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Lorant V, Klein M, Garçon D, Sotin T, Frey S, Cheminant MA, Ayer A, Croyal M, Flet L, Rimbert A, Colas L, Cariou B, Bouchaud G, Le May C. PCSK9 inhibition protects mice from food allergy. Transl Res 2024:S1931-5244(24)00048-3. [PMID: 38471633 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin of type 9 (PCSK9) has been identified in 2003 as the third gene involved in familial hypercholesterolemia. PCSK9 binds to the membrane low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and promotes its cellular internalization and lysosomal degradation. Beyond this canonical role, PCSK9 was recently described to be involved in several immune responses. However, to date, the contribution of PCSK9 in food allergy remains unknown. Here, we showed that Pcsk9 deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of circulating PCSK9 with a specific monoclonal antibody (m-Ab) protected mice against symptoms of gliadin-induced-food allergy, such as increased intestinal transit time and ear oedema. Furthermore, specific PCSK9 inhibition during the elicitation steps of allergic process was sufficient to ensure anti-allergic effects in mice. Interestingly, the protective effect of PCSK9 inhibition against food allergy symptoms was independent of the LDLR as PCSK9 inhibitors remained effective in Ldlr deficient mice. In vitro, we showed that recombinant gain of function PCSK9 (PCSK9 D374Y) increased the percentage of mature bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), promoted naïve T cell proliferation and potentiated the gliadin induced basophils degranulation. Altogether, our data demonstrate that PCSK9 inhibition is protective against gliadin induced food allergy in a LDLR-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lorant
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Martin Klein
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Damien Garçon
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Thibaud Sotin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Samuel Frey
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Marie-Aude Cheminant
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Audrey Ayer
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France; CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Flet
- Department of Pharmacy, CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | - Luc Colas
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes F-44000, France; CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Plateforme transversale d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique, clinique dermatologique, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France
| | | | - Cédric Le May
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 8 quai Moncousu, BP70721, Nantes 44000, France.
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Riemenschneider H, Simonetti F, Sheth U, Katona E, Roth S, Hutten S, Farny D, Michaelsen M, Nuscher B, Schmidt MK, Flatley A, Schepers A, Gruijs da Silva LA, Zhou Q, Klopstock T, Liesz A, Arzberger T, Herms J, Feederle R, Gendron TF, Dormann D, Edbauer D. Targeting the glycine-rich domain of TDP-43 with antibodies prevents its aggregation in vitro and reduces neurofilament levels in vivo. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:112. [PMID: 37434215 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic aggregation and concomitant nuclear clearance of the RNA-binding protein TDP-43 are found in ~ 90% of cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and ~ 45% of patients living with frontotemporal lobar degeneration, but no disease-modifying therapy is available. Antibody therapy targeting other aggregating proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders has shown beneficial effects in animal models and clinical trials. The most effective epitopes for safe antibody therapy targeting TDP-43 are unknown. Here, we identified safe and effective epitopes in TDP-43 for active and potential future passive immunotherapy. We prescreened 15 peptide antigens covering all regions of TDP-43 to identify the most immunogenic epitopes and to raise novel monoclonal antibodies in wild-type mice. Most peptides induced a considerable antibody response and no antigen triggered obvious side effects. Thus, we immunized mice with rapidly progressing TDP-43 proteinopathy ("rNLS8" model) with the nine most immunogenic peptides in five pools prior to TDP-43ΔNLS transgene induction. Strikingly, combined administration of two N-terminal peptides induced genetic background-specific sudden lethality in several mice and was therefore discontinued. Despite a strong antibody response, no TDP-43 peptide prevented the rapid body weight loss or reduced phospho-TDP-43 levels as well as the profound astrogliosis and microgliosis in rNLS8 mice. However, immunization with a C-terminal peptide containing the disease-associated phospho-serines 409/410 significantly lowered serum neurofilament light chain levels, indicative of reduced neuroaxonal damage. Transcriptomic profiling showed a pronounced neuroinflammatory signature (IL-1β, TNF-α, NfκB) in rNLS8 mice and suggested modest benefits of immunization targeting the glycine-rich region. Several novel monoclonal antibodies targeting the glycine-rich domain potently reduced phase separation and aggregation of TDP-43 in vitro and prevented cellular uptake of preformed aggregates. Our unbiased screen suggests that targeting the RRM2 domain and the C-terminal region of TDP-43 by active or passive immunization may be beneficial in TDP-43 proteinopathies by inhibiting cardinal processes of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrick Riemenschneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Simonetti
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Udit Sheth
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Eszter Katona
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Roth
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia Hutten
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Farny
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Meike Michaelsen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael K Schmidt
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lara A Gruijs da Silva
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Qihui Zhou
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Friedrich Baur Institute at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Ziemssenstr. 1a, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dorothee Dormann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität (JGU), Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Tian X, Fan R, He H, Cui Q, Liang X, Liu Q, Liu T, Lin K, Zhang Z, Yi H, Gong P, Zhang L. Bifidobacterium animalis KV9 and Lactobacillus vaginalis FN3 alleviated β-lactoglobulin-induced allergy by modulating dendritic cells in mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:992605. [PMID: 36238281 PMCID: PMC9552907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.992605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a serious public health problem because of its high incidence and risk. Probiotics can induce immune regulation in patients with allergic diseases, but its mechanism is not fully clear. In this paper, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG)-sensitized mice were used as models to explore the mechanism of Bifidobacterium animalis KV9 (KV9) and Lactobacillus vaginalis FN3 (FN3) on reducing allergic reactions and regulating immune cell function. The results showed that oral administration of KV9 and FN3 significantly reduced the scores of allergic symptoms, hypothermia symptoms, and serum levels of β-LG-specific immunoglobulins E (β-LG-sIgE), histamine, and mast cell protease in allergic mice. Flow cytometry analysis of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) showed that the proportion of CD11c+major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II+DCs, CD11c+CD80+DCs, and CD11c+ CD86+DCs increased after KV9 and FN3 intervention, indicating that the strains induced immature DCs and decreased the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs. Meanwhile, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in DCs. The secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) was significantly increased, while interleukin-4 (IL-4) was decreased by DCs after KV9 and FN3 intervention, indicating that DCs have the potential to promote T-cell differentiation into T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Furthermore, the proportion of CD3+CD8−IFN-γ+ T cells in the spleen increased, while CD3+CD8−IL-4+T cells decreased after oral administration of KV9 and FN3, correcting the T helper type 2 (Th2)-skewed immune responses. These results indicate that KV9 and FN3 reduce β-LG-induced allergic symptoms in mice, and suggest that the two potential probiotics might be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for mitigating food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongbo Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong He
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyu Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kai Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Piming Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Lanwei Zhang, ; Piming Gong,
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Lanwei Zhang, ; Piming Gong,
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Gertie JA, Zhang B, Liu EG, Hoyt LR, Yin X, Xu L, Long LL, Soldatenko A, Gowthaman U, Williams A, Eisenbarth SC. Oral anaphylaxis to peanut in a mouse model is associated with gut permeability but not with Tlr4 or Dock8 mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:262-274. [PMID: 34051223 PMCID: PMC8626534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of food allergy is poorly understood; mouse models are powerful systems to discover immunologic pathways driving allergic disease. C3H/HeJ mice are a widely used model for the study of peanut allergy because, unlike C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice, they are highly susceptible to oral anaphylaxis. However, the immunologic mechanism of this strain's susceptibility is not known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the unique susceptibility to anaphylaxis in C3H/HeJ mice. We tested the role of deleterious Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) or dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (Dock8) mutations in this strain because both genes have been associated with food allergy. METHODS We generated C3H/HeJ mice with corrected Dock8 or Tlr4 alleles and sensitized and challenged them with peanut. We then characterized the antibody response to sensitization, anaphylaxis response to both oral and systemic peanut challenge, gut microbiome, and biomarkers of gut permeability. RESULTS In contrast to C3H/HeJ mice, C57BL/6 mice were resistant to anaphylaxis after oral peanut challenge; however, both strains undergo anaphylaxis with intraperitoneal challenge. Restoring Tlr4 or Dock8 function in C3H/HeJ mice did not protect from anaphylaxis. Instead, we discovered enhanced gut permeability resulting in ingested allergens in the bloodstream in C3H/HeJ mice compared to C57BL/6 mice, which correlated with an increased number of goblet cells in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS Our work highlights the potential importance of gut permeability in driving anaphylaxis to ingested food allergens; it also indicates that genetic loci outside of Tlr4 and Dock8 are responsible for the oral anaphylactic susceptibility of C3H/HeJ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A Gertie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Biyan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Singapore
| | - Elise G Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Laura R Hoyt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Lan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Lauren L Long
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Conn
| | - Arielle Soldatenko
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Uthaman Gowthaman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Conn; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Conn.
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn; Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.
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Smith NA, Germundson DL, Gao P, Hur J, Floden AM, Nagamoto-Combs K. Anxiety-like behavior and intestinal microbiota changes as strain-and sex-dependent sequelae of mild food allergy in mouse models of cow's milk allergy. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:122-141. [PMID: 33705867 PMCID: PMC8525516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have reported comorbidity of food allergies with various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism. However, inconsistent results across clinical studies have left the association between food allergy and behavioral disorders inconclusive. We postulated that the heterogeneities in genetic background among allergic cohorts affect symptom presentation and severity of food allergy, introducing bias in patient selection criteria toward individuals with overt physical reactions. To understand the influence of genetic background on food allergy symptoms and behavioral changes beyond anaphylaxis, we generated mouse models with mild cow's milk allergy by sensitizing male and female C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice to a bovine whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (BLG; Bos d 5). We compared strain- and sex-dependent differences in their immediate physical reactions to BLG challenge as well as anxiety-like behavior one day after the challenge. While reactions to the allergen challenge were either absent or mild for all groups, a greater number of BLG-sensitized BALB/cJ mice presented visible symptoms and hypothermia compared to C57BL/6J mice. Interestingly, male mice of both strains displayed anxiety-like behavior on an elevated zero maze without exhibiting cognitive impairment with the cross maze test. Further characterization of plasma cytokines/chemokines and fecal microbiota also differentiated strain- and sex-dependent effects of BLG sensitization on immune-mediator levels and bacterial populations, respectively. These results demonstrated that the genetic variables in mouse models of milk allergy influenced immediate physical reactions to the allergen, manifestation of anxiety-like behavior, levels of immune responses, and population shift in gut microbiota. Thus, stratification of allergic cohorts by their symptom presentations and severity may strengthen the link between food allergy and behavioral disorders and identify a population(s) with specific genetic background that have increased susceptibility to allergy-associated behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Danielle L Germundson
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Angela M Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
| | - Kumi Nagamoto-Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
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Abstract
Human milk contains a wide range of immunomodulatory factors, including immunoglobulins, human milk oligosaccharides, cytokines, microbiome, innate factors and food antigens. Maternal diet can influence the content of human milk as it is well-established that dietary antigens can be secreted in human milk after maternal consumption, but whether these dietary antigens promote tolerance or sensitization in the infant is a subject of debate. This review summarizes the current literature on these immunologically active factors in human milk, including the microbiome, innate factors, and maternal diet-derived dietary antigens in the context of development of allergic diseases, with the focus on food allergy.
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Benedé S, Berin MC. Applications of Mouse Models to the Study of Food Allergy. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:1-17. [PMID: 33226583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of allergic disease offer numerous advantages when compared to the models of other animals. However, selection of appropriate mouse models is critical to advance the field of food allergy by revealing mechanisms of allergy and for testing novel therapeutic approaches. All current mouse models for food allergy have weaknesses that may limit their applicability to human disease. Aspects such as the genetic predisposition to allergy or tolerance from the strain of mouse used, allergen dose, route of exposure (oral, intranasal, intraperitoneal, or epicutaneous), damage of the epithelial barrier, use of adjuvants, food matrix effects, or composition of the microbiota should be considered prior to the selection of a specific murine model and contemplated according to the intended purpose of the study. This chapter reviews our current knowledge on the application of mouse models to food allergy research and the variables that may influence the successful development of each type of model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Dolence JJ. Induction of Peanut Allergy Through Inhalation of Peanut in Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:19-35. [PMID: 33226584 PMCID: PMC10497096 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Peanut (PN) allergy is a common life-threatening disease; however, our knowledge on the immunological mechanisms remains limited. Here, we describe the first mouse model of inhalation-driven peanut allergy. We administered PN flour intranasally to naïve wild-type mice twice a week for 4 weeks, followed by intraperitoneal challenge with PN extract. Exposure of mice to PN flour sensitized them without addition of adjuvants, and mice developed PN-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a. After challenge, mice displayed lower body temperature and other clinical signs of anaphylaxis. This inhalation model is an ideal system to allow for future examination of immunological mechanisms critical for the development of PN allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Dolence
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, USA.
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Smith NA, Nagamoto-Combs K. Induction of Hypersensitivity with Purified Beta-Lactoglobulin as a Mouse Model of Cow's Milk Allergy. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:67-78. [PMID: 33226587 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy is one of the most prevalent food allergies in both children and adults. As dairy products are common dietary ingredients and the prevalence of chronic conditions is on the rise, milk allergy is a growing public health concern. To elucidate underlying mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies, reliable animal models are essential research tools. Sensitization to a milk protein is the principal procedure for establishing animal models of cow's milk allergy. However, the methods of sensitization vary from laboratory to laboratory, using different milk proteins with different amounts, routes, and durations of allergen exposure during sensitization of varying sex and strains of mice, likely resulting in diverse immunological and physical responses. Furthermore, the sources and potential impurities of milk protein may also produce variable responses. Thus, standardization of sensitization protocol is important, particularly when results are compared across studies. Here, we describe a method to generate a mouse model of cow's milk allergy using purified β-lactoglobulin as the milk allergen with cholera toxin as an adjuvant in a 5-week oral sensitization protocol.
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Adel-Patient K, Guinot M, Guillon B, Bernard H, Chikhi A, Hazebrouck S, Junot C. Administration of Extensive Hydrolysates From Caseins and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Probiotic Does Not Prevent Cow's Milk Proteins Allergy in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1700. [PMID: 33042105 PMCID: PMC7516991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early nutrition may influence the development of food allergies later in life. In the absence of breastfeeding, hydrolysates from cow’s milk proteins (CMP) were indicated as a prevention strategy in at risk infants, but their proof of effectiveness in clinical and pre-clinical studies is still insufficient. Thanks to a validated mouse model, we then assessed specific and nonspecific preventive effects of administration of extensive hydrolysates from caseins (eHC) on the development of food allergy to CMP. The additional nonspecific effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG (LGG), commonly used in infant formula, was also assessed. Methods Groups of young BALB/cByJ female mice were pretreated by repeated gavage either with PBS (control mice), or with PBS solution containing non-hydrolyzed milk protein isolate (MPI), eHC or eHC+LGG (eq. of 10 mg of protein/gavage). All mice were then experimentally sensitized to CMP by gavage with whole CM mixed with the Th2 mucosal adjuvant Cholera toxin. All mice were further chronically exposed to cow’s milk. A group of mice was kept naïve. Sensitization to both caseins and to the non-related whey protein β-lactoglobulin (BLG) was evaluated by measuring specific antibodies in plasma and specific ex vivo Th2/Th1/Th17 cytokine secretion. Elicitation of the allergic reaction was assessed by measuring mMCP1 in plasma obtained after oral food challenge (OFC) with CMP. Th/Treg cell frequencies in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry at the end of the protocol. Robust statistical procedure combining non-supervised and supervised multivariate analyses and univariate analyses, was conducted to reveal any effect of the pretreatments. Results PBS pretreated mice were efficiently sensitized and demonstrated elicitation of allergic reaction after OFC, whereas mice pretreated with MPI were durably protected from allergy to CMP. eHC+/-LGG pretreatments had no protective effect on sensitization to casein (specific) or BLG (non-specific), nor on CMP-induced allergic reactions. Surprisingly, eHC+LGG mice demonstrated significantly enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses after sensitization with CMP. Only some subtle changes were evidenced by flow cytometry. Conclusion Neither specific nor nonspecific preventive effects of administration of casein-derived peptides on the development of CMP food allergy were evidenced in our experimental setup. Further studies should be conducted to delineate the mechanisms involved in the immunostimulatory potential of LGG and to clarify its significance in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Adel-Patient
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marine Guinot
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Blanche Guillon
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hervé Bernard
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amina Chikhi
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition et de Sécurité Alimentaire, Université d'Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria
| | - Stéphane Hazebrouck
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Huang J, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang C, Xie M, Qian Y, Fu L. Application of in vitro and in vivo models in the study of food allergy. Food Science and Human Wellness 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Roth-Walter F, Schmutz R, Mothes-Luksch N, Lemell P, Zieglmayer P, Zieglmayer R, Jensen-Jarolim E. Clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy is associated with restoration of steady-state serum lipocalin 2 after SLIT: a pilot study. World Allergy Organ J 2018; 11:21. [PMID: 30323863 PMCID: PMC6166283 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-018-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background So far, only a few biomarkers in allergen immunotherapy exist that are associated with a clinical benefit. We thus investigated in a pilot study whether innate molecules such as the molecule lipocalin-2 (LCN2), with implications in immune tolerance demonstrated in other fields, may discriminate A) between allergic and non-allergic individuals, and B) between patients clinically responding or non-responding to sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT) with house dust mite (HDM) extract. Moreover, we assessed haematological changes potentially correlating with allergic symptoms. Methods LCN2-concentrations were assessed in sera of healthy and allergic subjects (n = 126) as well as of house dust mite (HDM) allergics before and during HDM- sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for 24 weeks. Sera pre-SLIT (week 0), post-SLIT (week 24) and 9 months after SLIT were assessed for LCN2 levels and correlated with total nasal symptom scores (TNSS) obtained during chamber challenge at week 24 in patients receiving HDM- (n = 31) or placebo-SLIT (n = 10). Results Allergic individuals had significantly (p < 0.0001) lower LCN2-levels than healthy controls. HDM-allergic patients who received HDM-SLIT showed a significant increase in LCN2 9 months after termination of HDM-SLIT (p < 0.001), whereas in subjects receiving placebo no increase in LCN2 was observed. Among blood parameters a lower absolute rise in the lymphocyte population (p < 0.05) negatively correlated with symptom improvement (Pearson r 0.3395), and a lower relative increase in the neutrophils were associated with improvement in TNSS (p < 0.05). LCN2 levels 9 months after immunotherapy showed a low positive correlation with the relative improvement of symptoms (Pearson r 0.3293). LCN2-levels 9 months off-SLIT were significantly higher in patients whose symptoms improved during chamber challenge than in those whose symptoms aggravated (p < 0.01). Conclusion Serum LCN2 concentrations 9 months off-SLIT correlated with clinical reactivity in allergic patients. An increase in the LCN2 levels 9 months after HDM-SLIT was associated with a clinical benefit. Serum LCN2 may thus contribute to assess clinical reactivity in allergic patients. Trial registration Part of the data were generated from clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT01644617.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Roth-Walter
- 1Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Biomedical International R+D GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- 1Comparative Medicine, The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Biomedical International R+D GmbH, Vienna, Austria.,AllergyCare, Allergy Diagnosis and Study Center, Vienna, Austria.,5Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergy and asthma are growing problems in the developed world. The accelerated increase of these diseases may be related to microbiome modification that leads to aberrant activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Current research supports the concept that changes in microbial communities in early life impact TLR activation, resulting in an altered risk for the development of asthma and allergies. RECENT FINDINGS Prenatal and early childhood events that generate microbiome modification are closely related with TLR activation. Early childhood exposure to a rich array of TLR agonists, particularly lipopolysaccharide, strongly predicts protection against allergic disease later in life even when other lifestyle factors are accounted for. Genetic deletion of TLR signaling components in mice results in reduced function of tolerogenic cell populations in the gut. In contrast, weak TLR signaling can promote allergic sensitization later in life. This review summarizes the role of TLR signaling in microbiome-mediated protection against allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Michels
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Francis A, Bosio E, Stone SF, Fatovich DM, Arendts G, MacDonald SPJ, Burrows S, Brown SGA. Markers Involved in Innate Immunity and Neutrophil Activation are Elevated during Acute Human Anaphylaxis: Validation of a Microarray Study. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:63-73. [PMID: 30189430 DOI: 10.1159/000492301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously identified the upregulation of the innate immune response, neutrophil activation, and apoptosis during anaphylaxis using a microarray approach. This study aimed to validate the differential gene expression and investigate protein concentrations of "hub genes" and upstream regulators during anaphylaxis. METHODS Samples were collected from patients with anaphylaxis on their arrival at the emergency department, and after 1 and 3 h. mRNA levels of 11 genes (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-10, oncostatin M [OSM], S100A8, S100A9, matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP9], FASL, toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4], MYD88, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 [TREM1], and cluster of differentiation 64 [CD64]) were measured in peripheral blood leucocytes using qPCR. Serum protein concentrations were measured by ELISA or cytometric bead array for 6 of these candidates. RESULTS Of 69 anaphylaxis patients enrolled, 36 (52%) had severe reactions, and 38 (55%) were female. Increases in both mRNA and protein of IL-10, S100A9, MMP9, and TREM1 were observed. OSM, S100A8, TLR4, and CD64 were upregulated and IL-6 protein concentrations were increased during anaphylaxis. Both FASL and soluble Fas ligand decreased during anaphylaxis. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence for the involvement of innate immune pathways and myeloid cells during human anaphylaxis, validating previous microarray findings. Elevated S100A8, S100A9, TLR4, and TREM1 expression, and increased S100A9 and soluble TREM1 protein concentrations strongly suggest that neutrophils are activated during acute anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbie Francis
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, .,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington,
| | - Erika Bosio
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Shelley F Stone
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Daniel M Fatovich
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Glenn Arendts
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Washington, Australia
| | - Stephen P J MacDonald
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Armadale-Kelmscott Memorial Hospital, Mount Nasura, Washington, Australia
| | - Sally Burrows
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia
| | - Simon G A Brown
- Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Division of Emergency Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia.,Emergency Department, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Matsubara T, Iwamoto H, Nakazato Y, Okamoto T, Ehara T, Izumi H, Takeda Y. Ingestion of partially hydrolyzed whey protein suppresses epicutaneous sensitization to β-lactoglobulin in mice. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29518286 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epicutaneous sensitization to food allergens can occur through defective skin barriers. However, the relationship between oral tolerance and epicutaneous sensitization remains to be elucidated. We aimed to determine whether prior oral exposure to whey proteins or their hydrolysates prevents epicutaneous sensitization and subsequent food-allergic reaction to the whey protein, β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), and investigated the underlying mechanisms. METHODS BALB/c mice were given whey protein concentrate (WPC), two kinds of partial whey protein hydrolysate (PWH1 or PWH2), or extensive whey protein hydrolysate (EWH) in drinking water for 21 days. The mice were then epicutaneously sensitized with β-LG on tape-stripped skin. Sensitization was assessed by basophil activation tests and by measuring the level of serum β-LG-specific antibodies and cytokines secreted from β-LG-restimulated spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells. Development of an allergic reaction was assessed by monitoring body temperature and by measuring mast cell protease-1 level in plasma after the β-LG oral challenge. Activated T-cell population among β-LG-restimulated MLN cells was also analyzed. RESULTS In mice fed with WPC, PWH1, or PWH2, sensitization and the development of an allergic reaction were totally reduced. The acceleration of cytokine release from the spleen and MLN cells or T-cell activation was not evident after β-LG restimulation. In EWH-fed mice, a suppressive effect, though milder than that in WPC-, PWH1-, or PWH2-fed mice, was observed during the development of the allergic reaction. CONCLUSIONS Prior oral exposure to partially hydrolyzed whey protein prevents epicutaneous sensitization and subsequent allergic response to β-LG in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsubara
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwamoto
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakazato
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okamoto
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ehara
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Izumi
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeda
- Wellness & Nutrition Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
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Ellenbogen Y, Jiménez-Saiz R, Spill P, Chu DK, Waserman S, Jordana M. The Initiation of Th2 Immunity Towards Food Allergens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1447. [PMID: 29757238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with Th1 immune responses against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the incipient events that generate Th2 responses remain less understood. One difficulty in the identification of universal operating principles stems from the diversity of entities against which cellular and molecular Th2 responses are produced. Such responses are launched against harmful macroscopic parasites and noxious substances, such as venoms, but also against largely innocuous allergens. This suggests that the established understanding about sense and recognition applied to Th1 responses may not be translatable to Th2 responses. This review will discuss processes and signals known to occur in Th2 responses, particularly in the context of food allergy. We propose that perturbations of homeostasis at barrier sites induced by external or internal subverters, which can activate or lower the threshold activation of the immune system, are the major requirement for allergic sensitization. Innate signals produced in the tissue under these conditions equip dendritic cells with a program that forms an adaptive Th2 response.
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Lavin R, DiBenedetto N, Yeliseyev V, Delaney M, Bry L. Gnotobiotic and Conventional Mouse Systems to Support Microbiota Based Studies. Curr Protoc Immunol 2018; 121:e48. [PMID: 30008984 PMCID: PMC6040836 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are essential to dissect host-microbiota interactions that impact health and the development of disease. In addition to providing pre-clinical models for the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostic biomarkers, mouse systems actively support microbiome studies by defining microbial contributions to normal development and homeostasis, and as well as their role in promoting diseases such as inflammatory auto-immune diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndromes, and susceptibilities to infectious agents. Mice provide a genetically tenable host that can be reared under gnotobiotic (germfree) conditions, allowing colonization studies with human or mouse-origin defined or complex microbial communities to define specific in vivo effects. The protocols and background information detail key aspects to consider in designing host-microbiome experiments with mouse models, and to develop robust systems that leverage gnotobiotic mice, microbial consortia, and specific environmental perturbations to identify causal effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lavin
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nicholas DiBenedetto
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Vladimir Yeliseyev
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mary Delaney
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lynn Bry
- Massachusetts Host-Microbiome Center, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
- Center for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics, Dept. Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
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Zhu Q, Li F, Wang J, Ma J, Sheng X. Upregulation of calprotectin in mild IgE-mediated ovalbumin hypersensitivity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37342-37354. [PMID: 28454097 PMCID: PMC5514913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, also known as S100A8/A9, has been linked to gut inflammation caused by IgE-mediated food hypersensitivities, but the pathophysiologic abnormalities it causes remain to be determined. We created a mild food hypersensitivity model through oral gavage of ovalbumin in Norway brown rats without using immune adjuvant. Changes in the levels of calprotectin and inflammation-associated cytokines were then observed over time. We found that fecal calprotectin as well as jejunal and liver TLR4, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 were upregulated in hypersensitive rats. Additionally, the influence of calprotectin on CD4+ T and dendritic cells was observed by co-culturing CD4+ T cells with dendritic cells, which revealed a shift toward increased Th2 T cells in calprotectin-treated cultures. These results suggest that calprotectin, along with other inflammatory factors, promotes the inflammation seen in mild food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingqiu Ma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Food can trigger a diverse array of symptoms in food allergic individuals from isolated local symptoms affecting skin or gut to multi-system severe reactions (systemic anaphylaxis). Although we know that gastrointestinal and systemic manifestations of food allergy are mediated by tissue mast cells (MCs), it is not clear why allergen exposure by the oral route can result in such distinct clinical manifestations. Our aim was to assess the contribution of mast cell subsets to different manifestations of food allergy. We used two common models of IgE-mediated food allergy, one resulting in systemic anaphylaxis and the other resulting in acute gastrointestinal symptoms, to study the immune basis of allergic reactions. We used responders and non-responders in each model system, as well as naïve controls to identify the association of mast cell activation with clinical reactivity rather than sensitization. Systemic anaphylaxis was uniquely associated with activation of connective tissue mast cells (identified by release of mouse mast cell protease (MMCP) -7 into the serum) and release of histamine, while activation of mucosal mast cells (identified by release of MMCP-1 in the serum) did not correlate with symptoms. Gastrointestinal manifestations of food allergy were associated with an increase of MMCP-1-expressing mast cells in the intestine, and evidence of both mucosal and connective tissue mast cell activation. The data presented in this paper demonstrates that mast cell heterogeneity is an important contributor to manifestations of food allergy, and identifies the connective tissue mast cell subset as key in the development of severe systemic anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - M. Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fields CT, Chassaing B, Castillo-Ruiz A, Osan R, Gewirtz AT, de Vries GJ. Effects of gut-derived endotoxin on anxiety-like and repetitive behaviors in male and female mice. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:7. [PMID: 29351816 PMCID: PMC5775597 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis is observed in several neuropsychiatric disorders exhibiting increases in anxiety behavior, and recent work suggests links between gut inflammation and such disorders. One source of this inflammation may be lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxic component of gram-negative bacteria. Here, we (1) determine whether oral gavage of LPS, as a model of gut-derived endotoxemia, affects anxiety-like and/or repetitive behaviors; (2) test whether these changes depend on TLR4 signaling; and (3) test the extent to which gut-derived endotoxin and TLR4 antagonism affects males and females differently. METHODS In experiment 1, male wild-type (WT) and Tlr4-/- mice were tested for locomotor, anxiety-like, and repetitive behaviors in an automated open field test apparatus, 2 h after oral gavage of LPS or saline. In experiment 2, male and female WT mice received an oral gavage of LPS and an injection of one or two TLR4 antagonists that target different TLR4 signaling pathways ((+)-naloxone and LPS derived from R. sphaeroides (LPS-RS)). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify effects of treatment, sex, and genotype and their interaction. RESULTS In experiment 1, oral gavage of LPS increased anxiety-like behavior in male WT mice but not in Tlr4-/- mice. In experiment 2, oral gavage of LPS increased anxiety-like and decreased repetitive behaviors in WT mice of both sexes. Neither antagonist directly blocked the effects of orally administered LPS. However, treatment with (+)-naloxone, which blocks the TRIF pathway of TLR4, had opposing behavioral effects in males and females (independent of LPS treatment). We also identified sex differences in the expression of interleukin-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in the gut both in basal conditions and in response to LPS. CONCLUSION In spite of the ubiquitous nature of LPS in the gut lumen, this is the first study to demonstrate that intestinally derived LPS can initiate behavioral aspects of the sickness response. While an increased enteric load of LPS increases anxiety-like behavior in both sexes, it likely does so via sex-specific mechanisms. Similarly, TLR4 signaling may promote baseline expression of repetitive behavior differently in males and females. This study lays the groundwork for future interrogations into connections between gut-derived endotoxin and behavioral pathology in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | | | - Remus Osan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Andrew T. Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Geert J. de Vries
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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Dolence JJ, Kobayashi T, Iijima K, Krempski J, Drake LY, Dent AL, Kita H. Airway exposure initiates peanut allergy by involving the IL-1 pathway and T follicular helper cells in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:1144-1158.e8. [PMID: 29247716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is currently known regarding the immunologic mechanism(s) that initiate peanut allergy. Notably, peanut proteins have been detected in house dust, and their levels correlate with peanut allergy prevalence. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a new mouse model for peanut allergy and to investigate the immunologic mechanisms involved in peanut allergen sensitization. METHODS To mimic environmental exposure, naive mice were exposed to peanut flour by inhalation for up to 4 weeks. We then analyzed serum levels of IgE antibody and challenged mice with peanut proteins. Immunological mechanisms involved in sensitization were analyzed using cytokine reporter mice, an adoptive cell transfer model, and gene knockout mice. RESULTS When exposed to peanut flour by inhalation, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice developed peanut allergy, as demonstrated by the presence of peanut-specific IgE antibodies and manifestation of acute anaphylaxis on challenge. A large number of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were also detected in draining lymph nodes of allergic mice. These cells produced IL-4 and IL-21, and they more robustly promoted peanut-specific IgE production than Th2 cells did. Genetic depletion of Tfh cells decreased IgE antibody levels and protected mice from anaphylaxis, without affecting Th2 cells. Furthermore, peanut flour exposure increased lung levels of IL-1α and IL-1β, and mice deficient in the receptor for these cytokines showed a significant decrease in Tfh cells compared with in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Tfh cells play a key role in peanut allergy, and the IL-1 pathway is involved in the Tfh response to peanut allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Dolence
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - Takao Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - James Krempski
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn; Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minn
| | - Li Y Drake
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn.
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Kyburz A, Urban S, Altobelli A, Floess S, Huehn J, Cover TL, Müller A. Helicobacter pylori and its secreted immunomodulator VacA protect against anaphylaxis in experimental models of food allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1331-1341. [PMID: 28802077 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is an increasingly common health problem in Western populations. Epidemiological studies have suggested both positive and negative associations between food allergy and infection with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to investigate whether experimental infection with H. pylori, or prophylactic treatment with H. pylori-derived immunomodulatory molecules, affects the onset and severity of food allergy, either positively or negatively. METHODS We infected neonatal C57BL/6 or C3H mice with H. pylori or treated animals with H. pylori components (bacterial lysate or the immunomodulator VacA) and subsequently subjected them to four different protocols for food allergy induction, using either ovalbumin or peanut extract as allergens for sensitization and challenge. Readouts included anaphylaxis scoring, quantification of allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG1 and of the mast cell protease MCPT1, as well as splenic T-helper-2 cell-derived cytokine production. Mesenteric lymph node CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were subjected to flow cytometric quantification and sorting followed by qRT-PCR, and to DNA methylation analyses of the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR) within the FOXP3 locus. RESULTS Mice that had been infected with H. pylori or treated with H. pylori-derived immunomodulators showed reduced anaphylaxis upon allergen sensitization and challenge, irrespective of the allergen used. Most of the immunologic assays confirmed a protective effect of H. pylori. CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells were more abundant in protected mice and exhibited a stable Treg phenotype characterized by FOXP3 TSDR demethylation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Helicobacter pylori confers protection against the anaphylaxis associated with ovalbumin and peanut allergy and affects the epigenome of T cells, thereby promoting stable Treg differentiation and functionality. Prophylactic treatment with H. pylori-derived immunomodulators appears to be a promising strategy for food allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kyburz
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Altobelli
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Floess
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - T L Cover
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Marco-Martín G, La Rotta Hernández A, Vázquez de la Torre M, Higaki Y, Zubeldia JM, Baeza ML. Differences in the Anaphylactic Response between C3H/HeOuJ and BALB/c Mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 173:204-212. [DOI: 10.1159/000478983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Smith PK, Masilamani M, Li X, Sampson HA. The false alarm hypothesis: Food allergy is associated with high dietary advanced glycation end-products and proglycating dietary sugars that mimic alarmins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:429-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rodriguez MJ, Aranda A, Fernandez TD, Cubells-Baeza N, Torres MJ, Gomez F, Palomares F, Perkins JR, Rojo J, Diaz-Perales A, Mayorga C. LPS promotes Th2 dependent sensitisation leading to anaphylaxis in a Pru p 3 mouse model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40449. [PMID: 28084419 DOI: 10.1038/srep40449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pru p 3 is the major peach allergen in the Mediterranean area. It frequently elicits severe reactions, limiting its study in humans, raising the need for animal models to investigate the immunological mechanisms involved. However, no anaphylaxis model exists for Pru p 3. We aimed to develop a model of peach anaphylaxis by sensitising mice with Pru p 3 in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an adjuvant. Four groups of mice were sensitised intranasally: untreated; treated with Pru p 3; treated with LPS; treated with Pru p 3 + LPS. After sensitisation mice were intraperitoneally challenged with Pru p 3 and in vivo and in vitro parameters were evaluated. Only mice in the Pru p 3 + LPS group showed anaphylaxis symptoms, including a decrease in temperature. Determination of in vitro parameters showed a Th2 response with an increase of Pru p 3-specific IgE and IgG1. Moreover, at the cellular level, we found increased levels of IgE and IgG1 secreting Pru p 3-specific cells and a proliferative CD4+ T-cell response. These results demonstrate that Pru p 3-specific anaphylaxis can be generated after nasal sensitisation to Pru p 3 in combination with LPS. This is a promising model for evaluating food allergy immunotherapies.
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Bøgh KL, van Bilsen J, Głogowski R, López-Expósito I, Bouchaud G, Blanchard C, Bodinier M, Smit J, Pieters R, Bastiaan-Net S, de Wit N, Untersmayr E, Adel-Patient K, Knippels L, Epstein MM, Noti M, Nygaard UC, Kimber I, Verhoeckx K, O'Mahony L. Current challenges facing the assessment of the allergenic capacity of food allergens in animal models. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:21. [PMID: 27313841 PMCID: PMC4910256 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health problem of increasing concern. The insufficiency of protein sources for human nutrition in a world with a growing population is also a significant problem. The introduction of new protein sources into the diet, such as newly developed innovative foods or foods produced using new technologies and production processes, insects, algae, duckweed, or agricultural products from third countries, creates the opportunity for development of new food allergies, and this in turn has driven the need to develop test methods capable of characterizing the allergenic potential of novel food proteins. There is no doubt that robust and reliable animal models for the identification and characterization of food allergens would be valuable tools for safety assessment. However, although various animal models have been proposed for this purpose, to date, none have been formally validated as predictive and none are currently suitable to test the allergenic potential of new foods. Here, the design of various animal models are reviewed, including among others considerations of species and strain, diet, route of administration, dose and formulation of the test protein, relevant controls and endpoints measured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iván López-Expósito
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute for Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Wit
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- UMR-INRA-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leon Knippels
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Epstein
- Experimental Allergy Laboratory, DIAID, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Noti
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
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Crespo-Lessmann A, Mateus E, Vidal S, Ramos-Barbón D, Torrejón M, Giner J, Soto L, Juárez C, Plaza V. Expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in subjects with asthma by total serum IgE level. Respir Res 2016; 17:41. [PMID: 27084682 PMCID: PMC4833957 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data suggest that innate immunity may play a role in asthma, particularly the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Some studies pointed to an involvement of TLRs 2 and 4 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and other studies related TLRs to IgE. However, there are not any studies that have comprehensively evaluated the expression of TLRs 2 and 4 in inflammatory cells, in peripheral blood and induced sputum specimens from asthmatic patients, according to their total serum IgE. METHODS We studied 44 asthmatic patients (15 with high total serum IgE and 29 with normal total serum IgE). On a single visit, all patients underwent: induced sputum, pulmonary function tests, determination of exhaled nitric oxide fraction, venipuncture for blood analysis and skin prick allergy tests. The induced sputum cellularity was analyzed by flow cytometry, where expression of TLRs 2 and 4 was studied using fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Asthmatic patients with high total serum IgE showed, a higher percentage of macrophages expressing TLR4 (42.99 % ± 22.49) versus asthmatic patients with normal total serum IgE (28.84 % ± 15.16) (P = 0.048). Furthermore, we observed a correlation (but weak) between the percentage of macrophages expressing TLR4 in induced sputum and the total serum IgE level (R = 0.314; P = 0.040). CONCLUSION Asthmatic subjects with high total serum IgE show increased macrophage expression of TLR4 in induced sputum. This outcome may result from a link between innate immunity and IgE-mediated, adaptive immune responses in asthma, and point to TLR4 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Crespo-Lessmann
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eder Mateus
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Barbón
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Torrejón
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Giner
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Soto
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cándido Juárez
- Immunology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Respiratory Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau & Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Pablos-Tanarro A, López-Expósito I, Lozano-Ojalvo D, López-Fandiño R, Molina E. Antibody Production, Anaphylactic Signs, and T-Cell Responses Induced by Oral Sensitization With Ovalbumin in BALB/c and C3H/HeOuJ Mice. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2016; 8:239-45. [PMID: 26922934 PMCID: PMC4773212 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Two mouse strains, BALB/c and C3H/HeOuJ, broadly used in the field of food allergy, were compared for the evaluation of the allergenic potential of ovalbumin (OVA). Methods Sensitization was made by administering 2 different OVA doses (1 and 5 mg), with cholera toxin as Th2-polarizing adjuvant. Antibody levels, severity of anaphylaxis, and Th1 and Th2 responses induced by the allergen were assessed. In addition, because the mice selected had functional toll-like receptor 4, the influence of contamination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the immunostimulating capacity of OVA on spleen cells was also evaluated. Results Both strains exhibited similar susceptibility to OVA sensitization. The 2 protein doses generated similar OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels in both strains, whereas C3H/HeOuJ mice produced significantly more IgG2a. Oral challenge provoked more severe manifestations in C3H/HeOuJ mice as indicated by the drop in body temperature and the severity of the anaphylactic scores. Stimulation of splenocytes with OVA led to significantly higher levels of Th2 and Th1 cytokines in BALB/c, and these were less affected by protein contamination with LPS. Conclusions The antibody and cytokine levels induced by OVA in BALB/c mice and the observation that BALB/c spleen cell cultures were more resistant than those of C3H/HeOuJ mice to the stimulus of LPS make this strain prone to exhibit Th2-mediated food allergic reactions and very adequate for the study of the features of OVA that make it allergenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pablos-Tanarro
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan López-Expósito
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain.
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Liu T, Navarro S, Lopata AL. Current advances of murine models for food allergy. Mol Immunol 2016; 70:104-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sack BK, Wang X, Sherman A, Rogers GL, Markusic DM. Immune responses to human factor IX in haemophilia B mice of different genetic backgrounds are distinct and modified by TLR4. Haemophilia 2014; 21:133-9. [PMID: 25417755 PMCID: PMC4309508 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory develops protocols to prevent or reverse ongoing anti-hFIX IgG inhibitors in haemophilia B mice with a F9 gene deletion on BALB/c and C3H/HeJ backgrounds. C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice develop high titre anti-hFIX IgG1 inhibitors and anaphylaxis, whereas most BALB/c F9−/Y mice have mild anti-hFIX IgG1 inhibitors and no anaphylaxis. Our aim was to determine if hFIX-specific B- and T-cell responses in BALB/c and C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice trigger the difference in anti-hFIX immune responses. BALB/c and C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice were challenged weekly with recombinant hFIX protein. Humoral immune responses were determined by IgG1 and IgG2a anti-hFIX ELISA, Bethesda assay for inhibitors and B-cell ELISpot on bone marrow and spleen cells. T-cell studies measured the TH1 (IFN-γ) and TH2 (IL-4) cytokine responses in splenocytes at the mRNA and protein level in response to hFIX protein. Antibody responses were also measured in C3H/HeJ/OuJ F9−/Y mice with restored toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) function. BALB/c F9−/Y mice have a TH2 skewed response and a reduction in anti-hFIX secreting plasma cells in the bone marrow. Independent antigen challenge revealed both strains generated equivalent IgG1 antibody titres to an intravenously delivered antigen. C3H/HeJ F9−/Y mice have a mixed TH1 and TH2 response (mainly TH2). Importantly, TLR4 signalling has a modulatory role in the C3H background on the levels of anti-hFIX IgG1 and incidence of anaphylaxis. The background strain strongly impacts the immune response to hFIX, which can be significantly impacted by mutations in innate immune sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Sack
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Oyoshi MK, Oettgen HC, Chatila TA, Geha RS, Bryce PJ. Food allergy: Insights into etiology, prevention, and treatment provided by murine models. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:309-17. [PMID: 24636470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a rapidly growing public health concern because of its increasing prevalence and life-threatening potential. Animal models of food allergy have emerged as a tool for identifying mechanisms involved in the development of sensitization to normally harmless food allergens, as well as delineating the critical immune components of the effector phase of allergic reactions to food. However, the role animal models might play in understanding human diseases remains contentious. This review summarizes how animal models have provided insights into the etiology of human food allergy, experimental corroboration for epidemiologic findings that might facilitate prevention strategies, and validation for the utility of new therapies for food allergy. Improved understanding of food allergy from the study of animal models together with human studies is likely to contribute to the development of novel strategies to prevent and treat food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Departments of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Paul J Bryce
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill.
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Bartnikas LM, Gurish MF, Burton OT, Leisten S, Janssen E, Oettgen HC, Beaupré J, Lewis CN, Austen KF, Schulte S, Hornick JL, Geha RS, Oyoshi MK. Epicutaneous sensitization results in IgE-dependent intestinal mast cell expansion and food-induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:451-60.e1-6. [PMID: 23374269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitization to food antigen can occur through cutaneous exposure. OBJECTIVE We sought to test the hypothesis that epicutaneous sensitization with food antigen predisposes to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis on oral allergen challenge. METHODS BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized by repeated application of ovalbumin (OVA) to tape-stripped skin over 7 weeks or orally immunized with OVA and cholera toxin (CT) weekly for 8 weeks and then orally challenged with OVA. Body temperature was monitored, and serum mouse mast cell protease 1 levels were determined after challenge. Tissue mast cell (MC) counts were examined by using chloroacetate esterase staining. Levels of serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG(1) antibodies and cytokines in supernatants of OVA-stimulated splenocytes were measured by means of ELISA. Serum IL-4 levels were measured by using an in vivo cytokine capture assay. RESULTS Epicutaneously sensitized mice exhibited expansion of connective tissue MCs in the jejunum, increased serum IL-4 levels, and systemic anaphylaxis after oral challenge, as evidenced by decreased body temperature and increased serum mouse mast cell protease 1 levels. Intestinal MC expansion and anaphylaxis were IgE dependent because they did not occur in epicutaneously sensitized IgE(-/-) mice. Mice orally immunized with OVA plus CT did not have increased serum IL-4 levels, expanded intestinal MCs, or anaphylaxis after oral challenge, despite OVA-specific IgE levels and splenocyte cytokine production in response to OVA stimulation, which were comparable with those of epicutaneously sensitized mice. CONCLUSION Epicutaneously sensitized mice, but not mice orally immunized with antigen plus CT, have expansion of intestinal MCs and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis after single oral antigen challenge. IgE is necessary but not sufficient for food anaphylaxis, and MC expansion in the gut can play an important role in the development of anaphylaxis.
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Van Gramberg JL, de Veer MJ, O'Hehir RE, Meeusen ENT, Bischof RJ. Use of animal models to investigate major allergens associated with food allergy. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:635695. [PMID: 23690797 PMCID: PMC3649177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an emerging epidemic that affects all age groups, with the highest prevalence rates being reported amongst Western countries such as the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia. The development of animal models to test various food allergies has been beneficial in allowing more rapid and extensive investigations into the mechanisms involved in the allergic pathway, such as predicting possible triggers as well as the testing of novel treatments for food allergy. Traditionally, small animal models have been used to characterise immunological pathways, providing the foundation for the development of numerous allergy models. Larger animals also merit consideration as models for food allergy as they are thought to more closely reflect the human allergic state due to their physiology and outbred nature. This paper will discuss the use of animal models for the investigation of the major food allergens; cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut/other tree nuts, highlight the distinguishing features of each of these models, and provide an overview of how the results from these trials have improved our understanding of these specific allergens and food allergy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Van Gramberg
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J. de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Els N. T. Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Abstract
In the US and other developed countries, food allergy is a growing epidemic in pediatric populations with a substantial impact on health-related quality of life. As such, there are great efforts underway to unravel the mechanisms of oral mucosal tolerance and to better define the factors related to host and allergen exposure that contribute to the aberrant immune response leading to sensitization and clinical food allergy. Although more research is needed to eventually develop targeted treatment and prevention strategies, this review highlights our current understanding of the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated food allergy.
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Abstract
Several fold increase in allergic diseases in developed, high-income countries during recent decades is attributed to environmental changes such as urbanization with improved hygiene. This, together with conquering severe bacterial infections during childhood, has reduced the microbial stimulation of the developing immune system of infants. Studies on the pathogenesis of allergy both in man and experimental animal have shown the importance of commensal bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract in stimulating and directing the immune system. The interest in modulating commensal bacterial flora with probiotics to prevent and treat allergy has multiplied in recent years. In the present review we report results on randomized, controlled studies in which childhood atopic eczema was treated or which aimed to prevent development of allergy during childhood. Nine studies with 639 patients have looked at the effect of probiotics in treatment of eczema. While 3 studied showed no effect, other studies suggested a moderate benefit of the use of probiotics on the severity of eczema. Studies suggested that the effect may be seen particularly in patients with food allergy and/or sensitization. Nine studies have reported on the prevention of allergy on 6 study population with altogether 1989 high risk infants. While the early study reporting the development of allergy at ages 2, 4 and 7 years showed a marked reduction of eczema in 77 treated infants, later studies have failed to show similar success. Two studies showed no effect. In the largest study with more than 900 children at age 2 atopic eczema was reduced by 20%, but at age 5 positive effect was present in only the subgroup of children who had born by cesarean section. None of studies has reported adverse effects of probiotics in infants. Result in both treatment and prevention studies are quite variable, the major reason being the use of different strains of probiotic bacteria and varying types of intervention. Even if the results are encouraging, we need a stronger effect. This may be reached by finding new strains of probiotics affecting stronger stimulation of immune system, together with longer lasting and varying treatment schedules. However, safety issues have to be observed.
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Kulis M, Gorentla B, Burks AW, Zhong XP. Type B CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induce Th1 responses to peanut antigens: modulation of sensitization and utility in a truncated immunotherapy regimen in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:906-15. [PMID: 23386314 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Peanut allergy stems from a Th2-biased immune response to peanut allergens leading to IgE production and allergic reactions upon ingestion. METHODS AND RESULTS A model of peanut allergy in C3H/HeJ mice was used to assess whether type A, B, or C CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) molecules would be effective in: (i) a prophylactic approach to prevent peanut allergy when administered simultaneously with a Th2-skewing adjuvant, and (ii) a therapeutic model to allow for shortened immunotherapy. Type B ODNs were extremely effective in inhibiting anaphylaxis in the sensitization protocol as evidenced by differences in symptom scores, body temperature, and mouse mast cell protease 1 release compared to sham treatment. In the therapeutic model, co-administration of type B ODN plus peanut proteins was highly effective in reducing anaphylactic reactions in mice with established peanut allergy. The therapeutic effect was accompanied by an increase in IFN-γ and peanut-IgG2a, without a significant decrease in peanut IgE or IL-4 responses. CONCLUSION CpG ODNs, especially type B, were highly effective in inducing Th1 responses in mice undergoing induction of peanut allergy, as well as in mice undergoing therapy for established peanut allergy. Interestingly, the IgE response was not significantly altered, suggesting that IgG antibodies may be enough to prevent peanut-induced anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Kulis
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27599, USA.
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Berin MC, Wang W. Reduced severity of peanut-induced anaphylaxis in TLR9-deficient mice is associated with selective defects in humoral immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:114-21. [PMID: 22718261 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through the innate immune system can promote or suppress allergic sensitization. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has modulatory effects on the mucosal immune system, and we hypothesized that TLR9 would influence susceptibility to allergic sensitization to foods. We observed that TLR9-/- mice were resistant to peanut-induced anaphylaxis. This was associated with a significant impairment in total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and peanut-specific IgE and IgA, but not IgG1 or Th2 cytokine production. TLR9-/- mice had reduced development of Peyer's patches, but resistance to sensitization was not restricted to oral routes. Rag1-deficient mice were reconstituted with TLR9+/+ or -/- B cells plus CD4+ T cells. TLR9-/- B cells regained the ability to produce IgE in the presence of a wild-type environment. Our results demonstrate that TLR9 on an unknown cell type is required for the development of IgE-producing B cells, and we conclude that TLR9 signaling indirectly shapes the immune response for optimal IgE production.
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Kumar S, Verma AK, Das M, Dwivedi PD. A molecular insight of CTLA-4 in food allergy. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kumar S, Verma AK, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Molecular mechanisms of IgE mediated food allergy. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:432-9. [PMID: 22668720 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to collate current knowledge and recent advances in molecular mechanism behind the immediate type hypersensitivity of foods. Food allergy is a growing concern of human health in developed as well as developing countries now days. Food allergic reactions are mostly IgE mediated and also known as immediate type hypersensitivity or type I reaction. This review encompasses a wide range of molecular events during IgE mediated reactions like primary exposure of allergens, processing of allergens by antigen presenting cells, role of transcription factors like GATA-3, STAT-6, NF-AT, c-maf, c-kit and NF-κB, Treg cells, toll like receptors, cytokines and chemokines, class switch to IgE, FcεR1 receptor, priming of IgE on mast cells or basophils, signaling events followed by secondary exposure of allergens, degranulation and release of mediators like leukotrienes, histamines, prostaglandins, β-hexosaminidase and ultimately anaphylaxis. This review may be helpful to beginners as well as experts working in the field of allergy and immunology because of the stepwise explanations of molecular mechanisms involved in IgE mediated reactions.
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Smit JJ, Willemsen K, Hassing I, Fiechter D, Storm G, van Bloois L, Leusen JHW, Pennings M, Zaiss D, Pieters RHH. Contribution of classic and alternative effector pathways in peanut-induced anaphylactic responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28917. [PMID: 22194949 PMCID: PMC3237567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy affects approximately 5% of children and is the leading cause of hospitalization for anaphylactic reactions in westernized countries. However, the pathways of anaphylaxis in food allergy are still relatively unknown. We investigated the effector pathways of allergic and anaphylactic responses of different strains of mice in a clinical relevant model of peanut allergy. C3H/HeOuJ, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were sensitized by intragastric peanut extract and challenged by intragastric or intraperitoneal injection of peanut. Peanut-specific T cell responses, IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a and mucosal mast cell degranulation were induced to different extent in C3H/HeOuJ, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Interestingly, anaphylactic symptoms after systemic challenge were highest in C3H/HeOuJ followed by C57BL/6 but were absent in BALB/c mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the food allergic systemic anaphylaxis was dependent on platelets, FcRγ and mast cells, and partially dependent on platelet activating factor and monocytes/macrophages, depending on mouse strain. These data demonstrate that in three mouse strains, components of the classic and alternative anaphylactic cascade are differently expressed, leading to differential outcomes in parameters of allergic disease and food induced systemic anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J Smit
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been shown effective in inducing immune tolerance in a range of animal models of autoimmunity, allergy, and transplantation. We investigated whether CD4-blockade, effective in inducing transplantation tolerance, could prevent systemic immune responses leading to anaphylaxis. We found that treatment with a non-depleting anti-CD4 mAb could prevent peanut-induced anaphylaxis following subsequent systemic exposure to crude peanut extract (CPE). Furthermore, the effect of CD4-blockade did not interfere with overall immune competence, as anti-CD4 treated mice remained fully competent to respond to unrelated antigens. Protection from anaphylaxis correlated with increased frequency of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells (Treg), and was abrogated following Treg depletion. Taken together our data suggest that activation of T cells by CPE in presence of CD4-blockade leads to Treg expansion that can prevent peanut-induced anaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Duarte
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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Yu LC. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in food hypersensitivity. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:596081. [PMID: 21912563 DOI: 10.1155/2012/596081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier plays a critical role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis by limiting the penetration of luminal bacteria and dietary allergens, yet allowing antigen sampling for the generation of tolerance. Undigested proteins normally do not gain access to the lamina propria due to physical exclusion by tight junctions at the cell-cell contact sites and intracellular degradation by lysosomal enzymes in enterocytes. An intriguing question then arises: how do macromolecular food antigens cross the epithelial barrier? This review discusses the epithelial barrier dysfunction in sensitized intestine with special emphasis on the molecular mechanism of the enhanced transcytotic rates of allergens. The sensitization phase of allergy is characterized by antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE bound to high affinity FcεRI on mast cell surface, leading to anaphylactic responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that prior to mast cell activation, food allergens are transported in large quantity across the epithelium and are protected from lysosomal degradation by binding to cell surface IgE and low-affinity receptor CD23/FcεRII. Improved immunotherapies are currently under study including anti-IgE and anti-CD23 antibodies for the management of atopic disorders.
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Kanjarawi R, Dercamp C, Etchart N, Adel-Patient K, Nicolas JF, Dubois B, Kaiserlian D. Regulatory T Cells Control Type I Food Allergy to Beta-Lactoglobulin in Mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:387-96. [DOI: 10.1159/000323940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this article we review the pathophysiology of food allergy, which affects 4% of US children and 2% of adults, and is increasing in prevalence. Most food allergens share certain specific physicochemical characteristics that allow them to resist digestion, thus enhancing allergenicity. During allergic sensitization, these allergens are encountered by specialized dendritic cell populations in the gut, which leads to T-cell priming and the production of allergen-specific IgE production by B cells. Tissue-resident mast cells then bind IgE, and allergic reactions are elicited when mast cells are reexposed to allergen. Adjacent IgE molecules bound to the surface of the mast cell become cross-linked, causing mast cell degranulation and release of powerful vasoactive compounds that cause allergic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Vickery
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 2644, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Kulis M, Wan CK, Gorentla BK, Burks AW, Zhong XP. Diacylglycerol kinase ζ deficiency in a non-CD4(+) T-cell compartment leads to increased peanut hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:212-4. [PMID: 21439625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vickery BP, Scurlock AM, Jones SM, Burks AW. Mechanisms of immune tolerance relevant to food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:576-84; quiz 585-6. [PMID: 21277624 PMCID: PMC3233381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The intestine has an unenviable task: to identify and respond to a constant barrage of environmental stimuli that can be both dangerous and beneficial. The proper execution of this task is central to the homeostasis of the host, and as a result, the gastrointestinal tract contains more lymphocytes than any other tissue compartment in the body, as well as unique antigen-presenting cells with specialized functions. When antigen is initially encountered through the gut, this system generates a robust T cell-mediated hyporesponsiveness called oral tolerance. Although seminal observations of oral tolerance were made a century ago, the relevant mechanisms are only beginning to be unraveled with the use of modern investigational techniques. Food allergy is among the clinical disorders that occur from a failure of this system, and therapies that seek to re-establish tolerance are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Vickery
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Ahuja V, Quatchadze M, Ahuja V, Stelter D, Albrecht A, Stahlmann R. Evaluation of biotechnology-derived novel proteins for the risk of food-allergic potential: advances in the development of animal models and future challenges. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:909-17. [PMID: 20842347 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concern from the public about the safety of genetically modified food has made critical to have suitable methods for recognizing associated potential hazards. Hierarchical approaches to allergenicity determination were proposed, and these include evaluation of the structural and sequence homology and serological identity of novel proteins with existing allergens, measuring the resistance to proteolytic digestion and assessment of sensitizing potential using animal models. Allergic individuals have a predisposed (i.e. atopic) genetic background, and a close resemblance to this setup is therefore desirable in animal models, which is possible by using a strain of an animal species that is prone for allergic disorders. So far, none of the animal model has been validated for the purpose of hazard identification in the context of safety assessment. However, the available knowledge suggests that the judicious use of an appropriate animal model could provide important information about the allergic potential of novel proteins. This paper provides an up-to-date review of the progress made in the field of development of in vivo models in this direction and the further goals that have to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- In Vivo Pharmacology and Toxicology, BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Behringstr. 6/8, Planegg/Munich, 82152, Germany.
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Pochard P, Vickery B, Berin MC, Grishin A, Sampson HA, Caplan M, Bottomly K. Targeting Toll-like receptors on dendritic cells modifies the T(H)2 response to peanut allergens in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:92-7.e5. [PMID: 20538332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of allergens with bacterial adjuvants has been shown to be a successful immunotherapeutic strategy for food allergy treatment in animal models. How microbial signals, acting through the innate immune system, reshape ongoing allergic responses is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the response to bacterial adjuvants, we designed an in vitro system to characterize the effect of heat-killed Escherichia coli vector (HKE) on peanut-induced responses of dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells. METHODS Wild-type or TLR signaling-deficient bone marrow-derived DCs were pulsed with crude peanut extract (CPE) alone (50 microg/mL) in the presence of HKE (10(6)/mL). DC maturation was analyzed by means of flow cytometry. Treated DCs were cocultured with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled CD4(+) T cells from sensitized mice. Cytokine production from DCs and T cells was measured by using Bioplex assays. RESULTS Peanut-pulsed DCs induced the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, as well as IL-17 and IFN-gamma, from primed T cells. Adding HKE to CPE-pulsed DCs resulted in a significant decrease in T(H)2 cytokine production associated with an increase in IFN-gamma levels and profound attenuation of T-cell proliferation. These effects were linked to HKE-induced TLR-dependent changes in DC reactivity to CPE, especially the production of polarizing cytokines, such as IL-12. CONCLUSIONS TLR signals modulate peanut-induced DC maturation in vitro, leading to changes in the T-cell response to peanut. These TLR effects must be confirmed in vivo and might constitute another alternative for allergen immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pochard
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Conn, USA
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