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Ali M, Garcia P, Lunkes LP, Sciortino A, Thomas M, Heurtaux T, Grzyb K, Halder R, Coowar D, Skupin A, Buée L, Blum D, Buttini M, Glaab E. Single cell transcriptome analysis of the THY-Tau22 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease reveals sex-dependent dysregulations. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:119. [PMID: 38453894 PMCID: PMC10920792 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and pathology show pronounced sex differences, but the factors driving these remain poorly understood. To gain insights into early AD-associated molecular changes and their sex dependency for tau pathology in the cortex, we performed single-cell RNA-seq in the THY-Tau22 AD mouse model. By examining cell type-specific and cell type-agnostic AD-related gene activity changes and their sex-dimorphism for individual genes, pathways and cellular sub-networks, we identified both statistically significant alterations and interpreted the upstream mechanisms controlling them. Our results confirm several significant sex-dependent alterations in gene activity in the THY-Tau22 model mice compared to controls, with more pronounced alterations in females. Both changes shared across multiple cell types and cell type-specific changes were observed. The differential genes showed significant over-representation of known AD-relevant processes, such as pathways associated with neuronal differentiation, programmed cell death and inflammatory responses. Regulatory network analysis of these genes revealed upstream regulators that modulate many of the downstream targets with sex-dependent changes. Most key regulators have been previously implicated in AD, such as Egr1, Klf4, Chchd2, complement system genes, and myelin-associated glycoproteins. Comparing with similar data from the Tg2576 AD mouse model and human AD patients, we identified multiple genes with consistent, cell type-specific and sex-dependent alterations across all three datasets. These shared changes were particularly evident in the expression of myelin-associated genes such as Mbp and Plp1 in oligodendrocytes. In summary, we observed significant cell type-specific transcriptomic changes in the THY-Tau22 mouse model, with a strong over-representation of known AD-associated genes and processes. These include both sex-neutral and sex-specific patterns, characterized by consistent shifts in upstream master regulators and downstream target genes. Collectively, these findings provide insights into mechanisms influencing sex-specific susceptibility to AD and reveal key regulatory proteins that could be targeted for developing treatments addressing sex-dependent AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Garcia
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Laetitia P Lunkes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alessia Sciortino
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Melanie Thomas
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, 8 avenue du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Center of Neuropathology, L-3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Djalil Coowar
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alex Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog), Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - David Blum
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 Lille Neuroscience & Cognition (LilNCog), Lille, France
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Guan T, Zhou T, Zhang X, Guo Y, Yang C, Lin J, Zhang JV, Cheng Y, Marzban H, Wang YT, Kong J. Selective removal of misfolded SOD1 delays disease onset in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:304. [PMID: 37752364 PMCID: PMC11072549 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease. There is no cure currently. The discovery that mutations in the gene SOD1 are a cause of ALS marks a breakthrough in the search for effective treatments for ALS. SOD1 is an antioxidant that is highly expressed in motor neurons. Human SOD1 is prone to aberrant modifications. Familial ALS-linked SOD1 variants are particularly susceptible to aberrant modifications. Once modified, SOD1 undergoes conformational changes and becomes misfolded. This study aims to determine the effect of selective removal of misfolded SOD1 on the pathogenesis of ALS. METHODS Based on the chaperone-mediated protein degradation pathway, we designed a fusion peptide named CT4 and tested its efficiency in knocking down intracellularly misfolded SOD1 and its efficacy in modifying the pathogenesis of ALS. RESULTS Expression of the plasmid carrying the CT4 sequence in human HEK cells resulted in robust removal of misfolded SOD1 induced by serum deprivation. Co-transfection of the CT4 and the G93A-hSOD1 plasmids at various ratios demonstrated a dose-dependent knockdown efficiency on G93A-hSOD1, which could be further increased when misfolding of SOD1 was enhanced by serum deprivation. Application of the full-length CT4 peptide to primary cultures of neurons expressing the G93A variant of human SOD1 revealed a time course of the degradation of misfolded SOD1; misfolded SOD1 started to decrease by 2 h after the application of CT4 and disappeared by 7 h. Intravenous administration of the CT4 peptide at 10 mg/kg to the G93A-hSOD1 reduced human SOD1 in spinal cord tissue by 68% in 24 h and 54% in 48 h in presymptomatic ALS mice. Intraperitoneal administration of the CT4 peptide starting from 60 days of age significantly delayed the onset of ALS and prolonged the lifespan of the G93A-hSOD1 mice. CONCLUSIONS The CT4 peptide directs the degradation of misfolded SOD1 in high efficiency and specificity. Selective removal of misfolded SOD1 significantly delays the onset of ALS, demonstrating that misfolded SOD1 is the toxic form of SOD1 that causes motor neuron death. The study proves that selective removal of misfolded SOD1 is a promising treatment for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaosha Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Neurobiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Justin Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiasi Vicky Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yongquan Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Dedoni S, Scherma M, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Dazzi L, Puliga R, Frau J, Cocco E, Fadda P. An overall view of the most common experimental models for multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2023:106230. [PMID: 37453561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex chronic disease with an unknown etiology. It is considered an inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized, in most cases, by an unpredictable onset of relapse and remission phases. The disease generally starts in subjects under 40; it has a higher incidence in women and is described as a multifactorial disorder due to the interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Unfortunately, there is currently no definitive cure for MS. Still, therapies can modify the disease's natural history, reducing the relapse rate and slowing the progression of the disease or managing symptoms. The limited access to human CNS tissue slows down. It limits the progression of research on MS. This limit has been partially overcome over the years by developing various experimental models to study this disease. Animal models of autoimmune demyelination, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and viral and toxin or transgenic MS models, represent the most significant part of MS research approaches. These models have now been complemented by ex vivo studies, using organotypic brain slice cultures and in vitro, through induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSCs). We will discuss which clinical features of the disorders might be reproduced and investigated in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro in models commonly used in MS research to understand the processes behind the neuropathological events occurring in the CNS of MS patients. The primary purpose of this review is to give the reader a global view of the main paradigms used in MS research, spacing from the classical animal models to transgenic mice and 2D and 3D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - M Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - C Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Dazzi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - R Puliga
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Anthropology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - J Frau
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy
| | - E Cocco
- Regional Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Italy; Department Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - P Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy.
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Lindsay SL, McCanney GA, Zhan J, Scheld M, Smith RS, Goodyear CS, Yates EA, Kipp M, Turnbull JE, Barnett SC. Low sulfated heparan sulfate mimetic differentially affects repair in immune-mediated and toxin-induced experimental models of demyelination. Glia 2023; 71:1683-1698. [PMID: 36945189 PMCID: PMC10952530 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Modified, nonanticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulfate glycan family and are known regulators of multiple cellular processes. In vitro studies have demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive repair after CNS demyelination. Herein, we test LS-mHep7 (an in vitro lead compound) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone-induced demyelination. In EAE, LS-mHep7 treatment resulted in faster recovery and rapidly reduced inflammation which was accompanied by restoration of animal weight. LS-mHep7 treatment had no effect on remyelination or on OLIG2 positive oligodendrocyte numbers within the corpus callosum in the cuprizone model. Further in vitro investigation confirmed that LS-mHep7 likely mediates its pro-repair effect in the EAE model by sequestering inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL5 which are upregulated during immune-mediated inflammatory attacks. These data support the future clinical translation of this next generation modified heparin as a treatment for CNS diseases with active immune system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Lindsay
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - George A. McCanney
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of RostockGertrudenstrasse 918057RostockGermany
| | - Miriam Scheld
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of MedicineRWTH Aachen University52074AachenGermany
| | - Rebecca Sherrard Smith
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Institute of Systems, Molecules and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of AnatomyUniversity of RostockGertrudenstrasse 918057RostockGermany
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Institute of Systems, Molecules and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL69 7ZBUK
- Centre for GlycosciencesKeele UniversityKeeleST5 5BGUK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of Glasgow120 University PlaceGlasgowG12 8TAUK
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Validation of Recombinant Heparan Sulphate Reagents for CNS Repair. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030407. [PMID: 36979099 PMCID: PMC10044841 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapies that target the multicellular pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disease/injury are urgently required. Modified non-anticoagulant heparins mimic the heparan sulphate (HS) glycan family and have been proposed as therapeutics for CNS repair since they are effective regulators of numerous cellular processes. Our in vitro studies have demonstrated that low-sulphated modified heparan sulphate mimetics (LS-mHeps) drive CNS repair. However, LS-mHeps are derived from pharmaceutical heparin purified from pig intestines, in a supply chain at risk of shortages and contamination. Alternatively, cellular synthesis of heparin and HS can be achieved using mammalian cell multiplex genome engineering, providing an alternative source of recombinant HS mimetics (rHS). TEGA Therapeutics (San Diego) have manufactured rHS reagents with varying degrees of sulphation and we have validated their ability to promote repair in vitro using models that mimic CNS injury, making comparisons to LS-mHep7, a previous lead compound. We have shown that like LS-mHep7, low-sulphated rHS compounds promote remyelination and reduce features of astrocytosis, and in contrast, highly sulphated rHS drive neurite outgrowth. Cellular production of heparin mimetics may, therefore, offer potential clinical benefits for CNS repair.
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Sabet MF, Barman S, Beller M, Meuth SG, Melzer N, Aktas O, Goebels N, Prozorovski T. Myelinating Co-Culture as a Model to Study Anti-NMDAR Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010248. [PMID: 36613687 PMCID: PMC9820503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is frequently associated with demyelinating disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD)) with regard to clinical presentation, neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid findings. Indeed, autoantibodies (AABs) against the GluN1 (NR1) subunit of the NMDAR diminish glutamatergic transmission in both neurons and oligodendrocytes, leading to a state of NMDAR hypofunction. Considering the vital role of oligodendroglial NMDAR signaling in neuron-glia communication and, in particular, in tightly regulated trophic support to neurons, the influence of GluN1 targeting on the physiology of myelinated axon may be of importance. We applied a myelinating spinal cord cell culture model that contains all major CNS cell types, to evaluate the effects of a patient-derived GluN1-specific monoclonal antibody (SSM5) on neuronal and myelin integrity. A non-brain reactive (12D7) antibody was used as the corresponding isotype control. We show that in cultures at the late stage of myelination, prolonged treatment with SSM5, but not 12D7, leads to neuronal damage. This is characterized by neurite blebbing and fragmentation, and a reduction in the number of myelinated axons. However, this significant toxic effect of SSM5 was not observed in earlier cultures at the beginning of myelination. Anti-GluN1 AABs induce neurodegenerative changes and associated myelin loss in myelinated spinal cord cultures. These findings may point to the higher vulnerability of myelinated neurons towards interference in glutamatergic communication, and may refer to the disturbance of the NMDAR-mediated oligodendrocyte metabolic supply. Our work contributes to the understanding of the emerging association of NMDAR encephalitis with demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedeh Farhat Sabet
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sumanta Barman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institut für Mathematische Modellierung Biologischer Systeme, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Melzer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (T.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-04594 (N.G.); +49-211-81-05146 (T.P.)
| | - Tim Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (T.P.); Tel.: +49-211-81-04594 (N.G.); +49-211-81-05146 (T.P.)
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Vargova I, Kriska J, Kwok JCF, Fawcett JW, Jendelova P. Long-Term Cultures of Spinal Cord Interneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:827628. [PMID: 35197829 PMCID: PMC8859857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.827628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord interneurons (SpINs) are highly diverse population of neurons that play a significant role in circuit reorganization and spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury. Regeneration of SpIN axons across rodent spinal injuries has been demonstrated after modification of the environment and neurotrophin treatment, but development of methods to enhance the intrinsic regenerative ability of SpINs is needed. There is a lack of described in vitro models of spinal cord neurons in which to develop new regeneration treatments. For this reason, we developed a new model of mouse primary spinal cord neuronal culture in which to analyze maturation, morphology, physiology, connectivity and regeneration of identified interneurons. Isolated from E14 mice, the neurons mature over 15 days in vitro, demonstrated by expression of maturity markers, electrophysiological patch-clamp recordings, and formation of synapses. The neurons express markers of SpINs, including Tlx3, Lmx1b, Lbx1, Chx10, and Pax2. The neurons demonstrate distinct morphologies and some form perineuronal nets in long-term cultivation. Live neurons in various maturation stages were axotomized, using a 900 nm multiphoton laser and their fate was observed overnight. The percentage of axons that regenerated declined with neuronal maturity. This model of SpINs will be a valuable tool in future regenerative, developmental, and functional studies alongside existing models using cortical or hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vargova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- The Center for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James W. Fawcett
- The Center for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Edgar JM, McGowan E, Chapple KJ, Möbius W, Lemgruber L, Insall RH, Nave K, Boullerne A. Río-Hortega's drawings revisited with fluorescent protein defines a cytoplasm-filled channel system of CNS myelin. J Anat 2021; 239:1241-1255. [PMID: 34713444 PMCID: PMC8602028 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A century ago this year, Pío del Río-Hortega (1921) coined the term 'oligodendroglia' for the 'interfascicular glia' with very few processes, launching an extensive discovery effort on his new cell type. One hundred years later, we review his original contributions to our understanding of the system of cytoplasmic channels within myelin in the context of what we observe today using light and electron microscopy of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters and immunostaining. We use the term myelinic channel system to describe the cytoplasm-delimited spaces associated with myelin; being the paranodal loops, inner and outer tongues, cytoplasm-filled spaces through compact myelin and further complex motifs associated to the sheath. Using a central nervous system myelinating cell culture model that contains all major neural cell types and produces compact myelin, we find that td-tomato fluorescent protein delineates the myelinic channel system in a manner reminiscent of the drawings of adult white matter by Río-Hortega, despite that he questioned whether some cytoplasmic figures he observed represented artefact. Together, these data lead us to propose a slightly revised model of the 'unrolled' sheath. Further, we show that the myelinic channel system, while relatively stable, can undergo subtle dynamic shape changes over days. Importantly, we capture an under-appreciated complexity of the myelinic channel system in mature myelin sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Edgar
- Axo‐Glial GroupInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Department of NeurogeneticsMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Eleanor McGowan
- Axo‐Glial GroupInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Katie J. Chapple
- Axo‐Glial GroupInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of NeurogeneticsMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
- Electron Microscopy Core UnitMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Glasgow Imaging FacilityInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Klaus‐Armin Nave
- Department of NeurogeneticsMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Anne Boullerne
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Baksmeier C, Blundell P, Steckel J, Schultz V, Gu Q, Da Silva Filipe A, Kohl A, Linnington C, Lu D, Dell A, Haslam S, Wang J, Czajkowsky D, Goebels N, Pleass RJ. Modified recombinant human IgG1-Fc is superior to natural intravenous immunoglobulin at inhibiting immune-mediated demyelination. Immunology 2021; 164:90-105. [PMID: 33880776 PMCID: PMC8358725 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is an established treatment for numerous autoimmune conditions. Although Fc fragments derived from IVIG have shown efficacy in controlling immune thrombocytopenia in children, the mechanisms of action are unclear and controversial. The aim of this study was to dissect IVIG effector mechanisms using further adapted Fc fragments on demyelination in an ex vivo model of the central nervous system-immune interface. Using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures (OSCs) from transgenic mice, we induced extensive immune-mediated demyelination and oligodendrocyte loss with an antibody specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and complement. Protective effects of adapted Fc fragments were assessed by live imaging of green fluorescent protein expression, immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Cysteine- and glycan-adapted Fc fragments protected OSC from demyelination in a dose-dependent manner where equimolar concentrations of either IVIG or control Fc were ineffective. The protective effects of the adapted Fc fragments are partly attributed to interference with complement-mediated oligodendroglia damage. Transcriptome analysis ruled out signatures associated with inflammatory or innate immune responses. Taken together, our findings show that recombinant biomimetics can be made that are at least two hundred-fold more effective than IVIG in controlling demyelination by anti-MOG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baksmeier
- Department of NeurologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DuesseldorfDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Pat Blundell
- Department of Tropical Disease BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Julia Steckel
- Department of NeurologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DuesseldorfDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Verena Schultz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Quan Gu
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Alain Kohl
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Chris Linnington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical Veterinary and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Dongli Lu
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stuart Haslam
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineKey Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Dan Czajkowsky
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes and Bio‐ID CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Norbert Goebels
- Department of NeurologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐University DuesseldorfDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Richard J. Pleass
- Department of Tropical Disease BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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10
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Challenges and solutions for fabrication of three-dimensional cocultures of neural cell-loaded biomimetic constructs. Biointerphases 2021; 16:011202. [PMID: 33706526 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) constructs to model body tissues and organs can contribute to research into tissue development and models for studying disease, as well as supporting preclinical drug screening in vitro. Furthermore, 3D constructs can also be used for diagnosis and therapy of disease conditions via lab on a chip and microarrays for diagnosis and engineered products for tissue repair, replacement, and regeneration. While cell culture approaches for studying tissue development and disease in two dimensions are long-established, the translation of this knowledge into 3D environments remains a fertile field of research. In this Tutorial, we specifically focus on the application of biosynthetic hydrogels for neural cell encapsulation. The Tutorial briefly covers background on using biosynthetic hydrogels for cell encapsulation, as well as common fabrication techniques. The Methods section focuses on the hydrogel design and characterization, highlighting key elements and tips for more effective approaches. Coencapsulation of different cell types, and the challenges associated with different growth and maintenance requirements, is the main focus of this Tutorial. Much care is needed to blend different cell types, and this Tutorial provides tips and insights that have proven successful for 3D coculture in biosynthetic hydrogels.
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11
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Richard C, Ruiz A, Cavagna S, Bigotte M, Vukusic S, Masaki K, Suenaga T, Kira JI, Giraudon P, Marignier R. Connexins in neuromyelitis optica: a link between astrocytopathy and demyelination. Brain 2021; 143:2721-2732. [PMID: 32889550 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica, a rare neuroinflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, is characterized by the presence of specific pathogenic autoantibodies directed against the astrocytic water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and is now considered as an astrocytopathy associated either with complement-dependent astrocyte death or with astrocyte dysfunction. However, the link between astrocyte dysfunction and demyelination remains unclear. We propose glial intercellular communication, supported by connexin hemichannels and gap junctions, to be involved in demyelination process in neuromyelitis optica. Using mature myelinated cultures, we demonstrate that a treatment of 1 h to 48 h with immunoglobulins purified from patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO-IgG) is responsible for a complement independent demyelination, compared to healthy donors' immunoglobulins (P < 0.001). In parallel, patients' immunoglobulins induce an alteration of connexin expression characterized by a rapid loss of astrocytic connexins at the membrane followed by an increased size of gap junction plaques (+60%; P < 0.01). This was co-observed with connexin dysfunction with gap junction disruption (-57%; P < 0.001) and increased hemichannel opening (+17%; P < 0.001), associated with glutamate release. Blocking connexin 43 hemichannels with a specific peptide was able to prevent demyelination in co-treatment with patients compared to healthy donors' immunoglobulins. By contrast, the blockade of connexin 43 gap junctions with another peptide was detrimental for myelin (myelin density -48%; P < 0.001). Overall, our results suggest that dysregulation of connexins would play a pathogenetic role in neuromyelitis optica. The further identification of mechanisms leading to connexin dysfunction and soluble factors implicated, would provide interesting therapeutic strategies for demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Richard
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 University, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Ruiz
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 University, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Cavagna
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 University, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Bigotte
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 University, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle, Lyon, France
| | - Katsuhisa Masaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | | | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Pascale Giraudon
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 University, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Marignier
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon1 University, Center for Research in Neuroscience of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle, Lyon, France
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12
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Mu J, Wang T, Li M, Guan T, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Kong J. Ketogenic diet protects myelin and axons in diffuse axonal injury. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1534-1547. [PMID: 33487123 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1875300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ketogenic diet (KD) has been identified as a potential therapy to enhance recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a common type of traumatic brain injury that is characterized by delayed axonal disconnection. Previous studies showed that demyelination resulting from oligodendrocyte damage contributes to axonal degeneration in DAI. AIM The present study tests a hypothesis that ketone bodies from the ketogenic diet confers protection for myelin and attenuates degeneration of demyelinated axon in DAI. METHODS A modified Marmarou's model of DAI was induced in adult rats. The DAI rats were fed with KD and analyzed with western blot, transmission electron microscope, ELISA test and immunohistochemistry. Meanwhile, a co-culture of primary oligodendrocytes and neurons was treated with ketone body β-hydroxybutryate (βHB) to test for its effects on the myelin-axon unit. RESULTS Here we report that rats fed with KD showed an increased fatty acid metabolism and ketonemia. This dietary intervention significantly reduced demyelination and attenuated axonal damage in rats following DAI, likely through inhibition of DAI-induced excessive mitochondrial fission and promoting mitochondrial fusion. In an in vitro model of myelination, the ketone body βHB increased myelination significantly and reduced axonal degeneration induced by glucose deprivation (GD). βHB robustly increased cell viability, inhibited GD-induced collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and attenuated death of oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSION Ketone bodies protect myelin-forming oligodendrocytes and reduce axonal damage. Ketogenic diet maybe a promising therapy for DAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Mu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiyu Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Life Science Research Center, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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13
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Zika Virus Infection Leads to Demyelination and Axonal Injury in Mature CNS Cultures. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010091. [PMID: 33440758 PMCID: PMC7827345 DOI: 10.3390/v13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how Zika virus (Flaviviridae; ZIKV) affects neural cells is paramount in comprehending pathologies associated with infection. Whilst the effects of ZIKV in neural development are well documented, impact on the adult nervous system remains obscure. Here, we investigated the effects of ZIKV infection in established mature myelinated central nervous system (CNS) cultures. Infection incurred damage to myelinated fibers, with ZIKV-positive cells appearing when myelin damage was first detected as well as axonal pathology, suggesting the latter was a consequence of oligodendroglia infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed host factors that were upregulated during ZIKV infection. One such factor, CCL5, was validated in vitro as inhibiting myelination. Transferred UV-inactivated media from infected cultures did not damage myelin and axons, suggesting that viral replication is necessary to induce the observed effects. These data show that ZIKV infection affects CNS cells even after myelination-which is critical for saltatory conduction and neuronal function-has taken place. Understanding the targets of this virus across developmental stages including the mature CNS, and the subsequent effects of infection of cell types, is necessary to understand effective time frames for therapeutic intervention.
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14
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Cliver RN, Ayers B, Brady A, Firestein BL, Vazquez M. Cerebrospinal fluid replacement solutions promote neuroglia migratory behaviors and spinal explant outgrowth in microfluidic culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 15:176-188. [PMID: 33274811 DOI: 10.1002/term.3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the nervous system (NS) impact millions of adults, worldwide, as a consequence of traumatic injury, genetic illness, or chronic health conditions. Contemporary studies have begun to incorporate neuroglia into emerging NS therapies to harness the regenerative potential of glial-mediated synapses in the brain and spinal cord. However, the role of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds neuroglia and interfaces with their associated synapses remains only partially explored. The flow of CSF within subarachnoid spaces (SAS) circulates essential polypeptides, metabolites, and growth factors that directly impact neural response and recovery via signaling with healthy glia. Despite the availability of artificial CSF solutions used in neurosurgery and NS treatments, tissue engineering projects continue to use cell culture media, such as Neurobasal (NB) and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), for development and characterization of many transplantable cells, matrixes, and integrated cellular systems. The current study examined in vitro behaviors of glial Schwann cells (ShC) and spinal cord explants (SCE) within a CSF replacement solution, Elliott's B Solution (EBS), used widely in the treatment of NS disorders. Our tests used EBS to create defined chemical microenvironments of extracellular factors within a glial line (gLL) microfluidic device, previously described by our group. The gLL is comparable in scale to the in vivo SAS that envelopes endogenous CSF and enables molecular transport via mechanisms of convective diffusion. Our results illustrate that EBS solutions facilitate ShC survival, morphology, and proliferation similar to those measured in traditional DMEM, and additionally support glial chemotactic behaviors in response to brain-derived growth factor (BDNF). Our data indicates that ShC undergo significant chemotaxis toward high and low concentration gradients of BDNF with statistical differences between gradients formed within diluents of EBS and DMEM solutions. Moreover, SCE cultured with EBS solutions facilitated measurement of neurite explant extension commensurate with reported in vivo measurements. This data highlights the translational significance and advantages of incorporating CSF replacement fluids to interrogate cellular behaviors and advance regenerative NS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Cliver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Ayers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alyssa Brady
- Department of Physics, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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15
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Vallejo-Giraldo C, Genta M, Cauvi O, Goding J, Green R. Hydrogels for 3D Neural Tissue Models: Understanding Cell-Material Interactions at a Molecular Level. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:601704. [PMID: 33240868 PMCID: PMC7677185 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.601704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of 3D neural tissue analogs is of great interest to a range of biomedical engineering applications including tissue engineering of neural interfaces, treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and in vitro assessment of cell-material interactions. Despite continued efforts to develop synthetic or biosynthetic hydrogels which promote the development of complex neural networks in 3D, successful long-term 3D approaches have been restricted to the use of biologically derived constructs. In this study a poly (vinyl alcohol) biosynthetic hydrogel functionalized with gelatin and sericin (PVA-SG), was used to understand the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell-material interaction. This was used to probe critical short-term interactions that determine the success or failure of neural network growth and ultimately the development of a useful model. Complex primary ventral mesencephalic (VM) neural cells were encapsulated in PVA-SG hydrogels and critical molecular cues that demonstrate mechanosensory interaction were examined. Neuronal presence was constant over the 10 day culture, but the astrocyte population decreased in number. The lack of astrocytic support led to a reduction in neural process outgrowth from 24.0 ± 1.3 μm on Day 7 to 7.0 ± 0.1 μm on Day 10. Subsequently, purified astrocytes were studied in isolation to understand the reasons behind PVA-SG hydrogel inability to support neural network development. It was proposed that the spatially restrictive nature (or tight mesh size) of PVA-SG hydrogels limited the astrocytic actin polymerization together with a cytoplasmic-nuclear translocation of YAP over time, causing an alteration in their cell cycle. This was confirmed by the evaluation of p27/Kip1 gene that was found to be upregulated by a twofold increase in expression at both Days 7 and 10 compared to Day 3, indicating the quiescent stage of the astrocytes in PVA-SG hydrogel. Cell migration was further studied by the quantification of MMP-2 production that was negligible compared to 2D controls, ranging from 2.7 ± 2.3% on Day 3 to 5.3 ± 2.9% on Day 10. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding astrocyte-material interactions at the molecular level, with the need to address spatial constraints in the 3D hydrogel environment. These findings will inform the design of future hydrogel constructs with greater capacity for remodeling by the cell population to create space for cell migration and neural process extension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Genta
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Cauvi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Goding
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rylie Green
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Gregory E, Dugan R, David G, Song YH. The biology and engineered modeling strategies of cancer-nerve crosstalk. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188406. [PMID: 32827578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent finding critical to cancer aggravation is the interaction between cancer cells and nerves. There exist two main modes of cancer-nerve interaction: perineural invasion (PNI) and tumor innervation. PNI occurs when cancer cells infiltrate the adjacent nerves, and its relative opposite, tumor innervation, occurs when axons extend into tumor bodies. Like most cancer studies, these crosstalk interactions have mostly been observed in patient samples and animal models at this point, making it difficult to understand the mechanisms in a controlled manner. As such, in recent years in vitro studies have emerged that have helped identify various microenvironmental factors responsible for cancer-nerve crosstalk, including but not limited to neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, chemokines, cancer-derived exosomes, and Schwann cells. The versatility of in vitro systems warrants continuous development to increase physiological relevance to study PNI and tumor innervation, for example by utilizing biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Despite the wealth of 3D in vitro cancer models, comparatively there exists a lack of 3D in vitro models of nerve, PNI, and tumor innervation. Native-like 3D in vitro models of cancer-nerve interactions may further help develop therapeutic strategies to curb nerve-mediated cancer aggravation. As such, we provide an overview of the key players of cancer-nerve crosstalk and current in vitro models of the crosstalk, as well as cancer and nerve models. We also discuss a few future directions in cancer-nerve crosstalk research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emory Gregory
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America.
| | - Reagan Dugan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America.
| | - Gabriel David
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America.
| | - Young Hye Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America.
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17
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Hayden L, Semenoff T, Schultz V, Merz SF, Chapple KJ, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE, Shi X, McKimmie CS, Edgar JM, Thümmler K, Linington C, Pingen M. Lipid-specific IgMs induce antiviral responses in the CNS: implications for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:135. [PMID: 32792006 PMCID: PMC7427287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a potentially fatal encephalitis caused by JC polyomavirus (JCV). PML principally affects people with a compromised immune system, such as patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving treatment with natalizumab. However, intrathecal synthesis of lipid-reactive IgM in MS patients is associated with a markedly lower incidence of natalizumab-associated PML compared to those without this antibody repertoire. Here we demonstrate that a subset of lipid-reactive human and murine IgMs induce a functional anti-viral response that inhibits replication of encephalitic Alpha and Orthobunyaviruses in multi-cellular central nervous system cultures. These lipid-specific IgMs trigger microglia to produce IFN-β in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner, which induces an IFN-α/β-receptor 1-dependent antiviral response in glia and neurons. These data identify lipid-reactive IgM as a mediator of anti-viral activity in the nervous system and provide a rational explanation why intrathecal synthesis of lipid-reactive IgM correlates with a reduced incidence of iatrogenic PML in MS.
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18
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Whitehead MJ, McCanney GA, Willison HJ, Barnett SC. MyelinJ: an ImageJ macro for high throughput analysis of myelinating cultures. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:4528-4530. [PMID: 31095292 PMCID: PMC6821319 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary MyelinJ is a free user friendly ImageJ macro for high throughput analysis of fluorescent micrographs such as 2D-myelinating cultures and statistical analysis using R. MyelinJ can analyse single images or complex experiments with multiple conditions, where the ggpubr package in R is automatically used for statistical analysis and the production of publication quality graphs. The main outputs are percentage (%) neurite density and % myelination. % neurite density is calculated using the normalize local contrast algorithm, followed by thresholding, to adjust for differences in intensity. For % myelination the myelin sheaths are selected using the Frangi vesselness algorithm, in conjunction with a grey scale morphology filter and the removal of cell bodies using a high intensity mask. MyelinJ uses a simple graphical user interface and user name system for reproducibility and sharing that will be useful to the wider scientific community that study 2D-myelination in vitro. Availability and implementation MyelinJ is freely available at https://github.com/BarnettLab/MyelinJ. For statistical analysis the freely available R and the ggpubr package are also required. MyelinJ has a user guide (Supplementary Material) and has been tested on both Windows (Windows 10) and Mac (High Sierra) operating systems. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Whitehead
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George A McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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19
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Tian X, Guan T, Guo Y, Zhang G, Kong J. Selective Susceptibility of Oligodendrocytes to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Implication for Delayed Neurologic Sequelae (DNS). Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:815. [PMID: 32903698 PMCID: PMC7438756 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed neurologic sequelae (DNS) are recurrent-transient neuropsychiatric consequences of carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication. Pathologically DNS features damages to the brain white matter. Here we test a hypothesis that direct cytotoxicity of CO to oligodendrocytes plays a role in the development of DNS. In an in vitro model of CO poisoning with the carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) as a CO donor, we show that CORM-2 at concentrations higher than 200 µM significantly inhibited viability and caused significant death of PC12 cells. Similar minimum toxicity concentration was observed on primary brain cells including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Interestingly, oligodendrocytes showed cytotoxicity to CORM-2 at a much lower concentration (100 µM). We further found that CORM-2 at 100 µM inhibited proteolipid protein (PLP) production and reduced myelin coverage on axons in an in vitro model of myelination. Our results show that direct cytotoxicity is a mechanism of CO poisoning and DNS may result from a high susceptibility of oligodendrocytes to CO poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Tian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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20
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Thümmler K, Rom E, Zeis T, Lindner M, Brunner S, Cole JJ, Arseni D, Mücklisch S, Edgar JM, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Yayon A, Linington C. Polarizing receptor activation dissociates fibroblast growth factor 2 mediated inhibition of myelination from its neuroprotective potential. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:212. [PMID: 31856924 PMCID: PMC6923900 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling contributes to failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis, but targeting this therapeutically is complicated by its functional pleiotropy. We now identify FGF2 as a factor up-regulated by astrocytes in active inflammatory lesions that disrupts myelination via FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) mediated activation of Wingless (Wnt) signaling; pharmacological inhibition of Wnt being sufficient to abrogate inhibition of myelination by FGF2 in tissue culture. Using a novel FGFR1-selective agonist (F2 V2) generated by deleting the N-terminal 26 amino acids of FGF2 we demonstrate polarizing signal transduction to favor FGFR1 abrogates FGF mediated inhibition of myelination but retains its ability to induce expression of pro-myelinating and immunomodulatory factors that include Cd93, Lif, Il11, Hbegf, Cxcl1 and Timp1. Our data provide new insights into the mechanistic basis of remyelination failure in MS and identify selective activation of FGFR1 as a novel strategy to induce a neuroprotective signaling environment in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases.
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21
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Gilmour A, Poole-Warren L, Green RA. An Improved in vitro Model of Cortical Tissue. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1349. [PMID: 31920510 PMCID: PMC6928009 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracortical electrodes for brain-machine interfaces rely on intimate contact with tissues for recording signals and stimulating neurons. However, the long-term viability of intracortical electrodes in vivo is poor, with a major contributing factor being the development of a glial scar. In vivo approaches for evaluating responses to intracortical devices are resource intensive and complex, making statistically significant, high throughput data difficult to obtain. In vitro models provide an alternative to in vivo studies; however, existing approaches have limitations which restrict the translation of the cellular reactions to the implant scenario. Notably, there is no current robust model that includes astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes and neurons, the four principle cell types, critical to the health, function and wound responses of the central nervous system (CNS). In previous research a co-culture of primary mouse mature mixed glial cells and immature neural precursor cells were shown to mimic several key properties of the CNS response to implanted electrode materials. However, the method was not robust and took up to 63 days, significantly affecting reproducibility and widespread use for assessing brain-material interactions. In the current research a new co-culture approach has been developed and evaluated using immunocytochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The resulting method reduced the time in culture significantly and the culture model was shown to have a genetic signature similar to that of healthy adult mouse brain. This new robust CNS culture model has the potential to significantly improve the capacity to translate in vitro data to the in vivo responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gilmour
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffiths University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Laura Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rylie A Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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McCanney GA, McGrath MA, Otto TD, Burchmore R, Yates EA, Bavington CD, Willison HJ, Turnbull JE, Barnett SC. Low sulfated heparins target multiple proteins for central nervous system repair. Glia 2019; 67:668-687. [PMID: 30585359 PMCID: PMC6492281 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of endogenous repair following spinal cord injury (SCI) accounts for the frequent permanent deficits for which effective treatments are absent. Previously, we demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS-mHeps) attenuate astrocytosis, suggesting they may represent a novel therapeutic approach. mHeps are glycomolecules with structural similarities to resident heparan sulfates (HS), which modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. To explore whether mHeps can affect the myelination and neurite outgrowth necessary for repair after SCI, we created lesioned or demyelinated neural cell co-cultures and exposed them with a panel of mHeps with varying degrees and positions of their sulfate moieties. LS-mHep7 enhanced neurite outgrowth and myelination, whereas highly sulfated mHeps (HS-mHeps) had attenuating effects. LS-mHeps had no effects on myelination or neurite extension in developing, uninjured myelinating cultures, suggesting they might exert their proregenerating effects by modulating or sequestering inhibitory factors secreted after injury. To investigate this, we examined conditioned media from cultures using chemokine arrays and conducted an unbiased proteomics approach by applying TMT-LC/MS to mHep7 affinity purified conditioned media from these cultures. Multiple protein factors reported to play a role in damage or repair mechanisms were identified, including amyloid betaA4. Amyloid beta peptide (1-42) was validated as an important candidate by treating myelination cultures and shown to inhibit myelination. Thus, we propose that LS-mHeps exert multiple beneficial effects on mechanisms supporting enhanced repair, and represent novel candidates as therapeutics for CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A. McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Michael A. McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles D. Bavington
- GlycoMar Limited, European Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Dunstaffnage Marine LaboratoryObanArgyllScotland, UK
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Jeremy E. Turnbull
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Integrative Biology, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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23
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Xu YKT, Chitsaz D, Brown RA, Cui QL, Dabarno MA, Antel JP, Kennedy TE. Deep learning for high-throughput quantification of oligodendrocyte ensheathment at single-cell resolution. Commun Biol 2019; 2:116. [PMID: 30937398 PMCID: PMC6435748 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput quantification of oligodendrocyte myelination is a challenge that, if addressed, would facilitate the development of therapeutics to promote myelin protection and repair. Here, we established a high-throughput method to assess oligodendrocyte ensheathment in-vitro, combining nanofiber culture devices and automated imaging with a heuristic approach that informed the development of a deep learning analytic algorithm. The heuristic approach was developed by modeling general characteristics of oligodendrocyte ensheathments, while the deep learning neural network employed a UNet architecture and a single-cell training method to associate ensheathed segments with individual oligodendrocytes. Reliable extraction of multiple morphological parameters from individual cells, without heuristic approximations, allowed the UNet to match the accuracy of expert-human measurements. The capacity of this technology to perform multi-parametric analyses at the level of individual cells, while reducing manual labor and eliminating human variability, permits the detection of nuanced cellular differences to accelerate the discovery of new insights into oligodendrocyte physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang T. Xu
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Daryan Chitsaz
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Robert A. Brown
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Qiao Ling Cui
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Matthew A. Dabarno
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Jack P. Antel
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- McGill Program in Neuroengineering, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4 Montreal, QC Canada
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24
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Bijland S, Thomson G, Euston M, Michail K, Thümmler K, Mücklisch S, Crawford CL, Barnett SC, McLaughlin M, Anderson TJ, Linington C, Brown ER, Kalkman ER, Edgar JM. An in vitro model for studying CNS white matter: functional properties and experimental approaches. F1000Res 2019; 8:117. [PMID: 31069065 PMCID: PMC6489523 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16802.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal development and maintenance of CNS white matter, and its responses to disease and injury, are defined by synergies between axons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia, and further influenced by peripheral components such as the gut microbiome and the endocrine and immune systems. Consequently, mechanistic insights, therapeutic approaches and safety tests rely ultimately on in vivo models and clinical trials. However, in vitro models that replicate the cellular complexity of the CNS can inform these approaches, reducing costs and minimising the use of human material or experimental animals; in line with the principles of the 3Rs. Using electrophysiology, pharmacology, time-lapse imaging, and immunological assays, we demonstrate that murine spinal cord-derived myelinating cell cultures recapitulate spinal-like electrical activity and innate CNS immune functions, including responses to disease-relevant myelin debris and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Further, we show they are (i) amenable to siRNA making them suitable for testing gene-silencing strategies; (ii) can be established on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for electrophysiological studies; and (iii) are compatible with multi-well microplate formats for semi-high throughput screens, maximising information output whilst further reducing animal use. We provide protocols for each of these. Together, these advances increase the utility of this in vitro tool for studying normal and pathological development and function of white matter, and for screening therapeutic molecules or gene targets for diseases such as multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease or spinal cord injury, whilst avoiding in vivo approaches on experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bijland
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gemma Thomson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Matthew Euston
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kyriakos Michail
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Katja Thümmler
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Steve Mücklisch
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Colin L Crawford
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - T James Anderson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Euan R Brown
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Eric R Kalkman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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25
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Meehan GR, McGonigal R, Cunningham ME, Wang Y, Barrie JA, Halstead SK, Gourlay D, Yao D, Willison HJ. Differential binding patterns of anti-sulfatide antibodies to glial membranes. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:28-35. [PMID: 30196830 PMCID: PMC6134133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfatide is a major glycosphingolipid in myelin and a target for autoantibodies in autoimmune neuropathies. However neuropathy disease models have not been widely established, in part because currently available monoclonal antibodies to sulfatide may not represent the diversity of anti-sulfatide antibody binding patterns found in neuropathy patients. We sought to address this issue by generating and characterising a panel of new anti-sulfatide monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies have sulfatide reactivity distinct from existing antibodies in assays and in binding to peripheral nerve tissues and can be used to provide insights into the pathophysiological roles of anti-sulfatide antibodies in demyelinating neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Meehan
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine E Cunningham
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan K Halstead
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dawn Gourlay
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Denggao Yao
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Wang SS, Zhang Z, Zhu TB, Chu SF, He WB, Chen NH. Myelin injury in the central nervous system and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:162-168. [PMID: 29730417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a membrane wrapped around the axon of the nerve cell, which is composed of the mature oligodendrocytes. The role of myelin is to insulate and prevent the nerve electrical impulses from the axon of the neurons to the axons of the other neurons, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Minor changes in myelin thickness could lead to substantial changes in conduction speed and may thus alter neural circuit function. Demyelination is the myelin damage, which characterized by the loss of nerve sheath and the relative fatigue of the neuronal sheath and axon. Studies have shown that myelin injury may be closely related to neurodegenerative diseases and may be an early diagnostic criteria and therapeutic target. Thus this review summarizes the recent result of pathologic effect and signal pathways of myelin injury in neurodegenerative diseases, especially the Alzheimer's disease to provide new and effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tian-Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Bin He
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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27
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Leferink PS, Heine VM. The Healthy and Diseased Microenvironments Regulate Oligodendrocyte Properties: Implications for Regenerative Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:39-52. [PMID: 29024633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
White matter disorders are characterized by deficient myelin or myelin loss, lead to a range of neurologic dysfunctions, and can result in early death. Oligodendrocytes, which are responsible for white matter formation, are the first targets for treatment. However, many studies indicate that failure of white matter repair goes beyond the intrinsic incapacity of oligodendrocytes to (re)generate myelin and that failed interactions with neighboring cells or factors in the diseased microenvironment can underlie white matter defects. Moreover, most of the white matter disorders show specific white matter pathology caused by different disease mechanisms. Herein, we review the factors within the cellular and the extracellular microenvironment regulating oligodendrocyte properties and discuss stem cell tools to identify microenvironmental factors of importance to the development of improved regenerative medicine for patients with white matter disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S Leferink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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28
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Prasad A, Teh DBL, Blasiak A, Chai C, Wu Y, Gharibani PM, Yang IH, Phan TT, Lim KL, Yang H, Liu X, All AH. Static Magnetic Field Stimulation Enhances Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Secretion of Neurotrophic Factors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6743. [PMID: 28751716 PMCID: PMC5532210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular-level effects of low/high frequency oscillating magnetic field on excitable cells such as neurons are well established. In contrast, the effects of a homogeneous, static magnetic field (SMF) on Central Nervous System (CNS) glial cells are less investigated. Here, we have developed an in vitro SMF stimulation set-up to investigate the genomic effects of SMF exposure on oligodendrocyte differentiation and neurotrophic factors secretion. Human oligodendrocytes precursor cells (OPCs) were stimulated with moderate intensity SMF (0.3 T) for a period of two weeks (two hours/day). The differential gene expression of cell activity marker (c-fos), early OPC (Olig1, Olig2. Sox10), and mature oligodendrocyte markers (CNP, MBP) were quantified. The enhanced myelination capacity of the SMF stimulated oligodendrocytes was validated in a dorsal root ganglion microfluidics chamber platform. Additionally, the effects of SMF on the gene expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors- BDNF and NT3 was quantified. We also report that SMF stimulation increases the intracellular calcium influx in OPCs as well as the gene expression of L-type channel subunits-CaV1.2 and CaV1.3. Our findings emphasize the ability of glial cells such as OPCs to positively respond to moderate intensity SMF stimulation by exhibiting enhanced differentiation, functionality as well as neurotrophic factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankshita Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, E4, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Daniel B Loong Teh
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Agata Blasiak
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chou Chai
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Payam M Gharibani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - In Hong Yang
- Singapore Institute of Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 5-COR, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thang T Phan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, 2 Medical Drive, MD9, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School. 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyunsoo Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Angelo H All
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neurology, John Hopkins School of Medicine, 701C Rutland Avenue 720, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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29
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Cumberworth SL, Barrie JA, Cunningham ME, de Figueiredo DPG, Schultz V, Wilder-Smith AJ, Brennan B, Pena LJ, Freitas de Oliveira França R, Linington C, Barnett SC, Willison HJ, Kohl A, Edgar JM. Zika virus tropism and interactions in myelinating neural cell cultures: CNS cells and myelin are preferentially affected. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:50. [PMID: 28645311 PMCID: PMC5481922 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent global outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been linked to severe neurological disorders affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively). The pathobiology underlying these diverse clinical phenotypes are the subject of intense research; however, even the principal neural cell types vulnerable to productive Zika infection remain poorly characterised. Here we used CNS and PNS myelinating cultures from wild type and Ifnar1 knockout mice to examine neuronal and glial tropism and short-term consequences of direct infection with a Brazilian variant of ZIKV. Cell cultures were infected pre- or post-myelination for various intervals, then stained with cell-type and ZIKV-specific antibodies. In bypassing systemic immunity using ex vivo culture, and the type I interferon response in Ifnar1 deficient cells, we were able to evaluate the intrinsic infectivity of neural cells. Through systematic quantification of ZIKV infected cells in myelinating cultures, we found that ZIKV infection is enhanced in the absence of the type I interferon responses and that CNS cells are considerably more susceptible to infection than PNS cells. In particular, we demonstrate that CNS axons and myelinating oligodendrocytes are especially vulnerable to injury. These results have implications for understanding the pathobiology of neurological symptoms associated with ZIKV infection. Furthermore, we provide a quantifiable ex vivo infection model that can be used for fundamental and therapeutic studies on viral neuroinvasion and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A Barrie
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Madeleine E Cunningham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniely Paulino Gomes de Figueiredo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Verena Schultz
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Adrian J Wilder-Smith
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lindomar J Pena
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Department of Virology, UFPE Campus-Cidade Universitária, Recife/PE, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher Linington
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, G61 1QH, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8TA, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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30
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Berghoff SA, Gerndt N, Winchenbach J, Stumpf SK, Hosang L, Odoardi F, Ruhwedel T, Böhler C, Barrette B, Stassart R, Liebetanz D, Dibaj P, Möbius W, Edgar JM, Saher G. Dietary cholesterol promotes repair of demyelinated lesions in the adult brain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14241. [PMID: 28117328 PMCID: PMC5286209 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder in which remyelination failure contributes to persistent disability. Cholesterol is rate-limiting for myelin biogenesis in the developing CNS; however, whether cholesterol insufficiency contributes to remyelination failure in MS, is unclear. Here, we show the relationship between cholesterol, myelination and neurological parameters in mouse models of demyelination and remyelination. In the cuprizone model, acute disease reduces serum cholesterol levels that can be restored by dietary cholesterol. Concomitant with blood-brain barrier impairment, supplemented cholesterol directly supports oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation and differentiation, and restores the balance of growth factors, creating a permissive environment for repair. This leads to attenuated axon damage, enhanced remyelination and improved motor learning. Remarkably, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cholesterol supplementation does not exacerbate disease expression. These findings emphasize the safety of dietary cholesterol in inflammatory diseases and point to a previously unrecognized role of cholesterol in promoting repair after demyelinating episodes. Cholesterol is important for axonal myelination during development. Here the authors show that cholesterol levels are reduced in a cuprizone mouse model of multiple sclerosis and that dietary cholesterol supplementation enhances remyelination and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nina Gerndt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Winchenbach
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sina K Stumpf
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leon Hosang
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Francesca Odoardi
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Böhler
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benoit Barrette
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Liebetanz
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Payam Dibaj
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Wilhelmsplatz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12-8TA, UK
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Gilmour AD, Woolley AJ, Poole-Warren LA, Thomson CE, Green RA. A critical review of cell culture strategies for modelling intracortical brain implant material reactions. Biomaterials 2016; 91:23-43. [PMID: 26994876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capacity to predict in vivo responses to medical devices in humans currently relies greatly on implantation in animal models. Researchers have been striving to develop in vitro techniques that can overcome the limitations associated with in vivo approaches. This review focuses on a critical analysis of the major in vitro strategies being utilized in laboratories around the world to improve understanding of the biological performance of intracortical, brain-implanted microdevices. Of particular interest to the current review are in vitro models for studying cell responses to penetrating intracortical devices and their materials, such as electrode arrays used for brain computer interface (BCI) and deep brain stimulation electrode probes implanted through the cortex. A background on the neural interface challenge is presented, followed by discussion of relevant in vitro culture strategies and their advantages and disadvantages. Future development of 2D culture models that exhibit developmental changes capable of mimicking normal, postnatal development will form the basis for more complex accurate predictive models in the future. Although not within the scope of this review, innovations in 3D scaffold technologies and microfluidic constructs will further improve the utility of in vitro approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Gilmour
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - A J Woolley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L A Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C E Thomson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - R A Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Abstract
Extensive evidence has indicated that the breakdown of myelin is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) since the vulnerability of oligodendrocytes under Alzheimer's pathology easily induces the myelin breakdown and the loss of the myelin sheath which might be the initiating step in the changes of the earliest stage of AD prior to appearance of amyloid and tau pathology. Considerable research implicated that beta-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin breakdown may be via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. It also seems that the oligodendrocyte dysfunction is triggered by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) through inflammation and oxidative stress as the common pathophysiological base. Impaired repair of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) might possibly enhance the disease progress under decreased self-healing ability from aging process and pathological factors including Aβ pathology and/or NFTs. Thus, these results have suggested that targeting oligodendrocytes may be a novel therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- a Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital , Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital , Shiyan , Hubei Province , China
| | - Ming Xiao
- b Department of Anatomy , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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33
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Ioannidou K, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Time-Lapse Imaging of Glial-Axonal Interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 72:2.23.1-2.23.14. [PMID: 26131661 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0223s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is formed by oligodendrocytes that are derived from precursor cells, known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Successive stages of OPC interactions with the axons can be visualized in vitro and ex vivo using mixed neural cell cultures and pieces of intact spinal cord, respectively. OPCs and their differentiation can be imaged using cell-type-specific markers or green fluorescent protein (GFP) tags. This protocol describes methodology for generating these two systems for time-lapse imaging of dynamic cell interactions using fluorescent and 2-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Ludwig Centre for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Rinklin P, Afanasenkau D, Wiegand S, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Inducing microscopic thermal lesions for the dissection of functional cell networks on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:237-243. [PMID: 25358015 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a versatile chip-based method to inflict microscopic lesions on cellular networks or tissue models. Our approach relies on resistive heating of microstructured conductors to impose highly localized thermal stress on specific regions of a cell network. We show that networks can be precisely dissected into individual subnetworks using a microwire crossbar array. To this end, we pattern a network of actively beating cardiomyocyte-like cells into smaller subunits by inflicting thermal damage along selected wires of the array. We then investigate the activity and functional connectivity of the individual subnetworks using a Ca(2+) imaging-based signal propagation analysis. Our results demonstrate the efficient separation of functional activity between individual subnetworks on a microscopic level. We believe that the presented technique may become a powerful tool for investigating lesion and regeneration models in cellular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rinklin
- Institute of Bioelectronics (ICS-8/PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA - Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Boomkamp SD, McGrath MA, Houslay MD, Barnett SC. Epac and the high affinity rolipram binding conformer of PDE4 modulate neurite outgrowth and myelination using an in vitro spinal cord injury model. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2385-98. [PMID: 24467222 PMCID: PMC3997278 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose cAMP and pharmacological inhibition of PDE4, which degrades it, are promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Using our previously described in vitro SCI model, we studied the mechanisms by which cAMP modulators promote neurite outgrowth and myelination using enantiomers of the PDE4-specific inhibitor rolipram and other modulators of downstream signalling effectors. Experimental Approach Rat mixed neural cell myelinating cultures were cut with a scalpel and treated with enantiomers of the PDE4-specific inhibitor rolipram, Epac agonists and PKA antagonists. Neurite outgrowth, density and myelination were assessed by immunocytochemistry and cytokine levels analysed by qPCR. Key Results Inhibition of the high-affinity rolipram-binding state (HARBS), rather than the low-affinity rolipram binding state (LARBS) PDE4 conformer promoted neurite outgrowth and myelination. These effects were mediated through the activation of Epac and not through PKA. Expression of the chemokine CXCL10, known to inhibit myelination, was markedly elevated in astrocytes after Rho inhibition and this was blocked by inhibition of Rho kinase or PDE4. Conclusions and Implications PDE4 inhibitors targeted at the HARBS conformer or Epac agonists may provide promising novel targets for the treatment of SCI. Our study demonstrates the differential mechanisms of action of these compounds, as well as the benefit of a combined pharmacological approach and highlighting potential promising targets for the treatment of SCI. These findings need to be confirmed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Boomkamp
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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36
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Donoghue P, Sun T, Gadegaard N, Riehle M, Barnett SC. Development of a novel 3D culture system for screening features of a complex implantable device for CNS repair. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2143-50. [PMID: 24279373 PMCID: PMC4087043 DOI: 10.1021/mp400526n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tubular scaffolds which incorporate a variety of micro- and nanotopographies have a wide application potential in tissue engineering especially for the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). We aim to produce metabolically active differentiated tissues within such tubes, as it is crucially important to evaluate the biological performance of the three-dimensional (3D) scaffold and optimize the bioprocesses for tissue culture. Because of the complex 3D configuration and the presence of various topographies, it is rarely possible to observe and analyze cells within such scaffolds in situ. Thus, we aim to develop scaled down mini-chambers as simplified in vitro simulation systems, to bridge the gap between two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures on structured substrates and three-dimensional (3D) tissue culture. The mini-chambers were manipulated to systematically simulate and evaluate the influences of gravity, topography, fluid flow, and scaffold dimension on three exemplary cell models that play a role in CNS repair (i.e., cortical astrocytes, fibroblasts, and myelinating cultures) within a tubular scaffold created by rolling up a microstructured membrane. Since we use CNS myelinating cultures, we can confirm that the scaffold does not affect neural cell differentiation. It was found that heterogeneous cell distribution within the tubular constructs was caused by a combination of gravity, fluid flow, topography, and scaffold configuration, while cell survival was influenced by scaffold length, porosity, and thickness. This research demonstrates that the mini-chambers represent a viable, novel, scale down approach for the evaluation of complex 3D scaffolds as well as providing a microbioprocessing strategy for tissue engineering and the potential repair of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
S. Donoghue
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
| | - Tao Sun
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Xi’an JiaoTong-Liverpool
University, 111 Ren’ai
Road, Suzhou, JiangsuP. R. China 215123
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Biomedical
Engineering, School of Engineering, University
of Glasgow, 70 University
Avenue, Glasgow G12 8LT, U.K.
| | - Mathis
O. Riehle
- Centre
for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology,
College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Joesph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute
of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary
and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, U.K.
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Ioannidou K, Anderson KI, Strachan D, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Astroglial-axonal interactions during early stages of myelination in mixed cultures using in vitro and ex vivo imaging techniques. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:59. [PMID: 24886503 PMCID: PMC4024314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Myelination is a very complex process that requires the cross talk between various neural cell types. Previously, using cytosolic or membrane associated GFP tagged neurospheres, we followed the interaction of oligodendrocytes with axons using time-lapse imaging in vitro and ex vivo and demonstrated dynamic changes in cell morphology. In this study we focus on GFP tagged astrocytes differentiated from neurospheres and their interactions with axons. RESULTS We show the close interaction of astrocyte processes with axons and with oligodendrocytes in mixed mouse spinal cord cultures with formation of membrane blebs as previously seen for oligodendrocytes in the same cultures. When GFP-tagged neurospheres were transplanted into the spinal cord of the dysmyelinated shiverer mouse, confirmation of dynamic changes in cell morphology was provided and a prevalence for astrocyte differentiation compared with oligodendroglial differentiation around the injection site. Furthermore, we were able to image GFP tagged neural cells in vivo after transplantation and the cells exhibited similar membrane changes as cells visualised in vitro and ex vivo. CONCLUSION These data show that astrocytes exhibit dynamic cell process movement and changes in their membrane topography as they interact with axons and oligodendrocytes during the process of myelination, with the first demonstration of bleb formation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Goudriaan A, Camargo N, Carney KE, Oliet SHR, Smit AB, Verheijen MHG. Novel cell separation method for molecular analysis of neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:12. [PMID: 24523672 PMCID: PMC3906515 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the importance of astrocyte-neuron communication in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity has become increasingly clear. Since neuron-astrocyte interactions represent highly dynamic and reciprocal processes, we hypothesized that many astrocyte genes may be regulated as a consequence of their interactions with maturing neurons. In order to identify such neuron-responsive astrocyte genes in vitro, we sought to establish an expedited technique for separation of neurons from co-cultured astrocytes. Our newly established method makes use of cold jet, which exploits different adhesion characteristics of subpopulations of cells (Jirsova etal., 1997), and is rapid, performed under ice-cold conditions and avoids protease-mediated isolation of astrocytes or time-consuming centrifugation, yielding intact astrocyte mRNA with approximately 90% of neuronal RNA removed. Using this purification method, we executed genome-wide profiling in which RNA derived from astrocyte-only cultures was compared with astrocyte RNA derived from differentiating neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. Data analysis determined that many astrocytic mRNAs and biological processes are regulated by neuronal interaction. Our results validate the cold jet as an efficient method to separate astrocytes from neurons in co-culture, and reveals that neurons induce robust gene-expression changes in co-cultured astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Goudriaan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nutabi Camargo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karen E Carney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; INSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie Bordeaux, France ; Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- INSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie Bordeaux, France ; Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark H G Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lee S, Chong SYC, Tuck SJ, Corey JM, Chan JR. A rapid and reproducible assay for modeling myelination by oligodendrocytes using engineered nanofibers. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:771-82. [PMID: 23589937 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for studying oligodendrocyte myelination using primary neurons are limited by the time, cost and reproducibility of myelination in vitro. Nanofibers with diameters of >0.4 μm fabricated from electrospinning of liquid polystyrene are suitable scaffolds for concentric membrane wrapping by oligodendrocytes. With the advent of aligned electrospinning technology, nanofibers can be rapidly fabricated, standardized, and configured into various densities and patterns as desired. Notably, the minimally permissive culture environment of fibers provides investigators with an opportunity to explore the autonomous oligodendrocyte cellular processes underlying differentiation and myelination. The simplicity of the system is conducive to monitoring oligodendrocyte proliferation, migration, differentiation and membrane wrapping in the absence of neuronal signals. Here we describe protocols for the fabrication and preparation of nanofibers aligned on glass coverslips for the study of membrane wrapping by rodent oligodendrocytes. The entire protocol can be completed within 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonok Lee
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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40
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MacKay R, Wyer S, Gilmour A, Kongara K, Harding D, Clark S, Mayhew I, Thomson C. Cytotoxic activity of extracts from Hypochaeris radicata. Toxicon 2013; 70:194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Donoghue PS, Lamond R, Boomkamp SD, Sun T, Gadegaard N, Riehle MO, Barnett SC. The Development of a ɛ-Polycaprolactone Scaffold for Central Nervous System Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:497-507. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Donoghue
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Lamond
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie D. Boomkamp
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Sun
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an JiaoTong-Liverpool University, People's Republic China
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mathis O. Riehle
- Centre for Cell Engineering, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Neuroprotective Effects of Estradiol on Motoneurons in a Model of Rat Spinal Cord Embryonic Explants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:421-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and their functional diversity in response to injury is now being appreciated. Astrocytes have long been considered the main player in the inhibition of CNS repair via the formation of the gliotic scar, but now it is accepted that astrocyte can play an important role in CNS repair and remyelination. Interest in the relationship between astrocytes and myelination focused initially on attempts to understand how the development of plaques of astroglial scar tissue in multiple sclerosis was related to the failure of these lesions to remyelinate. It is now considered that this is an end stage pathological response to injury, and that normally astrocytes play important roles in supporting the development and maintenance of CNS myelin. This review will focus on how this new understanding may be exploited to develop new strategies to enhance remyelination in multiple sclerosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Barnett
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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44
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Abstract
Axons of various hippocampal neurons are myelinated mainly postnatally, which is important for the proper function of neural circuits. Demyelination in the hippocampus has been observed in patients with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease or temporal lobe epilepsy. However, very little is known about the mechanisms and exact functions of the interaction between the myelin-making oligodendrocytes and the axons within the hippocampus. This is mainly attributable to the lack of a system suitable for molecular studies. We recently established a new myelin coculture from embryonic day (E) 18 rat embryos consisting of hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes, with which we identified a novel intra-axonal signaling pathway regulating the juxtaparanodal clustering of Kv1.2 channels. Here we describe the detailed protocol for this new coculture. It takes about 5 weeks to set up and use the system. This coculture is particularly useful for studying myelin-mediated regulation of ion channel trafficking and for understanding how neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission are regulated by myelination.
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45
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Elliott C, Lindner M, Arthur A, Brennan K, Jarius S, Hussey J, Chan A, Stroet A, Olsson T, Willison H, Barnett SC, Meinl E, Linington C. Functional identification of pathogenic autoantibody responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:1819-33. [PMID: 22561643 PMCID: PMC3359756 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathological and clinical studies implicate antibody-dependent mechanisms in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. We tested this hypothesis directly by investigating the ability of patient-derived immunoglobulins to mediate demyelination and axonal injury in vitro. Using a myelinating culture system, we developed a sensitive and reproducible bioassay to detect and quantify these effects and applied this to investigate the pathogenic potential of immunoglobulin G preparations obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 37), other neurological diseases (n = 10) and healthy control donors (n = 13). This identified complement-dependent demyelinating immunoglobulin G responses in approximately 30% of patients with multiple sclerosis, which in two cases was accompanied by significant complement-dependent antibody mediated axonal loss. No pathogenic immunoglobulin G responses were detected in patients with other neurological disease or healthy controls, indicating that the presence of these demyelinating/axopathic autoantibodies is specific for a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed immunoglobulin G preparations with demyelinating activity contained antibodies that specifically decorated the surface of myelinating oligodendrocytes and their contiguous myelin sheaths. No other binding was observed indicating that the response is restricted to autoantigens expressed by terminally differentiated myelinating oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, our study identifies axopathic and/or demyelinating autoantibody responses in a subset of patients with multiple sclerosis. This observation underlines the mechanistic heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis and provides a rational explanation why some patients benefit from antibody depleting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Elliott
- Institute of Immunology, Immunity and Infection, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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46
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Ioannidou K, Anderson KI, Strachan D, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Time-lapse imaging of the dynamics of CNS glial-axonal interactions in vitro and ex vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30775. [PMID: 22303455 PMCID: PMC3267745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelination is an exquisite and dynamic example of heterologous cell-cell interaction, which consists of the concentric wrapping of multiple layers of oligodendrocyte membrane around neuronal axons. Understanding the mechanism by which oligodendrocytes ensheath axons may bring us closer to designing strategies to promote remyelination in demyelinating diseases. The main aim of this study was to follow glial-axonal interactions over time both in vitro and ex vivo to visualize the various stages of myelination. Methodology/Principal Findings We took two approaches to follow myelination over time: i) time-lapse imaging of mixed CNS myelinating cultures generated from mouse spinal cord to which exogenous GFP-labelled murine cells were added, and ii) ex vivo imaging of the spinal cord of shiverer (Mbp mutant) mice, transplanted with GFP-labelled murine neurospheres. We demonstrate that oligodendrocyte-axonal interactions are dynamic events with continuous retraction and extension of oligodendroglial processes. Using cytoplasmic and membrane-GFP labelled cells to examine different components of the myelin-like sheath, we provide evidence from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy that the oligodendrocytes' cytoplasm-filled processes initially spiral around the axon in a corkscrew-like manner. This is followed subsequently by focal expansion of the corkscrew process to form short cuffs, which then extend longitudinally along the axons. We predict from this model that these spiral cuffs must extend over each other first before extending to form internodes of myelin. Conclusion These experiments show the feasibility of visualizing the dynamics of glial-axonal interaction during myelination over time. Moreover, these approaches complement each other with the in vitro approach allowing visualization of an entire internodal length of myelin and the ex vivo approach validating the in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt I. Anderson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Strachan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Pang Y, Zheng B, Kimberly SL, Cai Z, Rhodes PG, Lin RCS. Neuron-oligodendrocyte myelination co-culture derived from embryonic rat spinal cord and cerebral cortex. Brain Behav 2012; 2:53-67. [PMID: 22574274 PMCID: PMC3343299 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro myelination model derived from rat central nervous system (CNS) remains to be established. Here, we describe a simple and reproducible myelination culture method using dissociated neuron-oligodendrocyte (OL) co-cultures from either the embryonic day 16 (E16) rat spinal cord or cerebral cortex. The dissociated cells are plated directly on poly-L-lysine-coated cover slips and maintained in a modified myelination medium that supports both OL and neuron differentiation. The spinal cord derived OL progenitor cells develop quickly into myelin basic protein (MBP)+ mature OLs and start to myelinate axons around 17 days in vitro (DIV17). Myelination reaches its peak around six weeks (DIV40) and the typical nodes of Ranvier are revealed by paranodal proteins Caspr and juxaparanodal protein Kv1.2 immunoreactivity. Electron microscopy (EM) shows typical myelination cytoarchitecture and synaptic organization. In contrast, the cortical-derived co-culture requires triiodothyronine (T3) in the culture medium for myelination. Finally, either hypomyelination and/or demyelination can be induced by exposing proinflammatory cytokines or demyelinating agents to the co-culture, suggesting the feasibility of this modified in vitro myelination model for myelin-deficit investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Simpson L. Kimberly
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Philip G. Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Rick C. S. Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
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Boomkamp SD, Riehle MO, Wood J, Olson MF, Barnett SC. The development of a rat in vitro model of spinal cord injury demonstrating the additive effects of rho and ROCK inhibitors on neurite outgrowth and myelination. Glia 2011; 60:441-56. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Astrocytes undergo major phenotypic changes in response to injury and disease that directly influence repair in the CNS, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Previously, we have shown that neurosphere-derived rat astrocytes plated on poly-L-lysine (PLL-astrocytes) support myelination in dissociated rat spinal cord cultures (myelinating cultures). It is hypothesized that astrocyte reactivity can affect myelination, so we have exploited this culture system to ascertain how two distinct astrocyte phenotypes influence myelination. Astrocytes plated on tenascin C (TnC-astrocytes), a method to induce quiescence, resulted in less myelinated fibers in the myelinating cultures when compared with PLL-astrocytes. In contrast, treatment of myelinating cultures plated on PLL-astrocytes with ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a cytokine known to induce an activated astrocyte phenotype, promoted myelination. CNTF could also reverse the effect of quiescent astrocytes on myelination. A combination of microarray gene expression analysis and quantitative real-time PCR identified CXCL10 as a potential candidate for the reduction in myelination in cultures on TnC-astrocytes. The effect of TnC-astrocytes on myelination was eliminated by neutralizing CXCL10 antibodies. Conversely, CXCL10 protein inhibited myelination on PLL-astrocytes. Furthermore, CXCL10 treatment of purified oligodendrocyte precursor cells did not affect proliferation, differentiation, or process extension compared with untreated controls, suggesting a role in glial/axonal ensheathment. These data demonstrate a direct correlation of astrocyte phenotypes with their ability to support myelination. This observation has important implications with respect to the development of therapeutic strategies to promote CNS remyelination in demyelinating diseases.
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Brennan KM, Galban-Horcajo F, Rinaldi S, O'Leary CP, Goodyear CS, Kalna G, Arthur A, Elliot C, Barnett S, Linington C, Bennett JL, Owens GP, Willison HJ. Lipid arrays identify myelin-derived lipids and lipid complexes as prominent targets for oligoclonal band antibodies in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 238:87-95. [PMID: 21872346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The presence of oligoclonal bands of IgG (OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is used to establish a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS), but their specificity has remained an enigma since its first description over forty years ago. We now report that the use of lipid arrays identifies heteromeric complexes of myelin derived lipids as a prominent target for this intrathecal B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Brennan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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