1
|
Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8 + T and CD21 + B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00418-17. [PMID: 28424285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.IMPORTANCE The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
Collapse
|
2
|
Immunoprecipitation of equine CD molecules using anti-human MABs previously analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
Morrison WI. Toward an understanding of the immune responses that control infectious diseases. Equine Vet J 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb04750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Luce R, Shepherd M, Paillot R, Blacklawst B, Wood JLN, Kydd JH. Equine herpesvirus-1-specific interferon gamma (IFNgamma) synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2007; 39:202-9. [PMID: 17520969 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x174216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY An assay has been developed that measures EHV-1 specific interferon gamma synthesis (IFNgamma), a cytokine produced following the activation of memory T lymphocytes and therefore a measure of cell mediated immunity. The method requires validation in the field. OBJECTIVES To measure the frequency of EHV-1 specific, IFNgamma synthesising peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a population of Thoroughbred horses, and examine its relationship with age, gender, premises and history of vaccination or field infection with EHV-1. METHODS Lymphocytes from 200 Thoroughbred horses were stimulated with EHV-1 in vitro, and IFNgamma detected using a monoclonal antibody and indirect immunofluorescence. Percent positive cells were enumerated by flow cytometric analysis and the results described and compared statistically between groups. RESULTS The frequency of IFNgamma+ PBMC was significantly higher in animals age >5 years compared with 2-4 years, in females vs. males, on stud farms vs. training yards and following vaccination of 2-year-olds with inactivated virus compared with nonvaccinates. Age strongly confounded all these associations and care must therefore be taken interpreting these results. Mares exposed to a field infection with EHV-1 also had higher frequencies of IFNgamma+ PBMC than other vaccinated horses. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of EHV-1 specific, IFNgama+ PBMC among the sample Thoroughbred population was diverse but lowest in young, unvaccinated horses-in-training. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The frequency of EHV-1 specific lymphocytes synthesising IFNgamma in this population may be associated with its susceptibility to infection with this virus. This easy technique may be applied to monitor the antigenicity of vaccines and their effectiveness at stimulating cellular immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Luce
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mérant C, Messouak A, Cadoré JL, Monier JC. PNA-binding glycans are expressed at high levels on horse mature and immature T lymphocytes and a subpopulation of B lymphocytes. Glycoconj J 2005; 22:27-34. [PMID: 15864432 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-005-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the binding of peanut agglutinin (PNA) on the plasma membrane defines subpopulations among lymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymphoid organs. PNA binds Galbeta 1,3GalNAc residues provided that they are not sialylated. Here, we studied the expression of PNA-binding glycans on healthy horse peripheral blood, thymus, lymph node and spleen lymphocytes. We first demonstrated the binding specificity of PNA for galactose residues by competition experiments and the inhibitory role of sialic acids in PNA binding by sialidase digestion. Unlike human and murine lymphocytes, all equine lymphocytes were found positive by flow cytometry analysis. Double-staining analyses showed that lymphocytes expressing high levels of PNA-binding glycans (PNA(high) lymphocytes) were made up of the great majority of CD5(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, and of 30 and 50% of sIg-bearing lymphocytes in peripheral blood and in lymph nodes or spleen, respectively. Lectin histochemistry suggested that lymph node germinal centres contained PNA(high) B cells. Contrary to what is found in humans and mice, PNA staining intensity on CD5(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells did not differentiate immature from mature T lymphocytes in the equine thymus. The functional consequences of these differences are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mérant
- Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie, Service de Médecine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Smith R, Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Martens RJ. Age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets of quarter horse foals. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:531-7. [PMID: 11939315 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize changes in lymphocyte subsets over time in foals from birth to 18 weeks of age, accounting for differences among individuals, and to determine the effect of overnight storage of blood samples on foal lymphocyte subset concentrations. ANIMALS 8 healthy Quarter Horse foals from birth to 18 weeks of age. PROCEDURE Blood samples were collected longitudinally from birth to 18 weeks of age and a CBC performed on each sample. The samples were stained for lymphocyte markers, either immediately or after overnight storage and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Total leukocytes, total lymphocytes, and the absolute concentrations of all lymphocyte subsets increased significantly with age. The proportions of B29A+, CD21+, and-equine major histocompatability complex class-II molecule+ lymphocytes increased significantly with age. The proportion of equine (Eq) CD5+, EqCD8+, and EqWC4+ lymphocytes decreased significantly with age. Significant differences among foals were found with respect to initial concentrations with respect to initial concentrations, but not with respect to the rate of increase of the various subsets tested. Significant differences were not found in subset values when comparing blood samples stained on the day of collection or after overnight storage at room temperature (approx 21 C) or under refrigeration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results are consistent with an increase in subset numbers and proportions over time, but with individual differences among foals. The observation of individual differences in subsets among foals suggests that there may be individual differences in susceptibility to infectious disease during the perinatal period. The absence of an effect of overnight storage makes field studies of lymphocyte subset concentrations more feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4467, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
NEKOOKI M, SAITO T, WATANABE S. Distribution of Immunocompetent Cells in Immuno-Organs of Horses. J Equine Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori NEKOOKI
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zootechnical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiko SAITO
- Electron Microscope Center, Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Seiki WATANABE
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zootechnical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
NEKOOKI M, SAITO T, ISHIKAWA Y, WATANABE S. Distribution of Immunocompetent Cells in Equine Lymphoid Tissues. J Equine Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori NEKOOKI
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zootechnical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiko SAITO
- Electron Microscope Center, Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yuichiro ISHIKAWA
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zootechnical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Seiki WATANABE
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zootechnical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kelley LC, Mahaffey EA, Bounous DI, Antczak DF, Brooks RL. Detection of equine and bovine T- and B-lymphocytes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1997; 57:187-200. [PMID: 9261958 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of equine and bovine lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and Peyer's patches were incubated with monoclonal antibodies to B-lymphocyte markers BLA.36, B29, and mb-1 and T-lymphocyte markers CD3 and CD5. The monoclonal antibody BLA.36 reacted with 80-90% of lymphocytes in the germinal centers and mantle zones of follicles in lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches. In addition, 90% of lymphocytes in the marginal zone of the spleen, and variable numbers of lymphocytes within lymph node medullary cords were immunopositive for BLA.36. Antibodies to B29 and mb-1 produced similar staining patterns as BLA.36 with fewer positive cells in the germinal centers and medullary cords. BLA.36, B29, and mb-1 reacted with 30-50% of lymphocytes in the medulla of the thymus and with 5-10% of lymphocytes in the cortex. CD3 and CD5 reacted with 90% of lymphocytes in the paracortex and parafollicular zones of lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches; 40-50% of lymphocytes in the medullary cords of lymph nodes, and scattered positive cells within follicles. Anti-CD3 antibody reacted with 95% of lymphocytes in the splenic red pulp, but antibodies directed against CD5 reacted only faintly with approximately 5-10% of lymphocytes in the red pulp. CD3 and CD5 reacted with 50-60% of cells in the medulla of the thymus and with 40-80% of lymphocytes in the thymic cortex. The biochemical characterization of the antibodies by Western blotting against lysates of equine and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells confirmed that antibodies to BLA.36, mb-1, B29, CD3, and CD5 detected molecules of the same approximate molecular mass as found on lymphoid cells of human beings and rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Kelley
- Pathology Division, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30604, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Edens LM, Crisman MV, Toth TE, Ahmed SA, Murray MJ. In vitro cytotoxic activity of equine lymphocytes on equine herpesvirus-1 infected allogenic fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 52:175-89. [PMID: 8809999 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a technique to analyze the in vitro cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from adult horses against equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infected allogenic equine dermal fibroblasts (EDF); (2) evaluate the ability of a 72-h in vitro incubation with interleukin-2 (IL-2) to enhance the lymphocytic cytolytic activity against EHV-1 infected EDF; (3) compare the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes isolated from pregnant mares and non-pregnant mares against EHV-1 infected EDF; (4) ascertain if any correlations existed between the percent cytotoxicity and percentage of lymphocytes phenotypically identified by five different mouse-anti-equine monoclonal antibodies; and (5) determine if any correlation existed between virus-neutralizing antibody titers and the percent cytotoxicity. Results of the study indicate that in vitro cytotoxic activity of equine lymphocytes against EHV-1 infected allogenic fibroblasts can be measured with a standard 4-h 51Cr release assay. This activity was enhanced by an in vitro incubation with IL-2. The cytolytic activity of freshly isolated lymphocytes was greater for non-pregnant than pregnant mares. However, after IL-2 stimulation the cytolytic activity was greater for lymphocytes from pregnant mares. A positive correlation was not detected between the percentage of phenotypically identified cells and the percent cytotoxicity, although several negative correlations were present. This suggests that the cytotoxic activity was either not mediated by any of the phenotypically identified cell populations or that the activity was
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Edens
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hines MT, Palmer GH, Byrne KM, Brassfield AL, McGuire TC. Quantitative characterization of lymphocyte populations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood of normal adult Arabian horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 51:29-37. [PMID: 8797274 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05510-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood were obtained from each of 17 adult Arabian mares and absolute numbers and relative lymphocyte proportions were determined for total T lymphocytes, using CD2 as a marker, CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD8 + T lymphocytes, CD5 + lymphocytes, and sIgM + B lymphocytes. The marked variation in BALF cell recovery resulted in wide variation in absolute values for each lymphocyte subset. The relative proportions of gated BALF lymphocytes were much less variable and provided a basis for comparison of lymphocyte subsets between the BALF and peripheral blood in normal horses. The total lymphocyte population was comprised predominantly of T cells in both BALF (83 +/- 11% CD2 + lymphocytes) and peripheral blood (70 +/- 8% CD2 + lymphocytes). There was a significantly greater percentage of total T lymphocytes and a significantly lower percentage of B lymphocytes in BALF as compared with peripheral blood collected at the same time. The increase in total T lymphocytes in BALF reflected a significantly higher percentage of CD8 + T lymphocytes in BALF (39 +/- 7%) as compared with peripheral blood (18 +/- 5%). The mean percentages of CD4 + T lymphocytes (58 +/- 13% in BALF; 62 +/- 8% in peripheral blood) and CD5 + lymphocytes (78 +/- 11% in BALF; 71 +/- 7% in peripheral blood), a population composed primarily of T lymphocytes but also including a subset of sIgM + B lymphocytes, were not significantly different between the two compartments. These normal values in Arabian mares provide a basis for detection of disease associated changes in the lymphocyte populations and for determination of effects of age and breed on lymphocyte subpopulations in the BALF and peripheral blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Hines
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grünig G, Triplett L, Canady LK, Allen WR, Antczak DF. The maternal leucocyte response to the endometrial cups in horses is correlated with the developmental stages of the invasive trophoblast cells. Placenta 1995; 16:539-59. [PMID: 8570575 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Invading trophoblasts form endometrial cups in the endometrium of the pregnant mare. In the present study we characterized the maternal leucocyte response to endometrial cups from their formation to their regression. The maternal leucocyte response was correlated with the stages of trophoblast development. (1) Aggregates of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were present between the migrating and differentiating endometrial cup trophoblasts and surrounding the forming endometrial cups. (2) Numbers of CD4+ cells within the mature endometrial cups were much reduced. At the periphery of the endometrial cups CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found in patchy accumulations around endometrial glands; small clusters of CD79+ B lymphocytes were present as well. (3) Scattered CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found within dying endometrial cups; areas of cell death were infiltrated with neutrophils. Large aggregates of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells, and small but numerous clusters of CD79+ cells and eosinophils, were found outside of the dying endometrial cups. The CD4+ or CD8+ cells were mostly CD3+ T cells; some were probably macrophages which can express both of these markers in horses. The correlation between the developmental stages of the endometrial cup trophoblast and the maternal leucocyte response suggests a complicated cytokine-mediated regulatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Grünig
- Equine Genetics Center, James A Baker Institute of Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tumas DB, Brassfield AL, Travenor AS, Hines MT, Davis WC, McGuire TC. Monoclonal antibodies to the equine CD2 T lymphocyte marker, to a pan-granulocyte/monocyte marker and to a unique pan-B lymphocyte marker. Immunobiology 1994; 192:48-64. [PMID: 7750989 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Murine monoclonal antibodies, HB88A, B29A and DH59B separately identify the CD2 T lymphocyte molecule, a unique pan-B lymphocyte surface marker and a pan-granulocyte/monocyte surface molecule, respectively, in the horse. Specificity was shown by two-color immunofluorescent flow cytometry and immunofluorescent microscopy. MAb HB88A reacted with a 52 kDa pan-T lymphocyte molecule present on 75% +/- 7 of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) (n = 15 horses). It also reacted with lymphocytes restricted to T lymphocyte dependent areas of lymph node and spleen. Specificity of mAb HB88A to CD2 was demonstrated by its reactivity to COS7 cells which expressed a transfected 1.5 kb equine lymphocyte c-DNA clone having 77.5% overall sequence homology with human CD2 c-DNA. MAb B29A reacted with a pan-B lymphocyte specific cell surface complex, 143, 72, 50, 40, 27 and 14.5 kDa, present on 19% +/- 7 of PBL (n = 15 horses). This complex has not been described in the horse or other species. MAb DH59B reacted with a 96 kDa pan-granulocyte/monocyte specific surface protein and identified macrophages and Kupffer cells in equine tissue sections. Together these mAbs can be used to identify and quantitate the major constituents of equine leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Tumas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang CH, Donaldson WL, Antczak DF. An equine B cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 42:91-102. [PMID: 7975183 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A surface antigen of equine B lymphocytes was identified using the Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop antibody WS 65. This marker was expressed on almost all equine B cells, but not on T cells, granulocytes or thymocytes. WS 65 strongly stained cells in the follicular areas of lymph nodes and cells in the splenic nodules when tested on frozen tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. Equine leukemic T cells were not labeled by WS 65, and neither were the cells from a horse with B cell leukemia, although these latter cells carried surface immunoglobulin. Immunoprecipitation of lymphocyte membrane molecules with the antibody produced a band at 85-90 kDa under reducing conditions. The equine B cell antigen defined by WS 65 appears to be different from surface immunoglobulin by its molecular characteristics and its lack of expression on malignant B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Zhang
- Cornell Equine Genetics Center, James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kydd J, Antczak DF, Allen WR, Barbis D, Butcher G, Davis W, Duffus WP, Edington N, Grünig G, Holmes MA. Report of the First International Workshop on Equine Leucocyte Antigens, Cambridge, UK, July 1991. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 42:3-60. [PMID: 7975180 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)90088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The First International Workshop on Equine Leucocyte Antigens was organized and convened for the purposes of identifying immunologically relevant cell surface molecules of equine leucocytes and establishing a system of nomenclature for those molecules. Participating members of the workshop represented the majority of laboratories world-wide engaged in the tasks of production and characterization of equine leucocyte and lymphocyte markers using monoclonal antibodies. The workshop confirmed the identification of several equine CD molecules described previously by individual laboratories, and in addition recognized antibodies identifying new CD molecules. The workshop also succeeded in fostering co-operation between laboratories around the world which study equine immunobiology. Equine CD molecules identified by the current battery of monoclonal antibodies include EqCD2, EqCD4, EqCD5, EqCD8, EqCD11a/18, EqCD13 and EqCD44. Other antibodies are markers for MHC class I and class II molecules, for B cells, granulocytes, macrophages, T cell subsets distinct from those defined by CD4 and CD8, and other sub-populations of horse leucocytes that do not have obvious counterparts in humans, rodents, or other species. Despite the progress made in the first workshop, there are still substantial gaps in the armory of reagents available to study equine leucocyte biology, and further definition of the structure, function, and genetics of the antigens identified by the workshop clusters (WC1, WC2 etc.) and other molecules of immunological importance will be a goal of future workshops. The study of equine immunobiology and resistance to disease also urgently requires the development of tools to study equine immunoglobulins and cytokines, and these needs will provide ample scope for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kydd
- Thoroughbred Breeders' Association, Equine Fertility Unit, Mertoun Paddocks, Newmarket, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buechner-Maxwell V, Zhang C, Robertson J, Jain NC, Antczak DF, Feldman BF, Murray MJ. Intravascular leukostasis and systemic aspergillosis in a horse with subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia. J Vet Intern Med 1994; 8:258-63. [PMID: 7983620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a neoplastic disease of one or more of the cell types of the hemopoietic system and is rarely diagnosed in the horse. This report describes a case of subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia in an 11-year-old gelding. Preliminary cytological diagnosis was supported by two types of laboratory investigations. Cytochemical characterization of blood and bone marrow neoplastic cells was consistent with a myelomonocytic origin. Neoplastic blast cells in peripheral blood were labeled by monoclonal antibodies specific for cell surface molecules of horse granulocytes, but they were not labeled by antibodies to T- or B-lymphocytes or macrophages. Treatment was attempted but was unsuccessful. At necropsy, intravascular leukostasis was present in all tissues examined. Fungal hyphae were also found in lung interstitium and colonic submucosa, suggesting the presence of a systemic mycosis. Nucleated cells were isolated from peripheral blood and cultured in vitro; they survived for up to 2 weeks and had evidence of cell division that was not sustained. Frozen-thawed cells stored in liquid nitrogen were also successfully cultured in vitro, but no permanent cell lines could be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Buechner-Maxwell
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
McCulloch J, Williamson SA, Powis SJ, Edington N. The effect of EHV-1 infection upon circulating leucocyte populations in the natural equine host. Vet Microbiol 1993; 37:147-61. [PMID: 8296444 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90189-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that EHV-1 infection may perturb immune responsiveness in the natural equine host. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not clear, but disturbances of circulating leucocyte populations could contribute. In order to objectively assess the nature of the haematological changes provoked by EHV-1 infection, two groups of conventionally-maintained Welsh mountain ponies were challenge-infected intra-nasally with the Ab4 isolate of EHV-1. These groups were controlled by similarly-sized groups of non-infected ponies. All data generated was subjected to rigorous statistical analysis. Whole leucocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, pan T cell count (RVC1 + cells-putative CD5 homologue), T cell subset count (RVC3 + cell-putative CD8 homologue), RVC2 + cells (putatively class II MHC+) and B cell count were recorded in experimental and control subjects at frequent intervals post-infection via flow cytometry. The principal abnormalities post-infection were T cell lymphopaenia, neutropaenia and the appearance of blastic cells of undetermined lineage. This study underlined the variability of EHV-1 infection in the natural, outbred equine host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J McCulloch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytes in control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses, before and after 'natural (hay and straw) challenges'. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 36:207-22. [PMID: 7685131 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(93)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes in peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affected horses, both before and after 'natural (hay and straw) challenge', were performed using immunofluorescent labelling with monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. BALF lymphocytes were shown to be predominantly EqCD5+ cells, approximately half of which were also EqCD8+, with a smaller proportion of B cells. In comparison with PB, BALF contained higher proportions of EqCD5+ cells and EqCD8+ cells and a lower proportion of B cells. Horses with asymptomatic COPD had a higher proportion of BALF B cells and a lower proportion of BALF EqCD5+CD8- cells (considered to be predominantly EqCD4+ cells) than controls. Hay and straw challenge increased the ratio of BALF EqCD5+CD8- cells and reduced the ratio of BALF EqCD8+ cells in COPD affected horses, but not in controls. This finding is similar to the pulmonary recruitment of CD4+ cells reported for human asthmatics following allergen challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C McGorum
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Veterinary Field Station, Easter Bush, Roslin, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lunn DP. A comparative review of human and equine leucocyte differentiation antigens. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1993; 149:31-49. [PMID: 8439799 DOI: 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology has allowed the recognition and study of numerous leucocyte antigens in man and laboratory animals for over a decade. Numerous advances in the understanding of immune responses and immunopathology have resulted. In recent years equine researchers have started to develop similar reagents, which now offer a powerful tool to investigators of equine immunology and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Lunn
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dascanio JJ, Zhang CH, Antczak DF, Blue JT, Simmons TR. Differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the horse. A report of two cases. J Vet Intern Med 1992; 6:225-9. [PMID: 1522553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was diagnosed in two horses: an 18-year-old Quarter Horse gelding that was examined because of edema of the prepuce and ventral abdomen; and a 20-year-old mixed breed gelding that was referred because of lymphocytosis, ventral edema, and weight loss. The first horse had enlarged peripheral lymph nodes and cool nonpainful pitting edema of the ventral abdomen and prepuce. The second horse had enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, cool nonpainful pitting edema of the ventral thorax and cranial ventral abdomen, and a 3/5 holosystolic heart murmur. The diagnosis of CLL was based on increased blood lymphocyte counts and infiltration of marrow and other tissues by lymphocytes. In horse 1, the lymphocytosis persisted for 2 months between initial examination and death. The results of flow cytometric analysis on blood lymphocytes using anti-lymphocyte antibodies suggested that horse 1 had T-cell CLL, and horse 2 had B-cell CLL. In addition, the second horse had a monoclonal gammopathy (IgG), with light-chain proteinuria.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- B-Lymphocytes
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/blood
- Horse Diseases/diagnosis
- Horses
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/veterinary
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/veterinary
- Leukocyte Count/veterinary
- Male
- T-Lymphocytes
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Dascanio
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|