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Babar TK, Glare TR, Hampton JG, Hurst MRH, Narciso J, Sheen CR, Koch B. Linocin M18 protein from the insect pathogenic bacterium Brevibacillus laterosporus isolates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12563-8. [PMID: 37204448 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brevibacillus laterosporus (Bl) is a Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium. Insect pathogenic strains have been characterised in New Zealand, and two isolates, Bl 1821L and Bl 1951, are under development for use in biopesticides. However, growth in culture is sometimes disrupted, affecting mass production. Based on previous work, it was hypothesised that Tectiviridae phages might be implicated. While investigating the cause of the disrupted growth, electron micrographs of crude lysates showed structural components of putative phages including capsid and tail-like structures. Sucrose density gradient purification yielded a putative self-killing protein of ~30 kDa. N-terminal sequencing of the ~30 kDa protein identified matches to a predicted 25 kDa hypothetical and a 31.4 kDa putative encapsulating protein homologs, with the genes encoding each protein adjacent in the genomes. BLASTp analysis of the homologs of 31.4 kDa amino acid sequences shared 98.6% amino acid identity to the Linocin M18 bacteriocin family protein of Brevibacterium sp. JNUCC-42. Bioinformatic tools including AMPA and CellPPD defined that the bactericidal potential originated from a putative encapsulating protein. Antagonistic activity of the ~30 kDa encapsulating protein of Bl 1821L and Bl 1951during growth in broth exhibited bacterial autolytic activity. LIVE/DEAD staining of Bl 1821L cells after treatment with the ~30 kDa encapsulating protein of Bl 1821L substantiated the findings by showing 58.8% cells with the compromised cell membranes as compared to 37.5% cells in the control. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of the identified proteins of Bl 1821L was validated through gene expression in a Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis WB800N. KEY POINTS: • Gene encoding the 31.4 kDa antibacterial Linocin M18 protein was identified • It defined the autocidal activity of Linocin M18 (encapsulating) protein • Identified the possible killing mechanism of the encapsulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef K Babar
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand.
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - John G Hampton
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Mark R H Hurst
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Josefina Narciso
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Campbell R Sheen
- Protein Science and Engineering, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Koch
- Protein Science and Engineering, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Chmelyuk NS, Oda VV, Gabashvili AN, Abakumov MA. Encapsulins: Structure, Properties, and Biotechnological Applications. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:35-49. [PMID: 37068871 PMCID: PMC9937530 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In 1994 a new class of prokaryotic compartments was discovered, collectively called "encapsulins" or "nanocompartments". Encapsulin shell protomer proteins self-assemble to form icosahedral structures of various diameters (24-42 nm). Inside of nanocompartments shells, one or several cargo proteins, diverse in their functions, can be encapsulated. In addition, non-native cargo proteins can be loaded into nanocompartments, and shell surfaces can be modified via various compounds, which makes it possible to create targeted drug delivery systems, labels for optical and MRI imaging, and to use encapsulins as bioreactors. This review describes a number of strategies of encapsulins application in various fields of science, including biomedicine and nanobiotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly S Chmelyuk
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117977, Russia
| | - Vera V Oda
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Anna N Gabashvili
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 117977, Russia
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3
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Abstract
Subcellular compartmentalization is a defining feature of all cells. In prokaryotes, compartmentalization is generally achieved via protein-based strategies. The two main classes of microbial protein compartments are bacterial microcompartments and encapsulin nanocompartments. Encapsulins self-assemble into proteinaceous shells with diameters between 24 and 42 nm and are defined by the viral HK97-fold of their shell protein. Encapsulins have the ability to encapsulate dedicated cargo proteins, including ferritin-like proteins, peroxidases, and desulfurases. Encapsulation is mediated by targeting sequences present in all cargo proteins. Encapsulins are found in many bacterial and archaeal phyla and have been suggested to play roles in iron storage, stress resistance, sulfur metabolism, and natural product biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that they share a common ancestor with viral capsid proteins. Many pathogens encode encapsulins, and recent evidence suggests that they may contribute toward pathogenicity. The existing information on encapsulin structure, biochemistry, biological function, and biomedical relevance is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W. Giessen
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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4
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Almeida AV, Carvalho AJ, Pereira AS. Encapsulin nanocages: Protein encapsulation and iron sequestration. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Rodríguez JM, Allende-Ballestero C, Cornelissen JJLM, Castón JR. Nanotechnological Applications Based on Bacterial Encapsulins. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1467. [PMID: 34206092 PMCID: PMC8229669 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulins are proteinaceous nanocontainers, constructed by a single species of shell protein that self-assemble into 20-40 nm icosahedral particles. Encapsulins are structurally similar to the capsids of viruses of the HK97-like lineage, to which they are evolutionarily related. Nearly all these nanocontainers encase a single oligomeric protein that defines the physiological role of the complex, although a few encapsulate several activities within a single particle. Encapsulins are abundant in bacteria and archaea, in which they participate in regulation of oxidative stress, detoxification, and homeostasis of key chemical elements. These nanocontainers are physically robust, contain numerous pores that permit metabolite flux through the shell, and are very tolerant of genetic manipulation. There are natural mechanisms for efficient functionalization of the outer and inner shell surfaces, and for the in vivo and in vitro internalization of heterologous proteins. These characteristics render encapsulin an excellent platform for the development of biotechnological applications. Here we provide an overview of current knowledge of encapsulin systems, summarize the remarkable toolbox developed by researchers in this field, and discuss recent advances in the biomedical and bioengineering applications of encapsulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.); (C.A.-B.)
| | - Carolina Allende-Ballestero
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.); (C.A.-B.)
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - José R. Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.R.); (C.A.-B.)
- Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit CNB-CSIC-IMDEA, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Tang Y, Mu A, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Wang W, Lai Y, Zhou X, Liu F, Yang X, Gong H, Wang Q, Rao Z. Cryo-EM structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis DyP-loaded encapsulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025658118. [PMID: 33853951 PMCID: PMC8072242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025658118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulins containing dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP)-type peroxidases are ubiquitous among prokaryotes, protecting cells against oxidative stress. However, little is known about how they interact and function. Here, we have isolated a native cargo-packaging encapsulin from Mycobacterium smegmatis and determined its complete high-resolution structure by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). This encapsulin comprises an icosahedral shell and a dodecameric DyP cargo. The dodecameric DyP consists of two hexamers with a twofold axis of symmetry and stretches across the interior of the encapsulin. Our results reveal that the encapsulin shell plays a role in stabilizing the dodecameric DyP. Furthermore, we have proposed a potential mechanism for removing the hydrogen peroxide based on the structural features. Our study also suggests that the DyP is the primary cargo protein of mycobacterial encapsulins and is a potential target for antituberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300353 Tianjin, China
| | - An Mu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300353 Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuezheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300353 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengjiang Liu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Hongri Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300353 Tianjin, China;
| | - Quan Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China;
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300353 Tianjin, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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7
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Nichols RJ, LaFrance B, Phillips NR, Radford DR, Oltrogge LM, Valentin-Alvarado LE, Bischoff AJ, Nogales E, Savage DF. Discovery and characterization of a novel family of prokaryotic nanocompartments involved in sulfur metabolism. eLife 2021; 10:e59288. [PMID: 33821786 PMCID: PMC8049743 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic nanocompartments, also known as encapsulins, are a recently discovered proteinaceous organelle-like compartment in prokaryotes that compartmentalize cargo enzymes. While initial studies have begun to elucidate the structure and physiological roles of encapsulins, bioinformatic evidence suggests that a great diversity of encapsulin nanocompartments remains unexplored. Here, we describe a novel encapsulin in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. This nanocompartment is upregulated upon sulfate starvation and encapsulates a cysteine desulfurase enzyme via an N-terminal targeting sequence. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we have determined the structure of the nanocompartment complex to 2.2 Å resolution. Lastly, biochemical characterization of the complex demonstrated that the activity of the cysteine desulfurase is enhanced upon encapsulation. Taken together, our discovery, structural analysis, and enzymatic characterization of this prokaryotic nanocompartment provide a foundation for future studies seeking to understand the physiological role of this encapsulin in various bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Nichols
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Benjamin LaFrance
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Naiya R Phillips
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Devon R Radford
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Luke M Oltrogge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Luis E Valentin-Alvarado
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Amanda J Bischoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of California BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Eva Nogales
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-Imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyUnited States
| | - David F Savage
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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8
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Jones JA, Giessen TW. Advances in encapsulin nanocompartment biology and engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:491-505. [PMID: 32918485 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is an essential feature of all cells. It allows cells to segregate and coordinate physiological functions in a controlled and ordered manner. Different mechanisms of compartmentalization exist, with the most relevant to prokaryotes being encapsulation via self-assembling protein-based compartments. One widespread example of such is that of encapsulins-cage-like protein nanocompartments able to compartmentalize specific reactions, pathways, and processes in bacteria and archaea. While still relatively nascent bioengineering tools, encapsulins exhibit many promising characteristics, including a number of defined compartment sizes ranging from 24 to 42 nm, straightforward expression, the ability to self-assemble via the Hong Kong 97-like fold, marked physical robustness, and internal and external handles primed for rational genetic and molecular manipulation. Moreover, encapsulins allow for facile and specific encapsulation of native or heterologous cargo proteins via naturally or rationally fused targeting peptide sequences. Taken together, the attributes of encapsulins promise substantial customizability and broad usability. This review discusses recent advances in employing engineered encapsulins across various fields, from their use as bionanoreactors to targeted delivery systems and beyond. A special focus will be provided on the rational engineering of encapsulin systems and their potential promise as biomolecular research tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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9
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Gabashvili AN, Chmelyuk NS, Efremova MV, Malinovskaya JA, Semkina AS, Abakumov MA. Encapsulins-Bacterial Protein Nanocompartments: Structure, Properties, and Application. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060966. [PMID: 32604934 PMCID: PMC7355545 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new class of prokaryotic compartments, collectively called encapsulins or protein nanocompartments, has been discovered. The shell proteins of these structures self-organize to form icosahedral compartments with a diameter of 25-42 nm, while one or more cargo proteins with various functions can be encapsulated in the nanocompartment. Non-native cargo proteins can be loaded into nanocompartments and the surface of the shells can be further functionalized, which allows for developing targeted drug delivery systems or using encapsulins as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Since the genes encoding encapsulins can be integrated into the cell genome, encapsulins are attractive for investigation in various scientific fields, including biomedicine and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Gabashvili
- Laboratory “Biomedical Nanomaterials”, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninskiy Prospect, 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.G.); (N.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnoilogy, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova st, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nelly S. Chmelyuk
- Laboratory “Biomedical Nanomaterials”, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninskiy Prospect, 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.G.); (N.S.C.)
| | - Maria V. Efremova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging and Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Alevtina S. Semkina
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnoilogy, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova st, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maxim A. Abakumov
- Laboratory “Biomedical Nanomaterials”, National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninskiy Prospect, 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.G.); (N.S.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnoilogy, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova st, 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-903-586-4777
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10
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Sengupta U. Recent Laboratory Advances in Diagnostics and Monitoring Response to Treatment in Leprosy. Indian Dermatol Online J 2019; 10:106-114. [PMID: 30984583 PMCID: PMC6434766 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_260_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review briefly summarizes the highlights of the recent advances in Mycobacterium leprae-specific tests for early diagnosis of leprosy. In addition to establishing the diagnosis of clinical cases of leprosy, these tests have also been used to detect subclinical infections in endemic population. Several attempts have been made from 1980 onward for standardization of specific diagnostic assays for early detection of leprosy. Brief account about the development and use of these assays has been described in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sengupta
- Departemnt of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanley Browne Laboratory, TLM Community Hospital, Nand Nagri, New Delhi, India
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Ho PY, Chen YC, Maekawa S, Hu HH, Tsai AW, Chang YF, Wang PC, Chen SC. Efficacy of recombinant protein vaccines for protection against Nocardia seriolae infection in the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:35-41. [PMID: 29665404 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A reverse vaccinology-based survey of potent antigens associated with fish nocardiosis was conducted using the largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, with an aim to develop subunit vaccines. The antigens selected from the virulent strain Nocardia seriolae 961113 include the gene products of NGL2579 (GAPDH), NGL5701 (MMP), NGL4377 (OCTase), NGL4486 (ABC transporter), NGL3372 (LLE), NGL3388 (GHf10), NGL6627 (Antigen-85), NGL6696 (Esterase), and NGL6936 (CBP). These antigens were heterologously expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) for recombinant protein production. Then fish were vaccinated was these antigens, boosted at 2 weeks, and challenged with N. seriolae at 6 weeks after vaccination. The relative protection survival assay revealed high and significant protection efficacies of 94.45, 50.00, and 44.45 in fish that received the NGL3388 (GHf10), NGL6936 (CBP), and NGL3372 (LLE) vaccines, respectively. There were no apparent relationships or differences in tissue lesions among the administered vaccines. The serum titers against the bacterial preparations were higher for all vaccinated groups than for the control group at 4 weeks after immunization. However, no significant difference in serum titer was found at 6 weeks after immunization. The results of this study demonstrate that subunit vaccines against fish nocardiosis have differential effects, but are highly promising for nocardial prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Yueh Ho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yao-Chung Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shun Maekawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Hui Hu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - An-Wei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, 14853, New York, United States
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
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12
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Nichols RJ, Cassidy-Amstutz C, Chaijarasphong T, Savage DF. Encapsulins: molecular biology of the shell. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1337709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Nichols
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David F. Savage
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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An inducible expression system for high-level expression of recombinant proteins in slow growing mycobacteria. Plasmid 2015; 81:27-31. [PMID: 26021569 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel protein expression vector utilising the inducible hspX promoter of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was constructed and evaluated in this study. High-level induction of three mycobacterial antigens, comprising up to 9% of bacterial sonicate, was demonstrated in recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG when grown under low-oxygen tension, which serves to enhance hspX promoter activity. Recombinant proteins were efficiently purified from bacterial lysates in a soluble form by virtue of a C-terminal 6-histidine tag. Purification of the immunodominant M. tuberculosis Ag85B antigen using this system resulted in a recombinant protein that stimulated significant IFN-γ release from Ag85B-reactive T cells generated after vaccination of mice with an Ag85B-expressing vaccine. Further, the M. tuberculosis L-alanine dehydrogenase (Ald) protein purified from recombinant BCG displayed strong enzymatic activity in recombinant form. This study demonstrated that high levels of native-like recombinant mycobacterial proteins can be produced in mycobacterial hosts, and this may aid the analysis of mycobacterial protein function and the development of new treatments.
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14
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van Dissel D, Claessen D, van Wezel GP. Morphogenesis of Streptomyces in submerged cultures. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 89:1-45. [PMID: 25131399 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800259-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Streptomyces are mycelial bacteria that undergo a complex multicellular life cycle and propagate via sporulation. Streptomycetes are important industrial microorganisms, as they produce a plethora of medically relevant natural products, including the majority of clinically important antibiotics, as well as a wide range of enzymes with industrial application. While development of Streptomyces in surface-grown cultures is well studied, relatively little is known of the parameters that determine morphogenesis in submerged cultures. Here, growth is characterized by the formation of mycelial networks and pellets. From the perspective of industrial fermentations, such mycelial growth is unattractive, as it is associated with slow growth, heterogeneous cultures, and high viscosity. Here, we review the current insights into the genetic and environmental factors that determine mycelial growth and morphology in liquid-grown cultures. The genetic factors include cell-matrix proteins and extracellular polymers, morphoproteins with specific roles in liquid-culture morphogenesis, with the SsgA-like proteins as well-studied examples, and programmed cell death. Environmental factors refer in particular to those dictated by process engineering, such as growth media and reactor set-up. These insights are then integrated to provide perspectives as to how this knowledge can be applied to improve streptomycetes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino van Dissel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Johnston CD, Bannantine JP, Govender R, Endersen L, Pletzer D, Weingart H, Coffey A, O'Mahony J, Sleator RD. Enhanced expression of codon optimized Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in Lactobacillus salivarius. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:120. [PMID: 25237653 PMCID: PMC4154528 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that open reading frames containing high GC content show poor expression in A+T rich hosts. Specifically, G+C-rich codon usage is a limiting factor in heterologous expression of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) proteins using Lactobacillus salivarius. However, re-engineering opening reading frames through synonymous substitutions can offset codon bias and greatly enhance MAP protein production in this host. In this report, we demonstrate that codon-usage manipulation of MAP2121c can enhance the heterologous expression of the major membrane protein (MMP), analogous to the form in which it is produced natively by MAP bacilli. When heterologously over-expressed, antigenic determinants were preserved in synthetic MMP proteins as shown by monoclonal antibody mediated ELISA. Moreover, MMP is a membrane protein in MAP, which is also targeted to the cellular surface of recombinant L. salivarius at levels comparable to MAP. Additionally, we previously engineered MAP3733c (encoding MptD) and show herein that MptD displays the tendency to associate with the cytoplasmic membrane boundary under confocal microscopy and the intracellularly accumulated protein selectively adheres to the MptD-specific bacteriophage fMptD. This work demonstrates there is potential for L. salivarius as a viable antigen delivery vehicle for MAP, which may provide an effective mucosal vaccine against Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Bannantine
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rodney Govender
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Endersen
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Helge Weingart
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
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16
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Tsukamoto Y, Maeda Y, Makino M. Evaluation of major membrane protein-I as a serodiagnostic tool of pauci-bacillary leprosy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 80:62-5. [PMID: 25041703 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the serodiagnosis using major membrane protein-II (MMP-II) is quite efficient in diagnosing leprosy. However, the detection rate of pauci-bacillary (PB) leprosy patients is still low. In this study, we examined the usefulness of major membrane protein-I (MMP-I) from Mycobacterium leprae. The MMP-I-based serodiagnosis did not show significantly high detection rate. However, when the mixture of MMP-I and MMP-II antigens was used, we detected 94.4% of multi-bacillary leprosy and 39.7% of PB patients. There were little correlation between the titers of anti-MMP-I antibodies (Abs) and that of anti-MMP-II Abs in PB patients' sera. Ten out of 46 MMP-II-negative PB leprosy patients were MMP-I positive, so that the detection rate of PB leprosy patient increased from 39.7% to 53.8% by taking either test positive strategy. We concluded that MMP-I can complement the MMP-II-based serodiagnosis of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Tsukamoto
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, 189-0002, Japan.
| | - Yumi Maeda
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, 189-0002, Japan
| | - Masahiko Makino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba-cho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, 189-0002, Japan
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17
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Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Mycobacterium haemophilum infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 24:701-17. [PMID: 21976605 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00020-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium haemophilum is a slowly growing acid-fast bacillus (AFB) belonging to the group of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) frequently found in environmental habitats, which can colonize and occasionally infect humans and animals. Several findings suggest that water reservoirs are a likely source of M. haemophilum infections. M. haemophilum causes mainly ulcerating skin infections and arthritis in persons who are severely immunocompromised. Disseminated and pulmonary infections occasionally occur. The second at-risk group is otherwise healthy children, who typically develop cervical and perihilar lymphadenitis. A full diagnostic regimen for the optimal detection of M. haemophilum includes acid-fast staining, culturing at two temperatures with iron-supplemented media, and molecular detection. The most preferable molecular assay is a real-time PCR targeting an M. haemophilum-specific internal transcribed spacer (ITS), but another approach is the application of a generic PCR for a mycobacterium-specific fragment with subsequent sequencing to identify M. haemophilum. No standard treatment guidelines are available, but published literature agrees that immunocompromised patients should be treated with multiple antibiotics, tailored to the disease presentation and underlying degree of immune suppression. The outcome of M. haemophilum cervicofacial lymphadenitis in immunocompetent patients favors surgical intervention rather than antibiotic treatment.
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18
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Spencer JS, Kim HJ, Wheat WH, Chatterjee D, Balagon MV, Cellona RV, Tan EV, Gelber R, Saunderson P, Duthie MS, Reece ST, Burman W, Belknap R, Mac Kenzie WR, Geluk A, Oskam L, Dockrell HM, Brennan PJ. Analysis of antibody responses to Mycobacterium leprae phenolic glycolipid I, lipoarabinomannan, and recombinant proteins to define disease subtype-specific antigenic profiles in leprosy. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:260-7. [PMID: 21177913 PMCID: PMC3067349 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00472-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A simple serodiagnostic test based on the Mycobacterium leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid I(PGL-I), for individuals with leprosy is nearly universally positive in leprosy patients with high bacillary loads but cannot be used as a stand-alone diagnostic test for the entire spectrum of the disease process. For patients with early infection with no detectable acid-fast bacilli in lesions or with low or no antibody titer to PGL-I, as in those at the tuberculoid end of the disease spectrum, this diagnostic approach has limited usefulness. To identify additional M. leprae antigens that might enhance the serological detection of these individuals, we have examined the reactivity patterns of patient sera to PGL-I, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and six recombinant M. leprae proteins (ML1877, ML0841, ML2028, ML2038, ML0380, and ML0050) by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, the responses to ML2028 (Ag85B) and ML2038 (bacterioferritin) were consistently high in both multibacillary and paucibacillary groups and weak or absent in endemic controls, while responses to other antigens showed considerable variability, from strongly positive to completely negative. This analysis has given a clearer understanding of some of the differences in the antibody responses between individuals at opposite ends of the disease spectrum, as well as illustrating the heterogeneity of antibody responses toward protein, carbohydrate, and glycolipid antigens within a clinical group. Correlating these response patterns with a particular disease state could allow for a more critical assessment of the form of disease within the leprosy spectrum and could lead to better patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Spencer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Campus Delivery 1682, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
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19
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Leprosy: diagnostic and control challenges for a worldwide disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:269-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Saito N, Xu J, Hosaka T, Okamoto S, Aoki H, Bibb MJ, Ochi K. EshA accentuates ppGpp accumulation and is conditionally required for antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Bacteriol 2006; 188:4952-61. [PMID: 16788203 PMCID: PMC1483009 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00343-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of eshA, which encodes a 52-kDa protein that is produced late during the growth of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), resulted in elimination of actinorhodin production. In contrast, disruption of eshB, a close homologue of eshA, had no effect on antibiotic production. The eshA disruptant accumulated lower levels of ppGpp than the wild-type strain accumulated. The loss of actinorhodin production in the eshA disruptant was restored by expression of a truncated relA gene, which increased the ppGpp level to the level in the wild-type strain, indicating that the reduced ppGpp accumulation in the eshA mutant was solely responsible for the loss of antibiotic production. Antibiotic production was also restored in the eshA mutant by introducing mutations into rpoB (encoding the RNA polymerase beta subunit) that bypassed the requirement for ppGpp, which is consistent with a role for EshA in modulating ppGpp levels. EshA contains a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain that is essential for its role in triggering actinorhodin production. EshA may provide new insights and opportunities to unravel the molecular signaling events that occur during physiological differentiation in streptomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Saito
- National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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21
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Scollard DM, Adams LB, Gillis TP, Krahenbuhl JL, Truman RW, Williams DL. The continuing challenges of leprosy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:338-81. [PMID: 16614253 PMCID: PMC1471987 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.2.338-381.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is best understood as two conjoined diseases. The first is a chronic mycobacterial infection that elicits an extraordinary range of cellular immune responses in humans. The second is a peripheral neuropathy that is initiated by the infection and the accompanying immunological events. The infection is curable but not preventable, and leprosy remains a major global health problem, especially in the developing world, publicity to the contrary notwithstanding. Mycobacterium leprae remains noncultivable, and for over a century leprosy has presented major challenges in the fields of microbiology, pathology, immunology, and genetics; it continues to do so today. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of M. leprae and the host response to it, especially concerning molecular identification of M. leprae, knowledge of its genome, transcriptome, and proteome, its mechanisms of microbial resistance, and recognition of strains by variable-number tandem repeat analysis. Advances in experimental models include studies in gene knockout mice and the development of molecular techniques to explore the armadillo model. In clinical studies, notable progress has been made concerning the immunology and immunopathology of leprosy, the genetics of human resistance, mechanisms of nerve injury, and chemotherapy. In nearly all of these areas, however, leprosy remains poorly understood compared to other major bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Scollard
- Laboratory Research Branch, National Hansen's Disease Programs, LSU-SVM, Skip Bertman Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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22
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Fabozzi G, Ascenzi P, Renzi SD, Visca P. Truncated hemoglobin GlbO from Mycobacterium leprae alleviates nitric oxide toxicity. Microb Pathog 2006; 40:211-20. [PMID: 16524692 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of reductive genome evolution, the obligate intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae has minimized the repertoire of genes implicated in defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Genes for multiple hemoglobin types coexist in mycobacterial genomes, but M. leprae has retained only glbO, encoding a group-II truncated hemoglobin. Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlbO has been involved in oxygen transfer and respiration during hypoxia, but a role in protection from nitric oxide (NO) has not been documented yet. Here, we report that the in vitro reaction of oxygenated recombinant M. leprae GlbO with NO results in an immediate stoichiometric formation of nitrate, concomitant with heme-protein oxidation. Overexpression of GlbO alleviates the growth inhibition of Escherichia colihmp (flavohemoglobin gene) mutants in the presence of NO-donors, partly complementing the defect in Hmp synthesis. A promoter element upstream of glbO was predicted in silico, and confirmed by using a glbO::lacZ transcriptional fusion in the heterologous Mycobacterium smegmatis system. The glbO::lacZ fusion was expressed through the whole growth cycle of M. smegmatis, and moderately induced by NO. We propose that M. leprae, by retaining the unique truncated hemoglobin GlbO, may have coupled O2 delivery to the terminal oxidase with a defensive mechanism to scavenge NO from respiratory enzymes. These activities would help to sustain the obligate aerobic metabolism required for intracellular survival of leprosy bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fabozzi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, Via Portuense 292, I-00149 Rome, Italy
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23
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Aráoz R, Honoré N, Cho S, Kim JP, Cho SN, Monot M, Demangel C, Brennan PJ, Cole ST. Antigen discovery: a postgenomic approach to leprosy diagnosis. Infect Immun 2006; 74:175-82. [PMID: 16368971 PMCID: PMC1346601 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.175-182.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious, neurodegenerative disease of humans caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Despite effective control programs, the incidence of leprosy remains stubbornly high, suggesting that transmission may be more common than expected. The rationale of this work was to use bioinformatics and comparative genomics to identify potentially antigenic proteins for diagnostic purposes. This approach defined three classes of proteins: those restricted to M. leprae (class I), those present in M. leprae with orthologues in other organisms besides mycobacteria (class II), and exported or surface-exposed proteins (class III). Twelve genes (two class I, four class II, and six class III proteins) were cloned in Escherichia coli, and their protein products were purified. Six of these proteins were detected in cell extracts of M. leprae by immunoblotting. The immunogenicity of each recombinant protein was then investigated in leprosy patients by measuring the reactivity of circulating antibody and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses in T-cell restimulation assays. Several class II and class III proteins were recognized by circulating antibodies. Importantly, most class II proteins elicited IFN-gamma responses that were significantly stronger than those produced by previously identified antigens. Among them, two class II proteins, ML0308 and ML2498, showed marked humoral and cellular immunogenicity, therefore providing promising candidates for the diagnosis of both tuberculoid and lepromatous forms of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Aráoz
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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24
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Gorodezky C, Alaez C, Munguía A, Cruz R, Vazquez A, Camacho A, Flores O, Rodriguez M, Rodriguez O. Molecular mechanisms of MHC linked susceptibility in leprosy: towards the development of synthetic vaccines. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2004; 84:82-92. [PMID: 14670349 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculoid (TT) and lepromatous leprosy (LL) develop in the human host depending on his ability to trigger a specific cellular immune response(CIR). Different genes have been demonstrated in susceptibility/protection and may explain the forms of leprosy. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play an important role. The aim of the study was to explore the contribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 and DQ promoter genes in LL Mexican patients. Six families (26 LL, three TT patients and 27 controls) were analyzed; 114 unrelated patients were compared with 204 controls. Class I typing was done by the standard microlymphocytotoxicity and class II typing using PCR-SSOP. Haplotype segregation correlated with specific CIR in vivo and in vitro using lepromin. Haplotype sharing was significantly deviated in the affected sibs (p=0.01). Six healthy sibs were non-responders to lepromin and four of them were DQ1 homozgotes. DQ1 was significantly associated with LL and with non-responders. We set up macrophage activation experiments after infecting these cells with 5x10(6) bacilli to demonstrate if elimination occurred in the context or DQ1. When DQ1 was present on macrophages and on T cells, bacteria were poorly eliminated from the cell (32%) while when absent, 76% of the individuals were able to eliminate the bacilli (p=0.03). DRB1*1501 DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 (DQ1 subtype) was significantly increased in the patients, indicating its participation in susceptibility. QBP 5.11/5.12 promoter present in the mentioned haplotype, and QAP 1.4, linked to DRB1*1301/02 haplotypes were also associated. Two mechanisms are suggested: the promoter polymorphisms may influence allele expression and thus the amount of peptides presented to the T-cell receptor, leading to a deficient CIR: HLA restriction is important for vaccine design; the way peptides anchor the DRB1*1501 groove may be relevant to the activation of TH1 cells, which contribute to an efficient presentation of peptides inducing a protective T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gorodezky
- Department of Immunogenetics, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, InDRE, SSA, Carpio 470 1st Floor, Mexico, D.F. 11340, Mexico.
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25
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Bannantine JP, Huntley JFJ, Miltner E, Stabel JR, Bermudez LE. The Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 35 kDa protein plays a role in invasion of bovine epithelial cells. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:2061-2069. [PMID: 12904546 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) enters intestinal epithelial cells of cattle and other ruminants via a mechanism that remains to be fully elucidated. This study showed that a gene encoding the M. paratuberculosis 35 kDa major membrane protein (MMP) is expressed at a higher level in low-oxygen and high-osmolarity conditions that are similar to the environment of the intestine. In addition, cattle with Johne's disease produced antibodies against MMP, suggesting that the protein is present during infection. The gene encoding MMP was cloned and expressed as a fusion protein with the maltose-binding protein (MBP-MMP) in Escherichia coli. Rabbit antisera were raised against a M. paratuberculosis whole-cell sonicate and MMP-specific antibodies were purified from these sera by affinity chromatography. MMP was localized to the surface of M. paratuberculosis by immunoelectron microscopy and by immunoblot analysis of fractionated protein lysates. Both anti-MMP antibodies and MBP-MMP protein inhibited M. paratuberculosis invasion of cultured Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells by 30 %. In similar invasion experiments with M. paratuberculosis incubated in low oxygen tension, these antibodies and protein decreased invasion by 60 %. Collectively, these data show that the 35 kDa MMP is a surface exposed protein that plays a role in invasion of epithelial cells. The authors suggest that the MMP is a virulence factor of M. paratuberculosis that may be important in the initiation of infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 2300 North Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jason F J Huntley
- Iowa State University, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ames, IA, USA
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 2300 North Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miltner
- Oregon State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Judith R Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 2300 North Dayton Avenue, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Oregon State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Corvallis, OR, USA
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26
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Spratt JM, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Identification of strong promoter elements of Mycobacterium smegmatis and their utility for foreign gene expression in mycobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 224:139-42. [PMID: 12855181 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of elements driving high-level expression of foreign genes in mycobacteria would significantly aid characterization of mycobacterial antigens and recombinant vaccine development. Mycobacterium smegmatis is a widely employed host for recombinant mycobacterial gene expression. This report describes the identification of strong promoter elements of M. smegmatis. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was employed to isolate DNA fragments permitting high-level expression of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein within recombinant M. smegmatis. Ten postulated M. smegmatis promoters were identified which showed activity two to six times that of the strong beta-lactamase promoter of Mycobacterium fortuitum. The utility of one of these promoters for the over-expression of foreign genes in mycobacteria was demonstrated by the efficient purification of the Mycobacterium leprae 35-kDa antigen from recombinant M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Spratt
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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27
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Chua-Intra B, Wattanapokayakit S, Srisungngam S, Srisungngam T, Mahotarn K, Brennan PJ, Ivanyi J. T-cell recognition of peptides from the Mycobacterium leprae 35 kDa protein in Thai leprosy patients, healthy contacts, and non-contacts. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:71-6. [PMID: 12853165 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify Mycobacterium leprae-specific immunogenic peptides for the development of a skin test reagent. Such a reagent is required for the detection of M. leprae infection and possibly for the diagnosis of patients with active leprosy. For this purpose, we analyzed the in vitro responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) to peptides from the 35 kDa protein of M. leprae. This protein is of interest since it has no homologue within the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, although it has a homologue in Mycobacterium avium. The subjects enrolled in the study were paucibacillary (PB) and multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients, healthy contacts, and non-contacts. Seventy-three PB and 124 MB leprosy patients were recruited from four leprosy clinics in Thailand. Fifty-seven healthy contacts were household contacts. Twenty non-leprosy contacts had no family history of or exposure to leprosy. PBMCs from individuals were tested for stimulation with 12 overlapping peptides from the M. leprae 35 kDa protein using the lymphocyte proliferation assay. These peptides were located in four areas containing three to six residues which were distinct for the M. leprae product in comparison to that from M. avium. Four peptides (p60-76, p132-151, p206-224 and p267-286), which were the most permissive from each region and recognized by non-contacts with significantly lower frequencies than other subject groups, were identified. From this preliminary result, we conclude that these four peptides were likely to be M. leprae-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boosbun Chua-Intra
- Sasakawa Research Building, Raj-Pracha-Samasai Institute, Leprosy Division, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand.
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28
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Black GF, Weir RE, Chaguluka SD, Warndorff D, Crampin AC, Mwaungulu L, Sichali L, Floyd S, Bliss L, Jarman E, Donovan L, Andersen P, Britton W, Hewinson G, Huygen K, Paulsen J, Singh M, Prestidge R, Fine PEM, Dockrell HM. Gamma interferon responses induced by a panel of recombinant and purified mycobacterial antigens in healthy, non-mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated Malawian young adults. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:602-11. [PMID: 12853392 PMCID: PMC164276 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.4.602-611.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that young adults living in a rural area of northern Malawi showed greater gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses to purified protein derivatives (PPD) prepared from environmental mycobacteria than to PPD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to define the mycobacterial species to which individuals living in a rural African population have been exposed and sensitized, we tested T-cell recognition of recombinant and purified antigens from M. tuberculosis (38 kDa, MPT64, and ESAT-6), M. bovis (MPB70), M. bovis BCG (Ag85), and M. leprae (65 kDa, 35 kDa, and 18 kDa) in >600 non-M. bovis BCG-vaccinated young adults in the Karonga District of northern Malawi. IFN-gamma was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in day 6 supernatants of diluted whole-blood cultures. The recombinant M. leprae 35-kDa and 18-kDa and purified native M. bovis BCG Ag85 antigens induced the highest percentages of responders, though both leprosy and bovine tuberculosis are now rare in this population. The M. tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6 and MPT64 and the M. bovis antigen MPB70 induced the lowest percentages of responders. One of the subjects subsequently developed extrapulmonary tuberculosis; this individual had a 15-mm-diameter reaction to the Mantoux test and responded to M. tuberculosis PPD, Ag85, MPT64, and ESAT-6 but not to any of the leprosy antigens. We conclude that in this rural African population, exposure to M. tuberculosis or M. bovis is much less frequent than exposure to environmental mycobacteria such as M. avium, which have antigens homologous to the M. leprae 35-kDa and 18-kDa antigens. M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 showed the strongest association with the size of the Mantoux skin test induration, suggesting that among the three M. tuberculosis antigens tested it provided the best indication of exposure to, or infection with, M. tuberculosis.
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Saito N, Matsubara K, Watanabe M, Kato F, Ochi K. Genetic and biochemical characterization of EshA, a protein that forms large multimers and affects developmental processes in Streptomyces griseus. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:5902-11. [PMID: 12488450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 52-kDa protein, EshA, whose expression is controlled developmentally, is produced during the late growth phase of Streptomyces spp. We found that disruption of the eshA gene, which encodes the EshA protein, abolishes the aerial mycelium formation and streptomycin production in Streptomyces griseus when grown on an agar plate. The eshA disruptant KO-390 demonstrated a reduced amount of expression of the transcriptional activator strR, thus accounting for the failure to produce streptomycin. KO-390 was found to accumulate deoxynucleoside triphosphates at high levels, including dGTP, at late growth phase. The accumulation of dGTP was a cause for the impaired ability of KO-390 to produce aerial mycelium, because the ability to form aerial mycelium was completely repaired by addition of decoyinine, an inhibitor of GMP synthetase. The accumulation of dNTP in KO-390 coincided with a reduced rate of DNA synthesis. The developmental time frame of these phenomena in KO-390 matched a burst of EshA expression in the wild-type strain. In contrast to S. griseus, the eshA disruption did not affect the ability for Streptomyces coelicolor to form aerial mycelium and did not result in the aberrant accumulation of dNTP accompanied by arrest of DNA synthesis, implying qualitative differences in addition to quantitative differences between the two EshA proteins. We propose that the S. griseus EshA protein somehow positively affects (or regulates) the replication of DNA in wild-type cells at late growth phase but leads to aberrant phenotypes in mutant cells due to the disturbed DNA replication. The EshA protein was found to exist as a multimer ( approximately 20-mers) creating a cubic-like structure with a diameter of 27 nm and located predominantly in cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Saito
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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30
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Singh M, Siddiqui MZ, Singh RP. Intra-Species Mice Hybridomas Against a Recombinant Protein ofMycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2002.9706389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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31
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Ohyama H, Matsushita S, Nishimura F, Kato N, Hatano K, Takashiba S, Murayama Y. T cell responses to major membrane protein II (MMP II) of Mycobacterium leprae are restricted by HLA-DR molecules in patients with leprosy. Vaccine 2001; 20:475-82. [PMID: 11672912 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Major membrane protein II (MMP II) of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is a 22kDa protein inducing humoral immune response in leprosy patients. MMP II-specific bulk T cell lines were established from leprosy patients to determine major T cell epitopes in MMP II and to evaluate lymphokine production induced by MMP II. These bulk T cell lines reacted to one or more peptides in the locus of amino acid residues from 23 to 109 of MMP II. The proliferative responses of all T cell lines were mainly inhibited by the addition of anti-DRB1 mAb. Many bulk T cell lines induced IFN-gamma, IL-5, but not IL-4. However, it was not possible to distinguish the LL or TT types of leprosy based on the pattern of T cell epitopes and the lymphokine productivity in the responses against MMP II. Thus, it appears that T cell response to MMP II is restricted by the HLA-DRB1 molecule, but not by DQ and DP molecules, which results in the induction of IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohyama
- Department of Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayam 700-8525, Japan
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32
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Kawamoto S, Watanabe M, Saito N, Hesketh A, Vachalova K, Matsubara K, Ochi K. Molecular and functional analyses of the gene (eshA) encoding the 52-kilodalton protein of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) required for antibiotic production. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:6009-16. [PMID: 11567001 PMCID: PMC99680 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.20.6009-6016.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of proteins recovered in the S100 precipitate fraction of Streptomyces griseus after ultracentrifugation led to the identification of a 52-kDa protein which is produced during the late growth phase. The gene (eshA) which codes for this protein was cloned from S. griseus, and then its homologue was cloned from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The protein was deduced to be 471 amino acids in length. The protein EshA is characterized by a central region that shows homology to the eukaryotic-type cyclic nucleotide-binding domains. Significant homology was also found to MMPI in Mycobacterium leprae, a major antigenic protein to humans. The eshA gene mapped near the chromosome end and was not essential for viability, as demonstrated by gene disruption experiments, but its disruption resulted in the abolishment of an antibiotic (actinorhodin but not undecylprodigiosin) production. Aerial mycelium was produced as abundantly as by the parent strain. Expression analysis of the EshA protein by Western blotting revealed that EshA is present only in late-growth-phase cells. The eshA gene was transcribed just preceding intracellular accumulation of the EshA protein, as determined by S1 nuclease protection, indicating that EshA expression is regulated at the transcription level. The expression of EshA was unaffected by introduction of the relA mutation, which blocks ppGpp synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kawamoto
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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33
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Kwak J, McCue LA, Trczianka K, Kendrick KE. Identification and characterization of a developmentally regulated protein, EshA, required for sporogenic hyphal branches in Streptomyces griseus. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:3004-15. [PMID: 11325927 PMCID: PMC95199 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.10.3004-3015.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify sporulation-specific proteins that might serve as targets of developmental regulatory factors in Streptomyces, we examined total proteins of Streptomyces griseus by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Among five proteins that were present at high levels during sporulation but absent from vegetative cells, two of the proteins, P3 and P4, were absent from developmental mutants that undergo aberrant morphogenesis. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene that encodes P3 (EshA) showed extensive similarity to proteins from mycobacteria and a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus, that are abundant during nutritional stress but whose functions are unknown. Uniquely among these proteins, EshA contains a cyclic nucleotide-binding domain, suggesting that the activity of EshA may be modulated by a cyclic nucleotide. The eshA gene was strongly expressed from a single transcription start site only during sporulation, and accumulation of the eshA transcript depended on a developmental gene, bldA. During submerged sporulation, a null mutant strain that produced no EshA could not extend sporogenic hyphae from new branch points but instead accelerated septation and spore maturation at the preexisting vegetative filaments. These results indicated that EshA is required for the growth of sporogenic hyphae and localization of septation and spore maturation but not for spore viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwak
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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34
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Banasure KD, Basagoudanavar SH, Chaudhury P, Tiwari V, Parihar NS, Goswami PP. Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a 35-kDa protein from Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001; 196:195-9. [PMID: 11267779 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis in ruminants. A gene homologous to that of 35-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium leprae was cloned and sequenced from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The database searches revealed 82.79% and 95.67% similarities of its nucleotide sequence, with those of immunodominant 35-kDa protein of M. leprae and M. avium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Banasure
- National Biotechnology Centre, Indian Research Institute, Izannagar, India
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35
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Martin E, Roche PW, Triccas JA, Britton WJ. DNA encoding a single mycobacterial antigen protects against leprosy infection. Vaccine 2001; 19:1391-6. [PMID: 11163661 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The continuing incidence of leprosy infection around the world and the inability of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to protect certain populations clearly indicates that an improved vaccine against leprosy is needed. The immuno dominant 35 kDa protein, shared by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium avium, but not Mycobacterium tuberculosis or BCG, is recognised by >90% of leprosy patients, making it an ideal candidate antigen for a subunit vaccine. Immunization of outbred Swiss Albino mice with a DNA-35 vaccine stimulated specific T cell activation and IFN-gamma production. DNA-35 immunization induced significant levels of protection against M. leprae footpad infection, comparable to that produced by BCG. Therefore, DNA immunization with the 35 kDa antigen is effective against M. leprae infection and genetic immunization with a combination of antigens holds the potential for an improved vaccine against leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag No. 6, NSW 2042, Newtown, Australia
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36
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Martin E, Kamath AT, Triccas JA, Britton WJ. Protection against virulent Mycobacterium avium infection following DNA vaccination with the 35-kilodalton antigen is accompanied by induction of gamma interferon-secreting CD4(+) T cells. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3090-6. [PMID: 10816448 PMCID: PMC97536 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3090-3096.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium is an opportunistic pathogen that primarily infects immunocompromised individuals, although the frequency of M. avium infection is also increasing in the immunocompetent population. The antigen repertoire of M. avium varies from that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with the immunodominant 35-kDa protein being present in M. avium and Mycobacterium leprae but not in members of the M. tuberculosis complex. Here we show that a DNA vector encoding this M. avium 35-kDa antigen (DNA-35) induces protective immunity against virulent M. avium infection, and this protective effect persists over 14 weeks of infection. In C57BL/6 mice, DNA vaccines expressing the 35-kDa protein as a cytoplasmic or secreted protein, both induced strong T-cell gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and humoral immune responses. Furthermore, the antibody response was to conformational determinants, confirming that the vector-encoded protein had adopted the native conformation. DNA-35 immunization resulted in an increased activated/memory CD4(+) T-cell response, with an accumulation of CD4(+) CD44(hi) CD45RB(lo) T cells and an increase in antigen-specific IFN-gamma production. The protective effect of the DNA-35 vectors against M. avium infection was comparable to that of vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and significantly greater than that for previous treated infection with M. avium. These results illustrate the importance of the 35-kDa protein in the protective response to M. avium infection and indicate that DNA vaccination successfully promotes a sustained level of protection during chronic M. avium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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37
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Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA, Jurcevic S, Hills A, Sinha S, Sengupta U, Lockwood DN, Katoch K, Altman D, Ivanyi J. Specificity and function of immunogenic peptides from the 35-kilodalton protein of Mycobacterium leprae. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1501-4. [PMID: 10024600 PMCID: PMC96486 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.3.1501-1504.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a T-cell determinant of the 35-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium leprae which is discriminatory against cross-sensitization by its closely related homologue in Mycobacterium avium. From synthetic peptides covering the entire sequence, those with the highest affinity and permissive binding to purified HLA-DR molecules were evaluated for the stimulation of proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from leprosy patients and healthy sensitized controls. Responses to the peptide pair 206-224, differing by four residues between M. leprae and M. avium, involved both species-specific and cross-reactive T cells. Lymph node cell proliferation in HLA-DRB1*01 transgenic mice was reciprocally species specific, but only the response to the M. leprae peptide in the context of DR1 was immunodominant. Of the cytokines in human PBMC cultures, gamma interferon production was negligible, while interleukin 10 (IL-10) responses in both patients and controls were more pronounced. IL-10 was most frequently induced by the shared 241-255 peptide, indicating that environmental cross-sensitization may skew the response toward a potentially pathogenic cytokine phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wilkinson
- MRC Clinical Sciences Center, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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38
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Triccas JA, Parish T, Britton WJ, Gicquel B. An inducible expression system permitting the efficient purification of a recombinant antigen from Mycobacterium smegmatis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 167:151-6. [PMID: 9809415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel expression vector utilising the highly inducible acetamidase promoter of Mycobacterium smegmatis was constructed. High-level induction of a model antigen, the Mycobacterium leprae 35 kDa protein, was demonstrated in recombinant M. smegmatis grown in the presence of the acetamidase inducer acetamide. The recombinant protein could be simply and efficiently purified from the bacterial sonicate by virtue of a C-terminal 6-histidine tag, demonstrating that this purification strategy can be used for the mycobacteria. The histidine tag had no apparent effect on the protein conformation or immunogenicity, suggesting that the vector described may prove useful for the purification of native-like recombinant mycobacterial proteins from fast-growing mycobacterial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Triccas
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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39
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Triccas JA, Roche PW, Britton WJ. Specific serological diagnosis of leprosy with a recombinant Mycobacterium leprae protein purified from a rapidly growing mycobacterial host. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:2363-5. [PMID: 9666025 PMCID: PMC105051 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.8.2363-2365.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we demonstrate the utility of an monoclonal antibody inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Mycobacterium leprae 35-kDa protein, purified from the rapidly growing host Mycobacterium smegmatis, for the serodiagnosis of multibacillary leprosy. The assay proved highly specific (97.5%) and sensitive (90%) and compared favorably with two other established methods routinely utilized for leprosy serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Triccas
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
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40
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Triccas JA, Winter N, Roche PW, Gilpin A, Kendrick KE, Britton WJ. Molecular and immunological analyses of the Mycobacterium avium homolog of the immunodominant Mycobacterium leprae 35-kilodalton protein. Infect Immun 1998; 66:2684-90. [PMID: 9596734 PMCID: PMC108256 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2684-2690.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of host immunity to mycobacteria and the development of discriminatory diagnostic reagents relies on the characterization of conserved and species-specific mycobacterial antigens. In this report, we have characterized the Mycobacterium avium homolog of the highly immunogenic M. leprae 35-kDa protein. The genes encoding these two proteins were well conserved, having 82% DNA identity and 90% identity at the amino acid level. Moreover both proteins, purified from the fast-growing host M. smegmatis, formed multimeric complexes of around 1000 kDa in size and were antigenically related as assessed through their recognition by antibodies and T cells from M. leprae-infected individuals. The 35-kDa protein exhibited significant sequence identity with proteins from Streptomyces griseus and the cyanobacterium Synechoccocus sp. strain PCC 7942 that are up-regulated under conditions of nutrient deprivation. The 67% amino acid identity between the M. avium 35-kDa protein and SrpI of Synechoccocus was spread across the sequences of both proteins, while the homologous regions of the 35-kDa protein and the P3 sporulation protein of S. griseus were interrupted in the P3 protein by a divergent central region. Assessment by PCR demonstrated that the gene encoding the M. avium 35-kDa protein was present in all 30 M. avium clinical isolates tested but absent from M. intracellulare, M. tuberculosis, or M. bovis BCG. Mice infected with M. avium, but not M. bovis BCG, developed specific immunoglobulin G antibodies to the 35-kDa protein, consistent with the observation that tuberculosis patients do not recognize the antigen. Strong delayed-type hypersensitivity was elicited by the protein in guinea pigs sensitized with M. avium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Triccas
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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41
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Marques MA, Chitale S, Brennan PJ, Pessolani MC. Mapping and identification of the major cell wall-associated components of Mycobacterium leprae. Infect Immun 1998; 66:2625-31. [PMID: 9596726 PMCID: PMC108248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.6.2625-2631.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/1997] [Accepted: 03/31/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can be derived only from host tissue and thus affords the opportunity to study in vivo-expressed products responsible for the particular pathogenesis of leprosy. Despite considerable progress in the characterization of the proteins and secondary gene products of M. leprae, there is little information on the nature of the proteins associated with the cell envelope. M. leprae has been fractionated into its major subcellular components, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and soluble cytosol. A number of biochemical markers, including diaminopimelic acid content, monosaccharide composition, mycolic acid, and glycolipid distribution, were applied to their characterization, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to map the component proteins. A total of 391 major proteins spots were resolved, and 8 proteins were identified based on their reactivity to a panel of monoclonal antibodies and/or relative pI size. Microsequencing of six protein spots present in the cell wall fraction allowed identification of new proteins, including the protein elongation factor EF-Tu and a homolog for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis MtrA response regulator. These results, together with previous studies, contribute to the progressive knowledge of the composition of the in vivo-expressed proteins of M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Marques
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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42
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Sutcliffe IC. Macroamphiphilic cell envelope components of Rhodococcus equi and closely related bacteria. Vet Microbiol 1997; 56:287-99. [PMID: 9226843 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(97)00097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress towards an understanding of the architecture of the mycobacterial cell envelope (P.J. Brennan and H. Nikaido, Annual Review of Biochemistry 64 (1995) 29-63) provides a model with features more generally applicable to cell envelope organisation in other mycolic acid-containing bacteria. Using this archetype, a model for the organisation of the rhodococcal cell envelope is presented here, with particular reference to cell envelope composition in Rhodococcus equi. The likelihood that mycolic acids bound to the cell wall arabinogalactan contribute to the formation of a distinct outer lipid layer is emphasised. Furthermore, the model incorporates recent work which has characterised rhodococcal macroamphiphiles (lipoglycans and lipoproteins), including the VapA virulence-associated lipoproteins of R. equi.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Sutcliffe
- School of Health Sciences, University of Sunderland, UK.
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43
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Stevenson K, Sharp JM. The contribution of molecular biology to Mycobacterium avium subspecies Paratuberculosis research. Vet J 1997; 153:269-86. [PMID: 9232117 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(97)80062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biology has contributed to our knowledge and understanding of the structure of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and has been particularly useful in determining those components that elicit immune responses in the host or discriminate M. avium paratuberculosis from other closely related environmental mycobacteria. As such, it has made a significant impact in the field of diagnosis, and has been instrumental in the development of specific and sensitive diagnostic tests. The next decade will see exciting new developments in paratuberculosis research as a consequence of substantial advances made in the construction of gene transfer systems in mycobacteria. These will provide opportunities for applying new strategies to determine the genetic basis for pathogenesis and the mechanisms of drug resistance and will offer new prospects for the rational design of efficient vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stevenson
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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44
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Triccas JA, Roche PW, Winter N, Feng CG, Butlin CR, Britton WJ. A 35-kilodalton protein is a major target of the human immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Infect Immun 1996; 64:5171-7. [PMID: 8945562 PMCID: PMC174504 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.12.5171-5177.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of leprosy will be facilitated by the identification of major Mycobacterium leprae-specific antigens which mirror the immune response to the organism across the leprosy spectrum. We have investigated the host response to a 35-kDa protein of M. leprae. Recombinant 35-kDa protein purified from Mycobacterium smegmatis resembled the native antigen in the formation of multimeric complexes and binding by monoclonal antibodies and sera from leprosy patients. These properties were not shared by two forms of 35-kDa protein purified from Escherichia coli. The M. smegmatis-derived 35-kDa protein stimulated a gamma interferon-secreting T-cell proliferative response in the majority of paucibacillary leprosy patients and healthy contacts of leprosy patients tested. Cellular responses to the protein in patients with multibacillary leprosy were weak or absent, consistent with hyporesponsiveness to M. leprae characteristic of this form of the disease. Almost all leprosy patients and contacts recognized the 35-kDa protein by either a T-cell proliferative or an immunoglobulin G antibody response, whereas few tuberculosis patients recognized the antigen. This specificity was confirmed in guinea pigs, with the 35-kDa protein eliciting strong delayed-type hypersensitivity in M. leprae-sensitized animals but not in those sensitized with Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Therefore, the M. leprae 35-kDa protein appears to be a major and relatively specific target of the human immune response to M. leprae and is a potential component of a diagnostic test to detect exposure to leprosy or a vaccine to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Triccas
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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45
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Basu J, Mahapatra S, Kundu M, Mukhopadhyay S, Nguyen-Distèche M, Dubois P, Joris B, Van Beeumen J, Cole ST, Chakrabarti P, Ghuysen JM. Identification and overexpression in Escherichia coli of a Mycobacterium leprae gene, pon1, encoding a high-molecular-mass class A penicillin-binding protein, PBP1. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1707-11. [PMID: 8626300 PMCID: PMC177857 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.6.1707-1711.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmid B577, a member of the collection of ordered clones corresponding to the genome of Mycobacterium leprae, contains a gene, provisionally called pon1, that encodes an 821-amino-acid-residue high-molecular-mass class A penicillin-binding protein, provisionally called PBP1. With similar amino acid sequences and modular designs, M. leprae PBP1 is related to Escherichia coli PBP1a and PBP1b, bienzymatic proteins with transglycosylase and transpeptidase activities. When produced in E. coli, His tag-labelled derivatives of M. leprae PBP1 adopt the correct membrane topology, with the bulk of the polypeptide chain on the surface of the plasma membrane. They defy attempts at solubilization with all the detergents tested except cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The solubilized PBP1 derivatives can be purified by affinity chromatography on Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose. They have low affinities for the usual penicillins and cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Calcutta, India
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