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Bhaskaran NA, Jitta SR, Salwa, Kumar L, Sharma P, Kulkarni OP, Hari G, Gourishetti K, Verma R, Birangal SR, Bhaskar KV. Folic acid-chitosan functionalized polymeric nanocarriers to treat colon cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127142. [PMID: 37797853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with IRI and quercetin, a p-gp inhibitor, were developed to target folate receptors expressed by colon cancer cells for oral targeted delivery. This work reports the development of PNPs with an entrapment efficiency of 41.26 ± 0.56 % for IRI and 55.83 ± 4.51 for QT. PNPs were further surface modified using chitosan-folic acid conjugates for better targetability to obtain folic acid-chitosan coated nanoparticles. DLS and FeSEM revealed particles in the nanometric size range with spherical morphology, while FTIR and DSC provided details on their structure and encapsulation. In vitro drug release studies confirmed a sustained release pattern of IRI and QT, while cell line studies confirmed the superiority of C-FA-PNPs when tested on Caco2 cells. Pharmacodynamic studies in colon cancer induced rats showed similar efficacy for PNPs and C-FA-PNPs. Further examination from a bio-distribution study in healthy rats, revealed the failure of C-FA-PNPs to deliver the drugs to the colon adequately, while the PNPs improved the available concentration of IRI at the colon by almost 1.8 folds when compared to the available marketed product. Hence, the developed PNP formulation sticks out as a plausible substitute for the intravenous dosage forms of IRI which have been conventionally prevailing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Ajitkumar Bhaskaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai College Campus, Gate No. 2, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Srinivas Reddy Jitta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Salwa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India.
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science - Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India
| | - Gangadhar Hari
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Karthik Gourishetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India; Biotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumit Raosaheb Birangal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vijaya Bhaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India
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Mohanmarugaraja M, Devarajan A, Kathiravan M. Rasam (South Indian Spice Soup) - Attenuates the Mammary Tumor Induction Magnitude of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] anthracene in Sprague–Dawley Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_150_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Vijayalakshmi S, Mariadoss AVA, Ramachandran V, Shalini V, Agilan B, Sangeetha CC, Balu P, Kotakadi VS, Karthikkumar V, Ernest D. Polydatin Encapsulated Poly [Lactic-co-glycolic acid] Nanoformulation Counteract the 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] Anthracene Mediated Experimental Carcinogenesis through the Inhibition of Cell Proliferation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E375. [PMID: 31491872 PMCID: PMC6770361 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the authors have attempted to fabricate Polydatin encapsulated Poly [lactic-co-glycolic acid] (POL-PLGA-NPs) to counteract 7,12-dimethyl benzyl anthracene (DMBA) promoted buccal pouch carcinogenesis in experimental animals. The bio-formulated POL-PLGA-NPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). In addition, the nano-chemopreventive potential of POL-PLGA-NPs was assessed by scrutinizing the neoplastic incidence and analyzing the status of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, phase I, phase II detoxification status, and histopathological changes and in DMBA-treated animals. In golden Syrian hamsters, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was generated by painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a week for 14 weeks. After 100% tumor formation was observed, high tumor volume, tumor burden, and altered levels of biochemical status were observed in the DMBA-painted hamsters. Intra-gastric administration of varying concentration of POL-PLGA-NPs (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/kg b.wt) to DMBA-treated hamsters assumedly prevents oncological incidences and restores the status of the biochemical markers. It also significantly enhances the apoptotic associated and inhibits the cancer cell proliferative markers expression (p53, Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase 3, cyclin-D1). The present study reveals that POL-PLGA-NPs is a penitential candidate for nano-chemopreventive, anti-lipid peroxidative, and antioxidant potential, and also has a modulating effect on the phase I and Phase II detoxification system, which is associated with reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in experimental oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankaran Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Vinayagam Ramachandran
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vijayakumar Shalini
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Balupillai Agilan
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Casimeer C Sangeetha
- Department of Physics, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati 517502, Andra Pradesh, India
| | - Periyasamy Balu
- Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Venkatachalam Karthikkumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain 17666, UAE.
| | - David Ernest
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632 115, Tamilnadu, India.
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Ter Voert EEGW, Heijmen L, van Asten JJA, Wright AJ, Nagtegaal ID, Punt CJA, de Wilt JHW, van Laarhoven HWM, Heerschap A. Levels of choline-containing compounds in normal liver and liver metastases of colorectal cancer as recorded by 1 H MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4035. [PMID: 30457686 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A relatively high signal for choline-containing compounds (total choline, tCho) is commonly found in 1 H MR spectra of malignant tumors, but it is unclear if this also occurs in tumors in the liver. We evaluated the potential of the tCho signal in single voxel 1 H MR spectra of the human liver to assess metastases of colorectal cancers. EXPERIMENT MR spectra of an 8 cm3 PRESS-localized voxel were obtained at 3 T from the livers of 12 healthy volunteers and from metastatic lesions in 20 patients in two different sessions. To correct for motion artifacts, sequentially recorded spectra were individually phased and frequency aligned before averaging. Spectra were analyzed using LCModel and tissue levels estimated by water referencing. Repeatability was assessed with Bland-Altman analyses. To estimate tumor necrosis, diffusion-weighted imaging of the liver was performed. High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) spectra of tumor and normal liver samples were obtained at 11.7 T. RESULTS With increasing tumor volumes, tCho levels decreased, indicating a partial volume effect. Mean tCho content in tumors larger than the PRESS voxel (>8 cm3 ) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than for normal liver: 1.6 (range 0.0-3.4) versus 6.9 (range 4.9-11.1) mmol/kg wet weight, while it was comparable for tumors smaller than 8 cm3 : 7.0 (range 3.8-9.3) mmol/kg. The higher 90th percentile apparent diffusion coefficient value in the larger lesions indicates more necrosis. Measurement repeatability was average in normal livers and poor in tumors. HRMAS did not show substantial differences in choline-containing compounds between normal liver and metastasis. CONCLUSION An increased tCho content was not observed in 1 H MR spectra of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, compared with normal liver. This may be due to the background of a high tCho signal in spectra of normal liver or to an intrinsic lower tCho content in these tumors, but is most likely the result of necrosis in metastatic tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin E G W Ter Voert
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Heijmen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack J A van Asten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan J Wright
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Iris D Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H W de Wilt
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Fernandes Messias MC, Mecatti GC, Figueiredo Angolini CF, Eberlin MN, Credidio L, Real Martinez CA, Rodrigues Coy CS, de Oliveira Carvalho P. Plasma Lipidomic Signature of Rectal Adenocarcinoma Reveals Potential Biomarkers. Front Oncol 2018; 7:325. [PMID: 29359123 PMCID: PMC5766651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rectal adenocarcinoma (RAC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract and survival is highly dependent upon stage of disease at diagnosis. Lipidomic strategy can be used to identify potential biomarkers for establishing early diagnosis or therapeutic programs for RAC. Objective To evaluate the lipoperoxidation biomarkers and lipidomic signature in the plasma of patients with RAC (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 18). Methods Lipoperoxidation was evaluated based on malondialdehyde (MDA) and F2-isoprostane levels and the lipidomic profile obtained by gas chromatography and high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-q-TOF) associated with a multivariate statistical technique. Results The most abundant ions identified in the RAC patients were those of protonated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. It was found that a lisophosphatidylcholine (LPC) plasmalogen containing palmitoleic acid [LPC (P-16:1)], with highest variable importance projection score, showed a tendency to be lower in the cancer patients. A reduction of n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed in the plasma of these patients. MDA levels were higher in patients with advanced cancer (stages III/IV) than in the early stages groups and the healthy group (p < 0.05). No differences in F2-isoprostane levels were observed among these groups. Conclusion This study shows that the reduction in plasma levels of LPC plasmalogens associated with an increase in MDA levels may indicate increased oxidative stress in these patients and identify the metabolite LPC (P-16:1) as a putatively novel lipid signature for RAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovana Colozza Mecatti
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Research, São Francisco University (USF), Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laura Credidio
- Department of Surgery, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Re-evaluation of the associations of egg intake with serum total cholesterol and cause-specific and total mortality in Japanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 72:841-847. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-017-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dietz C, Ehret F, Palmas F, Vandergrift LA, Jiang Y, Schmitt V, Dufner V, Habbel P, Nowak J, Cheng LL. Applications of high-resolution magic angle spinning MRS in biomedical studies II-Human diseases. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3784. [PMID: 28915318 PMCID: PMC5690552 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) MRS is a powerful method for gaining insight into the physiological and pathological processes of cellular metabolism. Given its ability to obtain high-resolution spectra of non-liquid biological samples, while preserving tissue architecture for subsequent histopathological analysis, the technique has become invaluable for biochemical and biomedical studies. Using HRMAS MRS, alterations in measured metabolites, metabolic ratios, and metabolomic profiles present the possibility to improve identification and prognostication of various diseases and decipher the metabolomic impact of drug therapies. In this review, we evaluate HRMAS MRS results on human tissue specimens from malignancies and non-localized diseases reported in the literature since the inception of the technique in 1996. We present the diverse applications of the technique in understanding pathological processes of different anatomical origins, correlations with in vivo imaging, effectiveness of therapies, and progress in the HRMAS methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dietz
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ehret
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Palmas
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia, 09042 Italy
| | - Lindsey A. Vandergrift
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Yanni Jiang
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029 China
| | - Vanessa Schmitt
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Dufner
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Piet Habbel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Nowak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leo L. Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Balamurugan M, Sivakumar K, Mariadoss AVA, Suresh K. Modulating Effect of Hypnea musciformis (Red Seaweed) on Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidants and Biotransforming Enzymes in 7,12-Dimethylbenz (a) Anthracene Induced Mammary Carcinogenesis in Experimental Animals. Pharmacognosy Res 2017; 9:108-115. [PMID: 28250663 PMCID: PMC5330094 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.187085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the second most widespread diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in women. Objective: The present work was carried out to evaluate the chemo preventive potential of Hypnea musciformis (ethanol extract) seaweed on oxidative stress markers, bio transforming enzymes, incidence of tumors, and pathological observation in 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) exposed experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in the group 1 served as control. Rats in the group 2 and 3 received a single subcutaneous injection of DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight (b.w)) in the mammary gland to develop mammary carcinoma. In addition, group 3 rats were orally administrated with 200 mg/kg between of H. musciformis along with DMBA injection and group 4 rats received ethanolic extract of H. musciformis every day orally (200 mg/kg b.w) throughout the experimental period of 16 weeks. Results: Our results revealed that treatment with H. musciformis ethanolic extract to DMBA treated rats significantly reduced the incidence of tumor and tumor volume as compared to DMBA alone treated rats. Moreover, our results showed imbalance in the activities/levels of lipid peroxidation by products, antioxidant enzymes, and bio transforming phase I and II enzymes in the circulation, liver and mammary tissues of DMBA treated rats which were significantly modulated to near normal on treatment with ethanolic extract of H. musciformis. All these alterations were supported by histochemical findings. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study suggest that chemo preventive potential of H. musciformis ethanol extract is probably due to their free radicals quenching effect and modulating potential of bio transforming enzymes during DMBA exposed experimental mammary carcinogenesis. SUMMARY DMBA is a source of well-established site specific carcinogen Hypnea musciformis act as a free radical quencher Hypnea musciformis has a definite chemo preventive efficacy in experimental rats H. musciformis is a resource of prooxidant/antioxidant balance and also its anti-proliferative effects H. musciformis has a detoxificant in the mammary carcinoma.
Abbreviations Used: BRCA1: Breast Cancer Gene 1; BRCA2: Breast Cancer Gene 1; CYP: Cytochrome P450; DMBA: 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxides; LPO: Lipid peroxidation; PAH: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GSSG: Oxidized glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Balamurugan
- Department of Botany, Division of Algal Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiresan Sivakumar
- Department of Botany, Division of Algal Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arokia Vijaya Anand Mariadoss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiresan Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Venkatachalam K, Gunasekaran S, Namasivayam N. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive efficacy of rosmarinic acid in a rat colon cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:37-50. [PMID: 27565219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To shed light on colon cancer chemoprevention, natural phytochemicals attract researchers by virtue of their beneficial biological effects. The chemopreventive potential of rosmarinic acid (RA) was tested by using the colon carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) by evaluating the Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), tumour incidence, lipid peroxidative byproducts, phase I & II drug metabolizing enzymes, cell proliferative and apoptotic proteins. Rats were divided into six groups and received modified pellet diet. Group 1 served as control rats, group 2 rats received RA (5mg/kg b.w. p.o.), rats in groups 3-6 received DMH (20mg/kg b.w., s.c.) for the first fifteen weeks. In addition to DMH, groups 4-6 received RA at the dose of 5mg/kg b.w. during initiation, post initiation stages and also for the entire study period. DMH treated rats showed an increase in the development of ACF, tumour formation and multiplicity and decrease in lipid peroxidative byproducts. Moreover, it modulates xenobiotic enzymes and reduces the expressions of proapoptotic proteins; increases expressions of anti apoptotic proteins at the end of the study. Supplementation with RA to carcinogen treated rats protected them from the above deleterious effects caused by DMH and thus RA may be used as a potent chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivagami Gunasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nalini Namasivayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
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Bagnoli M, Granata A, Nicoletti R, Krishnamachary B, Bhujwalla ZM, Canese R, Podo F, Canevari S, Iorio E, Mezzanzanica D. Choline Metabolism Alteration: A Focus on Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:153. [PMID: 27446799 PMCID: PMC4916225 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with normal differentiated cells, cancer cells require a metabolic reprograming to support their high proliferation rates and survival. Aberrant choline metabolism is a fairly new metabolic hallmark reflecting the complex reciprocal interactions between oncogenic signaling and cellular metabolism. Alterations of the involved metabolic network may be sustained by changes in activity of several choline transporters as well as of enzymes such as choline kinase-alpha (ChoK-α) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipases C and D. Of note, the net outcome of these enzymatic alterations is an increase of phosphocholine and total choline-containing compounds, a "cholinic phenotype" that can be monitored in cancer by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This review will highlight the molecular basis for targeting this pathway in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), a highly heterogeneous and lethal malignancy characterized by late diagnosis, frequent relapse, and development of chemoresistance. Modulation of ChoK-α expression impairs only EOC but not normal ovarian cells, thus supporting the hypothesis that "cholinic phenotype" is a peculiar feature of transformed cells and indicating ChoK-α targeting as a novel approach to improve efficacy of standard EOC chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bagnoli
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
| | - Anna Granata
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
| | - Roberta Nicoletti
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rossella Canese
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Franca Podo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Functional Genomics and Informatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Delia Mezzanzanica
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
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Kim HS, Tian L, Jung M, Choi SK, Sun Y, Kim H, Moon WK. Downregulation of Choline Kinase-Alpha Enhances Autophagy in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141110. [PMID: 26496360 PMCID: PMC4619766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline kinase-α (Chk-α) and autophagy have gained much attention, as they relate to the drug-resistance of breast cancer. Here, we explored the potential connection between Chk-α and autophagy in the mechanisms driving to tamoxifen (TAM) resistance, in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells (BCCs). Human BCC lines (MCF-7 and TAM-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/TAM) cells) were used. Chk-α expression and activity was suppressed by the transduction of shRNA (shChk-α) with lentivirus and treatment with CK37, a Chk-α inhibitor. MCF-7/TAM cells had higher Chk-α expression and phosphocholine levels than MCF-7 cells. A specific downregulation of Chk-α by the transduction of shChk-α exhibited a significant decrease in phosphocholine levels in MCF-7 and MCF-7/TAM cells. The autophagy-related protein, cleaved microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and autophagosome-like structures were significantly increased in shChk-α-transduced or CK37-treated MCF-7 and MCF-7/TAM cells. The downregulation of Chk-α attenuated the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and mTOR in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/TAM cells. In MCF-7 cells, the downregulation of Chk-α resulted in an induction of autophagy, a decreased proliferation ability and an activation of caspase-3. In MCF-7/TAM cells, despite a significant decrease in proliferation ability and an increase in the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, the downregulation of Chk-α did not induced caspase-dependent cell death and further enhanced autophagy and G0/G1 phase arrest. An autophagy inhibitor, methyladenine (3-MA) induced death and attenuated the level of elevated LC3 in MCF-7/TAM cells. Elucidating the interplay between choline metabolism and autophagy will provide unique opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets and develop novel treatment strategies that preferentially target TAM-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoe Suk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–744, Korea
| | - Lianji Tian
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–799, Korea
| | - Minji Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–799, Korea
| | - Sul Ki Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–799, Korea
| | - Yujin Sun
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–744, Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–799, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–799, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110–744, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Sinha VR, Sethi S. Pioglitazone hydrochloride: chemopreventive potential and development of site-specific drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:408-17. [PMID: 24547712 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.887156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of pioglitazone hydrochloride as a promising anticancer agent and then to design and evaluate the colon-targeted delivery system. The role of pioglitazone hydrochloride as a promising anticancer agent was evaluated by in vitro cell line studies and in vivo 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. In order to deliver the drug at site of action, i.e. colon, drug embedded in matrices containing a release retarding polymer (HPMC K4M) and a polysaccharide (locust bean gum) were prepared. These matrix systems were further enteric coated with Eudragit®S100 to minimize the premature drug release in the upper segments of the GIT. In vitro dissolution studies were performed in absence and presence of rat caecal contents on selected batches and samples were analyzed using a validated RP-HPLC method. Hence, the studies led to the conclusion that successful site-specific delivery systems of pioglitazone hydrochloride were developed to improve its therapeutic efficacy in the management of colorectal cancer.
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Balaji C, Muthukumaran J, Nalini N. Chemopreventive effect of sinapic acid on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced experimental rat colon carcinogenesis. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:1253-68. [PMID: 24532707 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114522501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sinapic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid found in various herbal plants which is attributed with numerous pharmacological properties. This study was aimed to investigate the chemopreventive effect of SA on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Rats were treated with DMH injections (20 mg kg(-1) bodyweight (b.w.) subcutaneously once a week for the first 4 consecutive weeks and SA (20, 40 and 80 mg kg(-1) b.w.) post orally for 16 weeks. At the end of the 16-week experimental period, all the rats were killed, and the tissues were evaluated biochemically. Our results reveal that DMH alone treatment decreased the levels/activities of lipid peroxidation by-products such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, conjugated dienes and antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione in the intestine and colonic tissues which were reversed on supplementation with SA. Moreover, the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes of phase I (cytochrome P450 and P4502E1) were enhanced and those of phase II (glutathione-S-transferase, DT-diaphorase and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase) were diminished in the liver and colonic mucosa of DMH alone-treated rats and were reversed on supplementation with SA. All the above changes were supported by the histopathological observations of the rat liver and colon. These findings suggest that SA at the dose of 40 mg kg(-1) b.w. was the most effective dose against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis, and thus, SA could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Balaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Muthukumaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tse G, Eslick GD. Egg consumption and risk of GI neoplasms: dose-response meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:1581-90. [PMID: 24500371 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous epidemiological studies on egg consumption and the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms suggest a positive association; however, data are limited and the evidence remains controversial. This study aims to investigate and quantify the potential dose-response relationship with an evaluation of cancer site-specific differences. METHODS Relevant studies were identified after the literature search via electronic databases until January 2014. Subgroup analysis for serving portions was performed using two standardized classification methods: (1) less than 3, or 3 or more eggs per week; (2) less than 3, 3-5, or more than 5 eggs per week. Method two excludes studies that only reported consumption frequency. Pooled adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing highest and lowest categories of dietary pattern scores were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS Thirty-seven case-control and seven cohort studies were included for meta-analysis, which contained a total of 424,867 participants and 18,852 GI neoplasm cases. The combined odds ratio (OR) was calculated to 1.15 (95% CI 1.09-1.22; p value heterogeneity <0.001), showing only a slight increase in risk. The correlation was stronger for colon cancers 1.29 (95% CI 1.14-1.46; p value heterogeneity <0.22). Dose-response analysis revealed similar results with stratification methods, and the ORs for an intake of <3 and ≥3 eggs per week were 1.14 (95% CI 1.07-1.22; p value heterogeneity = 0.38) and 1.25 (95% CI 1.14-1.38; p value heterogeneity = 0.25), respectively. With method 2, the ORs for an intake of <3, 3-5, and >5 eggs per week were 1.13 (95% CI 1.06-1.21; p value heterogeneity = 0.25), 1.14 (95% CI 1.01-1.29; p value heterogeneity = 0.06), and 1.19 (95% CI 1.01-1.39; p value heterogeneity <0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that egg consumption is associated with a positive dose-response association with the development of GI neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Tse
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, The Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, Nepean Hospital, The University of Sydney, Level 5, South Block, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Vinothkumar R, Vinoth Kumar R, Karthikkumar V, Viswanathan P, Kabalimoorthy J, Nalini N. Oral supplementation with troxerutin (trihydroxyethylrutin), modulates lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:174-184. [PMID: 24355798 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the chemopreventive potential of troxerutin on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced rat colon carcinogenesis by evaluating the antioxidant and lipid peroxidation (LPO) status. Rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group I rats served as control. Group II rats received troxerutin (50 mg/kgb.w., p.o.) for 16 weeks. Groups III-VI rats received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kgb.w., s.c.) once a week, for the first 4 weeks. In addition to DMH, groups IV-VI rats received troxerutin at the doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kgb.w., respectively. In DMH treated rats, our results showed decreased activities of antioxidants and increased levels of LPO in the liver. Moreover, LPO and antioxidants in the colon were found to be significantly diminished in DMH the treated rats. Furthermore, enhanced activity of colonic vitamin C and vitamin E levels were observed in DMH alone treated rats (group III), which was significantly reversed on troxerutin supplementation. Troxerutin at the dose of 25 mg/kgb.w. had shown profound beneficial effects by exhibiting near normal biochemical profile and well-preserved colon histology as compared to the other two tested doses (12.5 and 50 mg/kgb.w.). These findings suggest that troxerutin could serve as a novel agent for colon cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinothkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Karthikkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Viswanathan
- Department of Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Kabalimoorthy
- Department of Surgery, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Muthu R, Vaiyapuri M. Synergistic and individual effects of umbelliferone with 5-fluorouracil on tumor markers and antioxidant status of rat treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Vinothkumar R, Sudha M, Viswanathan P, Kabalimoorthy J, Balasubramanian T, Nalini N. Modulating effect of d-carvone on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced pre-neoplastic lesions, oxidative stress and biotransforming enzymes, in an experimental model of rat colon carcinogenesis. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:705-20. [PMID: 24118219 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study has aimed to evaluate chemopreventive potential of d-carvone on oxidative stress markers, biotransforming enzymes, incidence of colonic polyps and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced experimental colon carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into six groups, with group I serving as control. Group II animals received d-carvone every day orally (20 mg/kg body weight) for 16 weeks; groups III-VI received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week, for the first 4 weeks. In addition, groups IV-VI received different doses of d-carvone (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight everyday orally) along with DMH injections. RESULTS Our results revealed that supplementation with d-carvone significantly reduced incidence of polyps/ACF and ACF multiplicity in DMH-exposed rats compared to DMH-alone-exposed rats. Moreover, our results showed reduced activities of liver and circulatory antioxidants and increased levels of lipid peroxidation by products in DMH-exposed animals, which were significantly reversed on supplementation with d-carvone. In addition, colonic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation were significantly diminished in DMH-exposed rats, which were significantly elevated on supplementation with d-carvone. Furthermore, we also determined activities of biotransforming enzymes, which were found to be altered in DMH-exposed rats, but reversed on d-carvone supplementation. All these observations of changes were supported by histochemical findings. CONCLUSION Overall, results obtained from this study suggest that d-carvone at 10 mg/kg body weight provided optimum protection and could be used as an effective chemopreventive agent against colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinothkumar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India
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Venkatachalam K, Gunasekaran S, Jesudoss VAS, Namasivayam N. The effect of rosmarinic acid on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon carcinogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2013; 65:409-18. [PMID: 22236574 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the chemopreventive potential of rosmarinic acid (RA) against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced rat colon carcinogenesis by evaluating the effect of RA on tumour formation, antioxidant enzymes, cytochrome P450 content, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase and GST activities. Rats were divided into six groups and fed modified pellet diet for the entire experimental period. Group 1 served as control, group 2 received RA (10 mg/kgb.w.). Groups 3-6 were induced colon cancer by injecting DMH (20 mg/kgb.w.) subcutaneously once a week for the first four weeks (groups 3-6). In addition, RA was administered at the doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kgb.w. to groups 4-6 respectively. DMH treated rats showed large number of colonic tumours; decreased lipid peroxidation; decreased antioxidant status; elevated CYP450 content and PNPH activities; and decreased GST activity in the liver and colon. Supplementation with RA (5 mgkg/b.w.) to DMH treated rats significantly decreased the number of polyps (50%); reversed the markers of oxidative stress (21.0%); antioxidant status (38.55%); CYP450 content (29.41%); and PNPH activities (21.9%). RA at the dose of 5 mg/kgb.w. showed a most pronounced effect and could be used as a possible chemopreventive agent against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Choi JS, Baek HM, Kim S, Kim MJ, Youk JH, Moon HJ, Kim EK, Han KH, Kim DH, Kim SI, Koo JS. HR-MAS MR spectroscopy of breast cancer tissue obtained with core needle biopsy: correlation with prognostic factors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51712. [PMID: 23272149 PMCID: PMC3522710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy using core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens and histologic prognostic factors currently used in breast cancer patients. After institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for this study, CNB specimens were collected from 36 malignant lesions in 34 patients. Concentrations and metabolic ratios of various choline metabolites were estimated by HR-MAS MR spectroscopy using CNB specimens. HR-MAS spectroscopic values were compared according to histopathologic variables [tumor size, lymph node metastasis, histologic grade, status of estrogens receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 (a receptor for human epidermal growth factor), and Ki-67, and triple negativity]. Multivariate analysis was performed with Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structure-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). HR-MAS MR spectroscopy quantified and discriminated choline metabolites in all CNB specimens of the 36 breast cancers. Several metabolite markers [free choline (Cho), phosphocholine (PC), creatine (Cr), taurine, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, total choline (tCho), glycine, Cho/Cr, tCho/Cr, PC/Cr] on HR-MAS MR spectroscopy were found to correlate with histologic prognostic factors [ER, PR, HER2, histologic grade, triple negativity, Ki-67, poor prognosis]. OPLS-DA multivariate models were generally able to discriminate the status of histologic prognostic factors (ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67) and prognosis groups. Our study suggests that HR-MAS MR spectroscopy using CNB specimens can predict tumor aggressiveness prior to surgery in breast cancer patients. In addition, it may be helpful in the detection of reliable markers for breast cancer characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Choi
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Man Baek
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Ji Hyun Youk
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Han
- Department of Research Affair, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-hyun Kim
- College of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Cao MD, Döpkens M, Krishnamachary B, Vesuna F, Gadiya MM, Loenning PE, Bhujwalla ZM, Gribbestad IS, Glunde K. Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5) expression correlates with malignant choline phospholipid metabolite profiles in human breast cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:1033-42. [PMID: 22279038 PMCID: PMC4126590 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Altered choline phospholipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, leading to malignant choline metabolite profiles consisting of low glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and high phosphocholine (PC) in human breast cancers. Glycerophosphocholine phosphodiesterase (GPC-PDE) catalyzes the degradation of GPC to free choline and glycerol-3-phosphate. The gene(s) encoding for the GPC-PDE(s) responsible for GPC degradation in breast cancers have not yet been identified. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the GPC-PDE encoded by glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain containing 5 (GDPD5) is associated with breast cancer malignancy. Two human breast cancer cell lines (n = 8 and n = 10) and primary human breast tumor samples (n = 19) were studied with combined MRS and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to investigate several isoforms of GDPD expression with respect to choline phospholipid metabolite levels. Of the five GDPDs tested, GDPD5 was found to be significantly overexpressed in highly malignant estrogen receptor negative (ER(-)) compared with weakly malignant estrogen receptor positive (ER(+)) human breast cancer cells (p = 0.027) and breast tumors from patients (p = 0.015). GDPD5 showed significantly positive correlations with PC (p < 0.001), total choline (tCho) (p = 0.007) and PC/GPC (p < 0.001) levels in human breast tumors. GDPD5 showed a trend towards a negative correlation with GPC levels (p = 0.130). Human breast cancers with malignant choline metabolite profiles consisting of low GPC and high PC levels highly co-expressed GDPD5, choline kinase alpha (CHKA) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1), whereas cancers containing high GPC and relatively low PC levels displayed low co-expression of GDPD5, CHKA and PLD1. GDPD5, CHKA and PLD1 were significantly overexpressed in highly malignant ER(-) tumors in our patient cohort. Our study identified GDPD5 as a GPC-PDE that probably participates in the regulation of choline phospholipid metabolism in breast cancer, which possibly occurs in cooperation with CHKA and PLD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Cao
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mailin Döpkens
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Farhad Vesuna
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mayur M. Gadiya
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Per E. Loenning
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zaver M. Bhujwalla
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ingrid S. Gribbestad
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Glunde
- The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence to: Kristine Glunde, Ph.D., Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 212 Traylor Bldg 720, Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, Tel: (410)-614-2705, Fax: (410)-614-1948,
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Gruber J, See Too WC, Wong MT, Lavie A, McSorley T, Konrad M. Balance of human choline kinase isoforms is critical for cell cycle regulation. FEBS J 2012; 279:1915-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sivagami G, Karthikkumar V, Balasubramanian T, Nalini N. The modulatory influence of p-methoxycinnamic acid, an active rice bran phenolic acid, against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced lipid peroxidation, antioxidant status and aberrant crypt foci in rat colon carcinogenesis. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 196:11-22. [PMID: 22326950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the chemopreventive effect of p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA), an active phenolic acid of rice bran, turmeric, and Kaemperfia galanga against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 consisted of control rats that received a modified pellet diet and 0.1% carboxymethyl cellulose. The rats in Group 2 received a modified pellet diet supplemented with p-MCA [80 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.) post-orally (p.o.)] everyday. The rats in Groups 3-6 received 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20 mg/kg b.wt.) via subcutaneous injections once a week for the first 4 weeks; additionally, the rats in Groups 4, 5 and 6 received p-MCA at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg b.wt./day p.o., respectively, everyday for 16 weeks. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 16 weeks. The DMH-treated rats exhibited an increased incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development; an increased crypt multiplicity; decreased concentrations of tissue lipid peroxidation markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH); decreased levels of tissue enzymic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR); and decreased levels of non-enzymic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and vitamins C, E and A in the colon. Supplementation with p-MCA significantly reversed these changes and significantly inhibited the formation of ACF and its multiplicity. Thus, our findings demonstrate that p-MCA exerts a strong chemopreventive activity against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis by virtue of its ability to prevent the alterations in DMH-induced circulatory and tissue oxidative stress and preneoplastic changes. p-MCA was more effective when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg b.wt. than at the other two doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Sivagami
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002 Tamilnadu, India
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KUCHTA ANNAM, KELLY PHILIPM, STANTON CATHERINE, DEVERY ROSALEENA. Milk fat globule membrane - a source of polar lipids for colon health? A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2011.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cao MD, Sitter B, Bathen TF, Bofin A, Lønning PE, Lundgren S, Gribbestad IS. Predicting long-term survival and treatment response in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy by MR metabolic profiling. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2012; 25:369-78. [PMID: 21823183 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate whether MR metabolic profiling can be used for prediction of long-term survival and monitoring of treatment response in locally advanced breast cancer patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS High resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) MR spectra of pre- and post-treatment biopsies from 33 patients were acquired. Tissue concentrations of choline-containing metabolites (tCho), glycine and taurine were assessed using electronic reference to access in vivo concentration (ERETIC) of the signal and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was used to define their potential to predict patient survival and treatment response. The metabolite profiles obtained by HR MAS spectroscopy were related to long-term survival and treatment response by genetic algorithm partial least squares discriminant analysis (GA PLS-DA). RESULTS Different pre-treatment MR metabolic profiles characterized by higher levels of tCho and lower levels of lactate were observed in patients with long-term survival (≥5 years, survivors) compared to patients who died of cancer recurrence (<5 years, non-survivors). A significant decrease in glycerophosphocholine (GPC) post-treatment was associated with long-term survival (p = 0.046) and partial response (p = 0.014) to NAC. Long-term survival was best predicted by GPC using ROC analyses (sens. 66.7%, spec. 62.5%), while taurine had the best predictive value of treatment response (sens. 72.7%, spec. 63.2%). GA PLS-DA multivariate classification models successfully discriminated between survivors and non-survivors, resulting in 82.7% and 90.2% cross-validation (CV) classification accuracy, pre- and post-treatment, respectively. Classification of treatment response using GA PLS-DA was not successful for this patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that HR MAS MR metabolic profiles consisting of important metabolic characteristics of breast cancer tumors could potentially assist the classification and prediction of long-term survival in locally advanced breast cancer patients, in addition to being used as an adjunct for evaluation of treatment response to NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Cao
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7489, Trondheim, Norway.
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Glunde K, Jiang L, Moestue SA, Gribbestad IS. MRS and MRSI guidance in molecular medicine: targeting and monitoring of choline and glucose metabolism in cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:673-90. [PMID: 21793073 PMCID: PMC3146026 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
MRS and MRSI are valuable tools for the detection of metabolic changes in tumors. The currently emerging era of molecular medicine, which is shaped by molecularly targeted anticancer therapies combined with molecular imaging of the effects of such therapies, requires powerful imaging technologies that are able to detect molecular information. MRS and MRSI are such technologies that are able to detect metabolites arising from glucose and choline metabolism in noninvasive in vivo settings and at higher resolution in tissue samples. The roles played by MRS and MRSI in the diagnosis of different types of cancer, as well as in the early monitoring of the tumor response to traditional chemotherapies, are reviewed. The emerging roles of MRS and MRSI in the development and detection of novel targeted anticancer therapies that target oncogenic signaling pathways or markers in choline or glucose metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Russell H. Morgan, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Siver A. Moestue
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid S. Gribbestad
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Nirmala P, Ramanathan M. Effect of kaempferol on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colorectal carcinoma in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 654:75-9. [PMID: 21172346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, a common cause of cancer related deaths in both sexes in western population is often due to persistent oxidative stress leading to DNA damage. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals and inhibit neoplastic process. Kaempferol, a flavonol widely distributed in tea, broccoli, grape fruit, brussels sprouts and apple, is claimed to have chemopreventive action in colon cancer. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of kaempferol on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced colorectal cancer in male Wistar rats and to compare its efficacy with irinotecan. Experimental colon cancer induced by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine in rats mimic human colon cancer and therefore is an ideal model for chemoprevention studies. The rats were divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 received 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (20 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously once a week for four weeks. Group 3 received irinotecan (100 mg/kg body weight) intravenously once a week for four weeks with 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine. Groups 4 to 6 were given a daily oral dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg body weight of kaempferol with 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine. The total study period was 16 weeks. Kaempferol supplementation lowered 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced erythrocyte lysate and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level and rejuvenated anti oxidant enzymes catalase, super oxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The recovery of enzyme status was maximum at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and was comparable to irinotecan. Our study reveals that kaempferol could be safely used as a chemopreventive agent in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Nirmala
- Division of Pharmacology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, South India.
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Gallego-Ortega D, Gómez del Pulgar T, Valdés-Mora F, Cebrián A, Lacal JC. Involvement of human choline kinase alpha and beta in carcinogenesis: a different role in lipid metabolism and biological functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 51:183-94. [PMID: 21035492 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have summarized here the importance of ChoKα1 in human carcinogenesis. ChoKα1 displays its oncogenic activity through activation of specific signaling pathways that influence on cell proliferation and survival. It is overexpressed in a large number of human tumors with an incidence of 40-60% of all tumors investigated. Currently, there is an active effort in the development of strategies to knockdown the activity of ChoKα through specific siRNA or small molecules inhibitors. Results from genetic silencing or from treatment with MN58b, a well characterized ChoKα inhibitor showing antiproliferative and antitumoral effect in mice xenografts, provide strong support to this concept, indicating that the design of new antitumoral drugs must be selective against this isoform. However, affecting the other two known isoforms of ChoK may have also therapeutic consequences since the physiologically active form of ChoK may be constituted by homo or heterodimers. Furthermore, alteration of the ChoKβ activity might lead to a change in the lipid content of the cells of particular tissues such as skeletal muscle as described in the ChoKβ null mice (Sher et al., 2006). Finally, the identification of the ChoKα1 isoform as an excellent novel tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients may have clinical consequences of immediate usefulness. On one hand, the use of specific monoclonal antibodies against ChoKα1 as a tool for diagnosis in paraffin embedded samples from patient biopsies, through standard immunohistochemistry techniques, can now be achieved (Gallego-Ortega et al., 2006). On the other hand, it has been recently described the prognostic value of determination of ChoKα1 expression levels in non-small cell lung cancer using real time quantitative PCR technology (Ramírez de Molina et al., 2007). Therefore, further research should be supported on the utility of ChoK isoforms as a promising area to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Highly specific antibodies for co-detection of human choline kinase α1 and α2 isoforms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12999. [PMID: 20886003 PMCID: PMC2946341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Choline kinase is the first enzyme in the CDP-choline pathway that synthesizes phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid in eukaryotic cell membranes. In humans, choline kinase exists as three isoforms (CKα1, α2, and β). Specific inhibition of CKα has been reported to selectively kill tumoral cells. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against CKα used in previous studies to detect the level of this isozyme in different cellular or biochemical contexts were able to detect either the α1 or the α2 isoform. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, an antiserum against CKα was produced by immunizing rabbits with denatured, purified recombinant CKα2 full-length protein. This antiserum was highly specific for CKα when tested with extracts from different cell lines, and there was no cross reactivity with purified CKβ and other related proteins like human ethanolamine kinases (EK) and yeast choline or ethanolamine kinases. The antiserum simultaneously detected both CKα1 and α2 isoforms in MCF-7 and HepG2 cell extracts, but not in HeLa, HCT-116, and mouse embryonic stem cell extracts. Subsequent protein dot blot assay of total CKα in a human normal/tumor protein array of 30 tissue samples by using the antiserum showed that CKα was not overexpressed in all tumor tissues when compared to their normal counterparts. Most striking differences between tumor and normal CKα expression levels were observed in kidney (11-fold higher in tumor) and liver (15-fold lower in tumor) samples. Conclusion/Significance Apart from its high sensitivity and specificity, the antiserum produced in this work, which does not require further purification, has the advantage of co-detecting both α1 and α2 isoforms in cell extracts for direct comparison of their expression levels.
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Chemopreventive Effect of Different Ratios of Fish Oil and Corn Oil in Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis. Lipids 2010; 45:785-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wu G, Vance DE. Choline kinase and its functionThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue entitled “Second International Symposium on Recent Advances in Basic, Clinical, and Social Medicine” and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 88:559-64. [DOI: 10.1139/o09-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline kinase (CK) was discovered in 1953. Progress in understanding the function of CK was slow until its purification in 1984. The subsequent cloning and expression of the cDNA led to the description of the gene structures. Two genes encode choline kinase, Chka and Chkb, and 3 isoforms of the enzyme have been identified — CKα-1, CKα-2, and CKβ — and the active form of CK is a hetero- or homo-dimer. More recently, gene-disrupted mice have been described. Mice that lack CKα die early in embryogenesis. In contrast, mice that lack CKβ survive to adulthood, but develop hindlimb muscular dystrophy and forelimb bone deformity. It has been shown that this hindlimb muscular dystrophy is due to decreased biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine and increased catabolism of phosphatidylcholine in the hindlimbs, but not the forelimbs, of mice. CK and its product phosphocholine have also been implicated in development of numerous cancers. Thus, a possible treatment for some kinds of cancer may involve drug inhibition of CK or targeting the expression of CK with RNA interference. In the mid 1950s it was clear that CK was important for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine, but no one predicted a role for CK in muscular dystrophy, bone deformities, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshu Wu
- The Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2 Canada
| | - Dennis E. Vance
- The Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2S2 Canada
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Hong BS, Allali-Hassani A, Tempel W, Finerty PJ, MacKenzie F, Dimov S, Vedadi M, Park HW. Crystal structures of human choline kinase isoforms in complex with hemicholinium-3: single amino acid near the active site influences inhibitor sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:16330-40. [PMID: 20299452 PMCID: PMC2871500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.039024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human choline kinase (ChoK) catalyzes the first reaction in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and exists as ChoKalpha (alpha1 and alpha2) and ChoKbeta isoforms. Recent studies suggest that ChoK is implicated in tumorigenesis and emerging as an attractive target for anticancer chemotherapy. To extend our understanding of the molecular mechanism of ChoK inhibition, we have determined the high resolution x-ray structures of the ChoKalpha1 and ChoKbeta isoforms in complex with hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), a known inhibitor of ChoK. In both structures, HC-3 bound at the conserved hydrophobic groove on the C-terminal lobe. One of the HC-3 oxazinium rings complexed with ChoKalpha1 occupied the choline-binding pocket, providing a structural explanation for its inhibitory action. Interestingly, the HC-3 molecule co-crystallized with ChoKbeta was phosphorylated in the choline binding site. This phosphorylation, albeit occurring at a very slow rate, was confirmed experimentally by mass spectroscopy and radioactive assays. Detailed kinetic studies revealed that HC-3 is a much more potent inhibitor for ChoKalpha isoforms (alpha1 and alpha2) compared with ChoKbeta. Mutational studies based on the structures of both inhibitor-bound ChoK complexes demonstrated that Leu-401 of ChoKalpha2 (equivalent to Leu-419 of ChoKalpha1), or the corresponding residue Phe-352 of ChoKbeta, which is one of the hydrophobic residues neighboring the active site, influences the plasticity of the HC-3-binding groove, thereby playing a key role in HC-3 sensitivity and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hee-Won Park
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium and
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Srihari T, Sengottuvelan M, Nalini N. Dose-dependent effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:787-94. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.6.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Diet and dietary constituents play a major role in the aetiology of colon cancer. We have investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of oregano (Origanum vulgare. L.) on lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify the important antioxidants present in Indian oregano using RP-HPLC. DMH (20 mgkg−1) was administered subcutaneously once a week for the first four weeks and then discontinued. Oregano was supplemented every day orally at a dose of 20, 40 or 60 mgkg−1 to different groups of rats for 15 weeks. After this time the rats were killed and the colons were examined visually and evaluated biochemically. The levels of lipid peroxidation products, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated dienes were significantly higher in the liver whereas in caecum and colon the levels were lower in DMH-treated animals as compared with control rats. The levels of the anti-oxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase were decreased in DMH-treated rats, but were significantly reversed on oregano supplementation. Oregano supplementation (40 mgkg−1) had a modulatory role on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant profile in colon cancer-bearing rats, which suggested a possible anti-cancer property of oregano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thummala Srihari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Murugan Sengottuvelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Namasivayam Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Ghadi FE, Ghara AR, Bhattacharyya S, Dhawan DK. Selenium as a chemopreventive agent in experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2009; 1:74-81. [PMID: 21160778 PMCID: PMC2999095 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v1.i1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the chemopreventive efficacy of selenium during experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis.
METHODS: Thirty-two male wistar rats were divided into four groups: group I (normal control); group II [1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) treated]; group III (selenium treated); and group IV (DMH + selenium treated). Groups II and IV were given subcutaneous injections of DMH (30 mg/kg body weight) every week for 20 wk. Selenium, in the form of sodium selenite, was given to groups III and IV at 1 ppm in drinking water ad libitum for 20 wk. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed and their colons were analyzed for the development of tumors, antioxidant enzyme levels and histological changes.
RESULTS: 100% of the DMH treated rats developed tumors, which was reduced to 60% upon simultaneous selenium supplementation. Similarly, tumor multiplicity decreased to 1.1 following selenium supplementation to DMH treated rats. Levels of lipid peroxidation, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased following DMH treatment, whereas levels of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) significantly increased in DMH treated rats. Selenium administration to DMH treated rats led to an increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation, SOD, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and GPx, but decreased the levels of GSH and GR. Histopathological studies on DMH treated rats revealed dysplasia of the colonic histoarchitecture, which showed signs of improvement following selenium treatment.
CONCLUSION: The study suggests the antioxidative potential of selenium is a major factor in providing protection from development of experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ezzati Ghadi
- Fereshteh Ezzati Ghadi, Abdollah Ramzani Ghara, Devinder Kumar Dhawan, Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, PIN-160014, India
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Vanpouille C, Le Jeune N, Kryza D, Clotagatide A, Janier M, Dubois F, Perek N. Influence of multidrug resistance on (18)F-FCH cellular uptake in a glioblastoma model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36:1256-64. [PMID: 19300998 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multidrug resistance, aggressiveness and accelerated choline metabolism are hallmarks of malignancy and have motivated the development of new PET tracers like (18)F-FCH, an analogue of choline. Our aim was to study the relationship of multidrug resistance of cultured glioma cell lines and (18)F-FCH tracer uptake. METHODS We used an in vitro multidrug-resistant (MDR) glioma model composed of sensitive parental U87MG and derived resistant cells U87MG-CIS and U87MG-DOX. Aggressiveness, choline metabolism and transport were studied, particularly the expression of choline kinase (CK) and high-affinity choline transporter (CHT1). FCH transport studies were assessed in our glioblastoma model. RESULTS As expected, the resistant cell lines express P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug resistance-associated protein isoform 1 (MRP1) and elevated glutathione (GSH) content and are also more mobile and more invasive than the sensitive U87MG cells. Our results show an overexpression of CK and CHT1 in the resistant cell lines compared to the sensitive cell lines. We found an increased uptake of FCH (in % of uptake per 200,000 cells) in the resistant cells compared to the sensitive ones (U87MG: 0.89 +/- 0.14; U87MG-CIS: 1.27 +/- 0.18; U87MG-DOX: 1.33 +/- 0.13) in line with accelerated choline metabolism and aggressive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS FCH uptake is not influenced by the two ATP-dependant efflux pumps: Pgp and MRP1. FCH would be an interesting probe for glioma imaging which would not be effluxed from the resistant cells by the classic MDR ABC transporters. Our results clearly show that FCH uptake reflects accelerated choline metabolism and is related to tumour aggressiveness and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vanpouille
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Cancer Research Group IFRESIS 143, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
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Giftson JS, Jayanthi S, Nalini N. Chemopreventive efficacy of gallic acid, an antioxidant and anticarcinogenic polyphenol, against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:251-9. [PMID: 19300909 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries and its etiology is known to be a combination of hereditary, environmental, dietary factors and lack of physical activity. Chemoprevention offers a novel approach to control the incidence of colon cancer. Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol widely present in tea and other plants which is popularly used in the traditional medicine of China. The present study was to evaluate the efficacy of GA supplementation on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in 1,2-dimethyhydrazine (DMH) induced colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. The rats were assorted into six groups, viz., group1 control rats received modified pellet diet; group 2 rats received GA (50 mg/kg body weight) orally along with modified pellet diet; group 3 rats received DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously once a week for the first 15 weeks; groups 4, 5 and 6 rats received GA along with DMH during the initiation, post- initiation stages and the entire period of study respectively. All the rats were sacrificed at the end of 30 weeks and the tissues were evaluated biochemically. We observed decreased lipid peroxidation (LPO) products such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and conjugated dienes (CD) and diminished levels of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the tissues of DMH treated rats, which were elevated significantly on GA supplementation. Moreover, enhanced activity of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels were also observed in DMH alone treated rats which were significantly reduced on GA supplementation. Our results suggest that GA could exert a significant chemopreventive effect on DMH induced colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebakkan Senapathy Giftson
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002 Tamil Nadu, India
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Thomas MA, Lipnick S, Velan SS, Liu X, Banakar S, Binesh N, Ramadan S, Ambrosio A, Raylman RR, Sayre J, DeBruhl N, Bassett L. Investigation of breast cancer using two-dimensional MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:77-91. [PMID: 19086016 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton (1H) MRS enables non-invasive biochemical assay with the potential to characterize malignant, benign and healthy breast tissues. In vitro studies using perchloric acid extracts and ex vivo magic angle spinning spectroscopy of intact biopsy tissues have been used to identify detectable metabolic alterations in breast cancer. The challenges of 1H MRS in vivo include low sensitivity and significant overlap of resonances due to limited chemical shift dispersion and significant inhomogeneous broadening at most clinical magnetic field strengths. Improvement in spectral resolution can be achieved in vivo and in vitro by recording the MR spectra spread over more than one dimension, thus facilitating unambiguous assignment of metabolite and lipid resonances in breast cancer. This article reviews the recent progress with two-dimensional MRS of breast cancer in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. The discussion includes unambiguous detection of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as choline-containing groups such as free choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine and ethanolamines using two-dimensional MRS. In addition, characterization of invasive ductal carcinomas and healthy fatty/glandular breast tissues non-invasively using the classification and regression tree (CART) analysis of two-dimensional MRS data is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Albert Thomas
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1721, USA.
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Aranganathan S, Panneer Selvam J, Nalini N. Hesperetin exerts dose dependent chemopreventive effect against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Invest New Drugs 2008; 27:203-13. [PMID: 18648748 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is still one of the leading causes of death in USA and is increasing at an alarming rate in Asia. It is one of the major causes of death in industrialized countries, and its etiology is known to be a combination of hereditary, environmental, dietary factors and lack of physical activity. Chemoprevention plays a potential role in colorectal cancer. The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of hesperetin supplementation on colonic aberrant crypt foci, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. The rats were segregated into six groups viz., group 1, control rats received modified pellet diet; group 2 rats received modified pellet diet along with hesperetin (30 mg/kg body weight/day); groups 3-6 administrated DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneous injection once a week for the first 4 weeks; in addition groups 4-6 received hesperetin at three different doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight/day for 16 weeks. All the rats were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period of 16 weeks. Increased tumor incidence and increased number aberrant crypt foci (ACF) accompanied by a decrease in the tissue lipid peroxidation, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were observed in DMH-treated rats. Administration of hesperetin to DMH treated rats significantly decreased the tumor incidence, the number of aberrant crypt foci with simultaneous enhancement of tissue lipid peroxidation, GST, GPx, SOD, and CAT activities. The results of this study suggest that hesperetin at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight showed a significant beneficial effect against chemically induced colonic carcinogenesis in rats as compared to the other two doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Aranganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Soto A, Carman GM. Regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CKI1-encoded choline kinase by zinc depletion. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10079-88. [PMID: 18276583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the CKI1-encoded choline kinase catalyzes the committed step in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the CDP-choline branch of the Kennedy pathway. Analysis of a P(CKI1)-lacZ reporter gene revealed that CKI1 expression was regulated by intracellular levels of the essential mineral zinc. Zinc depletion resulted in a concentration-dependent induction of CKI1 expression. This regulation was mediated by the zinc-sensing and zinc-inducible transcriptional activator Zap1p. A purified Zap1p probe interacted with two putative UAS(ZRE) sequences (ZRE1 and ZRE2) in the CKI1 promoter. Mutations of ZRE1 and ZRE2 to a nonconsensus UAS(ZRE) attenuated the induction of CKI1 expression in response to zinc depletion. A UAS(INO) element in the CKI1 promoter was responsible for stimulating CKI1 expression, but this element was not involved with the regulation by zinc depletion. The induction of CKI1 expression in zinc-depleted cells translated into increased choline kinase activity in vitro and in vivo, and an increase in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal Soto
- Department of Food Science and Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Mori N, Glunde K, Takagi T, Raman V, Bhujwalla ZM. Choline kinase down-regulation increases the effect of 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11284-90. [PMID: 18056454 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying strategies to increase cancer cell kill while sparing normal tissue is critically important in cancer chemotherapy. Choline kinase (Chk), the enzyme that converts choline to phosphocholine (PC), is elevated in cancer cells and presents a novel target for increasing cell kill. Here, we have examined the effects of transiently down-regulating Chk by small interfering RNA against Chk (siRNA-chk) on PC and total choline-containing compound (tCho) levels and on the viability/proliferation of estrogen receptor-negative and estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines and a nonmalignant mammary epithelial cell line. We investigated the effects of combination treatment with transient siRNA-chk transfection and the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in those cell lines. Microarray analysis of the invasive estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line was done to characterize molecular changes associated with Chk down-regulation. Chk down-regulation decreased PC and tCho levels in the malignant cell lines, whereas the cell viability/proliferation assays detected a decrease in proliferation in these cells. In contrast, Chk down-regulation had an almost negligible effect on PC and tCho levels as well as cell viability/proliferation in the nonmalignant cell line. A combination of siRNA-chk with 5-FU treatment resulted in a larger reduction of cell viability/proliferation in the breast cancer cell lines; this reduction was evident to a much lesser degree in the nonmalignant cells. Microarray analysis showed that Chk down-regulation affected 33 proliferation-related genes and 9 DNA repair-related genes. Chk down-regulation with siRNA-chk may provide a novel alternative to enhance the effect of anticancer drugs in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Mori
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Cho E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS, Wu K, Chan AT, Zeisel SH, Giovannucci EL. Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1224-31. [PMID: 17686825 PMCID: PMC2441932 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline and betaine are involved in methyl-group metabolism as methyl-group donors; thus, like folate, another methyl-group donor, they may be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal adenomas. No epidemiologic study has examined the association of intake of these nutrients and colorectal adenoma risk. METHODS We investigated the relationship between intakes of choline and betaine and risk of colorectal adenoma in US women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. Dietary intake was measured by food-frequency questionnaires, and individual intakes of choline and betaine were calculated by multiplying the frequency of consumption of each food item by its choline and betaine content and summing the nutrient contributions of all foods. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (as approximations for relative risks) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of colorectal adenoma. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Among 39246 women who were initially free of cancer or polyps and who had at least one endoscopy from 1984 through 2002, 2408 adenoma cases were documented. Increasing choline intake was associated with an elevated risk of colorectal adenoma; the multivariable relative risks (95% CIs) for increasing quintiles of intake, relative to the lowest quintile, were 1.03 (0.90 to 1.18), 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16), 1.23 (1.07 to 1.41), and 1.45 (1.27 to 1.67; P(trend)<.001). Betaine intake had a nonlinear inverse association with colorectal adenoma; the multivariable relative risks (95% CIs) for increasing quintiles of intake were 0.94 (0.83 to 1.07), 0.85 (0.75 to 0.97), 0.86 (0.75 to 0.98), and 0.90 (95% CI = 0.78 to 1.04; P(trend) = .09). Among individual sources of choline, choline from phosphatidylcholine and from sphingomyelin were each positively related to adenoma risk. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support an inverse association between choline intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. The positive association between choline intake and colorectal adenoma that we observed could represent effects of other components in the foods from which choline was derived and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Dani V, Goel A, Vaiphei K, Dhawan DK. Chemopreventive potential of zinc in experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2007; 171:10-8. [PMID: 17590543 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of zinc treatment on colonic antioxidant defense system and histoarchitecture in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine- (DMH) induced colon carcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were segregated into four groups viz., normal control, DMH treated, zinc treated, DMH+zinc treated. Colon carcinogenesis was induced through weekly subcutaneous injections of DMH (30 mg/kg body weight) for 16 weeks. Zinc (in the form of zinc sulphate) was supplemented to rats at a dose level of 227 mg/L in drinking water, ad libitum for the entire duration of the study. Increased tumor incidence, tumor size and number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were accompanied by a decrease in lipid peroxidation, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. On the contrary, significantly increased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) were observed in DMH treated rats. Administration of zinc to DMH treated rats significantly decreased the tumor incidence, tumor size and aberrant crypt foci number with simultaneous enhancement of lipid peroxidation, SOD, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase. Further, the levels of GSH and GR were also decreased following zinc supplementation to DMH treated rats. Well-differentiated signs of dysplasia were evident in colonic tissue sections by DMH administration alone. However, zinc treatment to DMH treated rats greatly restored normalcy in the colonic histoarchitecture, with no apparent signs of neoplasia. EDXRF studies revealed a significant decrease in tissue concentrations of zinc in the colon following DMH treatment, which upon zinc supplementation were recovered to near normal levels. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that zinc has a positive beneficial effect against chemically induced colonic preneoplastic progression in rats induced by DMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayta Dani
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Raman V, Pathak AP, Glunde K, Artemov D, Bhujwalla ZM. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of transgenic models of cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:186-99. [PMID: 17451171 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of cancer, where a single genetic alteration can have multiple functional effects, makes it a fascinating but humbling disease to study, and the necessity of investigating it in its entirety is more imperative than ever before. Advances in transgene technology have made it possible to create cancer cells, or mice with specific genetic alterations, and the application of an array of both functional and molecular non-invasive MR methods to these transgenic cancer cells and mice to characterize their phenotypic traits is revolutionizing our understanding of cancer. With the establishment of multi-modality molecular imaging centers within barrier or pathogen-free facilities, multi-parametric and multi-modality imaging of transgenic mouse models of human cancer are becoming increasingly prevalent. In this review, we outline some of the methods currently available for generating transgenic mice and cancer cell lines. We also present examples of the application of MR methods to transgenic models that are providing novel insights into the molecular and functional characteristics of cancer and are leading to an era of "non-invasive phenotyping" of the effects of specific molecular alterations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Raman
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Glunde K, Jacobs MA, Bhujwalla ZM. Choline metabolism in cancer: implications for diagnosis and therapy. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2007; 6:821-9. [PMID: 17140369 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.6.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance studies from the last 10 years have conclusively demonstrated that choline metabolism is altered in a wide variety of cancers. In cancer, the choline metabolite profile is characterized by an elevation of phosphocholine and total choline-containing compounds. This elevation is increasingly being used as an endogenous biomarker of cancer. Importantly, the enzymes and pathways resulting in these distinct alterations in phosphocholine and total choline may provide novel molecular targets for specific, targeted anticancer therapies. In this article, we have summarized some of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography techniques that are currently available, or will be in the near future, for choline metabolism-based diagnosis, staging and therapy assessment in cancer patients. This review also outlines currently known molecular alterations that cause the aberrant choline metabolite profile in cancers and concludes with a summary of recent research findings that may, in the future, lead to novel anticancer therapies targeting choline metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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44
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Petkova D. Effect of 1,2 - Dymethylhydrazine on Sphingomyelin Metabolism and Protein Kinase Activities in Rat Liver. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2007.10817471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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45
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Glunde K, Serkova NJ. Therapeutic targets and biomarkers identified in cancer choline phospholipid metabolism. Pharmacogenomics 2006; 7:1109-23. [PMID: 17054420 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.7.7.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline phospholipid metabolism is altered in a wide variety of cancers. The choline metabolite profile of tumors and cancer cells is characterized by an elevation of phosphocholine and total choline-containing compounds. Noninvasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to detect this elevation as an endogenous biomarker of cancer, or as a predictive biomarker for monitoring tumor response to novel targeted therapies. The enzymes directly causing this elevation, such as choline kinase, phospholipase C and phospholipase D may provide molecular targets for anticancer therapies. Signal transduction pathways that are activated in cancers, such as those mediated by the receptor tyrosine kinases breakpoint cluster region-abelson (Bcr-Abl), c-KIT or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), correlate with the alterations in choline phospholipid metabolism of cancers, and also offer molecular targets for specific anticancer therapies. This review summarizes recently discovered molecular targets in choline phospholipid metabolism and signal transduction pathways, which may lead to novel anticancer therapies potentially being monitored by magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, 212 Traylor Building Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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46
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Sengottuvelan M, Senthilkumar R, Nalini N. Modulatory influence of dietary resveratrol during different phases of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced mucosal lipid-peroxidation, antioxidant status and aberrant crypt foci development in rat colon carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1175-83. [PMID: 16733082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To shed light on the association of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status with the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), we studied the modulatory influence of resveratrol, supplemented in three dietary regimens (initiation, post-initiation and entire period) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Rats were administered DMH (20 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) for 15 weeks and were supplemented with resveratrol (8 mg/kg body weight, p.o. everyday) in three dietary regimens. Intestines and colons were analyzed for the levels of diene conjugates (DC), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione S-transferase, GST; and glutathione reductase, GR) and non-enzymic reserve (reduced glutathione, GSH; ascorbate; and alpha-tocopherol) were also assessed in the intestine and colon. Unsupplemented DMH exposed rats showed significantly decreased levels/activities of tissue DC, LOOHs, TBARS, SOD, CAT, GSH, GR and significantly elevated (P<0.05) GPX, GST, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbate as compared to control rats. Resveratrol supplementation during the entire period of the study resulted in significant (P<0.01) modulation of lipid peroxidation markers and antioxidants status, which were paralleled with ACF suppression, as compared to DMH-alone treated rats. These results indicate that resveratrol effectively inhibits DMH-induced ACF and colonic tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sengottuvelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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Glunde K, Raman V, Mori N, Bhujwalla ZM. RNA interference-mediated choline kinase suppression in breast cancer cells induces differentiation and reduces proliferation. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11034-43. [PMID: 16322253 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Choline kinase is overexpressed in breast cancer cells and activated by oncogenes and mitogenic signals, making it a potential target for cancer therapy. Here, we have examined, for the first time, the effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated down-regulation of choline kinase in nonmalignant and malignant human breast epithelial cell lines using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as well as molecular analyses of proliferation and differentiation markers. RNAi knockdown of choline kinase reduced proliferation, as detected by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 expression, and promoted differentiation, as detected by cytosolic lipid droplet formation and expression of galectin-3. The functional importance of RNAi-mediated choline kinase down-regulation on choline phospholipid metabolism was confirmed by the significant reduction of phosphocholine detected by MRS. These results strongly support the targeting of choline kinase in breast cancer cells with RNAi and show the potential ability of noninvasive MRS to detect and evaluate future treatments incorporating such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Glunde
- John Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular Molecular Imaging Center Program, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Manivasagam T, Subramanian P, Suthakar G, Essa MM. The chemopreventive effect of diallyl disulphide on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced heptocarcinogenesis. J Appl Biomed 2005. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2005.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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49
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Choi MG, Kurnov V, Kersting MC, Sreenivas A, Carman GM. Phosphorylation of the yeast choline kinase by protein kinase C. Identification of Ser25 and Ser30 as major sites of phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:26105-12. [PMID: 15919656 PMCID: PMC1383591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503551200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CKI1-encoded choline kinase catalyzes the committed step in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway. The enzyme is phosphorylated on multiple serine residues, and some of this phosphorylation is mediated by protein kinase A. In this work we examined the hypothesis that choline kinase is also phosphorylated by protein kinase C. Using choline kinase as a substrate, protein kinase C activity was dose- and time-dependent and dependent on the concentrations of choline kinase (K(m) = 27 microg/ml) and ATP (K(m) = 15 microM). This phosphorylation, which occurred on a serine residue, was accompanied by a 1.6-fold stimulation of choline kinase activity. The synthetic peptide SRSSSQRRHS (V5max/K(m) = 17.5 mm(-1) micromol min(-1) mg(-1)) that contains the protein kinase C motif for Ser25 was a substrate for protein kinase C. A Ser25 to Ala (S25A) mutation in choline kinase resulted in a 60% decrease in protein kinase C phosphorylation of the enzyme. Phosphopeptide mapping analysis of the S25A mutant enzyme confirmed that Ser25 was a protein kinase C target site. In vivo the S25A mutation correlated with a decrease (55%) in phosphatidylcholine synthesis via the Kennedy pathway, whereas an S25D phosphorylation site mimic correlated with an increase (44%) in phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Although the S25A (protein kinase C site) mutation did not affect the phosphorylation of choline kinase by protein kinase A, the S30A (protein kinase A site) mutation caused a 46% reduction in enzyme phosphorylation by protein kinase C. A choline kinase synthetic peptide (SQRRHSLTRQ) containing Ser30 was a substrate (V(max)/K(m) = 3.0 mm(-1) micromol min(-1) mg(-1)) for protein kinase C. Comparison of phosphopeptide maps of the wild type and S30A mutant choline kinase enzymes phosphorylated by protein kinase C confirmed that Ser30 was also a target site for protein kinase C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - George M. Carman
- #To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Dept. of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901. Tel: 732-932-9611 (ext. 217); E-mail:
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50
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Sharma U, Mehta A, Seenu V, Jagannathan NR. Biochemical characterization of metastatic lymph nodes of breast cancer patients by in vitro 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a pilot study. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:697-706. [PMID: 15172064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, the perchloric acid extract of involved (n = 11) and noninvolved (n = 12) axillary lymph nodes (ALN) of breast cancer patients was investigated. Resonances from 40 metabolites such as lactate (Lac), glucose, several amino acids (alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, glutamine, etc.), nucleotides (adenosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine monophosphate, etc.), membrane metabolites [glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocoline (PC), phosphoethanolamine (PE), choline] were unambiguously assigned in both the involved and noninvolved ALN. The concentration of PC/GPC (p = 0.002) was significantly higher in the involved compared to noninvolved nodes. In addition, the concentration of glycolytic product Lac (p = 0.0001) was also found to be significantly higher in involved nodes. Increased concentration of membrane metabolites PC/GPC may be attributed to increased membrane synthesis in malignant cells and, therefore, suggests the presence of metastatic cells in lymph nodes. The higher concentration of Lac is indicative of the presence of malignant cells that derive energy via anaerobic glycolytic pathway. Present results demonstrate the potentials of in vitro proton NMR in detecting malignant cells in ALN and such studies may have an important bearing in determining the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sharma
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India
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