham
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Esther Velasquez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael Kaspari
- Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Stephen P. Yanoviak
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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19
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Warming Responses of Leaf Morphology Are Highly Variable among Tropical Tree Species. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leaf morphological traits vary along climate gradients, but it is currently unclear to what extent this results from acclimation rather than adaptation. Knowing so is important for predicting the functioning of long-lived organisms, such as trees, in a rapidly changing climate. We investigated the leaf morphological warming responses of 18 tropical tree species with early (ES) abd late (LS) successional strategies, planted at three sites along an elevation gradient from 2400 m a.s.l. (15.2 °C mean temperature) to 1300 m a.s.l. (20.6 °C mean temperature) in Rwanda. Leaf size expressed as leaf area (LA) and leaf mass per area (LMA) decreased, while leaf width-to-length ratio (W/L) increased with warming, but only for one third to half of the species. While LA decreased in ES species, but mostly not in LS species, changes in LMA and leaf W/L were common in both successional groups. ES species had lower LMA and higher LA and leaf W/L compared to LS species. Values of LMA and LA of juvenile trees in this study were mostly similar to corresponding data on four mature tree species in another elevation-gradient study in Rwanda, indicating that our results are applicable also to mature forest trees. We conclude that leaf morphological responses to warming differ greatly between both successional groups and individual species, with potential consequences for species competitiveness and community composition in a warmer climate.
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20
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Bader MY, Moureau E, Nikolić N, Madena T, Koehn N, Zotz G. Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO 2 addition. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8406. [PMID: 35127002 PMCID: PMC8796887 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Future climate-change effects on plant growth are most effectively studied using microclimate-manipulation experiments, the design of which has seen much advance in recent years. For tropical forests, however, such experiments are particularly hard to install and have hence not been widely used. We present a system of active heating and CO2 fertilization for use in tropical forest understoreys, where passive heating is not possible. The system was run for 2 years to study climate-change effects on epiphytic bryophytes, but is also deemed suitable to study other understorey plants. Warm air and CO2 addition were applied in 1.6-m-tall, 1.2-m-diameter hexagonal open-top chambers and the microclimate in the chambers compared to outside air. Warming was regulated with a feedback system while CO2 addition was fixed. The setup successfully heated the air by 2.8 K and increased CO2 by 250 ppm on average, with +3 K and +300 ppm as the targets. Variation was high, especially due to technical breakdowns, but not biased to times of the day or year. In the warming treatment, absolute humidity slightly increased but relative humidity dropped by between 6% and 15% (and the vapor pressure deficit increased) compared to ambient, depending on the level of warming achieved in each chamber. Compared to other heating systems, the chambers provide a realistic warming and CO2 treatment, but moistening the incoming air would be needed to avoid drying as a confounding factor. The method is preferable over infrared heating in the radiation-poor forest understorey, particularly when combined with CO2 fertilization. It is suitable for plant-level studies, but ecosystem-level studies in forests may require chamber-less approaches like infrared heating and free-air CO2 enrichment. By presenting the advantages and limitations of our approach, we aim to facilitate further climate-change experiments in tropical forests, which are urgently needed to understand the processes determining future element fluxes and biodiversity changes in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Y. Bader
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Elodie Moureau
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Nada Nikolić
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesFunctional Ecology of PlantsUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Thomas Madena
- Faculty of Natural SciencesElectronics WorkshopUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Nils Koehn
- Faculty of Natural SciencesElectronics WorkshopUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesFunctional Ecology of PlantsUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
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21
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Yaffar D, Wood TE, Reed SC, Branoff BL, Cavaleri MA, Norby RJ. Experimental warming and its legacy effects on root dynamics following two hurricane disturbances in a wet tropical forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6423-6435. [PMID: 34469626 PMCID: PMC9293463 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are expected to experience unprecedented warming and increases in hurricane disturbances in the coming decades; yet, our understanding of how these productive systems, especially their belowground component, will respond to the combined effects of varied environmental changes remains empirically limited. Here we evaluated the responses of root dynamics (production, mortality, and biomass) to soil and understory warming (+4°C) and after two consecutive tropical hurricanes in our in situ warming experiment in a tropical forest of Puerto Rico: Tropical Responses to Altered Climate Experiment (TRACE). We collected minirhizotron images from three warmed plots and three control plots of 12 m2 . Following Hurricanes Irma and María in September 2017, the infrared heater warming treatment was suspended for repairs, which allowed us to explore potential legacy effects of prior warming on forest recovery. We found that warming significantly reduced root production and root biomass over time. Following hurricane disturbance, both root biomass and production increased substantially across all plots; the root biomass increased 2.8-fold in controls but only 1.6-fold in previously warmed plots. This pattern held true for both herbaceous and woody roots, suggesting that the consistent antecedent warming conditions reduced root capacity to recover following hurricane disturbance. Root production and mortality were both related to soil ammonium nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen before and after the hurricanes. This experiment has provided an unprecedented look at the complex interactive effects of disturbance and climate change on the root component of a tropical forested ecosystem. A decrease in root production in a warmer world and slower root recovery after a major hurricane disturbance, as observed here, are likely to have longer-term consequences for tropical forest responses to future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Yaffar
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
| | - Tana E. Wood
- USDA Forest Service International Institute of Tropical ForestryRío PiedrasPuerto Rico
| | - Sasha C. Reed
- Southwest Biological Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMoabUtahUSA
| | - Benjamin L. Branoff
- Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling DivisionEnvironment Protection AgencyGulf BreezeFloridaUSA
| | - Molly A. Cavaleri
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMichiganUSA
| | - Richard J. Norby
- Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennesseeUSA
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22
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Carter KR, Wood TE, Reed SC, Butts KM, Cavaleri MA. Experimental warming across a tropical forest canopy height gradient reveals minimal photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2879-2897. [PMID: 34169547 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forest canopies cycle vast amounts of carbon, yet we still have a limited understanding of how these critical ecosystems will respond to climate warming. We implemented in situ leaf-level + 3°C experimental warming from the understory to the upper canopy of two Puerto Rican tropical tree species, Guarea guidonia and Ocotea sintenisii. After approximately 1 month of continuous warming, we assessed adjustments in photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, leaf traits and foliar respiration. Warming did not alter net photosynthetic temperature response for either species; however, the optimum temperature of Ocotea understory leaf photosynthetic electron transport shifted upward. There was no Ocotea respiratory treatment effect, while Guarea respiratory temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) was down-regulated in heated leaves. The optimum temperatures for photosynthesis (Topt ) decreased 3-5°C from understory to the highest canopy position, perhaps due to upper canopy stomatal conductance limitations. Guarea upper canopy Topt was similar to the mean daytime temperatures, while Ocotea canopy leaves often operated above Topt . With minimal acclimation to warmer temperatures in the upper canopy, further warming could put these forests at risk of reduced CO2 uptake, which could weaken the overall carbon sink strength of this tropical forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R Carter
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tana E Wood
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Jardin Botánico Sur, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Sasha C Reed
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, USA
| | - Kaylie M Butts
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Molly A Cavaleri
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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23
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Gallup SM, Baker IT, Gallup JL, Restrepo‐Coupe N, Haynes KD, Geyer NM, Denning AS. Accurate Simulation of Both Sensitivity and Variability for Amazonian Photosynthesis: Is It Too Much to Ask? JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2021; 13:e2021MS002555. [PMID: 34594478 PMCID: PMC8459247 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of Amazon rainforest gross primary productivity (GPP) differ by a factor of 2 across a suite of three statistical and 18 process models. This wide spread contributes uncertainty to predictions of future climate. We compare the mean and variance of GPP from these models to that of GPP at six eddy covariance (EC) towers. Only one model's mean GPP across all sites falls within a 99% confidence interval for EC GPP, and only one model matches EC variance. The strength of model response to climate drivers is related to model ability to match the seasonal pattern of the EC GPP. Models with stronger seasonal swings in GPP have stronger responses to rain, light, and temperature than does EC GPP. The model to data comparison illustrates a trade-off inherent to deterministic models between accurate simulation of a mean (average) and accurate responsiveness to drivers. The trade-off exists because all deterministic models simplify processes and lack at least some consequential driver or interaction. If a model's sensitivities to included drivers and their interactions are accurate, then deterministically predicted outcomes have less variability than is realistic. If a GPP model has stronger responses to climate drivers than found in data, model predictions may match the observed variance and seasonal pattern but are likely to overpredict GPP response to climate change. High or realistic variability of model estimates relative to reference data indicate that the model is hypersensitive to one or more drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Gallup
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Ian T. Baker
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - John L. Gallup
- Department of EconomicsPortland State UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Natalia Restrepo‐Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSWAustralia
| | | | - Nicholas M. Geyer
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - A. Scott Denning
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Atmospheric ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
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24
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Zhang Q, Luo D, Yang L, Xie J, Yang Z, Zhou J, Li X, Xiong D, Chen Y, Yang Y. Variations in Rainfall Affect the Responses of Foliar Chemical Properties of Cunninghamia lanceolata Seedlings to Soil Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:705861. [PMID: 34394162 PMCID: PMC8363246 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.705861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is becoming an increasingly serious threat. Understanding plant stoichiometry changes under climate warming is crucial for predicting the effects of future warming on terrestrial ecosystem productivity. Nevertheless, how plant stoichiometry responds to warming when interannual rainfall variation is considered, remains poorly understood. We performed a field soil warming experiment (+5°C) using buried heating cables in subtropical areas of China from 2015 to 2018. Stoichiometric patterns of foliar C:N:P:K:Ca:Mg, non-structural carbohydrate, and stable isotope of Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings were studied. Our results showed that soil warming decreased foliar P and K concentrations, C:Ca, P:Ca, and P:Mg ratios. However, soil warming increased foliar Ca concentration, δ15N value, C:P and N:P ratios. The response ratios of foliar N, C:N, and δ15N to soil warming were correlated with rainfall. Our findings indicate that there was non-homeostasis of N and C:N under warming conditions. Three possible reasons for this result are considered and include interannual variations in rainfall, increased loss of N, and N limitation in leaves. Piecewise structural equation models showed that stoichiometric non-homeostasis indirectly affected the growth of C. lanceolata seedlings in response to soil warming. Consequently, the growth of C. lanceolata seedlings remained unchanged under the warming treatment. Taken together, our results advance the understanding of how altered foliar stoichiometry relates to changes in plant growth in response to climate warming. Our results emphasize the importance of rainfall variations for modulating the responses of plant chemical properties to warming. This study provides a useful method for predicting the effects of climate warming on economically important timber species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Zhang
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Department of Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Liuming Yang
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinsheng Xie
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiacong Zhou
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Decheng Xiong
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuehmin Chen
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- College of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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25
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Banbury Morgan R, Herrmann V, Kunert N, Bond-Lamberty B, Muller-Landau HC, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Global patterns of forest autotrophic carbon fluxes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2840-2855. [PMID: 33651480 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) fixation, allocation, and metabolism by trees set the basis for energy and material flows in forest ecosystems and define their interactions with Earth's changing climate. However, while many studies have considered variation in productivity with latitude and climate, we lack a cohesive synthesis on how forest carbon fluxes vary globally with respect to climate and one another. Here, we draw upon 1,319 records from the Global Forest Carbon Database, representing all major forest types and the nine most significant autotrophic carbon fluxes, to comprehensively review how annual C cycling in mature, undisturbed forests varies with latitude and climate on a global scale. Across all flux variables analyzed, rates of C cycling decreased continuously with absolute latitude-a finding that confirms multiple previous studies and contradicts the idea that net primary productivity of temperate forests rivals that of tropical forests. C flux variables generally displayed similar trends across latitude and multiple climate variables, with no differences in allocation detected at this global scale. Temperature variables in general, and mean annual temperature or temperature seasonality in particular, were the best single predictors of C flux, explaining 19%-71% of variation in the C fluxes analyzed. The effects of temperature were modified by moisture availability, with C flux reduced under hot and dry conditions and sometimes under very high precipitation. Annual C fluxes increased with growing season length and were also influenced by growing season climate. These findings clarify how forest C flux varies with latitude and climate on a global scale. In an era when forests will play a critical yet uncertain role in shaping Earth's rapidly changing climate, our synthesis provides a foundation for understanding global patterns in forest C cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Banbury Morgan
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Norbert Kunert
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
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26
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Oliveira RS, Eller CB, Barros FDV, Hirota M, Brum M, Bittencourt P. Linking plant hydraulics and the fast-slow continuum to understand resilience to drought in tropical ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:904-923. [PMID: 33570772 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems have the highest levels of biodiversity, cycle more water and absorb more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. Consequently, these ecosystems are extremely important components of Earth's climatic system and biogeochemical cycles. Plant hydraulics is an essential discipline to understand and predict the dynamics of tropical vegetation in scenarios of changing water availability. Using published plant hydraulic data we show that the trade-off between drought avoidance (expressed as deep-rooting, deciduousness and capacitance) and hydraulic safety (P50 - the water potential when plants lose 50% of their maximum hydraulic conductivity) is a major axis of physiological variation across tropical ecosystems. We also propose a novel and independent axis of hydraulic trait variation linking vulnerability to hydraulic failure (expressed as the hydraulic safety margin (HSM)) and growth, where inherent fast-growing plants have lower HSM compared to slow-growing plants. We surmise that soil nutrients are fundamental drivers of tropical community assembly determining the distribution and abundance of the slow-safe/fast-risky strategies. We conclude showing that including either the growth-HSM or the resistance-avoidance trade-off in models can make simulated tropical rainforest communities substantially more vulnerable to drought than similar communities without the trade-off. These results suggest that vegetation models need to represent hydraulic trade-off axes to accurately project the functioning and distribution of tropical ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cleiton B Eller
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Marina Hirota
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mauro Brum
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA
| | - Paulo Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
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27
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Kunert N, Zailaa J, Herrmann V, Muller‐Landau HC, Wright SJ, Pérez R, McMahon SM, Condit RC, Hubbell SP, Sack L, Davies SJ, Anderson‐Teixeira KJ. Leaf turgor loss point shapes local and regional distributions of evergreen but not deciduous tropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:485-496. [PMID: 33449384 PMCID: PMC8048579 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of climate change on tropical forests will depend on how diverse tropical tree species respond to drought. Current distributions of evergreen and deciduous tree species across local and regional moisture gradients reflect their ability to tolerate drought stress, and might be explained by functional traits. We measured leaf water potential at turgor loss (i.e. 'wilting point'; πtlp ), wood density (WD) and leaf mass per area (LMA) on 50 of the most abundant tree species in central Panama. We then tested their ability to explain distributions of evergreen and deciduous species within a 50 ha plot on Barro Colorado Island and across a 70 km rainfall gradient spanning the Isthmus of Panama. Among evergreen trees, species with lower πtlp were associated with drier habitats, with πtlp explaining 28% and 32% of habitat association on local and regional scales, respectively, greatly exceeding the predictive power of WD and LMA. In contrast, πtlp did not predict habitat associations among deciduous species. Across spatial scales, πtlp is a useful indicator of habitat preference for tropical tree species that retain their leaves during periods of water stress, and holds the potential to predict vegetation responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kunert
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVA22630USA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity ResearchInstitute of BotanyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesGregor‐Mendel Str. 33ViennaA‐1190Austria
| | - Joseph Zailaa
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of California Los Angeles621 Charles E. Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVA22630USA
| | | | - S. Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Rolando Pérez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Sean M. McMahon
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMD21307USA
| | - Richard C. Condit
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Steven P. Hubbell
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 084303092Balboa, AncónRepublic of Panama
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of California Los Angeles621 Charles E. Young Drive SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePO Box 37012WashingtonDC20013USA
| | - Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVA22630USA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
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28
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Muller-Landau HC, Cushman KC, Arroyo EE, Martinez Cano I, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Backiel B. Patterns and mechanisms of spatial variation in tropical forest productivity, woody residence time, and biomass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3065-3087. [PMID: 33207007 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests vary widely in biomass carbon (C) stocks and fluxes even after controlling for forest age. A mechanistic understanding of this variation is critical to accurately predicting responses to global change. We review empirical studies of spatial variation in tropical forest biomass, productivity and woody residence time, focusing on mature forests. Woody productivity and biomass decrease from wet to dry forests and with elevation. Within lowland forests, productivity and biomass increase with temperature in wet forests, but decrease with temperature where water becomes limiting. Woody productivity increases with soil fertility, whereas residence time decreases, and biomass responses are variable, consistent with an overall unimodal relationship. Areas with higher disturbance rates and intensities have lower woody residence time and biomass. These environmental gradients all involve both direct effects of changing environments on forest C fluxes and shifts in functional composition - including changing abundances of lianas - that substantially mitigate or exacerbate direct effects. Biogeographic realms differ significantly and importantly in productivity and biomass, even after controlling for climate and biogeochemistry, further demonstrating the importance of plant species composition. Capturing these patterns in global vegetation models requires better mechanistic representation of water and nutrient limitation, plant compositional shifts and tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene C Muller-Landau
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - K C Cushman
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Eva E Arroyo
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Isabel Martinez Cano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Bogumila Backiel
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
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29
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Lasso E, Matheus-Arbeláez P, Gallery RE, Garzón-López C, Cruz M, Leon-Garcia IV, Aragón L, Ayarza-Páez A, Curiel Yuste J. Homeostatic Response to Three Years of Experimental Warming Suggests High Intrinsic Natural Resistance in the Páramos to Warming in the Short Term. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.615006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Páramos, tropical alpine ecosystems, host one of the world’s most diverse alpine floras, account for the largest water reservoirs in the Andes, and some of the largest soil carbon pools worldwide. It is of global importance to understand the future of this extremely carbon-rich ecosystem in a warmer world and its role on global climate feedbacks. This study presents the result of the first in situ warming experiment in two Colombian páramos using Open-Top Chambers. We evaluated the response to warming of several ecosystem carbon balance-related processes, including decomposition, soil respiration, photosynthesis, plant productivity, and vegetation structure after 3 years of warming. We found that OTCs are an efficient warming method in the páramo, increasing mean air temperature by 1.7°C and mean daytime temperature by 3.4°C. The maximum air temperature differences between OTC and control was 23.1°C. Soil temperature increased only by 0.1°C. After 3 years of warming using 20 OTC (10 per páramo) in a randomized block design, we found no evidence that warming increased CO2 emissions from soil respiration, nor did it increase decomposition rate, photosynthesis or productivity in the two páramos studied. However, total C and N in the soil and vegetation structure are slowly changing as result of warming and changes are site dependent. In Sumapaz, shrubs, and graminoids cover increased in response to warming while in Matarredonda we observed an increase in lichen cover. Whether this change in vegetation might influence the carbon sequestration potential of the páramo needs to be further evaluated. Our results suggest that páramos ecosystems can resist an increase in temperature with no significant alteration of ecosystem carbon balance related processes in the short term. However, the long-term effect of warming could depend on the vegetation changes and how these changes alter the microbial soil composition and soil processes. The differential response among páramos suggest that the response to warming could be highly dependent on the initial conditions and therefore we urgently need more warming experiments in páramos to understand how specific site characteristics will affect their response to warming and their role in global climate feedbacks.
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30
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Lie Z, Huang W, Liu X, Zhou G, Yan J, Li Y, Huang C, Wu T, Fang X, Zhao M, Liu S, Chu G, Kadowaki K, Pan X, Liu J. Warming leads to more closed nitrogen cycling in nitrogen-rich tropical forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:664-674. [PMID: 33140554 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Warming may have profound effects on nitrogen (N) cycling by changing plant N demand and underground N supply. However, large uncertainty exists regarding how warming affects the integrated N dynamic in tropical forests. We translocated model plant-soil ecosystems from a high-altitude site (600 m) to low-altitude sites at 300 and 30 m to simulate warming by 1.0°C and 2.1°C, respectively, in tropical China. The effects of experimental warming on N components in plant, soil, leaching, and gas were studied over 6 years. Our results showed that foliar δ15 N values and inorganic N (NH4 -N and NO3 -N) leaching were decreased under warming, with greater decreases under 2.1°C of warming than under 1.0°C of warming. The 2.1°C of warming enhanced plant growth, plant N uptake, N resorption, and fine root biomass, suggesting higher plant N demand. Soil total N concentrations, NO3 -N concentrations, microbial biomass N and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance were decreased under 2.1°C of warming, which probably restricted bioavailable N supply and arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution of N supply to plants. These changes in plants, soils and leaching indicated more closed N cycling under warming, the magnitude of which varied over time. The closed N cycling became pronounced during the first 3 years of warming where the sustained reductions in soil inorganic N could not meet plant N demand. Subsequently, the closed N cycling gradually mitigated, as observed by attenuated positive responses of plant growth and less negative responses of microbial biomass N to warming during the last 3 years. Overall, the more closed N cycling under warming could facilitate ecosystem N retention and affect production in these tropical forests, but these effects would be eventually mitigated with long-term warming probably due to the restricted plant growth and microbial acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lie
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenjuan Huang
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xujun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelin Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chumin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guowei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kohmei Kadowaki
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiaoping Pan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Boyle MJW, Bishop TR, Luke SH, Breugel M, Evans TA, Pfeifer M, Fayle TM, Hardwick SR, Lane‐Shaw RI, Yusah KM, Ashford ICR, Ashford OS, Garnett E, Turner EC, Wilkinson CL, Chung AYC, Ewers RM. Localised climate change defines ant communities in human‐modified tropical landscapes. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. W. Boyle
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park UK
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - Tom R. Bishop
- Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Sarah H. Luke
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Michiel Breugel
- Forest GEOSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama
- Yale‐NUS College Singapore City Singapore
| | - Theodore A. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Australia
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park UK
- School of Biology Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Tom M. Fayle
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park UK
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sabah Malaysia
| | | | | | - Kalsum M. Yusah
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sabah Sabah Malaysia
| | | | - Oliver S. Ashford
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Integrative Oceanography Division Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | - Emma Garnett
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Edgar C. Turner
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park UK
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Clare L. Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park UK
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore City Singapore
| | | | - Robert M. Ewers
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park UK
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梁 璐. The Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Fine Root Longevity in Forest Ecosystem: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2021.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Luo W, Kim HS, Zhao X, Ryu D, Jung I, Cho H, Harris N, Ghosh S, Zhang C, Liang J. New forest biomass carbon stock estimates in Northeast Asia based on multisource data. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7045-7066. [PMID: 33006422 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forests play an important role in both regional and global C cycles. However, the spatial patterns of biomass C density and underlying factors in Northeast Asia remain unclear. Here, we characterized spatial patterns and important drivers of biomass C density for Northeast Asia, based on multisource data from in situ forest inventories, as well as remote sensing, bioclimatic, topographic, and human footprint data. We derived, for the first time, high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) maps of the current and future forest biomass C density for this region. Based on these maps, we estimated that current biomass C stock in northeastern China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and Republic of Korea to be 2.53, 0.40, and 0.35 Pg C, respectively. Biomass C stock in Northeast Asia has increased by 20%-46% over the past 20 years, of which 40%-76% was contributed by planted forests. We estimated the biomass C stock in 2080 to be 6.13 and 6.50 Pg C under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, which exceeded the present region-wide C stock value by 2.85-3.22 Pg C, and were 8%-14% higher than the baseline C stock value (5.70 Pg C). The spatial patterns of biomass C densities were found to vary greatly across the Northeast Asia, and largely decided by mean diameter at breast height, dominant height, elevation, and human footprint. Our results suggest that reforestation and forest conservation in Northeast Asia have effectively expanded the size of the carbon sink in the region, and sustainable forest management practices such as precision forestry and close forest monitoring for fire and insect outbreaks would be important to maintain and improve this critical carbon sink for Northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixue Luo
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Daun Ryu
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilbin Jung
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkook Cho
- Division of Forest Resources Information, Korea Forest Promotion Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sayon Ghosh
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Smith MN, Taylor TC, van Haren J, Rosolem R, Restrepo-Coupe N, Adams J, Wu J, de Oliveira RC, da Silva R, de Araujo AC, de Camargo PB, Huxman TE, Saleska SR. Empirical evidence for resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1225-1230. [PMID: 33051618 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests may be vulnerable to climate change1-3 if photosynthetic carbon uptake currently operates near a high temperature limit4-6. Predicting tropical forest function requires understanding the relative contributions of two mechanisms of high-temperature photosynthetic declines: stomatal limitation (H1), an indirect response due to temperature-associated changes in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD)7, and biochemical restrictions (H2), a direct temperature response8,9. Their relative control predicts different outcomes-H1 is expected to diminish with stomatal responses to future co-occurring elevated atmospheric [CO2], whereas H2 portends declining photosynthesis with increasing temperatures. Distinguishing the two mechanisms at high temperatures is therefore critical, but difficult because VPD is highly correlated with temperature in natural settings. We used a forest mesocosm to quantify the sensitivity of tropical gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) to future temperature regimes while constraining VPD by controlling humidity. We then analytically decoupled temperature and VPD effects under current climate with flux-tower-derived GEP trends in situ from four tropical forest sites. Both approaches showed consistent, negative sensitivity of GEP to VPD but little direct response to temperature. Importantly, in the mesocosm at low VPD, GEP persisted up to 38 °C, a temperature exceeding projections for tropical forests in 2100 (ref. 10). If elevated [CO2] mitigates VPD-induced stomatal limitation through enhanced water-use efficiency as hypothesized9,11, tropical forest photosynthesis may have a margin of resilience to future warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle N Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Rafael Rosolem
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Cabot Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia Restrepo-Coupe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Adams
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Oracle, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | | | - Rodrigo da Silva
- Department of Environmental Physics, University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Santarém, Brazil
| | - Alessandro C de Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Brazil
| | - Plinio B de Camargo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Martínez Cano I, Shevliakova E, Malyshev S, Wright SJ, Detto M, Pacala SW, Muller-Landau HC. Allometric constraints and competition enable the simulation of size structure and carbon fluxes in a dynamic vegetation model of tropical forests (LM3PPA-TV). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4478-4494. [PMID: 32463934 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are a key determinant of the functioning of the Earth system, but remain a major source of uncertainty in carbon cycle models and climate change projections. In this study, we present an updated land model (LM3PPA-TV) to improve the representation of tropical forest structure and dynamics in Earth system models (ESMs). The development and parameterization of LM3PPA-TV drew on extensive datasets on tropical tree traits and long-term field censuses from Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The model defines a new plant functional type (PFT) based on the characteristics of shade-tolerant, tropical tree species, implements a new growth allocation scheme based on realistic tree allometries, incorporates hydraulic constraints on biomass accumulation, and features a new compartment for tree branches and branch fall dynamics. Simulation experiments reproduced observed diurnal and seasonal patterns in stand-level carbon and water fluxes, as well as mean canopy and understory tree growth rates, tree size distributions, and stand-level biomass on BCI. Simulations at multiple sites captured considerable variation in biomass and size structure across the tropical forest biome, including observed responses to precipitation and temperature. Model experiments suggested a major role of water limitation in controlling geographic variation forest biomass and structure. However, the failure to simulate tropical forests under extreme conditions and the systematic underestimation of forest biomass in Paleotropical locations highlighted the need to incorporate variation in hydraulic traits and multiple PFTs that capture the distinct floristic composition across tropical domains. The continued pressure on tropical forests from global change demands models which are able to simulate alternative successional pathways and their pace to recovery. LM3PPA-TV provides a tool to investigate geographic variation in tropical forests and a benchmark to continue improving the representation of tropical forests dynamics and their carbon storage potential in ESMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez Cano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sergey Malyshev
- NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Matteo Detto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Stephen W Pacala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Kennard DK, Matlaga D, Sharpe J, King C, Alonso‐Rodríguez AM, Reed SC, Cavaleri MA, Wood TE. Tropical understory herbaceous community responds more strongly to hurricane disturbance than to experimental warming. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8906-8915. [PMID: 32884666 PMCID: PMC7452782 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of climate change on tropical forests may have global consequences due to the forests' high biodiversity and major role in the global carbon cycle. In this study, we document the effects of experimental warming on the abundance and composition of a tropical forest floor herbaceous plant community in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico. This study was conducted within Tropical Responses to Altered Climate Experiment (TRACE) plots, which use infrared heaters under free-air, open-field conditions, to warm understory vegetation and soils + 4°C above nearby control plots. Hurricanes Irma and María damaged the heating infrastructure in the second year of warming, therefore, the study included one pretreatment year, one year of warming, and one year of hurricane response with no warming. We measured percent leaf cover of individual herbaceous species, fern population dynamics, and species richness and diversity within three warmed and three control plots. Results showed that one year of experimental warming did not significantly affect the cover of individual herbaceous species, fern population dynamics, species richness, or species diversity. In contrast, herbaceous cover increased from 20% to 70%, bare ground decreased from 70% to 6%, and species composition shifted pre to posthurricane. The negligible effects of warming may have been due to the short duration of the warming treatment or an understory that is somewhat resistant to higher temperatures. Our results suggest that climate extremes that are predicted to increase with climate change, such as hurricanes and droughts, may cause more abrupt changes in tropical forest understories than longer-term sustained warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Clay King
- Colorado Mesa UniversityGrand JunctionCOUSA
| | | | - Sasha C. Reed
- U.S. Geological SurveySouthwest Biological Science CenterMoabUTUSA
| | - Molly A. Cavaleri
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental ScienceMichigan Technological UniversityHoughtonMIUSA
| | - Tana E. Wood
- USDA Forest ServiceInternational Institute of Tropical ForestryRío PiedrasPuerto RicoUSA
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Sandoval-Castillo J, Gates K, Brauer CJ, Smith S, Bernatchez L, Beheregaray LB. Adaptation of plasticity to projected maximum temperatures and across climatically defined bioregions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17112-17121. [PMID: 32647058 PMCID: PMC7382230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience to environmental stressors due to climate warming is influenced by local adaptations, including plastic responses. The recent literature has focused on genomic signatures of climatic adaptation, but little is known about how plastic capacity may be influenced by biogeographic and evolutionary processes. We investigate phenotypic plasticity as a target of climatic selection, hypothesizing that lineages that evolved in warmer climates will exhibit greater plastic adaptive resilience to upper thermal stress. This was experimentally tested by comparing transcriptomic responses within and among temperate, subtropical, and desert ecotypes of Australian rainbowfish subjected to contemporary and projected summer temperatures. Critical thermal maxima were estimated, and ecological niches delineated using bioclimatic modeling. A comparative phylogenetic expression variance and evolution model was used to assess plastic and evolved changes in gene expression. Although 82% of all expressed genes were found in the three ecotypes, they shared expression patterns in only 5 out of 236 genes that responded to the climate change experiment. A total of 532 genes showed signals of adaptive (i.e., genetic-based) plasticity due to ecotype-specific directional selection, and 23 of those responded to projected summer temperatures. Network analyses demonstrated centrality of these genes in thermal response pathways. The greatest adaptive resilience to upper thermal stress was shown by the subtropical ecotype, followed by the desert and temperate ecotypes. Our findings indicate that vulnerability to climate change will be highly influenced by biogeographic factors, emphasizing the value of integrative assessments of climatic adaptive traits for accurate estimation of population and ecosystem responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie Gates
- Molecular Ecology Lab, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Chris J Brauer
- Molecular Ecology Lab, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Steve Smith
- Molecular Ecology Lab, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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38
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Zuidema PA, Heinrich I, Rahman M, Vlam M, Zwartsenberg SA, van der Sleen P. Recent CO 2 rise has modified the sensitivity of tropical tree growth to rainfall and temperature. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4028-4041. [PMID: 32441438 PMCID: PMC7317543 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 (ca ) rise changes the physiology and possibly growth of tropical trees, but these effects are likely modified by climate. Such ca × climate interactions importantly drive CO2 fertilization effects of tropical forests predicted by global vegetation models, but have not been tested empirically. Here we use tree-ring analyses to quantify how ca rise has shifted the sensitivity of tree stem growth to annual fluctuations in rainfall and temperature. We hypothesized that ca rise reduces drought sensitivity and increases temperature sensitivity of growth, by reducing transpiration and increasing leaf temperature. These responses were expected for cooler sites. At warmer sites, ca rise may cause leaf temperatures to frequently exceed the optimum for photosynthesis, and thus induce increased drought sensitivity and stronger negative effects of temperature. We tested these hypotheses using measurements of 5,318 annual rings from 129 trees of the widely distributed (sub-)tropical tree species, Toona ciliata. We studied growth responses during 1950-2014, a period during which ca rose by 28%. Tree-ring data were obtained from two cooler (mean annual temperature: 20.5-20.7°C) and two warmer (23.5-24.8°C) sites. We tested ca × climate interactions, using mixed-effect models of ring-width measurements. Our statistical models revealed several significant and robust ca × climate interactions. At cooler sites (and seasons), ca × climate interactions showed good agreement with hypothesized growth responses of reduced drought sensitivity and increased temperature sensitivity. At warmer sites, drought sensitivity increased with increasing ca , as predicted, and hot years caused stronger growth reduction at high ca . Overall, ca rise has significantly modified sensitivity of Toona stem growth to climatic variation, but these changes depended on mean climate. Our study suggests that effects of ca rise on tropical tree growth may be more complex and less stimulatory than commonly assumed and require a better representation in global vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Section Climate Dynamics and Landscape EvolutionGFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesTelegrafenbergGermany
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt UniversityBerlinGermany
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Institute of GeographyFriedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐NurembergErlangenGermany
- Department of Forestry and Environmental ScienceShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Delta Areas and ResourcesVan Hall Larenstein University of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van der Sleen
- Forest Ecology & Forest Management GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation GroupWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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39
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Verryckt LT, Ellsworth DS, Vicca S, Van Langenhove L, Peñuelas J, Ciais P, Posada JM, Stahl C, Coste S, Courtois EA, Obersteiner M, Chave J, Janssens IA. Can light‐saturated photosynthesis in lowland tropical forests be estimated by one light level? Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | | | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF Barcelona Spain
- CSIC Global Ecology CREAF‐CSIC‐UAB Barcelona Spain
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQ Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Juan M. Posada
- Biology Department Faculty of Natural Sciences Universidad del Rosario Bogotá, D.C. Colombia
| | - Clément Stahl
- INRA UMR Ecofog AgroParisTech CNRS Cirad Université des AntillesUniversité de Guyane Kourou France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR Ecofog AgroParisTech CNRS Cirad INRA Université de GuyaneUniversité des Antilles Kourou France
| | - Elodie A. Courtois
- Laboratoire Ecologie, évolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA) CNRS IFREMER Université de Guyane Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg Austria
| | - Jérôme Chave
- UMR 5174 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique CNRS Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
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40
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Litton CM, Giardina CP, Freeman KR, Selmants PC, Sparks JP. Impact of Mean Annual Temperature on Nutrient Availability in a Tropical Montane Wet Forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:784. [PMID: 32595675 PMCID: PMC7304228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing understanding of how rising temperatures affect carbon cycling, the impact of long-term and whole forest warming on the suite of essential and potentially limiting nutrients remains understudied, particularly for elements other than N and P. Whole ecosystem warming experiments are limited, environmental gradients are often confounded by variation in factors other than temperature, and few studies have been conducted in the tropics. We examined litterfall, live foliar nutrient content, foliar nutrient resorption efficiency (NRE), nutrient return, and foliar nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of total litterfall and live foliage of two dominant trees to test hypotheses about how increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) impacts the availability and ecological stoichiometry of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu in tropical montane wet forests located along a 5.2°C gradient in Hawaii. Live foliage responded to increasing MAT with increased N and K concentrations, decreased C and Mn concentrations, and no detectable change in P concentration or in foliar NRE. Increases in MAT increased nutrient return via litterfall for N, K, Mg, and Zn and foliar NUE for Mn and Cu, while decreasing nutrient return for Cu and foliar NUE for K. The N:P of litterfall and live foliage increased with MAT, while there was no detectable effect of MAT on C:P. The ratio of live foliar N or P to base cations and micronutrients was variable across elements and species. Increased MAT resulted in declining N:K and P:K for one species, while only P:K declined for the other. N:Ca and N:Mn increased with MAT for both species, while N:Mg increased for one and P:Mn increased for the other species. Overall, results from this study suggest that rising MAT in tropical montane wet forest: (i) increases plant productivity and the cycling and availability of N, K, Mg, and Zn; (ii) decreases the cycling and availability of Mn and Cu; (iii) has little direct effect on P, Ca or Fe; and (iv) affects ecological stoichiometry in ways that may exacerbate P-as well as other base cation and micronutrient - limitations to tropical montane forest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creighton M. Litton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Christian P. Giardina
- Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, United States
| | - Kristen R. Freeman
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Paul C. Selmants
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
- Western Geographic Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Jed P. Sparks
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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41
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Hernández GG, Winter K, Slot M. Similar temperature dependence of photosynthetic parameters in sun and shade leaves of three tropical tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:637-651. [PMID: 32083285 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbon uptake by tropical forests is of critical importance in regulating the earth's climate, but rising temperatures threaten this stabilizing influence of tropical forests. Most research on how temperature affects photosynthesis focuses on fully sun-exposed leaves, and little is known about shade leaves, even though shade leaves greatly outnumber sun leaves in lowland tropical forests. We measured temperature responses of light-saturated photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and the biochemical parameters VCMax (maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation) and JMax (maximum rate of RuBP regeneration, or electron transport) on sun and shade leaves of mature tropical trees of three species in Panama. As expected, biochemical capacities and stomatal conductance were much lower in shade than in sun leaves, leading to lower net photosynthesis rates. However, the key temperature response traits of these parameters-the optimum temperature (TOpt) and the activation energy-did not differ systematically between sun and shade leaves. Consistency in the JMax to VCMax ratio further suggested that shade leaves are not acclimated to lower temperatures. For both sun and shade leaves, stomatal conductance had the lowest temperature optimum (~25 °C), followed by net photosynthesis (~30 °C), JMax (~34 °C) and VCMax (~38 °C). Stomatal conductance of sun leaves decreased more strongly with increasing vapor pressure deficit than that of shade leaves. Consistent with this, modeled stomatal limitation of photosynthesis increased with increasing temperature in sun but not shade leaves. Collectively, these results suggest that modeling photosynthetic carbon uptake in multi-layered canopies does not require independent parameterization of the temperature responses of the biochemical controls over photosynthesis of sun and shade leaves. Nonetheless, to improve the representation of the shade fraction of carbon uptake dynamics in tropical forests, better understanding of stomatal sensitivity of shade leaves to temperature and vapor pressure deficit will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia G Hernández
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama
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Verryckt LT, Van Langenhove L, Ciais P, Courtois EA, Vicca S, Peñuelas J, Stahl C, Coste S, Ellsworth DS, Posada JM, Obersteiner M, Chave J, Janssens IA. Coping with branch excision when measuring leaf net photosynthetic rates in a lowland tropical forest. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQ Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Elodie A. Courtois
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Évolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA) Université de Guyane CNRS IFREMER Cayenne French Guiana
| | - Sara Vicca
- Department of Biology University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC Global Ecology CREAF‐CEAB‐CSIC‐UAB Cerdanyola del Valles Barcelona Spain
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR Ecofog, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Cirad INRA Université des Antilles Université de Guyane Kourou France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR Ecofog, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Cirad INRA Université des Antilles Université de Guyane Kourou France
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Juan M. Posada
- Biology Department Faculty of Natural Sciences Universidad del Rosario Bogotá Colombia
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Laxenburg Austria
| | - Jérôme Chave
- UMR 5174 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier CNRS Toulouse France
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Mishra S, Chaudhary LB, Jain MK, Kumar V, Behera SK. Interaction of abiotic factor on soil CO 2 efflux in three forest communities in tropical deciduous forest from India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 191:796. [PMID: 31989356 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors along with soil physico-chemical properties play a significant role on the diurnal trend of soil CO2 efflux. Soil CO2 efflux in Indian tropical forests is poorly studied. We studied the soil CO2 efflux in a representative tropical deciduous forest at Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS), Uttar Pradesh. The three forest communities namely dry mixed (DMF), Sal mixed (SMF), and Teak plantation (TPF) were selected for measuring soil CO2 efflux in the summer season during April to May 2017 using automated LI-COR 8100 soil CO2 flux system. Soil physico-chemical parameters were also studied in the three abovementioned forest communities. We also measured the different microclimatic variables at forest understorey in all three communities during the summer season. Total day time soil CO2 efflux of 826.70, 1089.24, and 828.94 (μmolCO2 m-2d-1) was observed in TPF, SMF, and DMF respectively. Soil CO2 efflux observed significant differences (P < 0.01) among the three forest communities studied for the summer season in tropical deciduous forest of Terai Himalaya. Average soil CO2 efflux rate (μmol CO2 m-2 s-1) of 4.06 ± 0.36, 5.03 ± 0.45, and 4.37 ± 0.79 was observed in TPF, SMF, and DMF, respectively, which is positively correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) and water holding capacity (WHC) among soil physico-chemical variables. Among microclimatic variables, soil temperature (ST, °C) and air temperature (AT, °C) observed strong positive correlation with day time soil CO2 efflux in all three communities. Significant increase in soil CO2 flux was observed with increasing air and soil temperature (AT and ST) in DMF and SMF. Maximum TOC of 19.23 g Kg-1 was observed in SMF among all communities in the summer season. The result showed that soil CO2 efflux is closely associated with TOC, WHC, AT, and ST for Indian deciduous forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mishra
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - L B Chaudhary
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - M K Jain
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Soumit K Behera
- Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India.
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Reed SC, Reibold R, Cavaleri MA, Alonso-Rodríguez AM, Berberich ME, Wood TE. Soil biogeochemical responses of a tropical forest to warming and hurricane disturbance. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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46
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Apgaua DMG, Tng DYP, Forbes SJ, Ishida YF, Vogado NO, Cernusak LA, Laurance SGW. Elevated temperature and CO2 cause differential growth stimulation and drought survival responses in eucalypt species from contrasting habitats. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1806-1820. [PMID: 31768554 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change scenarios predict increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), temperatures and droughts in tropical regions. Individually, the effects of these climate factors on plants are well established, whereas experiments on the interactive effects of a combination of factors are rare. Moreover, how these environmental factors will affect tree species along a wet to dry gradient (e.g., along tropical forest-savanna transitions) remains to be investigated. We hypothesized that under the simulated environmental conditions, plant growth, physiological performance and survivorship would vary in a manner consistent with the species' positions of origin along this gradient. In a glasshouse experiment, we raised seedlings of three Eucalyptus species, each occurring naturally in a wet forest, savanna and forest-savanna ecotone, respectively. We evaluated the effect of drought, elevated temperature (4 °C above ambient glasshouse temperature of 22 °C) and elevated temperature in combination with elevated [CO2] (400 ppm [CO2] above ambient of 400 ppm), on seedling growth, survivorship and physiological responses (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency). Elevated temperature under ambient [CO2] had little effect on growth, biomass and plant performance of well-watered seedlings, but hastened mortality in drought-affected seedlings, affecting the forest and ecotone more strongly than the savanna species. In contrast, elevated [CO2] in combination with elevated temperatures delayed the appearance of drought stress symptoms and enhanced survivorship in drought-affected seedlings, with the savanna species surviving the longest, followed by the ecotone and forest species. Elevated [CO2] in combination with elevated temperatures also enhanced growth and biomass and photosynthesis in well-watered seedlings of all species, but modified shoot:root biomass partitioning and stomatal conductance differentially across species. Our study highlights the need for a better understand of the interactive effects of elevated [CO2], temperature and drought on plants and the potential to upscale these insights for understanding biome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M G Apgaua
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - David Y P Tng
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
- Centre for Rainforest Studies at the School for Field Studies, Yungaburra, Queensland 4872, Australia
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Barão Jeremoabo, Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Samantha J Forbes
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Yoko F Ishida
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Nara O Vogado
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 14-88 McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Queensland 4878, Australia
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Requena Suarez D, Rozendaal DMA, De Sy V, Phillips OL, Alvarez‐Dávila E, Anderson‐Teixeira K, Araujo‐Murakami A, Arroyo L, Baker TR, Bongers F, Brienen RJW, Carter S, Cook‐Patton SC, Feldpausch TR, Griscom BW, Harris N, Hérault B, Honorio Coronado EN, Leavitt SM, Lewis SL, Marimon BS, Monteagudo Mendoza A, Kassi N'dja J, N'Guessan AE, Poorter L, Qie L, Rutishauser E, Sist P, Sonké B, Sullivan MJP, Vilanova E, Wang MMH, Martius C, Herold M. Estimating aboveground net biomass change for tropical and subtropical forests: Refinement of IPCC default rates using forest plot data. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3609-3624. [PMID: 31310673 PMCID: PMC6852081 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As countries advance in greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for climate change mitigation, consistent estimates of aboveground net biomass change (∆AGB) are needed. Countries with limited forest monitoring capabilities in the tropics and subtropics rely on IPCC 2006 default ∆AGB rates, which are values per ecological zone, per continent. Similarly, research into forest biomass change at a large scale also makes use of these rates. IPCC 2006 default rates come from a handful of studies, provide no uncertainty indications and do not distinguish between older secondary forests and old-growth forests. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, we incorporate ∆AGB data available from 2006 onwards, comprising 176 chronosequences in secondary forests and 536 permanent plots in old-growth and managed/logged forests located in 42 countries in Africa, North and South America and Asia. We generated ∆AGB rate estimates for younger secondary forests (≤20 years), older secondary forests (>20 years and up to 100 years) and old-growth forests, and accounted for uncertainties in our estimates. In tropical rainforests, for which data availability was the highest, our ∆AGB rate estimates ranged from 3.4 (Asia) to 7.6 (Africa) Mg ha-1 year-1 in younger secondary forests, from 2.3 (North and South America) to 3.5 (Africa) Mg ha-1 year-1 in older secondary forests, and 0.7 (Asia) to 1.3 (Africa) Mg ha-1 year-1 in old-growth forests. We provide a rigorous and traceable refinement of the IPCC 2006 default rates in tropical and subtropical ecological zones, and identify which areas require more research on ∆AGB. In this respect, this study should be considered as an important step towards quantifying the role of tropical and subtropical forests as carbon sinks with higher accuracy; our new rates can be used for large-scale GHG accounting by governmental bodies, nongovernmental organizations and in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Requena Suarez
- Laboratory of Geo‐Information Science and Remote SensingWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Danaë M. A. Rozendaal
- Laboratory of Geo‐Information Science and Remote SensingWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Production Systems GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems AnalysisWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Veronique De Sy
- Laboratory of Geo‐Information Science and Remote SensingWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Esteban Alvarez‐Dávila
- Escuela de Ciencias agrícolas, pecuarias y ambientalesUniversidad Nacional Abierta y a DistanciaBogotaColombia
- Fundación ConVidaMedellínColombia
| | - Kristina Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVRUSA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Alejandro Araujo‐Murakami
- Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff MercadoUniversidad Autónoma Gabriel René MorenoSanta CruzBolivia
| | - Luzmila Arroyo
- Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René MorenoSanta CruzBolivia
| | | | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Sarah Carter
- Laboratory of Geo‐Information Science and Remote SensingWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Ted R. Feldpausch
- GeographyCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | | | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UR Forests & SocietiesUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet‐BoignyYamoussoukroIvory Coast
| | | | | | - Simon L. Lewis
- School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Department of GeographyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Beatriz S. Marimon
- Campus de Nova XavantinaUniversidade do Estado de Mato GrossoNova XavantinaBrazil
| | - Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Jardín Botánico de MissouriOxapampaPeru
- Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del CuscoCuscoPeru
| | - Justin Kassi N'dja
- UFR BiosciencesLaboratoire de BotaniqueUniversité Félix Houphouet‐BoignyAbidjanIvory Coast
| | - Anny Estelle N'Guessan
- UFR BiosciencesLaboratoire de BotaniqueUniversité Félix Houphouet‐BoignyAbidjanIvory Coast
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Lan Qie
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of LincolnLincolnUK
| | - Ervan Rutishauser
- Center for Tropical Forest Science‐Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Plinio Sist
- CIRAD, UR Forests & SocietiesUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology LaboratoryUniversity of YaoundéYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Emilio Vilanova
- Universidad de Los AndesMéridaVenezuela
- School of Environmental and Forest SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Maria M. H. Wang
- Department of Animal & Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geo‐Information Science and Remote SensingWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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Effects of Warming and Nitrogen Addition on the Soil Bacterial Community in a Subtropical Chinese Fir Plantation. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil warming has the potential to alter bacterial communities, affecting carbon (C) storage and nitrogen (N) cycling in forest ecosystems. We studied bacterial community changes by warming soil and adding two N-levels (40 and 80 kg N ha−1 year−1) for two years in a subtropical plantation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate (Lamb.) Hook) in southern China. Soil warming significantly changed the bacterial community structure, causing decreases in Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, while increasing Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. The high N addition had a greater impact on the bacterial community structure than the low N addition. Warming shifted the bacterial community towards oligotrophic taxa, while N addition could dilute this tendency. Results of the ecological networks indicated that warming resulted in a more complicated co-occurrence network and an increased interaction between different phylum communities, while N addition enhanced the cooperation within communities pertaining to the same phylum. The changes to the soil properties, typical catabolism enzymes, and plant growth also showed that soil warming and N addition accelerated the C and N cycles in the soil, and lead to an increased upward flow of N (from underground to aboveground) and decomposition rate of soil organic carbon (SOC). Overall, the results provided insights into the bacterial community and soil C and N cycling change at a subtropical plantation.
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49
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De Mil T, Hubau W, Angoboy Ilondea B, Rocha Vargas MA, Boeckx P, Steppe K, Van Acker J, Beeckman H, Van den Bulcke J. Asynchronous leaf and cambial phenology in a tree species of the Congo Basin requires space-time conversion of wood traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:245-253. [PMID: 31170728 PMCID: PMC6758582 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wood traits are increasingly being used to document tree performance. In the Congo Basin, however, weaker seasonality causes asynchrony of wood traits between trees. Here, we monitor growth and phenology data to date the formation of traits. METHODS For two seasons, leaf and cambial phenology were monitored on four Terminalia superba trees (Mayombe) using cameras, cambial pinning and dendrometers. Subsequently, vessel lumen and parenchyma fractions as well as high-resolution isotopes (δ13C/δ18O) were quantified on the formed rings. All traits were dated and related to weather data. KEY RESULTS We observed between-tree differences in green-up of 45 d, with trees flushing before and after the rainy season. The lag between green-up and onset of xylem formation was 59 ± 21 d. The xylem growing season lasted 159 ± 17 d with between-tree differences of up to 53 d. Synchronized vessel, parenchyma and δ13C profiles were related to each other. Only parenchyma fraction and δ13C were correlated to weather variables, whereas the δ18O pattern showed no trend. CONCLUSIONS Asynchrony of leaf and cambial phenology complicates correct interpretation of environmental information recorded in wood. An integrated approach including high-resolution measurements of growth, stable isotopes and anatomical features allows exact dating of the formation of traits. This methodology offers a means to explore the asynchrony of growth in a rainforest and contribute to understanding this aspect of forest resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom De Mil
- UGCT-UGent-Woodlab, Ghent University, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Gent, Belgium
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Wood Biology Service, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Wannes Hubau
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Wood Biology Service, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Bhély Angoboy Ilondea
- UGCT-UGent-Woodlab, Ghent University, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Gent, Belgium
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Wood Biology Service, Tervuren, Belgium
- Institut National pour l’Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Mirvia Angela Rocha Vargas
- UGCT-UGent-Woodlab, Ghent University, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Gent, Belgium
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS, Ghent University, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Gent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Boeckx
- Isotope Bioscience Laboratory – ISOFYS, Ghent University, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- UGCT-UGent-Woodlab, Ghent University, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Wood Biology Service, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGCT-UGent-Woodlab, Ghent University, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Gent, Belgium
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Nottingham AT, Whitaker J, Ostle NJ, Bardgett RD, McNamara NP, Fierer N, Salinas N, Ccahuana AJQ, Turner BL, Meir P. Microbial responses to warming enhance soil carbon loss following translocation across a tropical forest elevation gradient. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1889-1899. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Nottingham
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Crew Building, Kings Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FFUK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092Balboa, Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Jeanette Whitaker
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster LA1 4APUK
| | - Nick J. Ostle
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Library Avenue Lancaster LA1 4YQUK
| | - Richard D. Bardgett
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PTUK
| | - Niall P. McNamara
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster LA1 4APUK
| | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder CO USA
| | - Norma Salinas
- Seccion Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru Lima Peru
| | - Adan J. Q. Ccahuana
- Facultad de Biología Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Cusco Peru
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092Balboa, Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Crew Building, Kings Buildings Edinburgh EH9 3FFUK
- Research School of Biology Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601Australia
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