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Pastor-Alonso O, Syeda Zahra A, Kaske B, García-Moreno F, Tetzlaff F, Bockelmann E, Grunwald V, Martín-Suárez S, Riecken K, Witte OW, Encinas JM, Urbach A. Generation of adult hippocampal neural stem cells occurs in the early postnatal dentate gyrus and depends on cyclin D2. EMBO J 2024; 43:317-338. [PMID: 38177500 PMCID: PMC10897295 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Lifelong hippocampal neurogenesis is maintained by a pool of multipotent adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) residing in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG). The mechanisms guiding transition of NSCs from the developmental to the adult state remain unclear. We show here, by using nestin-based reporter mice deficient for cyclin D2, that the aNSC pool is established through cyclin D2-dependent proliferation during the first two weeks of life. The absence of cyclin D2 does not affect normal development of the dentate gyrus until birth but prevents postnatal formation of radial glia-like aNSCs. Furthermore, retroviral fate mapping reveals that aNSCs are born on-site from precursors located in the dentate gyrus shortly after birth. Taken together, our data identify the critical time window and the spatial location of the precursor divisions that generate the persistent population of aNSCs and demonstrate the central role of cyclin D2 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Pastor-Alonso
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Anum Syeda Zahra
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Bente Kaske
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Felix Tetzlaff
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Enno Bockelmann
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Vanessa Grunwald
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Soraya Martín-Suárez
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Otto Wilhelm Witte
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena Centre for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Manuel Encinas
- Laboratory of Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, The Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Scientific Park, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Anja Urbach
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Jena Centre for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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2
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Ohyama K, Shinohara HM, Omura S, Kawachi T, Sato T, Toda K. PSmad3+/Olig2- expression defines a subpopulation of gfap-GFP+/Sox9+ neural progenitors and radial glia-like cells in mouse dentate gyrus through embryonic and postnatal development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1204012. [PMID: 37795190 PMCID: PMC10547214 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1204012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mouse dentate gyrus, radial glia-like cells (RGLs) persist throughout life and play a critical role in the generation of granule neurons. A large body of evidence has shown that the combinatorial expression of transcription factors (TFs) defines cell types in the developing central nervous system (CNS). As yet, the identification of specific TFs that exclusively define RGLs in the developing mouse dentate gyrus (DG) remains elusive. Here we show that phospho-Smad3 (PSmad3) is expressed in a subpopulation of neural progenitors in the DG. During embryonic stage (E14-15), PSmad3 was predominantly expressed in gfap-GFP-positive (GFP+)/Sox2+ progenitors located at the lower dentate notch (LDN). As the development proceeds (E16-17), the vast majority of PSmad3+ cells were GFP+/Sox2+/Prox1low+/Ki67+ proliferative progenitors that eventually differentiated into granule neurons. During postnatal stage (P1-P6) PSmad3 expression was observed in GFP+ progenitors and astrocytes. Subsequently, at P14-P60, PSmad3 expression was found both in GFP+ RGLs in the subgranular zone (SGZ) and astrocytes in the molecular layer (ML) and hilus. Notably, PSmad3+ SGZ cells did not express proliferation markers such as PCNA and phospho-vimentin, suggesting that they are predominantly quiescent from P14 onwards. Significantly PSmad3+/GFP+ astrocytes, but not SGZ cells, co-expressed Olig2 and S100β. Together, PSmad3+/Olig2- expression serves as an exclusive marker for a specific subpopulation of GFP+ neural progenitors and RGLs in the mouse DG during both embryonic and postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoji Ohyama
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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von Berlin L, Westholm JO, Ratz M, Frisén J. Early fate bias in neuroepithelial progenitors of hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2023; 33:391-401. [PMID: 36468233 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal adult neural stem cells emerge from progeny of the neuroepithelial lineage during murine brain development. Hippocampus development is increasingly well understood. However, the clonal relationships between early neuroepithelial stem cells and postnatal neurogenic cells remain unclear, especially at the single-cell level. Here we report fate bias and gene expression programs in thousands of clonally related cells in the juvenile hippocampus based on single-cell RNA-seq of barcoded clones. We find evidence for early fate restriction of neuroepithelial stem cells to either neurogenic progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus region or oligodendrogenic, non-neurogenic fate supplying cells for other hippocampal regions including gray matter areas and the Cornu ammonis region 1/3. Our study provides new insights into the phenomenon of early fate restriction guiding the development of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie von Berlin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakub Orzechowski Westholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Michael Ratz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Gene Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Hyperbaric Oxygenation Prevents Loss of Immature Neurons in the Adult Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Following Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054261. [PMID: 36901691 PMCID: PMC10002298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) may affect the activity of adult neural stem cells (NSCs). Since the role of NSCs in recovery from brain injury is still unclear, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sensorimotor cortex ablation (SCA) and HBO treatment (HBOT) on the processes of neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus (DG), a region of the hippocampus that is the site of adult neurogenesis. Ten-week-old Wistar rats were divided into groups: Control (C, intact animals), Sham control (S, animals that underwent the surgical procedure without opening the skull), SCA (animals in whom the right sensorimotor cortex was removed via suction ablation), and SCA + HBO (operated animals that passed HBOT). HBOT protocol: pressure applied at 2.5 absolute atmospheres for 60 min, once daily for 10 days. Using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence labeling, we show that SCA causes significant loss of neurons in the DG. Newborn neurons in the subgranular zone (SGZ), inner-third, and partially mid-third of the granule cell layer are predominantly affected by SCA. HBOT decreases the SCA-caused loss of immature neurons, prevents reduction of dendritic arborization, and increases proliferation of progenitor cells. Our results suggest a protective effect of HBO by reducing the vulnerability of immature neurons in the adult DG to SCA injury.
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5
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Uchida Y, Hashimoto T, Saito H, Takita K, Morimoto Y. Neonatal isoflurane exposure disturbs granule cell migration in the rat dentate gyrus. Biomed Res 2022; 43:1-9. [PMID: 35173111 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that neonatal isoflurane exposure causes behavioral abnormalities following neurodegeneration in animals and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor activation during the synaptogenesis is considered to be one possible trigger. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of excitatory GABAA receptor signaling on the granule cell (GC) migration in the neonatal rat dentate gyrus (DG) was reported in a febrile seizure model. Then, we hypothesized that neonatal isoflurane exposure, which activates GABAA receptor, causes GC migration disturbances in the neonatal rat. Rat pups were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and divided into five treatment groups, and double immunofluorescent staining targeting BrdU and homeobox prospero-like protein 1 (Prox1) was performed to examine the localization of BrdU/Prox1 colabeled cells, and then the GC migration was assessed. As a result, we found that the ectopic migration of GC after 2% isoflurane exposure on postnatal day 7 significantly increased after P21. The number of hilar ectopic GCs was influenced by the concentration of isoflurane and the exposure day but not by carbon dioxide exposure. Our main finding is that neonatal isoflurane anesthesia disturbs the migration of GCs in the rat DG, which may be one possible mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity following neonatal isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | | | - Hitoshi Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Koichi Takita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hokkaido University Hospital
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6
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Muñoz Y, Cuevas-Pacheco F, Quesseveur G, Murai KK. Light microscopic and heterogeneity analysis of astrocytes in the common marmoset brain. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3121-3147. [PMID: 34716617 PMCID: PMC9541330 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in processes including synapse formation/function, ion homeostasis, neurotransmitter uptake, and neurovascular coupling. Recent evidence indicates that astrocytes show diverse molecular, structural, and physiological properties within the CNS. This heterogeneity is reflected in differences in astrocyte structure, gene expression, functional properties, and responsiveness to injury/pathological conditions. Deeper investigation of astrocytic heterogeneity is needed to understand how astrocytes are configured to enable diverse roles in the CNS. While much has been learned about astrocytic heterogeneity in rodents, much less is known about astrocytic heterogeneity in the primate brain where astrocytes have greater size and complexity. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a promising non‐human primate model because of similarities between marmosets and humans with respect to genetics, brain anatomy, and cognition/behavior. Here, we investigated the molecular and structural heterogeneity of marmoset astrocytes using an array of astrocytic markers, multi‐label confocal microscopy, and quantitative analysis. We used male and female marmosets and found that marmoset astrocytes show differences in expression of astrocytic markers in cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These differences were accompanied by intra‐regional variation in expression of markers for glutamate/GABA transporters, and potassium and water channels. Differences in astrocyte structure were also found, along with complex interactions with blood vessels, microglia, and neurons. This study contributes to our knowledge of the cellular and molecular features of marmoset astrocytes and is useful for understanding the complex properties of astrocytes in the primate CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorka Muñoz
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francisco Cuevas-Pacheco
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile.,Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Gaël Quesseveur
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Rueda-Alaña E, García-Moreno F. Time in Neurogenesis: Conservation of the Developmental Formation of the Cerebellar Circuitry. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 97:33-47. [PMID: 34592741 DOI: 10.1159/000519068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a conserved structure of vertebrate brains that develops at the most anterior region of the alar rhombencephalon. All vertebrates display a cerebellum, making it one of the most highly conserved structures of the brain. Although it greatly varies at the morphological level, several lines of research point to strong conservation of its internal neural circuitry. To test the conservation of the cerebellar circuit, we compared the developmental history of the neurons comprising this circuit in three amniote species: mouse, chick, and gecko. We specifically researched the developmental time of generation of the main neuronal types of the cerebellar cortex. This developmental trajectory is known for the mammalian cell types but barely understood for sauropsid species. We show that the neurogenesis of the GABAergic lineage proceeds following the same chronological sequence in the three species compared: Purkinje cells are the first ones generated in the cerebellar cortex, followed by Golgi interneurons of the granule cell layer, and lately by the interneurons of the molecular layer. In the cerebellar glutamatergic lineage, we observed the same conservation of neurogenesis throughout amniotes, and the same vastly prolonged neurogenesis of granule cells, extending much further than for any other brain region. Together these data show that the cerebellar circuitry develops following a tightly conserved chronological sequence of neurogenesis, which is responsible for the preservation of the cerebellum and its function. Our data reinforce the developmental perspective of homology, whereby similarities in neurons and circuits are likely due to similarities in developmental sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneritz Rueda-Alaña
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Scientific Park of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Kalebic N, Namba T. Inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity: a clue for understanding human brain development and evolution. Development 2021; 148:272121. [PMID: 34499710 PMCID: PMC8451944 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamentally important for understanding brain development. Here, we hypothesize that the inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity during neocortex development could be implicated in neocortical evolutionary expansion. Molecular and morphological features of cell polarity may be inherited from one type of progenitor cell to the other and finally transmitted to neurons. Furthermore, key cell types, such as basal progenitors and neurons, exhibit a highly flexible polarity. We suggest that both inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity are implicated in the amplification of basal progenitors and tangential dispersion of neurons, which are key features of the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. Summary: We suggest that the inheritance and flexibility of cell polarity are implicated in the evolutionary expansion of the developing neocortex by promoting the amplification of neural progenitors and tangential migration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Namba
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Positive Controls in Adults and Children Support That Very Few, If Any, New Neurons Are Born in the Adult Human Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2554-2565. [PMID: 33762407 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0676-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was originally discovered in rodents. Subsequent studies identified the adult neural stem cells and found important links between adult neurogenesis and plasticity, behavior, and disease. However, whether new neurons are produced in the human dentate gyrus (DG) during healthy aging is still debated. We and others readily observe proliferating neural progenitors in the infant hippocampus near immature cells expressing doublecortin (DCX), but the number of such cells decreases in children and few, if any, are present in adults. Recent investigations using dual antigen retrieval find many cells stained by DCX antibodies in adult human DG. This has been interpreted as evidence for high rates of adult neurogenesis, even at older ages. However, most of these DCX-labeled cells have mature morphology. Furthermore, studies in the adult human DG have not found a germinal region containing dividing progenitor cells. In this Dual Perspectives article, we show that dual antigen retrieval is not required for the detection of DCX in multiple human brain regions of infants or adults. We review prior studies and present new data showing that DCX is not uniquely expressed by newly born neurons: DCX is present in adult amygdala, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortex neurons despite being absent in the neighboring DG. Analysis of available RNA-sequencing datasets supports the view that DG neurogenesis is rare or absent in the adult human brain. To resolve the conflicting interpretations in humans, it is necessary to identify and visualize dividing neuronal precursors or develop new methods to evaluate the age of a neuron at the single-cell level.
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10
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Lorenzen K, Mathy NW, Whiteford ER, Eischeid A, Chen J, Behrens M, Chen XM, Shibata A. Microglia induce neurogenic protein expression in primary cortical cells by stimulating PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:563-584. [PMID: 33387198 PMCID: PMC7884585 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microglia can support neurogenesis. Little is known about the mechanisms by which microglia regulate the cortical environment and stimulate cortical neurogenesis. We used an in vitro co-culture model system to investigate the hypothesis that microglia respond to soluble signals from cortical cells, particularly following mechanical injury, to alter the cortical environment and promote cortical cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Analyses of cortical cell proliferation, cell death, neurogenic protein expression, and intracellular signaling were performed on uninjured and injured cortical cells in co-culture with microglial cell lines. Microglia soluble cues enhanced cortical cell viability and proliferation cortical cells. Co-culture of injured cortical cells with microglia significantly reduced cell death of cortical cells. Microglial co-culture significantly increased Nestin + and α-internexin + cortical cells. Multiplex ELISA and RT-PCR showed decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by microglia co-cultured with injured cortical cells. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in cortical cells blocked microglial-enhanced cortical cell viability and expression of neurogenic markers in vitro. This in vitro model system allows for assessment of the effect of microglial-derived soluble signals on cortical cell viability, proliferation, and stages of differentiation during homeostasis or following mechanical injury. These data suggest that microglia cells can downregulate inflammatory cytokine production following activation by mechanical injury to enhance proliferation of new cells capable of neurogenesis via activation of AKT intracellular signaling. Increasing our understanding of the mechanisms that drive microglial-enhanced cortical neurogenesis during homeostasis and following injury in vitro will provide useful information for future primary cell and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Lorenzen
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Pediatric Medicine, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, Chino Hills, CA, USA
| | - Erin R Whiteford
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Pediatric Medicine, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, Chino Hills, CA, USA
| | - Alex Eischeid
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Stanford Hospital and Clinics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Pediatric Medicine, St. Joseph Heritage Healthcare, Chino Hills, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Behrens
- Biology Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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11
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist into adulthood in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, where they generate new neurons and glia cells that contribute to neural plasticity. A better understanding of the developmental process that enables NSCs to persist beyond development will provide insight into factors that determine the size and properties of the adult NSC pool and thus the capacity for life-long neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. We review current knowledge regarding the developmental origins of adult NSCs and the developmental process by which embryonic NSCs transition into their adult form. We also discuss potential mechanisms that might regulate proper establishment of the adult NSC pool, and propose future directions of research that will be key to unraveling how NSCs transform to establish the adult NSC pool in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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12
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Quantitative characterization of proliferative cells subpopulations in the hilus of the hippocampus of adult Wistar rats: an integrative study. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:437-453. [PMID: 32653982 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hilus plays an important role modulating the excitability of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). It also harbors proliferative cells whose proliferation rate is modified during pathological events. However, the characterization of these cells, in terms of cellular identity, lineage, and fate, as well as the morphology and proportion of each cell subpopulation has been poorly studied. Therefore, a deeper investigation of hilar proliferative cells might expand the knowledge not only in the physiology, but in the pathophysiological processes related to the hippocampus too. The aim of this work was to perform an integrative study characterizing the identity of proliferative cells populations harbored in the hilus, along with morphology and proportion. In addition, this study provides comparative evidence of the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG. Quantified cells included proliferative, neural precursor, Type 1, oligodendrocyte progenitor (OPCs), neural progenitor (NPCs), and proliferative mature astrocytes in the hilus and SGZ of Wistar adult rats. Our results showed that 84% of the hilar proliferative cells correspond to neural precursor cells, OPCs and NPCs being the most abundant at 54 and 45%, respectively, unlike the SGZ, where OPCs represent only 11%. Proliferative mature astrocytes and Type 1-like cells were rarely observed in the hilus. Together, our results lay the basis for future studies focused on the lineage and fate of hilar proliferative cells and suggest that the hilus could be relevant to the formation of new cells that modulate multiple physiological processes governed by the hippocampus.
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13
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Campos J, Guerra-Gomes S, Serra SC, Baltazar G, Oliveira JF, Teixeira FG, Salgado AJ. Astrocyte signaling impacts the effects of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells secretome application into the hippocampus: A proliferation and morphometrical analysis on astrocytic cell populations. Brain Res 2020; 1732:146700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Namba T, Shinohara H, Seki T. Non-radial tortuous migration with cell polarity alterations of newly generated granule neurons in the neonatal rat dentate gyrus. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:3247-3262. [PMID: 31659443 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To establish functional neuronal circuits, newborn neurons generally migrate from the ventricular germinal zones to their final positions during embryonic periods. However, most excitatory neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus are born postnatally in the hilus, far from the lateral ventricle. Newly generated granule neurons must then migrate to the surrounding granule cell layer (GCL), which suggests that newborn granule cells may migrate by unique cellular mechanisms. In the present study, we describe the migratory behaviors of postnatally generated granule neurons using combined retroviral labeling and time-lapse imaging analysis. Our results show that whereas half of the newly generated neurons undergo radial migration, the remainder engages in more complex migratory patterns with veering and turning movements accompanied by process formation and cell polarity alterations. These data reveal a previously unappreciated diversity of mechanisms by which granule neurons distribute throughout the GCL to contribute to hippocampal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan.
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hiroshi Shinohara
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8421, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8421, Japan.
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15
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Wood TE, Barry J, Yang Z, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Gray M. Mutant huntingtin reduction in astrocytes slows disease progression in the BACHD conditional Huntington's disease mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:487-500. [PMID: 30312396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal and non-neuronal cells express the huntingtin (HTT) protein, yet neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) is largely selective, affecting most prominently striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical pyramidal neurons. Selective toxicity of full-length human mutant HTT (fl-mHTT) may be due in part to its expression in non-neuronal cells. While studies suggest neuronal-glial interactions are important in HD and fl-mHTT is expressed in astrocytes, it has not been determined whether the expression of fl-mHTT in astrocytes is necessary for HD pathogenesis. To directly assess the necessity of fl-mHTT in astrocytes for HD pathogenesis, we used a mouse genetic approach and bred the conditional mHTT-expressing BACHD mouse model with GFAP-CreERT2 mice. We show that GFAP-CreERT2 expression in these mice is highly selective for astrocytes, and we are able to significantly reduce the expression of fl-mHTT protein in the striatum and cortex of BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice. We performed behavioral, electrophysiological and neuropathological analyses of BACHD and BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice. Behavioral analyses of BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice demonstrate significant improvements in motor and psychiatric-like phenotypes. We observe improvements in neuropathological and electrophysiological phenotypes in BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice compared to BACHD mice. We observed a restoration of the normal level αB-crystallin in the striatum of the BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2 mice, indicating a cell autonomous effect of mHTT on its expression. Taken together, this work indicates that astrocytes are important contributors to the progression of the behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Wood
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua Barry
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenquin Yang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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16
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Ito H, Morishita R, Mizuno M, Tabata H, Nagata KI. Rho family GTPases, Rac and Cdc42, control the localization of neonatal dentate granule cells during brain development. Hippocampus 2018; 29:569-578. [PMID: 30387892 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is generally considered as a brain center for learning and memory. We have recently established an electroporation-mediated gene transfer method to investigate the development of neonatal dentate granule cells in vivo. Using this new technique, we introduced knockdown vectors against Rac1 small GTPase into precursors for dentate granule cells at postnatal day 0. After 21 days, Rac1-deficient cells were frequently mispositioned between the granule cell layer (GCL) and hilus. About 60% of these mislocalized cells expressed a dentate granule cell marker, Prox1. Both the dendritic spine density and the ratio of mature spine were reduced when Rac1 was silenced. Notably, the deficient cells have immature thin processes during migrating in the early neonatal period. Knockdown of another Rac isoform, Rac3, also resulted in mislocalization of neonatally born dentate granule cells. In addition, knockdown of Cdc42, another Rho family protein, also caused mislocalization of the cell, although the effects were moderate compared to Rac1 and 3. Despite the ectopic localization, Rac3- or Cdc42-disrupted mispositioned cells expressed Prox1. These results indicate that Rho signaling pathways differentially regulate the proper localization and differentiation of dentate granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Saito H, Kato R, Hashimoto T, Uchida Y, Hase T, Tsuruga K, Takita K, Morimoto Y. Influence of nitrous oxide on granule cell migration in the dentate gyrus of the neonatal rat. Biomed Res 2018; 39:39-45. [PMID: 29467350 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For several decades, the neurotoxicities of anesthetics to the developing brain have been reported by many researchers focusing on various phenomena such as apoptosis, neurodegeneration, electrophysiological aberrations, and behavioral abnormalities. According to these reports, signals via N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA-r) and/or γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA-r) are implicated in the anesthetic neurotoxicity. On the other hand, during brain development, NMDA-r and GABAA-r are also recognized to play primary roles in neural cell migration. Therefore, anesthetics exposed in this period may influence the neural cell migration of neonates, and increase the number of hilar ectopic granule cells, which are reported to be a cause of continuous neurological deficits. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated immunohistochemically granule cell distribution in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Wistar/ST rats after nitrous oxide (N2O) exposure. At postnatal day (P) 6, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered to label newly generated cells. Then, rats were divided into groups (n = 6 each group), exposed to 50% N2O at P7, and evaluated at P21. As a result, we found that ectopic ratios (ratio of hilar/total granule cells generated at P6) were decreased in rats at P21 compared with those at P7, and increased in N2O exposed rats for over 120 min compared with the other groups. These results suggest that 50% N2O exposure for over 120 min increases the ratios of ectopic granule cells in the rat dentate gyrus.
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18
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Takeuchi H, Kameda M, Yasuhara T, Sasaki T, Toyoshima A, Morimoto J, Kin K, Okazaki M, Umakoshi M, Kin I, Kuwahara K, Tomita Y, Date I. Long-Term Potentiation Enhances Neuronal Differentiation in the Chronic Hypoperfusion Model of Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29527162 PMCID: PMC5829584 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) per se effectively enhances neurogenesis in the hippocampus of intact animals. If LTP can enhance neurogenesis in chronic hypoperfusion, this approach could potentially become a new therapeutic strategy for the restoration of cognitive function and for prevention from deterioration of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Using an in vivo LTP model of rats, we examined whether LTP per se can enhance neurogenesis in hypoperfusion rats that underwent permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (permanent 2-vessel occlusion, P2VO). High frequency stimulation (HFS) in the subacute phase after P2VO enhanced hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis. However, most enhanced cell proliferation and neurogenesis was seen in the hypoperfusion rats that received HFS and for which LTP could finally be induced. In contrast, the same effect was not seen in the LTP induction in the chronic phase. The present findings, which reveal that most enhanced neurogenesis was seen in hypoperfusion rats for which LTP could be finally induced, could explain the ability of LTP-like activities such as learning paradigms and environmental stimuli to increase the rate of neurogenesis in the hippocampus even under hypoperfusion conditions. Moreover, the present findings, which reveal that LTP induction in the chronic phase after P2VO could not effectively enhance neurogenesis in the hypoperfusion rats, could indicate that patients with MCI and even middle-aged healthy control individuals should start LTP-like activities as early as possible and continue with these activities to prevent age-related deterioration of hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Takeuchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Toyoshima
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Morimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mihoko Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michiari Umakoshi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ittetsu Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kuwahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tomita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The microtubule-associated protein Tau plays a role in neurodegeneration as well as neurogenesis. Previous work has shown that the expression of the pro-aggregant mutant Tau repeat domain causes strong aggregation and pronounced neuronal loss in the hippocampus whereas the anti-aggregant form has no deleterious effects. These two proteins differ mainly in their propensity to form ß structure and hence to aggregate. METHODS To elucidate the basis of these contrasting effects, we analyzed organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) from transgenic mice expressing the repeat domain (RD) of Tau with the anti-aggregant mutation (TauRDΔKPP) and compared them with slices containing pro-aggregant TauRDΔK. Transgene expression in the hippocampus was monitored via a sensitive bioluminescence reporter gene assay (luciferase). RESULTS The expression of the anti-aggregant TauRDΔKPP leads to a larger volume of the hippocampus at a young age due to enhanced neurogenesis, resulting in an increase in neuronal number. There were no signs of activation of microglia and astrocytes, indicating the absence of an inflammatory reaction. Investigation of signaling pathways showed that Wnt-5a was strongly decreased whereas Wnt3 was increased. A pronounced increase in hippocampal stem cell proliferation (seen by BrdU) was observed as early as P8, in the CA regions where neurogenesis is normally not observed. The increase in neurons persisted up to 16 months of age. CONCLUSION The data suggest that the expression of anti-aggregant TauRDΔKPP enhances hippocampal neurogenesis mediated by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, without an inflammatory reaction. This study points to a role of tau in brain development and neurogenesis, in contrast to its detrimental role in neurodegeneration at later age.
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20
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Bermudez-Hernandez K, Lu YL, Moretto J, Jain S, LaFrancois JJ, Duffy AM, Scharfman HE. Hilar granule cells of the mouse dentate gyrus: effects of age, septotemporal location, strain, and selective deletion of the proapoptotic gene BAX. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3147-3161. [PMID: 28314928 PMCID: PMC5601016 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) principal cells are glutamatergic granule cells (GCs), and they are located in a compact cell layer. However, GCs are also present in the adjacent hilar region, but have been described in only a few studies. Therefore, we used the transcription factor prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) to quantify GCs at postnatal day (PND) 16, 30, and 60 in a common mouse strain, C57BL/6J mice. At PND16, there was a large population of Prox1-immunoreactive (ir) hilar cells, with more in the septal than temporal hippocampus. At PND30 and 60, the size of the hilar Prox1-ir cell population was reduced. Similar numbers of hilar Prox1-expressing cells were observed in PND30 and 60 Swiss Webster mice. Prox1 is usually considered to be a marker of postmitotic GCs. However, many Prox1-ir hilar cells, especially at PND16, were not double-labeled with NeuN, a marker typically found in mature neurons. Most hilar Prox1-positive cells at PND16 co-expressed doublecortin (DCX) and calretinin, markers of immature GCs. Double-labeling with a marker of actively dividing cells, Ki67, was not detected. These results suggest that, surprisingly, a large population of cells in the hilus at PND16 are immature GCs (Type 2b and Type 3 cells). We also asked whether hilar Prox1-ir cell numbers are modifiable. To examine this issue, we conditionally deleted the proapoptotic gene BAX in Nestin-expressing cells at a time when there are numerous immature GCs in the hilus, PND2-8. When these mice were examined at PND60, the numbers of Prox1-ir hilar cells were significantly increased compared to control mice. However, deletion of BAX did not appear to change the proportion that co-expressed NeuN, suggesting that the size of the hilar Prox1-expressing population is modifiable. However, deleting BAX, a major developmental disruption, does not appear to change the proportion that ultimately becomes neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keria Bermudez-Hernandez
- New York University Langone Medical Center, 227 East 30th Street, 7th Floor, One Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
| | - Yi-Ling Lu
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Jillian Moretto
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Swati Jain
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - John J LaFrancois
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Aine M Duffy
- New York University Langone Medical Center, 227 East 30th Street, 7th Floor, One Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Helen E Scharfman
- New York University Langone Medical Center, 227 East 30th Street, 7th Floor, One Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
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21
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Matsue K, Minakawa S, Kashiwagi T, Toda K, Sato T, Shioda S, Seki T. Dentate granule progenitor cell properties are rapidly altered soon after birth. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:357-369. [PMID: 28836044 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs during the embryonic period and ceases soon after birth in the neocortex, but continues to occur in the hippocampus even in the adult. The embryonic neocortex has radial glia or progenitor cells expressing brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), whereas the adult hippocampus has radial granule progenitor cells expressing BLBP and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the subgranular zone. We previously found that embryonic hippocampal granule progenitor cells express GFAP, but not BLBP, indicating that these cells are different from both embryonic neocortical and adult granule progenitor cells. In the present study, as the first step towards understanding the mechanism of persistent hippocampal neurogenesis, we aimed to determine the stage at which embryonic-type granule progenitors become adult-type progenitors using mouse Gfap-GFP transgenic mice. During the embryonic stages, Gfap-GFP-positive (Gfap-GFP+) cells were distributed in the entire developing dentate gyrus (DG), whereas BLBP-positive (BLBP+) cells were mainly present in the fimbria and subpial region, and to some extent in the DG. Up to postnatal day 0 (P0), double-positive cells were scarcely detected. However, at P1, one-third of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the DG suddenly began to weakly express BLBP. Thereafter, Gfap-GFP+/BLBP+ cells rapidly increased in number, and extended their radial processes in the inner granular cell layer. At P14 and in the adult, two-thirds of the Gfap-GFP+ cells in the subgranular zone showed BLBP immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the properties of hippocampal granule progenitor cells are rapidly altered from an embryonic to adult type soon after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Matsue
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shiori Minakawa
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Keiko Toda
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Toru Sato
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Institute for Advanced Bioscience Research, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan.
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22
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Zang J, Liu Y, Li W, Xiao D, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liang W, Liu F, Wei W. Voluntary exercise increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis by increasing GSK-3β activity in mice. Neuroscience 2017; 354:122-135. [PMID: 28456716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise has been proven to promote learning and memory, and is closely related to increased adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In our study, the β subunit of Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3β) can be significantly regulated by exercise, and the modulation of GSK3β activity can enhance adult neurogenesis and memory. To explore the mechanism by which exercise can improve cognitive function and adult neurogenesis, and the role GSK3β plays in this process, we established a mouse model of voluntary exercise to examine the expression and activity of GSK3β, and its associated signaling pathways, in the hippocampus dentate gyrus. The results showed an obvious increase in adult neurogenesis and cognitive functions, and the up-regulation of GSK3β, after exercise. The activity of the insulin pathway, which negatively regulates GSK3β, was also increased. Moreover, our results showed that the dopamine D1 receptor (DARP D1) pathway and adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were also activated, which indicates a relationship between GSK3β and neurogenesis. Overall, our findings demonstrated that voluntary exercise promotes cognition and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus by the regulation of GSK3β expression and activity, which may be implemented through the DARP D1 receptor-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Zang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wanying Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge-Grundke Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Namba T, Huttner WB. Neural progenitor cells and their role in the development and evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 6. [PMID: 27865053 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the mammalian brain, notably the neocortex, provides a platform for the higher cognitive abilities that characterize humans. Cortical expansion is accompanied by increased folding of the pial surface, which gives rise to a gyrencephalic (folded) rather than lissencephalic (unfolded) neocortex. This expansion reflects the prolonged and increased proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). Distinct classes of NPCs can be distinguished based on either cell biological criteria (apical progenitors [APs], basal progenitors [BPs]) or lineage (primary progenitors and secondary progenitors). Cortical expansion in development and evolution is linked to an increased abundance and proliferative capacity of BPs, notably basal radial glial cells, a recently characterized type of secondary progenitor derived from apical radial glial cells, the primary progenitors. To gain insight into the molecular basis underlying the prolonged and increased proliferation of NPCs and in particular BPs, comparative genomic and transcriptomic approaches, mostly for human versus mouse, have been employed and applied to specific NPC types and subpopulations. These have revealed two principal sets of molecular changes. One concerns differences in the expression of common genes between species with different degrees of cortical expansion. The other comprises human-specific genes or genomic regulatory sequences. Various systems that allow functional testing of these genomic and gene expression differences between species have emerged, including transient and stable transgenesis, genome editing, cerebral organoids, and organotypic slice cultures. These provide future avenues for uncovering the molecular basis of cortical expansion. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e256. doi: 10.1002/wdev.256 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Xing L, Martyniuk CJ, Esau C, Da Fonte DF, Trudeau VL. Proteomic profiling reveals dopaminergic regulation of progenitor cell functions of goldfish radial glial cells in vitro. J Proteomics 2016; 144:123-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Semerci F, Maletic-Savatic M. Transgenic mouse models for studying adult neurogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:151-167. [PMID: 28473846 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian hippocampus shows a remarkable capacity for continued neurogenesis throughout life. Newborn neurons, generated by the radial neural stem cells (NSCs), are important for learning and memory as well as mood control. During aging, the number and responses of NSCs to neurogenic stimuli diminish, leading to decreased neurogenesis and age-associated cognitive decline and psychiatric disorders. Thus, adult hippocampal neurogenesis has garnered significant interest because targeting it could be a novel potential therapeutic strategy for these disorders. However, if we are to use neurogenesis to halt or reverse hippocampal-related pathology, we need to understand better the core molecular machinery that governs NSC and their progeny. In this review, we summarize a wide variety of mouse models used in adult neurogenesis field, present their advantages and disadvantages based on specificity and efficiency of labeling of different cell types, and review their contribution to our understanding of the biology and the heterogeneity of different cell types found in adult neurogenic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Semerci
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, and Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Kwak M, Lim S, Kang E, Furmanski O, Song H, Ryu YK, Mintz CD. Effects of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury and Hypothermic Neuroprotection on Neural Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Hippocampus. Dev Neurosci 2016; 37:428-39. [PMID: 26087836 DOI: 10.1159/000430862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury (HI) results in widespread cerebral encephalopathy and affects structures that are essential for neurocognitive function, such as the hippocampus. The dentate gyrus contains a reservoir of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) that are critical for postnatal development and normal adult function of the hippocampus, and may also facilitate the recovery of function after injury. Using a neonatal mouse model of mild-to-moderate HI and immunohistochemical analysis of NSPC development markers, we asked whether these cells are vulnerable to HI and how they respond to both injury and hypothermic therapy. We found that cleaved caspase-3 labeling in the subgranular zone, where NSPCs are located, is increased by more than 30-fold after HI. The population of cells positive for both proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nestin (PCNA+Nes+), which represent primarily actively proliferating NSPCs, are acutely decreased by 68% after HI. The NSPC population expressing NeuroD1, a marker for NSPCs transitioning to become fate-committed neural progenitors, was decreased by 47%. One week after HI, there was a decrease in neuroblasts and immature neurons in the dentate gyrus, as measured by doublecortin (DCX) immunolabeling, and at the same time PCNA+Nes+ cell density was increased by 71%. NSPCs expressing Tbr2, which identifies a highly proliferative intermediate neural progenitor population, increased by 107%. Hypothermia treatment after HI partially rescues both the acute decrease in PCNA+Nes+ cell density at 1 day after injury and the chronic loss of DCX immunoreactivity and reduction in NeuroD1 cell density measured at 1 week after injury. Thus, we conclude that HI causes an acute loss of dentate gyrus NSPCs, and that hypothermia partially protects NSPCs from HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhye Kwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicinee, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, Md., USA
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Fine processes of Nestin-GFP-positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2536-45. [PMID: 27091993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514652113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis relies on the activation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus, their division, and differentiation of their progeny into mature granule neurons. The complex morphology of radial glia-like (RGL) stem cells suggests that these cells establish numerous contacts with the cellular components of the neurogenic niche that may play a crucial role in the regulation of RGL stem cell activity. However, the morphology of RGL stem cells remains poorly described. Here, we used light microscopy and electron microscopy to examine Nestin-GFP transgenic mice and provide a detailed ultrastructural reconstruction analysis of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL cells of the dentate gyrus. We show that their primary processes follow a tortuous path from the subgranular zone through the granule cell layer and ensheathe local synapses and vasculature in the inner molecular layer. They share the ensheathing of synapses and vasculature with astrocytic processes and adhere to the adjacent processes of astrocytes. This extensive interaction of processes with their local environment could allow them to be uniquely receptive to signals from local neurons, glia, and vasculature, which may regulate their fate.
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Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:727542. [PMID: 26421301 PMCID: PMC4569757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
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Nicola Z, Fabel K, Kempermann G. Development of the adult neurogenic niche in the hippocampus of mice. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:53. [PMID: 25999820 PMCID: PMC4423450 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When does adult hippocampal neurogenesis begin? We describe the development of the neurogenic niche in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We did so from the perspective of the situation in the adult. Ontogeny of the dentate gyrus is complex and results in an ectopic neurogenic niche that lifelong generates new granule cells. Neurogenesis during the fetal and early postnatal periods builds the dentate gyrus and gives way to activity-dependent "adult" neurogenesis. We used markers most relevant to adult neurogenesis research to describe this transition: Nestin, Sox2, BLBP, GFAP, Tbr2, Doublecortin (DCX), NeuroD1 and Prox1. We found that massive changes and a local condensation of proliferating precursor cells occurs between postnatal day 7 (P7), near the peak in proliferation, and P14. Before and around P7, the spatial distribution of cells and the co-localization of markers were distinct from the situation in the adult. Unlike the adult SGZ, the marker pair Nestin/Sox2 and the radial glial marker BLBP were not overlapping during embryonic development, presumably indicating different types of radial glia-like cells. Before P7 GFAP-positive cells in the hilus lacked the radial orientation that is characteristic of the adult type-1 cells. DCX, which is concentrated in type-2b and type-3 progenitor cells and early postmitotic neurons in the adult, showed diffuse expression before P7. Intermediate progenitor cell marker Tbr2 became restricted to the SGZ but was found in the granule cell layer (GCL) and hilus before. Lineage markers NeuroD1 and Prox1 confirmed this pattern. We conclude that the neurogenic niche of adult neurogenesis is in place well before true adulthood. This might indicate that consistent with the hypothesized function of adult neurogenesis in activity-dependent plasticity, the early transition from postnatal neurogenesis to adult neurogenesis coincides with the time, when the young mice start to become active themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Nicola
- Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Fabel
- Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- Genomics of Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD DFG Research Center for Regenerative Therapy, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Aimone JB, Li Y, Lee SW, Clemenson GD, Deng W, Gage FH. Regulation and function of adult neurogenesis: from genes to cognition. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:991-1026. [PMID: 25287858 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is a notable process due not only to its uniqueness and potential impact on cognition but also to its localized vertical integration of different scales of neuroscience, ranging from molecular and cellular biology to behavior. This review summarizes the recent research regarding the process of adult neurogenesis from these different perspectives, with particular emphasis on the differentiation and development of new neurons, the regulation of the process by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and their ultimate function in the hippocampus circuit. Arising from a local neural stem cell population, new neurons progress through several stages of maturation, ultimately integrating into the adult dentate gyrus network. The increased appreciation of the full neurogenesis process, from genes and cells to behavior and cognition, makes neurogenesis both a unique case study for how scales in neuroscience can link together and suggests neurogenesis as a potential target for therapeutic intervention for a number of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Aimone
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Yan Li
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Star W Lee
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory D Clemenson
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Deng
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Fred H Gage
- Cognitive Modeling Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
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Trost A, Schroedl F, Marschallinger J, Rivera FJ, Bogner B, Runge C, Couillard-Despres S, Aigner L, Reitsamer HA. Characterization of dsRed2-positive cells in the doublecortin-dsRed2 transgenic adult rat retina. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:601-17. [PMID: 25138677 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1259-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Doublecortin (DCX) is predominantly expressed in neuronal precursor cells and young immature neurons of the developing and adult brain, where it is involved in neuronal differentiation, migration and plasticity. Moreover, its expression pattern reflects neurogenesis, and transgenic DCX promoter-driven reporter models have been previously used to investigate adult neurogenesis. In this study, we characterize dsRed2 reporter protein-expressing cells in the adult retina of the transgenic DCX promoter-dsRed2 rat model, with the aim to identify cells with putative neurogenic activity. Additionally, we confirmed the expression of the dsRed2 protein in DCX-expressing cells in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus. Adult DCX-dsRed2 rat retinas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of DCX, NF200, Brn3a, Sox2, NeuN, calbindin, calretinin, PKC-a, Otx2, ChAT, PSA-NCAM and the glial markers GFAP and CRALBP, followed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. In addition, brain sections of transgenic rats were analyzed for dsRed2 expression and co-localization with DCX, NeuN, GFAP and Sox2 in the cortex and dentate gyrus. Endogenous DCX expression in the adult retina was confined to horizontal cells, and these cells co-expressed the DCX promoter-driven dsRed2 reporter protein. In addition, we encountered dsRed2 expression in various other cell types in the retina: retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a subpopulation of amacrine cells, a minority of bipolar cells and in perivascular cells. Since also RGCs expressed dsRed2, the DCX-dsRed2 rat model might offer a useful tool to study RGCs in vivo under various conditions. Müller glial cells, which have previously been identified as cells with stem cell features and with neurogenic potential, did express neither endogenous DCX nor the dsRed2 reporter. However, and surprisingly, we identified a perivascular glial cell type expressing the dsRed2 reporter, enmeshed with the glia/stem cell marker GFAP and colocalizing with the neural stem cell marker Sox2. These findings suggest the so far undiscovered existence of perivascular associated cell with neural stem cell-like properties in the adult retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trost
- Ophthalmology/Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,
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Seki T, Sato T, Toda K, Osumi N, Imura T, Shioda S. Distinctive population of Gfap-expressing neural progenitors arising around the dentate notch migrate and form the granule cell layer in the developing hippocampus. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:261-83. [PMID: 23983092 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In the adult hippocampus, granule cells continue to be generated from astrocyte-like progenitors expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) that differ from embryonic neocortical progenitors. However, during the embryonic period, dentate granule neurons and neocortical pyramidal neurons are derived from the ventricular zone (VZ) of the pallium. Our question is when do GFAP+ progenitors of granule neurons appear in the developing hippocampus during the embryonic period, and how do they form the granule cell layer. The present analysis using Gfap-GFP transgenic mice shows that the GFP+ distinct cell population first appears in the VZ of the medial pallium at the dorsal edge of the fimbria on embryonic day 13.5. During the perinatal period, they form a migratory stream from the VZ to the developing dentate gyrus, and establish the germinal zones in the migratory stream, and the marginal and hilar regions in the developing dentate gyrus. GFP+ cells in these regions were positive for Sox2 and Ki67, but negative for BLBP. GFP+ cells with Neurogenin2 expression were largely distributed in the VZ, whereas GFP+ cells with Tbr2 and NeuroD expressions were seen in the migratory stream and developing dentate gyrus. Prox1-expressing GFP+ cells were restricted to the developing dentate gyrus. These results suggest that distinctive Gfap-expressing progenitors arising around the dentate notch form germinal regions in the migratory stream and the developing dentate gyrus where they differentiate into granule neurons, indicating that distinct astrocyte-like neural progenitors continue to generate granule neurons, from the beginning of dentate development and throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:261-283, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
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Guo L, Xu P, Tang X, Wu Q, Xing Y, Gustafsson JA, Xu H, Fan X. Liver X receptor β delays transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes during mouse cerebral cortical development. Neurochem Int 2014; 71:8-16. [PMID: 24662373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial (RG) cells serve as stem cells to produce new born neurons and scaffolds for neuronal migration during corticogenesis. After neurogenesis and migration are completed, most RG cells transform into astrocytes. However, the mechanisms that determine how RG cells are transformed into astrocytes are not well understood. Using nestin as a specific marker for both RG cells and astrocytes, we found that loss of LXRβ caused a reduction in the level of RG fibers and increase in the astrocytes. At the same time, we showed that the level of brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), a RG-specific protein, was lower in the LXRβ knockout (LXRβ(-/-)) mice than in the wild type (WT) littermates from E18.5 to P14, a time period when most of RG cells are transformed into astrocytes. However, loss of LXRβ induced significant increase in the number of GFAP labeled astrocytes in the cerebral cortex. An increase of the transformation of RG cells into astrocytes in LXRβ(-/-) mice was further confirmed by the increased percentage of BLBP and GFAP double stained cells in the total BLBP positive cells of the Layer I and Layers V-VI. TGF-β1 and Smad4 are thought to be involved in the transformation of RG cells into astrocytes. The expression levels of TGF-β1mRNA and Smad4 mRNA were significantly higher in the cerebral cortex of LXRβ(-/-) mice than that in the WT littermates at P2 and P7, but by P10 and P14, mRNA levels had normalized and no differences were observed between WT and LXRβ(-/-) mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that loss of LXRβ accelerates the transformation of RG cells into astrocytes and that this acceleration may be correlated to higher levels TGF-β1 and Smad4 in the cerebral cortex between P2 and P7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Pei Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Qiao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jan-Ake Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, TX 77054, United States; Division of Medical Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum 141 86, Sweden
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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Young JK, Heinbockel T, Gondré-Lewis MC. Astrocyte fatty acid binding protein-7 is a marker for neurogenic niches in the rat hippocampus. Hippocampus 2013; 23:1476-83. [PMID: 23996503 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has determined that newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of the macaque are frequently adjacent to astrocytes immunoreactive for fatty acid binding protein-7 (FABP7). To investigate if a similar relationship between FABP7-positive (FABP7+) astrocytes and proliferating cells exists in the rodent brain, sections of brains from juvenile rats were stained by immunohistochemistry to demonstrate newborn cells (antibody to Ki67 protein) and FABP7+ astrocytes. In rat brains, FABP7+ astrocytes were particularly abundant in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and were frequently close to dividing cells immunoreactive for Ki67 protein. FABP7+ astrocytes were also present in the olfactory bulbs, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and in the dorsal medulla subjacent to the area postrema, sites where more modest numbers of newborn neurons can also be found. These data suggest that regional accumulations of FABP7+ astrocytes may represent reservoirs of cells having the potential for neurogenesis. Because FABP7+ astrocytes are particularly abundant in the hippocampus, and since the gene for FABP7 has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, age-related changes in FABP7+ astrocytes (mitochondrial degeneration) may be relevant to age-associated disorders of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Young
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St., NW, Washington, DC
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35
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DeCarolis NA, Mechanic M, Petrik D, Carlton A, Ables JL, Malhotra S, Bachoo R, Götz M, Lagace DC, Eisch AJ. In vivo contribution of nestin- and GLAST-lineage cells to adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2013; 23:708-19. [PMID: 23554226 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia-like cells (RGCs) are the hypothesized source of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the current model of hippocampal neurogenesis does not fully incorporate the in vivo heterogeneity of RGCs. In order to better understand the contribution of different RGC subtypes to adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we employed widely used transgenic lines (Nestin-CreER(T2) and GLAST::CreER(T2) mice) to explore how RGCs contribute to neurogenesis under basal conditions and after stimulation and depletion of neural progenitor cells. We first used these inducible fate-tracking transgenic lines to define the similarities and differences in the contribution of nestin- and GLAST-lineage cells to basal long-term hippocampal neurogenesis. We then explored the ability of nestin- and GLAST-lineage RGCs to contribute to neurogenesis after experimental manipulations that either ablate neurogenesis (i.c.v. application of the anti-mitotic AraC, cytosine-β-D-arabinofuranoside) or stimulate neurogenesis (wheel running). Interestingly, in both ablation and stimulation experiments, labeled RGCs in GLAST::CreER(T2) mice appear to contribute to neurogenesis, whereas RGCs in Nestin-CreER(T2) mice do not. Finally, using NestinGFP reporter mice, we expanded on previous research by showing that not all RGCs in the adult dentate gyrus subgranular zone express nestin, and therefore RGCs are antigenically heterogeneous. These findings are important for the field, as they allow appropriately conservative interpretation of existing and future data that emerge from these inducible transgenic lines. These findings also raise important questions about the differences between transgenic driver lines, the heterogeneity of RGCs, and the potential differences in progenitor cell behavior between transgenic lines. As these findings highlight the possible differences in the contribution of cells to long-term neurogenesis in vivo, they indicate that the current models of hippocampal neurogenesis should be modified to include RGC lineage heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A DeCarolis
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070, USA
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Laurén HB, Ruohonen S, Kukko-Lukjanov TK, Virta JE, Grönman M, Lopez-Picon FR, Järvelä JT, Holopainen IE. Status epilepticus alters neurogenesis and decreases the number of GABAergic neurons in the septal dentate gyrus of 9-day-old rats at the early phase of epileptogenesis. Brain Res 2013; 1516:33-44. [PMID: 23623775 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a prolonged seizure, i.e. status epilepticus (SE), on neurogenesis of dentate granule cells (DGCs) in the immature dentate gyrus (DG) and possible changes in the phenotypes of the newborn neurons have remained incompletely characterized. We have now studied neurogenesis of DGCs in 9-day-old (postnatal, P9) rats 1 week after kainate (KA)-induced SE using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunostaining. The phenotype characterization of the newborn cells was carried out by immunofluorescence double labeling using doublecortin (DCX) and nestin as markers for immature cells, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) as a marker for glial cells. Newborn GABAergic neurons were further identified with antibodies for parvalbumin, glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), and the GABAA receptor α1 subunit, and mRNA expression of GABAergic and immature neurons was measured with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in the DG. Our results show that the number of newborn as well as GABAergic neurons was significantly decreased after SE in the superior blade of the septal DG. The majority of the newborn BrdU-stained neurons co-expressed DCX, but neither nestin nor GFAP. In both experimental groups, newborn neurons were frequently localized in close contact, but not co-localized, with the cells positively stained for the GABAergic cell markers. Nestin and calretinin mRNA expression were significantly increased after SE. Our results suggest that SE-induced disruption of DGC neurogenesis and decreased number of GABAergic neurons could modify the connectivity between these cells and disturb the maturation of the GABAergic neurotransmission in the immature DG at the early epileptogenic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Laurén
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 B, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
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Encinas JM, Sierra A, Valcárcel-Martín R, Martín-Suárez S. A developmental perspective on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:640-5. [PMID: 23588197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of new neurons from neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout adult life in the mammalian brain is a biological process that fascinates scientists for its uniqueness and restorative potential. In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus NSCs are able to self-renew and generate new granule cells and astrocytes through a complex and plastic mechanism that can be regulated by endogenous and exogenous cues at different levels. Unexpected recent findings suggest that the population of NSCs is heterogeneous in morphology and behavior. We herein explore the hypothesis that NSC heterogeneity and the neurogenic potential of the DG depends on their developmental origin. We provide an up-to-date picture of the process of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus with an especial focus on NSCs and outline key unsolved aspects. Further, we discuss the origin of NSCs in the adult DG from a developmental perspective and explore the possibility of NSC heterogeneity being determined from early postnatal periods and being responsible for the neurogenic output of the DG in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Encinas
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, the Basque Center for Neuroscience and University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bizkaia Technological Park, Bldg. 205, 48170 Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Rak K, Völker J, Frenz S, Scherzed A, Radeloff A, Hagen R, Mlynski R. Dynamic changes of the neurogenic potential in the rat cochlear nucleus during post-natal development. Exp Brain Res 2013; 226:393-406. [PMID: 23455726 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal stem cells have been described in the post-natal cochlear nucleus recently. The aim of the study was to analyse the neurogenic potential in the cochlear nucleus from the early post-natal days until adulthood. Cochlear nuclei from Sprague-Dawley rats from post-natal day P3 up to P40 were examined. Neurosphere assays showed persistent neurosphere formation from the early post-natal days until adulthood. The numbers of generated neurospheres were fewer in older ages. Neurospheres were smaller, but displayed the same pattern of neuronal stem cell markers. The markers GFAP, MBP and ß-III Tubulin showed differentiation of dissociated cells from the neurospheres in all cells of the neuronal lineage. BrdU incorporation could be detected, in an age-dependent decrease, in whole-mount experiments of the cochlear nucleus on all examined days. BrdU co-labelled with Atoh1 and ß-III Tubulin. In addition, gene expression and cellular distribution studies of the neuronal stem cell markers displayed an age-dependent reduction in both quantity and numbers. The presented results display a possible neurogenic potential until adulthood in the cochlear nucleus by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The fact that this potential is highest at a critical period of development reveals possible functional importance for the development of the cochlear nucleus and the auditory function. The persistent neurogenic potential displayed until adulthood could be a neurogenic niche in the adult cochlear nucleus, which might be used for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Rak
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Co-evolution of breast-to-brain metastasis and neural progenitor cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:753-68. [PMID: 23456474 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain colonization by metastatic tumor cells offers a unique opportunity to investigate microenvironmental influences on the neoplastic process. The bi-directional interplay of breast cancer cells (mesodermal origin) and brain cells (neuroectodermal origin) is poorly understood and rarely investigated. In our patients undergoing neurosurgical resection of breast-to-brain metastases, specimens from the tumor/brain interface exhibited increased active gliosis as previously described. In addition, our histological characterization revealed infiltration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) both outside and inside the tumor margin, leading us to investigate the cellular and molecular interactions between NPCs and metastases. Since signaling by the TGF-β superfamily is involved in both developmental neurobiology and breast cancer pathogenesis, we examined the role of these proteins in the context of brain metastases. The brain-metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231Br (231Br) expressed BMP-2 at significantly higher levels compared to its matched primary breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (231). Co-culturing was used to examine bi-directional cellular effects and the relevance of BMP-2 overexpression. When co-cultured with NPCs, 231 (primary) tumor cells failed to proliferate over 15 days. However, 231Br (brain metastatic) tumor cells co-cultured with NPCs escaped growth inhibition after day 5 and proliferated, occurring in parallel with NPC differentiation into astrocytes. Using shRNA and gene knock-in, we then demonstrated BMP-2 secreted by 231Br cells mediated NPC differentiation into astrocytes and concomitant tumor cell proliferation in vitro. In xenografts, overexpression of BMP-2 in primary breast cancer cells significantly enhanced their ability to engraft and colonize the brain, thereby creating a metastatic phenotype. Conversely, BMP-2 knockdown in metastatic breast cancer cells significantly diminished engraftment and colonization. The results suggest metastatic tumor cells create a permissive neural niche by steering NPC differentiation toward astrocytes through paracrine BMP-2 signaling.
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Ninkovic J, Götz M. Fate specification in the adult brain - lessons for eliciting neurogenesis from glial cells. Bioessays 2013; 35:242-52. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Since its discovery in mammals, adult neurogenesis, the process of generating functional neurons from neural progenitor cells in the adult brain, has inspired numerous animal studies. These have revealed that adult neurogenesis is a highly regulated phenomenon. Enriched environment, exercise and learning for instance, are positive regulators while stress and age are major negative regulators. Stressful life events are not only shown to reduce adult neurogenesis levels but are also discussed to be a key element in the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Interestingly, altered monoaminergic brain levels resulting from antidepressant treatment are shown to have a strong reinforcing effect on adult neurogenesis. Additionally, disturbed adult neurogenesis, possibly resulting in a malfunctioning hippocampus, may contribute to the cognitive deficits and reduced hippocampal volumes observed in depressed patients. Hence, the question arises as to whether disturbed adult neurogenesis and the etiopathogenesis of depression are causally linked. In this chapter, we discuss the possible causal interrelation of disturbed adult neurogenesis and the etiopathogenesis of depression as well as the possibility that adult neurogenesis is not exclusively linked to depression but is also linked to other psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, we look at the functional relevance of adult neurogenesis in different species, upon which we base our discussion as to whether adult neurogenesis could be causally linked to the development of certain brain disorders in humans, or whether it is only an epiphenomenon.
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Goldenberg-Cohen N, Avraham-Lubin BCR, Sadikov T, Goldstein RS, Askenasy N. Primitive stem cells derived from bone marrow express glial and neuronal markers and support revascularization in injured retina exposed to ischemic and mechanical damage. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1488-500. [PMID: 21905921 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic or mechanical injury to the optic nerve is an irreversible cause of vision loss, associated with limited regeneration and poor response to neuroprotective agents. The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of adult bone marrow cells to participate in retinal regeneration following the induction of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and optic nerve crush (ONC) in a rodent model. The small-sized subset of cells isolated by elutriation and lineage depletion (Fr25lin(-)) was found to be negative for the neuroglial markers nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Syngeneic donor cells, identified by genomic marker in sex-mismatched transplants and green fluorescent protein, incorporated into the injured retina (AION and ONC) at a frequency of 0.35%-0.45% after intravenous infusion and 1.8%-2% after intravitreous implantation. Perivascular cells with astrocytic morphology expressing GFAP and vimentin were of the predominant lineage that engrafted after AION injury; 10%-18% of the donor cells incorporated in the retinal ganglion cell layer and expressed NeuN, Thy-1, neurofilament, and beta-tubulin III. The Fr25lin(-) cells displayed an excellent capacity to migrate to sites of tissue disruption and developed coordinated site-specific morphological and phenotypic neural and glial markers. In addition to cellular reconstitution of the injured retinal layers, these cells contributed to endothelial revascularization and apparently supported remodeling by secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1. These results suggest that elutriated autologous adult bone marrow-derived stem cells may serve as an accessible source for cellular reconstitution of the retina following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen
- Krieger Eye Research Laboratory, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Cohen M, Braun E, Tsalenchuck Y, Panet A, Steiner I. Restrictions that control herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mouse brain ex vivo. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2383-2393. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.031013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the cellular and molecular factors governing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) neurotropism is a prerequisite for understanding HSV-1 encephalitis and for targeting HSV-1-derived vectors for gene transfer to the brain. Earlier we had described an ex vivo system of mouse brain slices and demonstrated a selective and unique infection pattern, mostly around the ventricles. Here, we examined tissue factors controlling HSV-1 infection of brain slices. We demonstrated that heparan sulphate, while an important factor, does not determine the infection pattern. Hyaluronic acid, but not collagen, appears to enhance HSV-1 brain infection. To investigate whether tissue distribution of viral receptors determines the infection pattern, we examined transcription of herpes virus entry mediator and nectin-1 receptor genes in infected and uninfected brain regions. Both the infected and the uninfected regions express the receptors. We also explored the influence of intra-cellular factors. HSV-1 does not preferentially infect proliferating cells in the brain slices, despite its predilection to the ventricular zones. To delineate the step at which the HSV-1 infection cascade is restricted, mRNA was isolated following tissue infection, and transcription of the immediate-early and late viral genes was evaluated. The results indicated that HSV-1 genes are not expressed in regions that do not express a viral reporter gene. Therefore, we conclude that tissue resistance to infection is associated with a block at or prior to the immediate-early mRNA synthesis. Taken together, using the ex vivo system of organotypic culture we describe here extra-cellular and intra-cellular restriction levels of HSV-1 brain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Neurovirology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Braun
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Neurovirology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Tsalenchuck
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Laboratory of Neurovirology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Campus Beilinson, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Laboratory of Neurovirology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Namba T, Mochizuki H, Suzuki R, Onodera M, Yamaguchi M, Namiki H, Shioda S, Seki T. Time-lapse imaging reveals symmetric neurogenic cell division of GFAP-expressing progenitors for expansion of postnatal dentate granule neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25303. [PMID: 21966492 PMCID: PMC3179506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Granule cells in the hippocampus, a region critical for memory and learning, are generated mainly during the early postnatal period but neurogenesis continues in adulthood. Postnatal neuronal production is carried out by primary progenitors that express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and they are assumed to function as stem cells. A central question regarding postnatal dentate neurogenesis is how astrocyte-like progenitors produce neurons. To reveal cell division patterns and the process of neuronal differentiation of astrocyte-like neural progenitors, we performed time-lapse imaging in cultured hippocampal slices from early postnatal transgenic mice with mouse GFAP promoter-controlled enhanced green fluorescent protein (mGFAP-eGFP Tg mice) in combination with a retrovirus carrying a red fluorescent protein gene. Our results showed that the majority of GFAP-eGFP+ progenitor cells that express GFAP, Sox2 and nestin divided symmetrically to produce pairs of GFAP+ cells (45%) or pairs of neuron-committed cells (45%), whereas a minority divided asymmetrically to generate GFAP+ cells and neuron-committed cells (10%). The present results suggest that a substantial number of GFAP-expressing progenitors functions as transient amplifying progenitors, at least in an early postnatal dentate gyrus, although a small population appears to be stem cell-like progenitors. From the present data, we discuss possible cell division patterns of adult GFAP+ progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Namiki
- Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Anatomy, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cheyne JE, Grant L, Butler-Munro C, Foote JW, Connor B, Montgomery JM. Synaptic integration of newly generated neurons in rat dissociated hippocampal cultures. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:203-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Immunohistological markers for proliferative events, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:1-19. [PMID: 21647561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biologists long believed that, once development is completed, no new neurons are produced in the forebrain. However, as is now firmly established, new neurons can be produced at least in two specific forebrain areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation. Neurogenesis within the adult DG occurs constitutively throughout postnatal life, and the rate of neurogenesis within the DG can be altered under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The process of adult neurogenesis within the DG is a multi-step process (proliferation, differentiation, migration, targeting, and synaptic integration) that ends with the formation of a post-mitotic functionally integrated new neuron. Various markers are expressed during specific stages of adult neurogenesis. The availability of such markers allows the time-course and fate of newly born cells to be followed within the DG in a detailed and precise fashion. Several of the available markers (e.g., PCNA, Ki-67, PH3, MCM2) are markers for proliferative events, whereas others are more specific for early phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis within the adult DG (e.g., nestin, GFAP, Sox2, Pax6). In addition, markers are available allowing events to be distinguished that are related to later steps of gliogenesis (e.g., vimentin, BLBP, S100beta) or neurogenesis (e.g., NeuroD, PSA-NCAM, DCX).
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Namba T, Ming GL, Song H, Waga C, Enomoto A, Kaibuchi K, Kohsaka S, Uchino S. NMDA receptor regulates migration of newly generated neurons in the adult hippocampus via Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). J Neurochem 2011; 118:34-44. [PMID: 21517847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, new neurons are continuously generated throughout life in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Previous studies have established that newborn neurons migrate a short distance to be integrated into a pre-existing neuronal circuit in the hippocampus. How the migration of newborn neurons is governed by extracellular signals, however, has not been fully understood. Here, we report that NMDA receptor (NMDA-R)-mediated signaling is essential for the proper migration and positioning of newborn neurons in the DG. An intraperitoneal injection of the NMDA-R antagonists, memantine, or 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) into adult male mice caused the aberrant positioning of newborn neurons, resulting in the overextension of their migration in the DG. Interestingly, we revealed that the administration of NMDA-R antagonists leads to a decrease in the expression of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a candidate susceptibility gene for major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, which is also known as a critical regulator of neuronal migration in the DG. Furthermore, the overextended migration of newborn neurons induced by the NMDA-R antagonists was significantly rescued by exogenous expression of DISC1. Collectively, these results suggest that the NMDA-R signaling pathway governs the migration of newborn neurons via the regulation of DISC1 expression in the DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Namba
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
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Cell cycle restriction by histone H2AX limits proliferation of adult neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5837-42. [PMID: 21436033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014993108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cell proliferation is dynamic and has the potential for massive self-renewal yet undergoes limited cell division in vivo. Here, we report an epigenetic mechanism regulating proliferation and self-renewal. The recruitment of the PI3K-related kinase signaling pathway and histone H2AX phosphorylation following GABA(A) receptor activation limits subventricular zone proliferation. As a result, NSC self-renewal and niche size is dynamic and can be directly modulated in both directions pharmacologically or by genetically targeting H2AX activation. Surprisingly, changes in proliferation have long-lasting consequences on stem cell numbers, niche size, and neuronal output. These results establish a mechanism that continuously limits proliferation and demonstrates its impact on adult neurogenesis. Such homeostatic suppression of NSC proliferation may contribute to the limited self-repair capacity of the damaged brain.
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Yokose J, Ishizuka T, Yoshida T, Aoki J, Koyanagi Y, Yawo H. Lineage analysis of newly generated neurons in organotypic culture of rat hippocampus. Neurosci Res 2011; 69:223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oh J, McCloskey MA, Blong CC, Bendickson L, Nilsen-Hamilton M, Sakaguchi DS. Astrocyte-derived interleukin-6 promotes specific neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells from adult hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2798-809. [PMID: 20568291 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of astrocyte-derived factors to influence neural progenitor cell differentiation. We previously demonstrated that rat adult hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPCs) immunoreactive for the neuronal marker class III beta-tubulin (TUJ1) were significantly increased in the presence of astrocyte-derived soluble factors under noncontact coculture conditions. Using whole-cell patch-clamp analysis, we observed that the cocultured AHPCs displayed two prominent voltage-gated conductances, tetraethyl ammonium (TEA)-sensitive outward currents and fast transient inward currents. The outward and inward current densities of the cocultured AHPCs were approximately 2.5-fold and 1.7-fold greater, respectively, than those of cells cultured alone. These results suggest that astrocyte-derived soluble factors induce neuronal commitment of AHPCs. To investigate further the activity of a candidate neurogenic factor on AHPC differentiation, we cultured AHPCs in the presence or absence of purified rat recombinant interleukin-6 (IL-6). We also confirmed that the astrocytes used in this study produced IL-6 by ELISA and RT-qPCR. When AHPCs were cultured with IL-6 for 6-7 days, the TUJ1-immunoreactive AHPCs and the average length of TUJ1-immunoreactive neurites were significantly increased compared with the cells cultured without IL-6. Moreover, IL-6 increased the inward current density to an extent comparable to that of coculture with astrocytes, with no significant differences in the outward current density, apparent resting potential, or cell capacitance. These results suggest that astrocyte-derived IL-6 may facilitate AHPC neuronal differentiation. Our findings have important implications for understanding injury-induced neurogenesis and developing cell-based therapeutic strategies using neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Oh
- Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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