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Modeling marine cargo traffic to identify countries in Africa with greatest risk of invasion by Anopheles stephensi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:876. [PMID: 36650185 PMCID: PMC9843102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector native to South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, was detected in Djibouti's seaport, followed by Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Nigeria. If An. stephensi introduction is facilitated through seatrade, similar to other invasive mosquitoes, the identification of at-risk countries are needed to increase surveillance and response efforts. Bilateral maritime trade data is used to (1) identify coastal African countries which were highly connected to select An. stephensi endemic countries, (2) develop a prioritization list of countries based on the likelihood of An. stephensi introduction through maritime trade index (LASIMTI), and (3) use network analysis of intracontinental maritime trade to determine likely introduction pathways. Sudan and Djibouti were ranked as the top two countries with LASIMTI in 2011, which were the first two coastal African countries where An. stephensi was detected. With Djibouti and Sudan included as source populations, 2020 data identify Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Tanzania, and Morocco as the top countries with LASIMTI. Network analysis highlight South Africa, Mauritius, Ghana, and Togo. These tools can prioritize efforts for An. stephensi surveillance and control in Africa. Surveillance in seaports of identified countries may limit further expansion of An. stephensi by serving as an early warning system.
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Zhang HD, Gao J, Li CX, Ma Z, Liu Y, Wang G, Liu Q, Xing D, Guo XX, Zhao T, Jiang YT, Dong YD, Zhao TY. Genetic Diversity and Population Genetic Structure of Aedes albopictus in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1950. [PMID: 36360187 PMCID: PMC9690033 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is an indigenous primary vector of dengue and Zika viruses in China. Understanding the population spatial genetic structure, migration, and gene flow of vector species is critical to effectively preventing and controlling vector-borne diseases. The genetic variation and population structure of Ae. albopictus populations collected from 22 cities along the Yangtze River Basin were investigated with nine microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial CoxI gene. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.534 to 0.871. The observed number of alleles (Na) values ranged from 5.455 to 11.455, and the effective number of alleles (Ne) values ranged from 3.106 to 4.041. The Shannon Index (I) ranged from 1.209 to 1.639. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) values ranged from 0.487 to 0.545. The FIS value ranged from 0.047 to 0.212. All Ae. albopictus populations were adequately allocated to three clades with significant genetic differences. Haplotype 2 is the most primitive molecular type and forms 26 other haplotypes after one or more site mutations. The rapid expansion of high-speed rail, aircraft routes and highways along the Yangtze River Basin have accelerated the dispersal and communication of mosquitoes, which appears to have contributed to inhibited population differentiation and promoted genetic diversity among Ae. albopictus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tong-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
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3
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From a long-distance threat to the invasion front: a review of the invasive Aedes mosquito species in Belgium between 2007 and 2020. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:206. [PMID: 35698108 PMCID: PMC9195248 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mosquito species (IMS) and their associated mosquito-borne diseases are emerging in Europe. In Belgium, the first detection of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) occurred in 2000 and of Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald 1901) in 2002. Early detection and control of these IMS at points of entry (PoEs) are of paramount importance to slow down any possible establishment. This article reviews the introductions and establishments recorded of three IMS in Belgium based on published (2007–2014) and unpublished (2015–2020) data collected during several surveillance projects. In total, 52 PoEs were monitored at least once for the presence of IMS between 2007 and 2020. These included used tyre and lucky bamboo import companies, airports, ports, parking lots along highways, shelters for imported cutting plants, wholesale markets, industrial areas, recycling areas, cemeteries and an allotment garden at the country border with colonised areas. In general, monitoring was performed between April and November. Mosquitoes were captured with adult and oviposition traps as well as by larval sampling. Aedes albopictus was detected at ten PoEs, Ae. japonicus at three PoEs and Aedes koreicus (Edwards 1917) at two PoEs. The latter two species have established overwintering populations. The percentage of PoEs positive for Ae. albopictus increased significantly over years. Aedes albopictus is currently entering Belgium through lucky bamboo and used tyre trade and passive ground transport, while Ae. japonicus through used tyre trade and probably passive ground transport. In Belgium, the import through passive ground transport was first recorded in 2018 and its importance seems to be growing. Belgium is currently at the invasion front of Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus. The surveillance and control management actions at well-known PoEs associated to long-distance introductions are more straightforward than at less-defined PoEs associated with short-distance introductions from colonised areas. These latter PoEs represent a new challenge for IMS management in Belgium in the coming years. Aedes albopictus is expected to become established in Belgium in the coming years, hence increasing the likelihood of local arbovirus transmission. The implementation of a sustainable, structured and long-term IMS management programme, integrating active and passive entomological surveillance, vector control and Public Health surveillance is therefore pivotal.
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Muja-Bajraktari N, Kadriaj P, Zhushi-Etemi F, Sherifi K, Alten B, Petrić D, Velo E, Schaffner F. The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Kosovo: First record. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264300. [PMID: 35290988 PMCID: PMC8923454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an invasive mosquito species that is considered a potential vector of about 22 arboviruses, among which dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Here we report the first record of Aedes albopictus in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo. The first finding, in July 2020, was driven by a photo of an adult mosquito published by a citizen in social media. The subsequent field investigation in July 2020 confirmed the presence of adult mosquitoes by human landing catch and collection of eggs in ovitraps at the village Zhur. Monitoring was performed for 7 weeks with ovitraps and BG-Sentinel adult traps at 36 sampling stations from 7 localities, in the Southern part of Kosovo, on the border with Albania. Fifty-two out of 81 ovitrap samples resulted positive for the presence of Ae. albopictus. A total of 2,711 eggs are collected in 22 out 36 stations and a total of 78 adults from 4 out 4 stations with BG Sentinel trap and 15 adults with handled electric aspirator. Our finding shows that the tiger mosquito is expanding its geographical range in the Balkans, southeastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesade Muja-Bajraktari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University" Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Përparim Kadriaj
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Ferdije Zhushi-Etemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University" Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Kurtesh Sherifi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University" Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Bulent Alten
- VERG Laboratories, Ecology Division, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dusan Petrić
- Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Enkelejda Velo
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
- * E-mail:
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Lowe AM, Forest-Bérard K, Trudel R, Lo E, Gamache P, Tandonnet M, Kotchi SO, Leighton P, Dibernardo A, Lindsay R, Ludwig A. Mosquitoes Know No Borders: Surveillance of Potential Introduction of Aedes Species in Southern Québec, Canada. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080998. [PMID: 34451462 PMCID: PMC8400959 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Current climatic conditions limit the distribution of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, Diptera: Culicidae) in the north, but predictive climate models suggest this species could establish itself in southern Canada by 2040. A vector of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Zika and West Nile viruses, the Ae. Albopictus has been detected in Windsor, Ontario since 2016. Given the potential public health implications, and knowing that Aedes spp. can easily be introduced by ground transportation, this study aimed to determine if specimens could be detected, using an adequate methodology, in southern Québec. Mosquitoes were sampled in 2016 and 2017 along the main roads connecting Canada and the U.S., using Biogent traps (Sentinel-2, Gravide Aedes traps) and ovitraps. Overall, 24 mosquito spp. were captured, excluding Ae. Albopictus, but detecting one Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Skuse) specimen (laid eggs). The most frequent species among captured adults were Ochlerotatus triseriatus, Culex pipiens complex, and Ochlerotatus japonicus (31.0%, 26.0%, and 17.3%, respectively). The present study adds to the increasing number of studies reporting on the range expansions of these mosquito species, and suggests that ongoing monitoring, using multiple capture techniques targeting a wide range of species, may provide useful information to public health with respect to the growing risk of emerging mosquito-borne diseases in southern Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Lowe
- Direction des Risques Biologiques et de la Santé au Travail, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 190 Boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada; (A.-M.L.); (R.T.)
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.-O.K.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Karl Forest-Bérard
- Direction des Risques Biologiques et de la Santé au Travail, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 190 Boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada; (A.-M.L.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Richard Trudel
- Direction des Risques Biologiques et de la Santé au Travail, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 190 Boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada; (A.-M.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Ernest Lo
- Bureau D’information et D’études en Santé des Populations, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 190 Boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada; (E.L.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montréal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada
| | - Philippe Gamache
- Bureau D’information et D’études en Santé des Populations, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 190 Boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada; (E.L.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Matthieu Tandonnet
- Bureau D’information et D’études en Santé des Populations, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 190 Boulevard Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC H2P 1E2, Canada; (E.L.); (P.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Serge-Olivier Kotchi
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.-O.K.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Patrick Leighton
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.-O.K.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Antonia Dibernardo
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (A.D.); (R.L.)
| | - Robbin Lindsay
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (A.D.); (R.L.)
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- Groupe de Recherche en Épidémiologie des Zoonoses et Santé Publique (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (S.-O.K.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 3200 Rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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6
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Cecílio P, Pires ACAM, Valenzuela JG, Pimenta PFP, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Secundino NFC, Oliveira F. Exploring Lutzomyia longipalpis Sand Fly Vector Competence for Leishmania major Parasites. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:1199-1203. [PMID: 32328656 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies are the major natural vector of Leishmania infantum parasites, responsible for transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the New World. Several experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of Lu. longipalpis to sustain development of different Leishmania species. However, no study had explored in depth the potential vector competence of Lu. longipalpis for Leishmania species other than L. infantum. Here, we show that Lu. longipalpis is a competent vector of L. major parasites, being able to acquire parasites from active cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, sustain mature infections, and transmit them to naive hosts, causing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cecílio
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Clara A M Pires
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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7
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Cebrián-Camisón S, Martínez-de la Puente J, Figuerola J. A Literature Review of Host Feeding Patterns of Invasive Aedes Mosquitoes in Europe. INSECTS 2020; 11:E848. [PMID: 33260438 PMCID: PMC7760726 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aedes invasive mosquitoes (AIMs) play a key role as vectors of several pathogens of public health relevance. Four species have been established in Europe, including Aedes aegypti, Aedesalbopictus, Aedes japonicus and Aedes koreicus. In addition, Aedes atropalpus has been repeatedly recorded although it has not yet been established. In spite of their importance in the transmission of endemic (e.g., heartworms) and imported pathogens (e.g., dengue virus), basic information of parameters affecting their vectorial capacity is poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to review the blood feeding patterns of these invasive mosquito species in Europe, summarizing available information from their native and introduced distribution ranges. The feeding patterns of mosquitoes constitute a key parameter affecting the contact rates between infected and susceptible hosts, thus playing a central role in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne pathogens. Our results highlight that these mosquito species feed on the blood of different vertebrate groups from ectotherms to birds and mammals. However, humans represent the most important source of blood for these species, accounting for 36% and 93% of hosts identified for Ae. japonicus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. In spite of that, limited information has been obtained for some particular species, such as Ae. koreicus, or it is restricted to a few particular areas. Given the high vector competence of the four AIM species for the transmission of different emerging arboviruses such as dengue, Chikungunya, Zika or Yellow fever viruses and their high feeding rates on humans, these AIM species may have an important impact on the vectorial capacity for such pathogens on urban and periurban areas. Finally, we propose directions for future research lines based on identified knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Cebrián-Camisón
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Av. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Josué Martínez-de la Puente
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Departamento de Ecología de Humedales, Av. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Silva NM, Santos NC, Martins IC. Dengue and Zika Viruses: Epidemiological History, Potential Therapies, and Promising Vaccines. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E150. [PMID: 32977703 PMCID: PMC7709709 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), which can lead to fatal hemorrhagic fever, affects 390 million people worldwide. The closely related Zika virus (ZIKV) causes microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Both viruses are mostly transmitted by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which, due to globalization of trade and travel alongside climate change, are spreading worldwide, paving the way to DENV and ZIKV transmission and the occurrence of new epidemics. Local outbreaks have already occurred in temperate climates, even in Europe. As there are no specific treatments, these viruses are an international public health concern. Here, we analyze and discuss DENV and ZIKV outbreaks history, clinical and pathogenesis features, and modes of transmission, supplementing with information on advances on potential therapies and restraining measures. Taking advantage of the knowledge of the structure and biological function of the capsid (C) protein, a relatively conserved protein among flaviviruses, within a genus that includes DENV and ZIKV, we designed and patented a new drug lead, pep14-23 (WO2008/028939A1). It was demonstrated that it inhibits the interaction of DENV C protein with the host lipid system, a process essential for viral replication. Such an approach can be used to develop new therapies for related viruses, such as ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ivo C. Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
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9
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Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Enayati A, Zaim M. Zika; a continuous global threat to public health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109868. [PMID: 32846650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, especially, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. About 80% of the cases do not manifest any symptoms, and it is a self-limiting, mild viral infection. In 20% of the cases and only in fraction of those who do show the symptoms, important complications including Guillaine Barre'syndrome and microcephaly may occur. The emergence of Zika in 2016 in Brazil spreading to about 70 other countries prompted the WHO officials to declare the disease a Public Health Emergency with International Concern (PHEIC). This has led to increased concerns in health authorities of almost all countries making them embark on the strengthened human and vector surveillance, vector control and clinical management of the disease. Although the main vectors of the disease have not yet been able to establish in Iran, because of their occurrence in neighboring countries as well as increased global travel and trade, the country established a national advisory committee for capacity building, vector and human surveillance and case management of Aedes-borne diseases. This study aims at performing a literature review about global situation of Zika and Aedes mosquitoes, their distribution, biology and ecology from the past to present and the threat posed to Iran. Aedes aegypti was historically present in the checklist of Iranian mosquitoes and Ae. albopictus has recently been collected from Southern Iran, however, the species has apparently failed to establish in the country as comprehensive follow up entomological surveillance could not reproduce the findings. Although Zika was not detected in Iran, considering the expansion in tourism, travel and trade to and from Zika infected and Aedes infested countries, suitable climate and favorable prediction for establishment of Aedes vectors, Iran may well be at risk of invasion of Aedes vector species and the diseases they carry. Therefore, this review is of value particularly to health authorities in Iran and other WHO Eastern Mediterranean countries for sustained vigilance and preparedness for early detection and response, including vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Professor and Head of Medical Entomology Department, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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10
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Abstract
The global spread of parasites is unquestionably linked with human activities. Migration in all its different forms played a major role in the introduction of parasites into new areas. In ancient times, mass migrations were the main causes for the spread of parasites while in the recent past and present, emigration, immigration, displacement, external and internal migration, and labor migration were the reasons for the dispersal of parasites. With the advent of seagoing ships, long-distance trading became another important mode of spreading parasites. This review summarizes the spread of parasites using notable examples. In addition, the different hypotheses explaining the arrival of Plasmodium vivax and soil-transmitted helminths in pre-Columbian America are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich, UK
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11
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Ibáñez-Justicia A, Koenraadt CJM, Stroo A, van Lammeren R, Takken W. Risk-Based and Adaptive Invasive Mosquito Surveillance at Lucky Bamboo and Used Tire Importers in the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2020; 36:89-98. [PMID: 33647128 DOI: 10.2987/20-6914.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection of Aedes albopictus in Lucky bamboo (Dracaena sanderiana) greenhouses and Ae. atropalpus at used tire importers illustrates that the Netherlands is exposed to the risk of introductions of invasive mosquito species (IMS). In this study we implemented a risk-based and adaptive surveillance (2010-16) in order to detect introductions and prevent potential proliferation of IMS at these locations. Results at Lucky bamboo greenhouses show that interceptions of Ae. albopictus occurred every year, with 2010 and 2012 being the years with most locations found positive for this species (n = 6), and 2015 the year with the highest percentage of positive samples (4.1%). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that Ae. japonicus can also be associated with the import of Lucky bamboo. At used tire companies, IMS were found at 12 locations. Invasive mosquito species identified were Ae. albopictus, Ae. atropalpus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. japonicus, of which Ae. albopictus has been found every year since 2010. The proportion of samples containing IMS was significantly higher before application of a covenant between the used tire importers and the Dutch government in 2013 (12.96%) than in the successive 3 years (2014 [6.93%], 2015 [4.24%], 2016 [5.09%], 1-sided binomial test, P < 0.01). It is concluded that risk-based and adaptive surveillance is an effective methodology for detection of IMS, and that application of governmental management measures in combination with mosquito control has stabilized the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantianus J M Koenraadt
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stroo
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Geertjesweg 15, 6706 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron van Lammeren
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Environmental Sciences, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Wageningen University & Research, Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Metelmann S, Caminade C, Jones AE, Medlock JM, Baylis M, Morse AP. The UK's suitability for Aedes albopictus in current and future climates. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180761. [PMID: 30862279 PMCID: PMC6451397 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is able to transmit various pathogens to humans and animals and it has already caused minor outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya in southern Europe. Alarmingly, it is spreading northwards and its eggs have been found in the UK in 2016 and 2017. Climate-driven models can help to analyse whether this originally subtropical species could become established in northern Europe. But so far, these models have not considered the impact of the diurnal temperature range (DTR) experienced by mosquitoes in the field. Here, we describe a dynamical model for the life cycle of Ae. albopictus, taking into account the DTR, rainfall, photoperiod and human population density. We develop a new metric for habitat suitability and drive our model with different climate data sets to analyse the UK's suitability for this species. For now, most of the UK seems to be rather unsuitable, except for some densely populated and high importation risk areas in southeast England. But this picture changes in the next 50 years: future scenarios suggest that Ae. albopictus could become established over almost all of England and Wales, indicating the need for continued mosquito surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Metelmann
- 1 Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Liverpool , UK.,3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool , UK
| | - C Caminade
- 1 Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Liverpool , UK.,3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool , UK
| | - A E Jones
- 1 Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Liverpool , UK
| | - J M Medlock
- 3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool , UK.,4 Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England , London UK
| | - M Baylis
- 1 Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool Liverpool , UK.,3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool , UK
| | - A P Morse
- 2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool Liverpool , UK.,3 NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , Liverpool , UK
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13
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Rojas JLG, Schmidt CG, Michel V, Chueca MÁM, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Stahl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Bett B, Cetre-Sossah C, Chevalier V, Devos C, Gubbins S, Monaco F, Sotiria-Eleni A, Broglia A, Abrahantes JC, Dhollander S, Stede YVD, Zancanaro G. Rift Valley Fever - epidemiological update and risk of introduction into Europe. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06041. [PMID: 33020705 PMCID: PMC7527653 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by a broad spectrum of mosquito species, especially Aedes and Culex genus, to animals (domestic and wild ruminants and camels) and humans. Rift Valley fever is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and in the Arabian Peninsula, with periodic epidemics characterised by 5-15 years of inter-epizootic periods. In the last two decades, RVF was notified in new African regions (e.g. Sahel), RVF epidemics occurred more frequently and low-level enzootic virus circulation has been demonstrated in livestock in various areas. Recent outbreaks in a French overseas department and some seropositive cases detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya raised the attention of the EU for a possible incursion into neighbouring countries. The movement of live animals is the most important pathway for RVF spread from the African endemic areas to North Africa and the Middle East. The movement of infected animals and infected vectors when shipped by flights, containers or road transport is considered as other plausible pathways of introduction into Europe. The overall risk of introduction of RVF into EU through the movement of infected animals is very low in all the EU regions and in all MSs (less than one epidemic every 500 years), given the strict EU animal import policy. The same level of risk of introduction in all the EU regions was estimated also considering the movement of infected vectors, with the highest level for Belgium, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands (one epidemic every 228-700 years), mainly linked to the number of connections by air and sea transports with African RVF infected countries. Although the EU territory does not seem to be directly exposed to an imminent risk of RVFV introduction, the risk of further spread into countries neighbouring the EU and the risks of possible introduction of infected vectors, suggest that EU authorities need to strengthen their surveillance and response capacities, as well as the collaboration with North African and Middle Eastern countries.
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14
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Jácome R, Carrasco-Hernández R, Campillo-Balderas JA, López-Vidal Y, Lazcano A, Wenzel RP, Ponce de León S. A yellow flag on the horizon: The looming threat of yellow fever to North America. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 87:143-150. [PMID: 31382047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Yellow fever virus historically was a frequent threat to American and European coasts. Medical milestones such as the discovery of mosquitoes as vectors and subsequently an effective vaccine significantly reduced its incidence, in spite of which, thousands of cases of this deathly disease still occur regularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Amazonian basin in South America, which are usually not reported. An urban outbreak in Angola, consecutive years of increasing incidence near major Brazilian cities, and imported cases in China, South America and Europe, have brought this virus back to the global spotlight. The aim of this article is to underline that the preventive YFV measures, such as vaccination, need to be carefully revised in order to minimize the risks of new YFV outbreaks, especially in urban or immunologically vulnerable places. Furthermore, this article highlights the diverse factors that have favored the spread of other Aedes spp.-associated arboviral diseases like Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, to northern latitudes causing epidemics in the United States and Europe, emphasizing the possibility that YFV might follow the path of these viruses unless enhanced surveillance and efficient control systems are urgently initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jácome
- Laboratorio de Origen de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Carrasco-Hernández
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Alberto Campillo-Balderas
- Laboratorio de Origen de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda López-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Origen de la Vida, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; Miembro de El Colegio Nacional, Mexico
| | | | - Samuel Ponce de León
- Programa Universitario de Investigación en Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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15
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Pichler V, Kotsakiozi P, Caputo B, Serini P, Caccone A, della Torre A. Complex interplay of evolutionary forces shaping population genomic structure of invasive Aedes albopictus in southern Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007554. [PMID: 31437154 PMCID: PMC6705758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last four decades, the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, vector of several human arboviruses, has spread from its native range in South-East Asia to all over the world, largely through the transportation of its eggs via the international trade in used tires. Albania was the first country invaded in Europe in 1979, followed by Italy in 1990 and other Mediterranean countries after 2000. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We here inferred the invasion history and migration patterns of Ae. albopictus in Italy (today the most heavily-infested country in Europe), Greece and Albania, by analyzing a panel of >100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained by sequencing of double-digest Restriction site-Associated DNA (ddRADseq). The obtained dataset was combined with samples previously analyzed from both the native and invasive range worldwide to interpret the results using a broader spatial and historical context. The emerging evolutionary scenario complements the results of other studies in showing that the extraordinary worldwide expansion of Ae. albopictus has occurred thanks to multiple independent invasions by large numbers of colonists from multiple geographic locations in both native and previously invaded areas, consistently with the role of used tires shipments to move large numbers of eggs worldwide. By analyzing mosquitoes from nine sites across ~1,000-km transect in Italy, we were able to detect a complex interplay of drift, isolation by distance mediated divergence, and gene flow in shaping the species very recent invasion and range expansion, suggesting overall high connectivity, likely due to passive transportation of adults via ground transportation, as well as specific adaptations to local conditions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Results contribute to characterize one of the most successful histories of animal invasion, and could be used as a baseline for future studies to track epidemiologically relevant characters (e.g. insecticide resistance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratorio affiliato Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma ‘Sapienza’, Roma, Italia
| | - Panayiota Kotsakiozi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratorio affiliato Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma ‘Sapienza’, Roma, Italia
| | - Paola Serini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratorio affiliato Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma ‘Sapienza’, Roma, Italia
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Laboratorio affiliato Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Università di Roma ‘Sapienza’, Roma, Italia
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16
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Ibañez‐Justicia A, Poortvliet PM, Koenraadt CJM. Evaluating perceptions of risk in mosquito experts and identifying undocumented pathways for the introduction of invasive mosquito species into Europe. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:78-88. [PMID: 30430600 PMCID: PMC7380048 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In several reported cases of the entry of invasive mosquito species (IMSs) into Europe, the introduction was associated with a specific pathway of introduction or dispersal. The identification of potential pathways for the introduction of IMSs and evaluations of the importance of the different pathways are key to designing proper surveillance strategies to promptly detect and control introductions in non-infested areas. The main goals of the present study were to identify other, previously undocumented, pathways of introduction into Europe, and to identify mosquito experts' perceptions regarding control measures against IMS introductions via different documented pathways. At the European Mosquito Control Association (EMCA) conference in Montenegro in March 2017, a questionnaire was distributed among meeting participants to collect expert data. Results showed that ground transportation (by cars, trucks, etc.), passive natural dispersal and the shipping of used tyres are perceived as the most likely pathways. Introduction via aircraft did not appear to be well known and was not perceived as probable. This study shows that there were no pathways unknown to European experts that could lead to cryptic introductions into the experts' countries. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that the perceived efficacy of surveillance and control is key to overcoming the constraints experienced and to supporting the implementation of actions against introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ibañez‐Justicia
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV)Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA)Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - P. M. Poortvliet
- Department of Social Sciences – Strategic CommunicationWageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - C. J. M. Koenraadt
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University and ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
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17
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Emerging souvenirs-clinical presentation of the returning traveller with imported arbovirus infections in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:240-245. [PMID: 29339224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviruses are an emerging group of viruses that are causing increasing health concerns globally, including in Europe. Clinical presentation usually consists of a nonspecific febrile illness that may be accompanied by rash, arthralgia and arthritis, with or without neurological or haemorrhagic syndromes. The range of differential diagnoses of other infectious and noninfectious aetiologies is broad, presenting a challenge for physicians. While knowledge of the geographical distribution of pathogens and the current epidemiological situation, incubation periods, exposure risk factors and vaccination history can help guide the diagnostic approach, the nonspecific and variable clinical presentation can delay final diagnosis. AIMS AND SOURCES This narrative review aims to summarize the main clinical and laboratory-based findings of the three most common imported arboviruses in Europe. Evidence is extracted from published literature and clinical expertise of European arbovirus experts. CONTENT We present three cases that highlight similarities and differences between some of the most common travel-related arboviruses imported to Europe. These include a patient with chikungunya virus infection presenting in Greece, a case of dengue fever in Turkey and a travel-related case of Zika virus infection in Romania. IMPLICATIONS Early diagnosis of travel-imported cases is important to reduce the risk of localized outbreaks of tropical arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya and the risk of local transmission from body fluids or vertical transmission. Given the global relevance of arboviruses and the continuous risk of (re)emerging arbovirus events, clinicians should be aware of the clinical syndromes of arbovirus fevers and the potential pitfalls in diagnosis.
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18
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Chudej K, Fischer A. Optimal Vaccination Strategies for a new Dengue Model with two Serotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Di Luca M, Toma L, Severini F, Boccolini D, D’Avola S, Todaro D, Stancanelli A, Antoci F, La Russa F, Casano S, Sotera SD, Carraffa E, Versteirt V, Schaffner F, Romi R, Torina A. First record of the invasive mosquito species Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) on the southernmost Mediterranean islands of Italy and Europe. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:543. [PMID: 29096677 PMCID: PMC5669009 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus, a known worldwide vector of several mosquito-borne disease pathogens including dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, was introduced into Europe in the late 1970s through global trade. First recorded in northern Italy in 1990, this mosquito species has rapidly spread throughout the country, where it was responsible for an outbreak of chikungunya in 2007 that affected more than 200 people. As part of the VectorNet project, which is aimed at improving preparedness and responsiveness for animal and human vector-borne diseases in Europe, a mosquito targeted study was carried out on the three southernmost Italian islands. The objective was to verify the current European southern distribution limits of Ae. albopictus and the potential occurrence of other invasive mosquito species, in the light of the introduction of high risk for vector-borne disease pathogens into Europe via migration flows. RESULTS In the summer 2015, six surveys for container-breeding mosquitoes were carried out by setting up a network of oviposition traps and BG Sentinel traps in selected areas on the islands of Pantelleria, Lampedusa and Linosa. Aedes albopictus was found on all three islands under investigation. The consequences on public health with regard to the presence of this mosquito vector and the migrant people entering the country from Africa and the Middle East are also discussed here. CONCLUSIONS The detection of the Asian tiger mosquito on these islands, which represent the last European strip of land facing Africa, has important implications for public health policy and should prompt the national authorities to implement tailored surveillance activities and reinforce plans for preparedness strategies in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Toma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Boccolini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore D’Avola
- Department of Veterinary Prevention, Unit of Animal Health Service, ASP Trapani, Pantelleria, Italy
| | - Diego Todaro
- Department of Veterinary Prevention, Unit of Animal Health Service, ASP Trapani, Pantelleria, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stancanelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Schaffner
- Francis Schaffner Consultancy, Riehen, Switzerland
- Switzerland & Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Romi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Vectorborne Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Laboratory of Entomology and Environmental Vectors Control, Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropod-borne virus (Arbovirus) infections are considered an emerging threat for Europe, with an increase in cases in recent decades. The increase in global travel and trade has contributed to the introduction of vectors and viruses into new geographical areas. Tropical arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya have re-emerged causing local, sporadic outbreaks ignited by travel-imported cases. The recent Zika virus outbreak in the Americas highlighted a need to strengthen preparedness for (re-)emerging arbovirus infections globally. AIMS To strengthen preparedness for the early identification of (re-)emerging arbovirus outbreaks in Europe and highlight areas for research. SOURCES An evidence review of published and grey literature together with consultations with European arbovirus experts. CONTENT This paper presents an overview of endemic and travel-imported arboviruses of clinical significance in Europe. The overview includes syndromic presentation, risk factors for infection and risk of transmission as well as an update on treatments and vaccinations and surveillance notifications and reporting. The paper also presents predictive modelled risks of further geographical expansion of vectors and viruses. IMPLICATIONS There are a range of arboviruses of clinical significance to Europe. There has been an increase in notifications of endemic and travel-imported arbovirus cases in recent years and an increased geographical range of vectors and viruses. The heterogeneity in surveillance reporting indicates a risk for the early identification of (re-)emerging outbreaks. The data presented show a need to strengthen preparedness for (re-)emerging arbovirus infections and a need for research into neglected arboviruses, risks of non-vector transmission and effective therapeutics and vaccinations.
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21
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Jacquet S, Huber K, Pagès N, Talavera S, Burgin LE, Carpenter S, Sanders C, Dicko AH, Djerbal M, Goffredo M, Lhor Y, Lucientes J, Miranda-Chueca MA, Pereira Da Fonseca I, Ramilo DW, Setier-Rio ML, Bouyer J, Chevillon C, Balenghien T, Guis H, Garros C. Range expansion of the Bluetongue vector, Culicoides imicola, in continental France likely due to rare wind-transport events. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27247. [PMID: 27263862 PMCID: PMC4893744 DOI: 10.1038/srep27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the northward expansion of Culicoides imicola Kieffer in recent and unprecedented outbreaks of Culicoides-borne arboviruses in southern Europe has been a significant point of contention. We combined entomological surveys, movement simulations of air-borne particles, and population genetics to reconstruct the chain of events that led to a newly colonized French area nestled at the northern foot of the Pyrenees. Simulating the movement of air-borne particles evidenced frequent wind-transport events allowing, within at most 36 hours, the immigration of midges from north-eastern Spain and Balearic Islands, and, as rare events, their immigration from Corsica. Completing the puzzle, population genetic analyses discriminated Corsica as the origin of the new population and identified two successive colonization events within west-Mediterranean basin. Our findings are of considerable importance when trying to understand the invasion of new territories by expanding species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jacquet
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France.,CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5290 Maladies Infectieuses &Vecteurs-Ecologie, Génétique, Ecologie, Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.,IRD, UR 224 MIVEGEC, BP 64501, Agropolis, 34 394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Karine Huber
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE,34398; Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE 34398 Montpellier, France.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Sandra Talavera
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | | | - Simon Carpenter
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Christopher Sanders
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Ahmadou H Dicko
- West African Science Service on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, Climate Change Economics Research Program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Sénégal
| | - Mouloud Djerbal
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire (IMV), Laboratoire vétérinaire régional, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Maria Goffredo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Youssef Lhor
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Faculdad de Veterinaria, University of Zaragoza (UZ), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - David W Ramilo
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medecina Veterinaria, Universidade de Lisboa (FMV-ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marie-Laure Setier-Rio
- Entente interdépartementale pour la démoustication-Méditerranée (EID-Méd), Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France.,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Christine Chevillon
- CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5290 Maladies Infectieuses &Vecteurs-Ecologie, Génétique, Ecologie, Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.,IRD, UR 224 MIVEGEC, BP 64501, Agropolis, 34 394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Guis
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Faull KJ, Webb C, Williams CR. Desiccation survival time for eggs of a widespread and invasive Australian mosquito species, Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2016; 41:55-62. [PMID: 27232125 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Australian native mosquito Aedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse) is closely associated with natural and artificial water holding receptacles. Eggs are laid in habitats where they are exposed to drying conditions as water levels fluctuate. Withstanding desiccation enables survival in challenging environments and increases the potential for establishment in non-native habitats. Until now, the desiccation resistance of Ae. notoscriptus eggs has been unknown despite the historical invasive success of this important dog heartworm and arbovirus vector. Viability and mean survival times of eggs from two Ae. notoscriptus populations (metropolitan areas of Sydney, NSW and Adelaide, SA) were evaluated, with eggs stored under three dryness conditions for up to 367 days. Our results revealed that Ae. notoscriptus eggs can withstand desiccation for extended periods, under a variety of conditions, with approximately 9-13% egg viability recorded after one year. This prolonged egg survival reflects the widespread distribution of this mosquito in Australia and its history of incursions and subsequent establishment in non-native habitats. Differences in mean egg volume were recorded in addition to significantly different egg length to width ratios for the two populations, which may reflect adaptation to biotope of origin and an associated likelihood of drought and drying conditions. The results of this study suggest that the desiccation resistant eggs of Ae. notoscriptus make this species highly adaptable, increasing the risk of movement to non-endemic regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Faull
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 5001.
| | - C Webb
- Department of Medical Entomology, Pathology West - ICPMR Westmead and University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia, 2145
| | - C R Williams
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia, 5001
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Pech-May A, Moo-Llanes DA, Puerto-Avila MB, Casas M, Danis-Lozano R, Ponce G, Tun-Ku E, Pinto-Castillo JF, Villegas A, Ibáñez-Piñon CR, González C, Ramsey JM. Population genetics and ecological niche of invasive Aedes albopictus in Mexico. Acta Trop 2016; 157:30-41. [PMID: 26814619 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is one of the most invasive mosquito species worldwide. In Mexico it is now recorded in 12 states and represents a serious public health problem, given the recent introduction of Chikungunya on the southern border. The aim of this study was to analyze the population genetics of A. albopictus from all major recorded foci, and model its ecological niche. Niche similarity with that from its autochthonous distribution in Asia and other invaded countries were analyzed and its potential future expansion and potential human exposure in climate change scenarios measured. We analyzed 125 sequences of a 317 bp fragment of the cyt b gene from seven A. albopictus populations across Mexico. The samples belong to 25 haplotypes with moderate population structuring (Fst=0.081, p<0.02) and population expansion. The most prevalent haplotype, found in all principal sites, was shared with the USA, Brazil, France, Madagascar, and Reunion Island. The ecological niche model using Mexican occurrence records covers 79.7% of the country, and has an 83% overlap with the Asian niche projected to Mexico. Both Neotropical and Nearctic regions are included in the Mexican niche model. Currently in Mexico, 38.6 million inhabitants are exposed to A. albopictus, which is expected to increase to 45.6 million by 2070. Genetic evidence supports collection information that A. albopictus was introduced to Mexico principally by land from the USA and Central and South America. Prevalent haplotypes from Mexico are shared with most invasive regions across the world, just as there was high niche similarity with both natural and invaded regions. The important overlap with the Asian niche model suggests a high potential for the species to disperse to sylvatic regions in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Pech-May
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - María Belem Puerto-Avila
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Casas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Ponce
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel Tun-Ku
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Janine M Ramsey
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública/Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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Erguler K, Smith-Unna SE, Waldock J, Proestos Y, Christophides GK, Lelieveld J, Parham PE. Large-Scale Modelling of the Environmentally-Driven Population Dynamics of Temperate Aedes albopictus (Skuse). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149282. [PMID: 26871447 PMCID: PMC4752251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly invasive vector species. It is a proven vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, with the potential to host a further 24 arboviruses. It has recently expanded its geographical range, threatening many countries in the Middle East, Mediterranean, Europe and North America. Here, we investigate the theoretical limitations of its range expansion by developing an environmentally-driven mathematical model of its population dynamics. We focus on the temperate strain of Ae. albopictus and compile a comprehensive literature-based database of physiological parameters. As a novel approach, we link its population dynamics to globally-available environmental datasets by performing inference on all parameters. We adopt a Bayesian approach using experimental data as prior knowledge and the surveillance dataset of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, as evidence. The model accounts for temperature, precipitation, human population density and photoperiod as the main environmental drivers, and, in addition, incorporates the mechanism of diapause and a simple breeding site model. The model demonstrates high predictive skill over the reference region and beyond, confirming most of the current reports of vector presence in Europe. One of the main hypotheses derived from the model is the survival of Ae. albopictus populations through harsh winter conditions. The model, constrained by the environmental datasets, requires that either diapausing eggs or adult vectors have increased cold resistance. The model also suggests that temperature and photoperiod control diapause initiation and termination differentially. We demonstrate that it is possible to account for unobserved properties and constraints, such as differences between laboratory and field conditions, to derive reliable inferences on the environmental dependence of Ae. albopictus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Erguler
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail: (KE); (PEP)
| | - Stephanie E. Smith-Unna
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Waldock
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yiannis Proestos
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George K. Christophides
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul E. Parham
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, United Kingdom
- Grantham Institute for Climate Change, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KE); (PEP)
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25
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Oei W, Lieshout-Krikke RW, Kretzschmar ME, Zaaijer HL, Coutinho RA, Eersel M, Jubithana B, Halabi Y, Gerstenbluth I, Maduro E, Tromp M, Janssen MP. Estimating the risk of dengue transmission from Dutch blood donors travelling to Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean. Vox Sang 2016; 110:301-9. [PMID: 26765798 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of dengue transmitted by travellers is known. Methods to estimate the transmission by transfusion (TT) risk from blood donors travelling to risk areas are available, for instance, the European Up-Front Risk Assessment Tool (EUFRAT). This study aimed to validate the estimated risk from travelling donors obtained from EUFRAT. METHODS Surveillance data on notified dengue cases in Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean islands (Aruba, Curaçao, St. Maarten, Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba) in 2001-2011 was used to calculate local incidence rates. Information on travel and donation behaviour of Dutch donors was collected. With the EUFRAT model, the TT risks from Dutch travelling donors were calculated. Model estimates were compared with the number of infections in Dutch travellers found by laboratory tests in the Netherlands. RESULTS The expected cumulative number of donors becoming infected during travels to Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean from 2001 to 2011 was estimated at 5 (95% CI, 2-11) and 86 (45-179), respectively. The infection risk inferred from the laboratory-based study was 19 (9-61) and 28 (14-92). Given the independence of the data sources, these estimates are remarkably close. The model estimated that 0·02 (0·001-0·06) and 0·40 (0·01-1·4) recipients would have been infected by these travelling donors. CONCLUSIONS The EUFRAT model provided an estimate close to actual observed number of dengue infections. The dengue TT risk among Dutch travelling donors can be estimated using basic transmission, travel and donation information. The TT risk from Dutch donors travelling to Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Oei
- Transfusion Technology Assessment Unit, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R W Lieshout-Krikke
- Department of blood-borne infections, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M E Kretzschmar
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - H L Zaaijer
- Department of blood-borne infections, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R A Coutinho
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Eersel
- Department of Public Health Suriname, Epidemiology Unit, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - B Jubithana
- Department of Public Health Suriname, Epidemiology Unit, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Y Halabi
- Epidemiology and Research Unit, Ministry of Health, The Environment and Nature, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - I Gerstenbluth
- Epidemiology and Research Unit, Ministry of Health, The Environment and Nature, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - E Maduro
- Department of Public Health Aruba, Epidemiology and Research Unit, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - M Tromp
- Department of Public Health Aruba, Epidemiology and Research Unit, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - M P Janssen
- Transfusion Technology Assessment Unit, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Versteirt V, Cull B, Kampen H, Fontenille D, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, Van Bortel W, Schaffner F. An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:637-63. [PMID: 25804287 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the invasive mosquitoes registered all over the world, Aedes species are particularly frequent and important. As several of them are potential vectors of disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five species have established in mainland Europe, with two (Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus) becoming widespread and two (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) implicated in disease transmission to humans in Europe. The routes of importation and spread are often enigmatic, the ability to adapt to local environments and climates are rapid, and the biting nuisance and vector potential are both an ecomonic and public health concern. Europeans are used to cases of dengue and chikungunya in travellers returning from the tropics, but the threat to health and tourism in mainland Europe is substantive. Coupled to that are the emerging issues in the European overseas territorities and this paper is the first to consider the impacts in the remoter outposts of Europe. If entomologists and public health authorities are to address the spread of these mosquitoes and mitigate their health risks they must first be prepared to share information to better understand their biology and ecology, and share data on their distribution and control successes. This paper focusses in greater detail on the entomological and ecological aspects of these mosquitoes to assist with the risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount of information gathered through the ECDC VBORNET project.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Medlock
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - K M Hansford
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - V Versteirt
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - B Cull
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - H Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health,Südufer 10,17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,Germany
| | - D Fontenille
- Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs (CNEV), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC,BP 64501,34394 Montpellier,France
| | - G Hendrickx
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - H Zeller
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - W Van Bortel
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - F Schaffner
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
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27
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Vaux AGC, Medlock JM. Current status of invasive mosquito surveillance in the UK. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:351. [PMID: 26122427 PMCID: PMC4491199 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-native invasive mosquitoes have for many years made incursions into Europe, and are now established in many European countries. The continued European importation of potential vectors and their expansion within Europe increases their potential for importation and establishment in the UK. Coupled with increasing numbers of returning dengue and chikungunya infected travellers, the potential exists for transmission of vector borne disease in new regions. METHODS To ensure a cost-effective risk assessment and preparedness strategy the UK employs a multi-faceted approach to surveillance for non-native Aedes mosquitoes, including passive and active surveillance strategies at a local, regional, and national level. Passive surveillance, including a national mosquito recording scheme and local authority nuisance biting reporting, are combined with targeted active surveillance at seaports, airports, used tyre importers, and motorway service stations. RESULTS There is no evidence to date that any invasive Aedes species (e.g., Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes aegypti) occur in the UK despite sharing many of the same routes that have been found to have facilitated their entry into other countries. CONCLUSIONS This paper sets in context the UK approaches with other European countries and those recommended by the ECDC. It also highlights future UK strategies to enhance surveillance for non-native mosquitoes to help ensure that incursions can be managed, and these mosquitoes do not establish and public health is protected. Focus will be given to increasing the number of submissions of mosquitoes to passive surveillance schemes and maintaining active surveillance efforts at key routes of potential importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G C Vaux
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom.
| | - Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology group, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, United Kingdom.
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28
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Deblauwe I, Demeulemeester J, De Witte J, Hendy A, Sohier C, Madder M. Increased detection of Aedes albopictus in Belgium: no overwintering yet, but an intervention strategy is still lacking. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Prioteasa LF, Dinu S, Fălcuţă E, Ceianu CS. Established Population of the Invasive Mosquito Species Aedes albopictus in Romania, 2012-14. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:177-181. [PMID: 26181695 DOI: 10.2987/14-6462r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During an entomological investigation carried out in Bucharest and surroundings in fall of 2012, 45 adult mosquitoes (38 females and 7 males) of Aedes albopictus were collected in a neighborhood from the southern area of the city. The morphological identification of the species was further confirmed by sequencing 2 mitochondrial DNA markers: the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 genes. Aedes albopictus was collected again in 2013 in the same area from July until October. During late summer the species was found also in another location in the city, downtown Bucharest. Larvae were found in water barrels and other types of household containers, as well as in rain catch basins. In 2014, following a nuisance complaint of a Bucharest inhabitant, the entomological investigation found aggressive Ae. albopictus adults on his property that harbored many mosquito larvae in container-type breeding habitats. These findings are the 1st records of this invasive species and of its breeding population in Romania, and show maintenance of the species over 2 winter seasons. Surveillance of the species outside the area of the capital city was not performed, therefore it is not known whether Ae. albopictus has been introduced in other regions of the country. The presence of Ae. albopictus has been reported every year (2012-14) to competent public health authorities, stressing on the importance of surveillance and of implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu F Prioteasa
- 1 Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, 103 Splaiul Independenţei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Dinu
- 1 Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, 103 Splaiul Independenţei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
- 2 Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Aleea Portocalelor, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Fălcuţă
- 1 Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, 103 Splaiul Independenţei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cornelia S Ceianu
- 1 Cantacuzino National Institute of Research-Development for Microbiology and Immunology, 103 Splaiul Independenţei, 050096, Bucharest, Romania
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Satho T, Dieng H, Ahmad MHI, Ellias SB, Hassan AA, Abang F, Ghani IA, Miake F, Ahmad H, Fukumitsu Y, Zuharah WF, Majid AHA, Kassim NFA, Hashim NA, Ajibola OO, Al-Khayyat FA, Nolasco-Hipolito C. Coffee and its waste repel gravid Aedes albopictus females and inhibit the development of their embryos. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:272. [PMID: 25966847 PMCID: PMC4436121 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is a prevalent arboviral disease and the development of insecticide resistance among its vectors impedes endeavors to control it. Coffee is drunk by millions of people daily worldwide, which is associated with the discarding of large amounts of waste. Coffee and its waste contain large amounts of chemicals many of which are highly toxic and none of which have a history of resistance in mosquitoes. Once in solution, coffee is brownish in colour, resembling leaf infusion, which is highly attractive to gravid mosquitoes. To anticipate the environmental issues related to the increasing popularity of coffee as a drink, and also to combat insecticide resistance, we explored the deterrence potentials of coffee leachates against the ovipositing and embryonic stages of the dengue vector, Aedes albopictus. METHODS In a series of choice, no-choice, and embryo toxicity bioassays, we examined changes in the ovipositional behaviours and larval eclosion of Ae. albopictus in response to coffee extracts at different concentrations. RESULTS Oviposition responses were extremely low when ovicups holding highly concentrated extract (HCE) of coffee were the only oviposition sites. Gravid females retained increased numbers of mature eggs until 5 days post-blood feeding. When provided an opportunity to oviposit in cups containing coffee extracts and with water, egg deposition occurred at lower rates in those containing coffee, and HCE cups were far less attractive to females than those containing water only. Females that successfully developed in a coffee environment preferentially oviposited in such cups when in competition with preferred oviposition sites (water cups), but this trait did not continue into the fourth generation. Larval eclosion occurred at lower rates among eggs that matured in a coffee environment, especially among those that were maintained on HCE-moistened substrates. CONCLUSIONS The observations of the present study indicate a pronounced vulnerability of Ae. albopictus to the presence of coffee in its habitats during the early phases of its life cycle. The observations that coffee repels gravid females and inhibits larval eclosion provide novel possibilities in the search for novel oviposition deterrents and anti-larval eclosion agents against dengue vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Satho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hamady Dieng
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Ahmad Abu Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Fatimah Abang
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia.
| | - Idris Abd Ghani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Fumio Miake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hamdan Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Yuki Fukumitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Wan Fatma Zuharah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | | | - Nur Aida Hashim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | | | - Fatima Abdulla Al-Khayyat
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Ibañez-Justicia A, Stroo A, Dik M, Beeuwkes J, Scholte EJ. National Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Survey in The Netherlands 2010-2013. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:185-198. [PMID: 26336303 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
From 2010 onwards, a nationwide mosquito monitoring scheme has been conducted in The Netherlands with the aim of gaining crucial information about mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) species composition, geographical distributions, biodiversity, and habitat preferences. The results of this study are based on 778 randomly sampled mosquito locations. These are divided into three main habitat types: urban, rural-agricultural, and natural areas. Twenty-seven mosquito species were found: 26 indigenous and 1 exotic, Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901). The preliminary results are presented here, with details of their species distribution and seasonality. Monitoring the temporal and spatial distribution of mosquitoes is an essential step in the risk analysis of emerging mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Stroo
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Ministry of Economic Affairs, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands.Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - M Dik
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Ministry of Economic Affairs, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands.Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - J Beeuwkes
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Ministry of Economic Affairs, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands.Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - E J Scholte
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Ministry of Economic Affairs, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands.Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Abstract
Mosquito-borne virus infections, such as dengue and chikungunya, are continuously expanding their geographical range. The dengue virus, which is known to be a common cause of febrile illness in tropical areas of the Old World, is now widespread in the Americas. In most affected areas, all the four dengue virus serotypes have circulated. Recently, small clusters of dengue have been identified also in Southern Europe during the hot season. The chikungunya virus, initially restricted to Central Africa, where is a common cause of sporadic cases or small outbreaks, and Asia, where it is used to cause large epidemics, has recently invaded new territories. After ravaging Indian Ocean Islands and the Indian subcontinent, CHIKV caused an outbreak in north-eastern Italy. Recently, chikungunya has reached the Caribbean, causing for the first time a large epidemic on the American continent. Although Aedes aegypti is the main vector of both viruses, Aedes albopictus, the Asian 'Tiger' mosquito, is now playing an increasingly important role, contributing to their spread in temperate climate areas. Hereby, we focus the attention on outbreaks of dengue and chikungunya occurring in previously disease-free areas and discuss factors associated with the long-distance spread of the vector-borne infections, such as mutations increasing viral fitness, climate change, urbanization, and globalization of humans and vectors.
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33
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Thomas SM, Tjaden NB, van den Bos S, Beierkuhnlein C. Implementing cargo movement into climate based risk assessment of vector-borne diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3360-74. [PMID: 24658412 PMCID: PMC3987038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110303360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades the disease vector Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) has rapidly spread around the globe. Global shipment of goods contributes to its permanent introduction. Invaded regions are facing novel and serious public health concerns, especially regarding the transmission of formerly non-endemic arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya. The further development and potential spread to other regions depends largely on their climatic suitability. Here, we have developed a tool for identifying and prioritizing European areas at risk for the establishment of Aedes albopictus by taking into account, for the first time, the freight imports from this mosquito's endemic countries and the climate suitability at harbors and their surrounding regions. In a second step we consider the further transport of containers by train and inland waterways because these types of transport can be well controlled. We identify European regions at risk, where a huge amount of transported goods meet climatically suitable conditions for the disease vector. The current and future suitability of the climate for Aedes albopictus was modeled by a correlative niche model approach and the Regional Climate Model COSMO-CLM. This risk assessment combines impacts of globalization and global warming to improve effective and proactive interventions in disease vector surveillance and control actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Benjamin Tjaden
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Sanne van den Bos
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Scholte EJ, Mars MH, Braks M, Den Hartog W, Ibañez-Justicia A, Koopmans M, Koenraadt CJM, De Vries A, Reusken C. No evidence for the persistence of Schmallenberg virus in overwintering mosquitoes. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:110-115. [PMID: 23692132 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In 2011, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel member of the Simbu serogroup, genus Orthobunyavirus, was identified as the causative agent of a disease in ruminants in Europe. Based on the current knowledge on arthropods involved in the transmission of Simbu group viruses, a role of both midges and mosquitoes in the SBV transmission cycle cannot be excluded beforehand. The persistence of SBV in mosquitoes overwintering at SBV-affected farms in the Netherlands was investigated. No evidence for the presence of SBV in 868 hibernating mosquitoes (Culex, Anopheles, and Culiseta spp., collected from January to March 2012) was found. This suggests that mosquitoes do not play an important role, if any, in the persistence of SBV during the winter months in northwestern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Scholte
- Dutch National Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fischer D, Thomas SM, Neteler M, Tjaden NB, Beierkuhnlein C. Climatic suitability of Aedes albopictus in Europe referring to climate change projections: comparison of mechanistic and correlative niche modelling approaches. Euro Surveill 2014; 19. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.6.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is capable of transmitting a broad range of viruses to humans. Since its introduction at the end of the 20th century, it has become well established in large parts of southern Europe. As future expansion as a result of climate change can be expected, determining the current and projected future climatic suitability of this invasive mosquito in Europe is of interest. Several studies have tried to detect the potential habitats for this species, but differing data sources and modelling approaches must be considered when interpreting the findings. Here, various modelling methodologies are compared with special emphasis on model set-up and study design. Basic approaches and model algorithms for the projection of spatio-temporal trends within the 21st century differ substantially. Applied methods range from mechanistic models (e.g. overlay of climatic constraints based on geographic information systems or rather process-based approaches) to correlative niche models. We conclude that spatial characteristics such as introduction gateways and dispersal pathways need to be considered. Laboratory experiments addressing the climatic constraints of the mosquito are required for improved modelling results. However, the main source of uncertainty remains the insufficient knowledge about the species' ability to adapt to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fischer
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany (present affiliation)
| | - S M Thomas
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Neteler
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (Trento), Italy
| | - N B Tjaden
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Boukraa S, Raharimalala FN, Zimmer JY, Schaffner F, Bawin T, Haubruge E, Francis F. Reintroduction of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in Belgium in July 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:54. [PMID: 24325893 PMCID: PMC3859031 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2013054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since its first report in 2000, the invasive mosquito Aedes albopictus was not found any more during the different entomological inspections performed at its place of introduction in Belgium between 2001 and 2012. In July 2013, one adult male was captured at the same site (a platform of imported used tires located in Vrasene, Oost-Vlaanderen Province), during a monitoring using CO2-baited trap. This finding suggests the reintroduction of the species in Belgium via the used tire trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slimane Boukraa
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Fara N Raharimalala
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium - Medical Entomology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jean-Yves Zimmer
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Francis Schaffner
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bawin
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eric Haubruge
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Roehrig JT. West nile virus in the United States - a historical perspective. Viruses 2013; 5:3088-108. [PMID: 24335779 PMCID: PMC3967162 DOI: 10.3390/v5123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) was a bit player in the screenplay of global vector-borne viral diseases. First discovered in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937, this Culex sp.-transmitted virus was known for causing small human febrile outbreaks in Africa and the Middle East. Prior to 1995, the last major human WNV outbreak was in the 1950s in Israel. The epidemiology and ecology of WNV began to change in the mid-1990s when an epidemic of human encephalitis occurred in Romania. The introduction of WNV into Eastern Europe was readily explained by bird migration between Africa and Europe. The movement of WNV from Africa to Europe could not, however, predict its surprising jump across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City and the surrounding areas of the United States (U.S.). This movement of WNV from the Eastern to Western Hemisphere in 1999, and its subsequent dissemination throughout two continents in less than ten years is widely recognized as one of the most significant events in arbovirology during the last two centuries. This paper documents the early events of the introduction into and the spread of WNV in the Western Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Roehrig
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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Fonseca DM, Unlu I, Crepeau T, Farajollahi A, Healy SP, Bartlett-Healy K, Strickman D, Gaugler R, Hamilton G, Kline D, Clark GG. Area-wide management of Aedes albopictus. Part 2: gauging the efficacy of traditional integrated pest control measures against urban container mosquitoes. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:1351-61. [PMID: 23649950 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an important disease vector and biting nuisance. During the 2009 active season, six ∼1000-parcel sites were studied, three in urban and three in suburban areas of New Jersey, United States, to examine the efficacy of standard integrated urban mosquito control strategies applied area wide. Active source reduction, larviciding, adulticiding and public education (source reduction through education) were implemented in one site in each county, an education-only approach was developed in a second site and a third site was used as an untreated experimental control. Populations were surveyed weekly with BG-Sentinel traps and ovitraps. RESULTS A substantial reduction in Ae. albopictus populations was achieved in urban sites, but only modest reductions in suburban sites. Education alone achieved significant reductions in urban adult Ae. albopictus. Egg catches echoed adult catches only in suburban sites. CONCLUSIONS There are significant socioeconomic and climatic differences between urban and suburban sites that impact upon Ae. albopictus populations and the efficacy of the control methods tested. An integrated pest management approach can affect abundances, but labor-intensive, costly source reduction was not enough to maintain Ae. albopictus counts below a nuisance threshold. Nighttime adult population suppression using truck-mounted adulticides can be effective. Area-wide cost-effective strategies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Crepeau TN, Healy SP, Bartlett-Healy K, Unlu I, Farajollahi A, Fonseca DM. Effects of Biogents Sentinel Trap field placement on capture rates of adult Asian tiger mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60524. [PMID: 23555987 PMCID: PMC3612070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Biogents® Sentinel (BGS) trap is the standard tool to monitor adult Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian tiger mosquito. BGS traps are commonly placed in residential properties during surveillance operations, but locations within properties may have significant differences in ambient light, temperature, and humidity (e.g. between a sunlit lawn and shady underbrush). We examined the effect of BGS trap placement on Ae. albopictus capture rates in three residential properties in Monmouth County, New Jersey, USA. In each property we visually selected locations as shade, partial shade, and sun. Traps in “partial shade” locations were under vegetation and were exposed to filtered sunlight during some parts of the day while “shaded” locations were never exposed to direct sunlight. Locations defined as “sun” were exposed to direct sunlight for large parts of the day. We placed a BGS trap in each of the three location types and used small data loggers to measure temperature, relative humidity, and light exposure at each trap during a 24-hour deployment. To address temporal variability, we made seven separate measurements from 31 August to 22 September 2010. We found that “partial shade” and “full shade” locations did not differ but that “full sun” locations had significantly higher light exposure, higher temperature, and lower humidity. Importantly, Ae. albopictus catches (males, females, or both) were consistently and significantly over 3 times higher in traps located in shaded locations. To further investigate the effects of local temperature and humidity on surveillance we examined Ae. albopictus collections from 37 BGS traps fitted with data loggers and deployed weekly from August through mid October, during the 2009 season, in three urban sites in Mercer County, NJ. We confirmed that local climate influences capture rates and that Ae. albopictus surveillance projects need to monitor trap placement carefully for maximum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn N. Crepeau
- Monmouth County Mosquito Extermination Commission, Eatontown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sean P. Healy
- Monmouth County Mosquito Extermination Commission, Eatontown, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kristen Bartlett-Healy
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Isik Unlu
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Mercer County Mosquito Control, West Trenton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ary Farajollahi
- Mercer County Mosquito Control, West Trenton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Marie J, Bossin HC. First record of Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Diptera: Culicidae) in French Polynesia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 50:37-42. [PMID: 23427650 DOI: 10.1603/me12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Theobald) was discovered in 2007 and 2008, respectively, in Moorea and Tahiti, two islands of the Society Islands (archipel de la Société) in French Polynesia. A few adult specimens were captured using a CDC backpack aspirator and BG-Sentinel mosquito traps. Wy. mitchellii larvae were found in water-impounding bromeliads and aroids at various survey sites around Tahiti. Imported bromeliads likely played a critical role in the introduction, establishment, and maintenance of Wy. mitchellii in Tahiti and Moorea. Bromeliads and aroids are common in residential areas, thereby increasing the exposure of human and domestic animals to Wy. mitchellii, which is of public health and veterinary concern. The establishment of Wy. mitchellii in French Polynesia requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marie
- Institut Louis Malardé, Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, B.P. 30, 98713, Papeete Tahiti, Polynésie Française
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Williams CR, Bader CA, Williams SR, Whelan PI. Adult mosquito trap sensitivity for detecting exotic mosquito incursions and eradication: a study using EVS traps and the Australian southern saltmarsh mosquito, Aedes camptorhynchus. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2012; 37:110-116. [PMID: 22548544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2012.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Adult mosquito traps are commonly used in biosecurity surveillance for the detection of exotic mosquito incursions or for the demonstration of elimination. However, traps are typically deployed without knowledge of how many are required for detecting differing numbers of the target species. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity (i.e., detection probability) provided by carbon dioxide-baited EVS traps for adult female Australian southern saltmarsh mosquitoes, Aedes camptorhynchus, a recent biosecurity problem for New Zealand. A mark-release-recapture study of three concurrently released cohorts (sized 56, 296, and 960), recaptured over four days with a matrix of 20 traps, was conducted in Australia. The detection probability for different numbers of traps and cohorts of different sizes was determined by random sampling of recapture data. Detection probability ranged from approximately 0.3 for a single trap detecting a cohort of 56 mosquitoes to 1.0 (certainty of detection) when seven or more traps were used. For detection of adult Ae. camptorhynchus around a known source, a matrix of traps provides a strong probability of detection. Conversely, the use of single traps deployed over very large areas to detect mosquitoes of unknown entry pathway is unlikely to be successful. These findings have implications for the design of mosquito surveillance for biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Williams
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471 Adelaide, Australia.
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Schaffner F, Versteirt V, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, Van Bortel W. A review of the invasive mosquitoes in Europe: ecology, public health risks, and control options. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:435-47. [PMID: 22448724 PMCID: PMC3366101 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in Europe in recent years in the establishment and spread of invasive mosquitoes, notably the incursion of Aedes albopictus through the international trade in used tires and lucky bamboo, with onward spread within Europe through ground transport. More recently, five other non-European aedine mosquito species have been found in Europe, and in some cases populations have established locally and are spreading. Concerns have been raised about the involvement of these mosquito species in transmission cycles of pathogens of public health importance, and these concerns were borne out following the outbreak of chikungunya fever in Italy in 2007, and subsequent autochthonous cases of dengue fever in France and Croatia in 2010. This article reviews current understanding of all exotic (five introduced invasive and one intercepted) aedine species in Europe, highlighting the known import pathways, biotic and abiotic constraints for establishment, control strategies, and public health significance, and encourages Europe-wide surveillance for invasive mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon M Medlock
- Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology Group, Microbial Risk Assessment, Emergency Response Division, Health Protection Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
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Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F. Dirofilarial Infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Genchi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura H. Kramer
- Department of Animal Health, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Rivasi
- Institute of Human Pathology, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Thai KTD, Anders KL. The role of climate variability and change in the transmission dynamics and geographic distribution of dengue. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:944-54. [PMID: 21737578 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mounting evidence for anthropogenic changes in global climate raises many pressing questions about the potential effects on biological systems, and in particular the transmission of infectious diseases. Vector-borne diseases, such as dengue, may be particularly sensitive to both periodic fluctuations and sustained changes in global and local climates, because vector biology and viral replication are temperature- and moisture-dependent. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the associations between climate variability, climate change and dengue transmission, and the tools being used to quantify these associations. The underlying causes of dengue's recent global expansion are multifactorial and poorly understood, but climatic factors should be considered within the context of the sociodemographic, economic and immunological determinants that have contributed to dengue's spread. These factors may mediate the direct effects of climate on dengue and many may operate at a very local level. Translating theoretical models of dengue transmission based on historical data into predictive models that can inform public health interventions is a critical next step and efforts should be focused on developing and refining models at smaller spatial scales to characterize the relationships between both climatic and non-climatic factors and dengue risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa T D Thai
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 190 Ben Ham Tu, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Urbanski JM, Benoit JB, Michaud MR, Denlinger DL, Armbruster P. The molecular physiology of increased egg desiccation resistance during diapause in the invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2683-92. [PMID: 20410035 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoperiodic diapause is a crucial adaptation to seasonal environmental variation in a wide range of arthropods, but relatively little is known regarding the molecular basis of this important trait. In temperate populations of the mosquito Aedes albopictus, exposure to short-day (SD) lengths causes the female to produce diapause eggs. Tropical populations do not undergo a photoperiodic diapause. We identified a fatty acyl coA elongase transcript that is more abundant under SD versus long-day (LD) photoperiods in mature oocyte tissue of replicate temperate, but not tropical, A. albopictus populations. Fatty acyl CoA elongases are involved in the synthesis of long chain fatty acids (hydrocarbon precursors). Diapause eggs from a temperate population had one-third more surface hydrocarbons and one-half the water loss rates of non-diapause eggs. Eggs from a tropical population reared under SD and LD photoperiods did not differ in surface hydrocarbon abundance or water loss rates. In both a temperate and tropical population, composition of hydrocarbon chain lengths did not differ between eggs from SD versus LD conditions. These results implicate the expression of fatty acyl coA elongase and changes in quantity, but not composition, of egg surface hydrocarbons as important components of increased desiccation resistance during diapause in A. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Urbanski
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Sts. NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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47
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Pfeffer M, Dobler G. Emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:35. [PMID: 20377873 PMCID: PMC2868497 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. They belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. Several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like West Nile virus (WNV) in the Americas, Usutu virus (USUV) in Central Europe, or Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in the Arabian Peninsula. In most instances the ways of introduction of arboviruses into new regions are not known. Infections acquired during stays in the tropics and subtropics are diagnosed with increasing frequency in travellers returning from tropical countries, but interestingly no attention is paid on accompanying pet animals or the hematophagous ectoparasites that may still be attached to them. Here we outline the known ecology of the mosquito-borne equine encephalitis viruses (WEEV, EEEV, and VEEV), WNV, USUV, RVFV, and Japanese Encephalitis virus, as well as Tick-Borne Encephalitis virus and its North American counterpart Powassan virus, and will discuss the most likely mode that these viruses could expand their respective geographical range. All these viruses have a different epidemiology as different vector species, reservoir hosts and virus types have adapted to promiscuous and robust or rather very fine-balanced transmission cycles. Consequently, these viruses will behave differently with regard to the requirements needed to establish new endemic foci outside their original geographical ranges. Hence, emphasis is given on animal trade and suitable ecologic conditions, including competent vectors and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeffer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
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