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Gavilan RG, Caro-Castro J, Trinanes J. A new generation of real-time environmental monitoring systems to study the impact of El Niño on disease dynamics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 81:102924. [PMID: 37011463 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is drastically altering weather patterns, accentuating the frequency and strength of global events such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation. This alteration is driving the spread of diseases sensitive to climate such as diarrheal diseases. Environmental monitoring through remote sensing, in combination with data from epidemiological surveillance programs, is facilitating the study of infectious disease dynamics associated with El Niño. This integrative approach can inform the development of strategies for mitigating the impact of these diseases on public health. Here, we discuss some of the achievements of this approach in the management, control, and prevention of infectious diseases linked to El Niño.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G Gavilan
- Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru; Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru.
| | - Junior Caro-Castro
- Centro Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquin Trinanes
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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2
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Stress Responses in Pathogenic Vibrios and Their Role in Host and Environmental Survival. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1404:213-232. [PMID: 36792878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio is a genus of bacteria commonly found in estuarine, marine, and freshwater environments. Vibrio species have evolved to occupy diverse niches in the aquatic ecosystem, with some having complex lifestyles. About a dozen of the described Vibrio species have been reported to cause human disease, while many other species cause disease in other organisms. Vibrio cholerae causes epidemic cholera, a severe dehydrating diarrheal disease associated with the consumption of contaminated food or water. The human pathogenic non-cholera Vibrio species, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and other extra-intestinal infections. Infections caused by V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are normally acquired through exposure to sea water or through consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated seafood. The human pathogenic Vibrios are exposed to numerous different stress-inducing agents and conditions in the aquatic environment and when colonizing a human host. Therefore, they have evolved a variety of mechanisms to survive in the presence of these stressors. Here we discuss what is known about important stress responses in pathogenic Vibrio species and their role in bacterial survival.
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Heterogeneous Growth Enhancement of Vibrio cholerae in the Presence of Different Phytoplankton Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0115822. [PMID: 36000870 PMCID: PMC9469713 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitously distributed human pathogen that naturally inhabits marine and estuarine ecosystems. Two serogroups are responsible for causing cholera epidemics, O1 and O139, but several non-O1 and non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strains can induce cholera-like infections. Outbreaks of V. cholerae have previously been correlated with phytoplankton blooms; however, links to specific phytoplankton species have not been resolved. Here, the growth of a NOVC strain (S24) was measured in the presence of different phytoplankton species, alongside phytoplankton abundance and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). During 14-day experiments, V. cholerae S24 was cocultured with strains of the axenic phytoplankton species Actinocyclus curvatulus, Cylindrotheca closterium, a Pseudoscourfieldia sp., and a Picochlorum sp. V. cholerae abundances significantly increased in the presence of A. curvatulus, C. closterium, and the Pseudoscourfieldia sp., whereas abundances significantly decreased in the Picochlorum sp. coculture. V. cholerae growth was significantly enhanced throughout the cogrowth experiment with A. curvatulus, whereas when grown with C. closterium and the Pseudoscourfieldia sp., growth only occurred during the late stationary phase of the phytoplankton growth cycle, potentially coinciding with a release of DOC from senescent phytoplankton cells. In each of these cases, significant correlations between phytoplankton-derived DOC and V. cholerae cell abundances occurred. Notably, the presence of V. cholerae also promoted the growth of A. curvatulus and Picochlorum spp., highlighting potential ecological interactions. Variations in abundances of NOVC identified here highlight the potential diversity in V. cholerae-phytoplankton ecological interactions, which may inform efforts to predict outbreaks of NOVC in coastal environments. IMPORTANCE Many environmental strains of V. cholerae do not cause cholera epidemics but remain a public health concern due to their roles in milder gastrointestinal illnesses. With emerging evidence that these infections are increasing due to climate change, determining the ecological drivers that enable outbreaks of V. cholerae in coastal environments is becoming critical. Links have been established between V. cholerae abundance and chlorophyll a levels, but the ecological relationships between V. cholerae and specific phytoplankton species are unclear. Our research demonstrated that an environmental strain of V. cholerae (serogroup 24) displays highly heterogenous interactions in the presence of different phytoplankton species with a relationship to the dissolved organic carbon released by the phytoplankton species. This research points toward the complexity of the interactions of environmental strains of V. cholerae with phytoplankton communities, which we argue should be considered in predicting outbreaks of this pathogen.
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Deconstructing the spatial effects of El Niño and vulnerability on cholera rates in Peru: Wavelet and GIS analyses. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2022; 40:100474. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2021.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chac D, Dunmire CN, Singh J, Weil AA. Update on Environmental and Host Factors Impacting the Risk of Vibrio cholerae Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1010-1019. [PMID: 33844507 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a diarrheal disease that kills tens of thousands of people each year. Cholera is transmitted primarily by the ingestion of drinking water contaminated with fecal matter, and a safe water supply remains out of reach in many areas of the world. In this Review, we discuss host and environmental factors that impact the susceptibility to V. cholerae infection and the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Chac
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Chelsea N. Dunmire
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Jasneet Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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6
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Optimal Control Analysis of Cholera Dynamics in the Presence of Asymptotic Transmission. AXIOMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/axioms10020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many mathematical models have explored the dynamics of cholera but none have been used to predict the optimal strategies of the three control interventions (the use of hygiene promotion and social mobilization; the use of treatment by drug/oral re-hydration solution; and the use of safe water, hygiene, and sanitation). The goal here is to develop (deterministic and stochastic) mathematical models of cholera transmission and control dynamics, with the aim of investigating the effect of the three control interventions against cholera transmission in order to find optimal control strategies. The reproduction number Rp was obtained through the next generation matrix method and sensitivity and elasticity analysis were performed. The global stability of the equilibrium was obtained using the Lyapunov functional. Optimal control theory was applied to investigate the optimal control strategies for controlling the spread of cholera using the combination of control interventions. The Pontryagin’s maximum principle was used to characterize the optimal levels of combined control interventions. The models were validated using numerical experiments and sensitivity analysis was done. Optimal control theory showed that the combinations of the control intervention influenced disease progression. The characterisation of the optimal levels of the multiple control interventions showed the means for minimizing cholera transmission, mortality, and morbidity in finite time. The numerical experiments showed that there are fluctuations and noise due to its dependence on the corresponding population size and that the optimal control strategies to effectively control cholera transmission, mortality, and morbidity was through the combinations of all three control interventions. The developed models achieved the reduction, control, and/or elimination of cholera through incorporating multiple control interventions.
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Balasubramanian D, Murcia S, Ogbunugafor CB, Gavilan R, Almagro-Moreno S. Cholera dynamics: lessons from an epidemic. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33416465 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease that spreads rapidly and affects millions of people each year, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths. The disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and is characterized by watery diarrhoea that can be lethal if not properly treated. Cholera had not been reported in South America from the late 1800s until 1991, when it was introduced in Peru, wreaking havoc in one of the biggest epidemics reported to date. Within a year, the disease had spread to most of the Latin American region, resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths in all affected countries. Despite its aggressive entry, cholera virtually disappeared from the continent after 1999. The progression of the entire epidemic was well documented, making it an ideal model to understand cholera dynamics. In this review, we highlight how the synergy of socioeconomic, political and ecological factors led to the emergence, rapid spread and eventual disappearance of cholera in Latin America. We discuss how measures implemented during the cholera epidemic drastically changed its course and continental dynamics. Finally, we synthesize our findings and highlight potential lessons that can be learned for efficient and standardized cholera management programmes during future outbreaks in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Balasubramanian
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, USA.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, USA
| | - Sebastian Murcia
- National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, USA.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, USA
| | - C Brandon Ogbunugafor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Ronnie Gavilan
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru.,Centro Nacional de Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud-Peru, Jesus Maria, Lima, Peru
| | - Salvador Almagro-Moreno
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, USA.,National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando FL 32816, USA
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8
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A review of the risk of cholera outbreaks and urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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9
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Asadgol Z, Badirzadeh A, Niazi S, Mokhayeri Y, Kermani M, Mohammadi H, Gholami M. How climate change can affect cholera incidence and prevalence? A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34906-34926. [PMID: 32661979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the number of cholera infection decreased universally, climate change can potentially affect both incidence and prevalence rates of disease in endemic regions. There is considerable consistent evidence, explaining the associations between cholera and climatic variables. However, it is essentially required to compare and interpret these relationships globally. The aim of the present study was to carry out a systematic review in order to identify and appraise the literature concerning the relationship between nonanthropogenic climatic variabilities such as extreme weather- and ocean-related variables and cholera infection rates. The systematic literature review of studies was conducted by using determined search terms via four major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. This search focused on published articles in English-language up to December 31, 2018. A total of 43 full-text studies that met our criteria have been identified and included in our analysis. The reviewed studies demonstrated that cholera incidence is highly attributed to climatic variables, especially rainfall, temperature, sea surface temperature (SST) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The association between cholera incidence and climatic variables has been investigated by a variety of data analysis methodologies, most commonly time series analysis, generalized linear model (GLM), regression analysis, and spatial/GIS. The results of this study assist the policy-makers who provide the efforts for planning and prevention actions in the face of changing global climatic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Asadgol
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Badirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Science and Engineering Faculty, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaser Mokhayeri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Bwire G, Sack DA, Kagirita A, Obala T, Debes AK, Ram M, Komakech H, George CM, Orach CG. The quality of drinking and domestic water from the surface water sources (lakes, rivers, irrigation canals and ponds) and springs in cholera prone communities of Uganda: an analysis of vital physicochemical parameters. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1128. [PMID: 32680495 PMCID: PMC7368733 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water is the most abundant resource on earth, however water scarcity affects more than 40% of people worldwide. Access to safe drinking water is a basic human right and is a United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. Globally, waterborne diseases such as cholera are responsible for over two million deaths annually. Cholera is a major cause of ill-health in Africa and Uganda. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the surface and spring water in cholera endemic communities of Uganda in order to promote access to safe drinking water. METHODS A longitudinal study was carried out between February 2015 and January 2016 in cholera prone communities of Uganda. Surface and spring water used for domestic purposes including drinking from 27 sites (lakes, rivers, irrigation canal, springs and ponds) were tested monthly to determine the vital physicochemical parameters, namely pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity. RESULTS Overall, 318 water samples were tested. Twenty-six percent (36/135) of the tested samples had mean test results that were outside the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended drinking water range. All sites (100%, 27/27) had mean water turbidity values greater than the WHO drinking water recommended standards and the temperature of above 17 °C. In addition, 27% (3/11) of the lake sites and 2/5 of the ponds had pH and dissolved oxygen respectively outside the WHO recommended range of 6.5-8.5 for pH and less than 5 mg/L for dissolved oxygen. These physicochemical conditions were ideal for survival of Vibrio. cholerae. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that surface water and springs in the study area were unsafe for drinking and had favourable physicochemical parameters for propagation of waterborne diseases including cholera. Therefore, for Uganda to attain the SDG 6 targets and to eliminate cholera by 2030, more efforts are needed to promote access to safe drinking water. Also, since this study only established the vital water physicochemical parameters, further studies are recommended to determine the other water physicochemical parameters such as the nitrates and copper. Studies are also needed to establish the causal-effect relationship between V. cholerae and the physicochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Bwire
- Department of Community and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - David A Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atek Kagirita
- Uganda National Health Laboratory Services (UNHS/CPHL), Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tonny Obala
- Department of Quality Control, Uganda National Drug Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Amanda K Debes
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Malathi Ram
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henry Komakech
- Department of Community and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Marie George
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dove Project, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Garimoi Orach
- Department of Community and Behavioral Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
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11
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Smirnova A, Sterrett N, Mujica OJ, Munayco C, Suárez L, Viboud C, Chowell G. Spatial dynamics and the basic reproduction number of the 1991-1997 Cholera epidemic in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008045. [PMID: 32663235 PMCID: PMC7360044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
After being cholera free for over 100 years, Peru experienced an unprecedented epidemic of Vibrio cholerae O1 that began in 1991 and generated multiple waves of disease over several years. We developed a mechanistic transmission model that accounts for seasonal variation in temperature to estimate spatial variability in the basic reproduction number ([Formula: see text]), the initial concentration of vibrios in the environment, and cholera reporting rates. From 1991-1997, cholera spread following a multi-wave pattern, with weekly incidence concentrated during warm seasons. The epidemic first hit the coastal departments of Peru and subsequently spread through the highlands and jungle regions. The correlation between model predictions and observations was high (range in R2: 58% to 97%). Department-level population size and elevation explained significant variation in spatial-temporal transmission patterns. The overall R0 across departments was estimated at 2.1 (95% CI: 0.8,7.3), high enough for sustained transmission. Geographic-region level [Formula: see text] varied substantially from 2.4 (95% CI: 1.1, 7.3) for the coastal region, 1.9 (0.7, 6.4) for the jungle region, and 1.5 (0.9, 2.2) for the highlands region. At the department level, mean [Formula: see text] ranged from 0.8 to 6.9. Department-level [Formula: see text] were correlated with overall observed attack rates (Spearman ρ = 0.59, P = 0.002), elevation (ρ = -0.4, P = 0.04), and longitude (ρ = -0.6, P = 0.004). We find that both [Formula: see text] and the initial concentration of vibrios were higher in coastal departments than other departments. Reporting rates were low, consistent with a substantial fraction of asymptomatic or mild cases associated with the El Tor cholera biotype. Our results suggest that cholera vibrios, autochthonous to plankton in the natural aquatic environment, may have triggered outbreaks in multiple coastal locations along the Pacific coast of Peru. Our methodology could be useful to investigate multi-wave epidemics of cholera and could be extended to conduct near real-time forecasts and investigate the impact of vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Smirnova
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Natalie Sterrett
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oscar J. Mujica
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington DC, United States of America
| | - César Munayco
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Suárez
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Lima, Peru
| | - Cécile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gerardo Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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12
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Kopprio GA, Neogi SB, Rashid H, Alonso C, Yamasaki S, Koch BP, Gärdes A, Lara RJ. Vibrio and Bacterial Communities Across a Pollution Gradient in the Bay of Bengal: Unraveling Their Biogeochemical Drivers. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594. [PMID: 32351470 PMCID: PMC7174592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly populated coasts of the Bay of Bengal are particularly vulnerable to water-borne diseases, pollution and climatic extremes. The environmental factors behind bacterial community composition and Vibrio distribution were investigated in an estuarine system of a cholera-endemic region in the coastline of Bangladesh. Higher temperatures and sewage pollution were important drivers of the abundance of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. A closer relation between non-culturable Vibrio and particulate organic matter (POM) was inferred during the post-monsoon. The distribution of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Vibrio genus was likely driven by salinity and temperature. The resuspension of sediments increased Vibrio abundance and organic nutrient concentrations. The δ13C dynamic in POM followed an increasing gradient from freshwater to marine stations; nevertheless, it was not a marker of sewage pollution. Bacteroidales and culturable coliforms were reliable indicators of untreated wastewater during pre and post-monsoon seasons. The presumptive incorporation of depleted-ammonium derived from ammonification processes under the hypoxic conditions, by some microorganisms such as Cloacibacterium and particularly by Arcobacter nearby the sewage discharge, contributed to the drastic 15N depletion in the POM. The likely capacity of extracellular polymeric substances production of these taxa may facilitate the colonization of POM from anthropogenic origin and may signify important properties for wastewater bioremediation. Genera of potential pathogens other than Vibrio associated with sewage pollution were Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Arcobacter, and Bergeyella. The changing environmental conditions of the estuary favored the abundance of early colonizers and the island biogeography theory explained the distribution of some bacterial groups. This multidisciplinary study evidenced clearly the eutrophic conditions of the Karnaphuli estuary and assessed comprehensively its current bacterial baseline and potential risks. The prevailing conditions together with human overpopulation and frequent natural disasters, transform the region in one of the most vulnerable to climate change. Adaptive management strategies are urgently needed to enhance ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Kopprio
- Department of Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Tropical Marine Microbiology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany.,Marine Biogeochemistry, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Sucharit B Neogi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Harunur Rashid
- Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Cecilia Alonso
- Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Boris P Koch
- Ecological Chemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Astrid Gärdes
- Tropical Marine Microbiology, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rubén J Lara
- Marine Biogeochemistry, Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Effects of large-scale oceanic phenomena on non-cholera vibriosis incidence in the United States: implications for climate change. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e243. [PMID: 31364581 PMCID: PMC6805737 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cholera Vibrio (NCV) species are important causes of disease. These pathogens are thermophilic and climate change could increase the risk of NCV infection. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a 'natural experiment' that may presage ocean warming effects on disease incidence. In order to evaluate possible climatic contributions to observed increases in NCV infection, we obtained NCV case counts for the United States from publicly available surveillance data. Trends and impacts of large-scale oceanic phenomena, including ENSO, were evaluated using negative binomial and distributed non-linear lag models (DNLM). Associations between latitude and changing risk were evaluated with meta-regression. Trend models demonstrated expected seasonality (P < 0.001) and a 7% (6.1%-8.1%) annual increase in incidence from 1999 to 2014. DNLM demonstrated increased vibriosis risk following ENSO conditions over the subsequent 12 months (relative risk 1.940, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.298-2.901). The 'relative-relative risk' (RRR) of annual disease incidence increased with latitude (RRR per 10° increase 1.066, 95% CI 1.027-1.107). We conclude that NCV risk in the United States is impacted by ocean warming, which is likely to intensify with climate change, increasing NCV risk in vulnerable populations.
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14
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Environmental Reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae: Challenges and Opportunities for Ocean-Color Remote Sensing. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11232763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has estimated the burden of the on-going pandemic of cholera at 1.3 to 4 million cases per year worldwide in 2016, and a doubling of case-fatality-rate to 1.8% in 2016 from 0.8% in 2015. The disease cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that can be found in environmental reservoirs, living either in free planktonic form or in association with host organisms, non-living particulate matter or in the sediment, and participating in various biogeochemical cycles. An increasing number of epidemiological studies are using land- and water-based remote-sensing observations for monitoring, surveillance, or risk mapping of Vibrio pathogens and cholera outbreaks. Although the Vibrio pathogens cannot be sensed directly by satellite sensors, remotely-sensed data can be used to infer their presence. Here, we review the use of ocean-color remote-sensing data, in conjunction with information on the ecology of the pathogen, to map its distribution and forecast risk of disease occurrence. Finally, we assess how satellite-based information on cholera may help support the Sustainable Development Goals and targets on Health (Goal 3), Water Quality (Goal 6), Climate (Goal 13), and Life Below Water (Goal 14).
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Heyerdahl LW, Pugliese-Garcia M, Nkwemu S, Tembo T, Mwamba C, Demolis R, Chilengi R, Gessner BD, Guillermet E, Sharma A. "It depends how one understands it:" a qualitative study on differential uptake of oral cholera vaccine in three compounds in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:421. [PMID: 31088376 PMCID: PMC6518637 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Zambian Ministry of Health implemented a reactive one-dose Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) campaign in April 2016 in three Lusaka compounds, followed by a pre-emptive second-round in December. Understanding uptake of this first-ever two-dose OCV campaign is critical to design effective OCV campaigns and for delivery of oral vaccines in the country and the region. Methods We conducted 12 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with men and women who self-reported taking no OCV doses and six with those self-reporting taking both doses. Simple descriptive analysis was conducted on socio-demographic and cholera-related data collected using a short questionnaire. We analyzed transcribed FGDs using the framework of dose, gender and geographic location. Results No differences were found by gender and location. All participants thought cholera to be severe and the reactive OCV campaign as relevant if efficacious. Most reported not receiving information on OCV side-effects and duration of protection. Those who took both doses listed more risk factors (including ‘wind’) and felt personally susceptible to cholera and protected by OCV. Some described OCV side-effects, mostly diarrhoea, vomiting and dizziness, as the expulsion of causative agents. Those who did not take OCV felt protected by their good personal hygiene practices or, thought of themselves and OCV as powerless against the multiple causes of cholera including poor living conditions, water, wind, and curse. Most of those who did not take OCV feared side-effects reported by others. Some interpreted side-effects as ‘western’ malevolence. Though > 80% discussants reported not knowing duration of protection, some who did not vaccinate, suggested that rather than rely on OCV which could lose potency, collective action should be taken to change the physical and economic environment to prevent cholera. Conclusions Due to incomplete information, individual decision-making was complex, rooted in theories of disease causation, perceived susceptibility, circulating narratives, colonial past, and observable outcomes of vaccination. To increase coverage, future OCV campaigns may benefit from better communication on eligibility and susceptibility, expected side effects, mechanism of action, and duration of protection. Governmental improvements in the physical and economic environment may increase confidence in OCV and other public health interventions among residents in Lusaka compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard W Heyerdahl
- Agence de Médecine Préventive, J 87, Deux Plateaux, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,École normale supérieure de Lyon, UMR 5206 Triangle, Lyon, France.
| | - Miguel Pugliese-Garcia
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot # 34620, P.O. Box 34681, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sharon Nkwemu
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot # 34620, P.O. Box 34681, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Taniya Tembo
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot # 34620, P.O. Box 34681, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chanda Mwamba
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot # 34620, P.O. Box 34681, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Rachel Demolis
- Agence de Médecine Préventive, 13 chemin du Levant, 01210, Ferney-Voltaire, France
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot # 34620, P.O. Box 34681, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bradford D Gessner
- Agence de Médecine Préventive, 13 chemin du Levant, 01210, Ferney-Voltaire, France
| | - Elise Guillermet
- Agence de Médecine Préventive, 13 chemin du Levant, 01210, Ferney-Voltaire, France
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Plot # 34620, P.O. Box 34681, 10101, Lusaka, Zambia
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Osei FB, Stein A. Temporal trend and spatial clustering of cholera epidemic in Kumasi-Ghana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17848. [PMID: 30552392 PMCID: PMC6294804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the temporal trends and spatial patterns will have significant implications for effective preparedness in future epidemics. Our objective was to investigate the temporal trends and the nature of the spatial interaction of cholera incidences, dwelling on an outbreak in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. We developed generalized nonparametric and segmented regression models to describe the epidemic curve. We used the pair correlation function to describe the nature of spatial clustering parameters such as the maximum scale of interaction and the scale of maximal interaction. The epidemic rose suddenly to a peak with 40% daily increments of incidences. The decay, however, was slower with 5% daily reductions. Spatial interaction occurred within 1 km radius. Maximal interaction occurred within 0.3 km, suggesting a household level of interactions. Significant clustering during the first week suggests secondary transmissions sparked the outbreak. The nonparametric and segmented regression models, together with the pair correlation function, contribute to understanding the transmission dynamics. The issue of underreporting remains a challenge we seek to address in future. These findings, however, will have innovative implications for developing preventive measures during future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Badu Osei
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands.
| | - Alfred Stein
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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Kobe J, Pritchard N, Short Z, Erovenko IV, Rychtář J, Rowell JT. A Game-Theoretic Model of Cholera with Optimal Personal Protection Strategies. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:2580-2599. [PMID: 30203140 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is an acute gastro-intestinal infection that affects millions of people throughout the world each year, primarily but not exclusively in developing countries. Because of its public health ramifications, considerable mathematical attention has been paid to the disease. Here we consider one neglected aspect of combating cholera: personal participation in anti-cholera interventions. We construct a game-theoretic model of cholera in which individuals choose whether to participate in either vaccination or clean water consumption programs under assumed costs. We find that relying upon individual compliance significantly lowers the incidence of the disease as long as the cost of intervention is sufficiently low, but does not eliminate it. The relative costs of the measures determined whether a population preferentially adopts a single preventative measure or employs the measure with the strongest early adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kobe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Neil Pritchard
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Ziaqueria Short
- Department of Biological Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27110, USA
| | - Igor V Erovenko
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Jonathan T Rowell
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
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Dvorak AC, Solo-Gabriele HM, Galletti A, Benzecry B, Malone H, Boguszewski V, Bird J. Possible impacts of sea level rise on disease transmission and potential adaptation strategies, a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:951-968. [PMID: 29679917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sea levels are projected to rise in response to climate change, causing the intrusion of sea water into land. In flat coastal regions, this would generate an increase in shallow water covered areas with limited circulation. This scenario raises a concern about the consequences it could have on human health, specifically the possible impacts on disease transmission. In this review paper we identified three categories of diseases which are associated with water and whose transmission can be affected by sea level rise. These categories include: mosquitoborne diseases, naturalized organisms (Vibrio spp. and toxic algae), and fecal-oral diseases. For each disease category, we propose comprehensive adaptation strategies that would help minimize possible health risks. Finally, the City of Key West, Florida is analyzed as a case study, due to its inherent vulnerability to sea level rise. Current and projected adaptation techniques are discussed as well as the integration of additional recommendations, focused on disease transmission control. Given that sea level rise will likely continue into the future, the promotion and implementation of positive adaptation strategies is necessary to ensure community resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Dvorak
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Andrea Galletti
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Bernardo Benzecry
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Hannah Malone
- Dept. of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Sulca MA, Orozco R, Alvarado DE. Antimicrobial resistance not related to 1,2,3 integrons and Superintegron in Vibrio spp. isolated from seawater sample of Lima (Peru). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 131:370-377. [PMID: 29886960 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microorganisms has been attributed to integrons, which have the ability to capture antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes and express them in their hosts. 170 strains of Vibrio spp. were isolated from Lima (Peru) seawater samples and identified by biochemical tests and PCR. AMR profiles were generated using 15 standard antibiotics. The presence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons and Superintegron in these strains were also investigated by PCR. Ten species of Vibrio were identified with V. alginolyticus the most frequent. All strains were resistant to antibiotics, especially to penicillin group. No resistance to norfloxacin or tetracycline was observed. Class 1, 2 and 3 integrons were not found, only one Superintegron containing the mutT gene was identified in V. cholerae L22 strain. This indicated that AMR is not related to integrons as mentioned previously and that these strains can be reservoirs of resistance genes in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Sulca
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Science, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, Alexander von Humboldt Aquaculture Research Center - IMARPE, Lima, Peru.
| | - Rita Orozco
- Aquatic Microbiology Laboratory, Alexander von Humboldt Aquaculture Research Center - IMARPE, Lima, Peru
| | - Débora E Alvarado
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Science, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Dangbé E, Irépran D, Perasso A, Békollé D. Mathematical modelling and numerical simulations of the influence of hygiene and seasons on the spread of cholera. Math Biosci 2018; 296:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Muhling BA, Jacobs J, Stock CA, Gaitan CF, Saba VS. Projections of the future occurrence, distribution, and seasonality of three Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay under a high-emission climate change scenario. GEOHEALTH 2017; 1:278-296. [PMID: 32158993 PMCID: PMC7007099 DOI: 10.1002/2017gh000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Illness caused by pathogenic strains of Vibrio bacteria incurs significant economic and health care costs in many areas around the world. In the Chesapeake Bay, the two most problematic species are V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, which cause infection both from exposure to contaminated water and consumption of contaminated seafood. We used existing Vibrio habitat models, four global climate models, and a recently developed statistical downscaling framework to project the spatiotemporal probability of occurrence of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae in the estuarine environment, and the mean concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters in the Chesapeake Bay by the end of the 21st century. Results showed substantial future increases in season length and spatial habitat for V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, while projected increase in V. cholerae habitat was less marked and more spatially heterogeneous. Our findings underscore the need for spatially variable inputs into models of climate impacts on Vibrios in estuarine environments. Overall, economic costs associated with Vibrios in the Chesapeake Bay, such as incidence of illness and management measures on the shellfish industry, may increase under climate change, with implications for recreational and commercial uses of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Muhling
- Princeton University Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
- Now at Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and ClimateUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Jacobs
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Cooperative Oxford LabOxfordMarylandUSA
| | - Charles A. Stock
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
| | | | - Vincent S. Saba
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryPrinceton University Forrestal CampusPrincetonNew JerseyUSA
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Abia ALK, James C, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Benteke Momba MN. Microbial Remobilisation on Riverbed Sediment Disturbance in Experimental Flumes and a Human-Impacted River: Implication for Water Resource Management and Public Health in Developing Sub-Saharan African Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E306. [PMID: 28295001 PMCID: PMC5369142 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resuspension of sediment-borne microorganisms (including pathogens) into the water column could increase the health risk for those using river water for different purposes. In the present work, we (1) investigated the effect of sediment disturbance on microbial resuspension from riverbed sediments in laboratory flow-chambers and in the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa; and (2) estimated flow conditions for sediment-borne microorganism entrainment/resuspension in the river. For mechanical disturbance, the top 2 cm of the sediment in flow-chambers was manually stirred. Simulating sudden discharge into the river, water (3 L) was poured within 30 s into the chambers at a 45° angle to the chamber width. In the field, sediment was disturbed by raking the riverbed and by cows crossing in the river. Water samples before and after sediment disturbance were analysed for Escherichia coli. Sediment disturbance caused an increase in water E. coli counts by up to 7.9-35.8 times original values. Using Shields criterion, river-flow of 0.15-0.69 m³/s could cause bed particle entrainment; while ~1.57-7.23 m³/s would cause resuspension. Thus, sediment disturbance in the Apies River would resuspend E. coli (and pathogens), with possible negative health implications for communities using such water. Therefore, monitoring surface water bodies should include microbial sediment quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Departments of Biotechnology, Vaal university of Technology, Private Bag X021, Andries Potgieter Blvd, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa.
| | - Chris James
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Chowdhury FR, Nur Z, Hassan N, von Seidlein L, Dunachie S. Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28270154 PMCID: PMC5341193 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative, non-spore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. It is classified according to its major surface antigen into around 206 serogroups, of which O1 and O139 cause epidemic cholera. A recent spatial modelling technique estimated that around 2.86 million cholera cases occur globally every year, and of them approximately 95,000 die. About 1.3 billion people are currently at risk of infection from cholera. Meta-analysis and mathematical modelling have demonstrated that due to global warming the burden of vector-borne diseases like malaria, leishmaniasis, meningococcal meningitis, viral encephalitis, dengue and chikungunya will increase in the coming years in the tropics and beyond. Cholera and climate This review offers an overview of the interplay between global warming and the pathogenicity and epidemiology of V. cholerae. Several distinctive features of cholera survival (optimal thriving at 15% salinity, 30 °C water temperature, and pH 8.5) indicate a possible role of climate change in triggering the epidemic process. Genetic exchange (ctxAB, zot, ace, cep, and orfU) between strains and transduction process allows potential emergence of new toxigenic clones. These processes are probably controlled by precise environmental signals such as optimum temperature, sunlight and osmotic conditions. Environmental influences on phytoplankton growth and chitin remineralization will be discussed alongside the interplay of poor sanitary conditions, overcrowding, improper sewage disposal and global warming in promoting the growth and transmission of this deadly disease. Conclusion The development of an effective early warning system based on climate data could help to prevent and control future outbreaks. It may become possible to integrate real-time monitoring of oceanic regions, climate variability and epidemiological and demographic population dynamics to predict cholera outbreaks and support the design of cost-effective public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Health Directorate, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Zannatun Nur
- Yarrawonga Health and Yarrawonga Medical Centre, Yarrawonga, Victoria, 3730, Australia
| | - Nazia Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Dhaka Community Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Susanna Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Kopprio GA, Streitenberger ME, Okuno K, Baldini M, Biancalana F, Fricke A, Martínez A, Neogi SB, Koch BP, Yamasaki S, Lara RJ. Biogeochemical and hydrological drivers of the dynamics of Vibrio species in two Patagonian estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:646-656. [PMID: 27871750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ecology of the most relevant Vibrio species for human health and their relation to water quality and biogeochemistry were studied in two estuaries in Argentinian Patagonia. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were reported in >29% of cases at the Río Colorado and Río Negro estuaries. Neither the pandemic serogroups of Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio cholerae O139 nor the cholera toxin gene were detected in this study. However, several strains of V. cholerae (not O1 or O139) are able to cause human disease or acquire pathogenic genes by horizontal transfer. Vibrio vulnificus was detected only in three instances in the microplankton fraction of the Río Negro estuary. The higher salinity in the Río Colorado estuary and in marine stations at both estuaries favours an abundance of culturable Vibrio. The extreme peaks for ammonium, heterotrophic bacteria and faecal coliforms in the Río Negro estuary supported a marked impact on sewage discharge. Generally, the more pathogenic strains of Vibrio have a faecal origin. Salinity, pH, ammonium, chlorophyll a, silicate and carbon/nitrogen ratio of suspended organic particulates were the primary factors explaining the distribution of culturable bacteria after distance-based linear models. Several effects of dissolved organic carbon on bacterial distribution are inferred. Global change is expected to increase the trophic state and the salinisation of Patagonian estuaries. Consequently, the distribution and abundance of Vibrio species is projected to increase under future changing baselines. Adaptation strategies should contribute to sustaining good water quality to buffer climate- and anthropogenic- driven impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán A Kopprio
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Florida 4750, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - M Eugenia Streitenberger
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Kentaro Okuno
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku orai-kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mónica Baldini
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan 670, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Florencia Biancalana
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Florida 4750, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Anna Fricke
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Florida 4750, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ana Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Sucharit B Neogi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku orai-kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Boris P Koch
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Marine Chemistry, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Shinji Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58, Rinku orai-kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Rubén J Lara
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Sur, Florida 4750, B8000FWB Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Oladokun MO, Okoh IA. Vibrio cholerae: A historical perspective and current trend. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(16)61154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Response of Vibrio cholerae to Low-Temperature Shifts: CspV Regulation of Type VI Secretion, Biofilm Formation, and Association with Zooplankton. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:4441-52. [PMID: 27208110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00807-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability to sense and adapt to temperature fluctuation is critical to the aquatic survival, transmission, and infectivity of Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the disease cholera. Little information is available on the physiological changes that occur when V. cholerae experiences temperature shifts. The genome-wide transcriptional profile of V. cholerae upon a shift in human body temperature (37°C) to lower temperatures, 15°C and 25°C, which mimic those found in the aquatic environment, was determined. Differentially expressed genes included those involved in the cold shock response, biofilm formation, type VI secretion, and virulence. Analysis of a mutant lacking the cold shock gene cspV, which was upregulated >50-fold upon a low-temperature shift, revealed that it regulates genes involved in biofilm formation and type VI secretion. CspV controls biofilm formation through modulation of the second messenger cyclic diguanylate and regulates type VI-mediated interspecies killing in a temperature-dependent manner. Furthermore, a strain lacking cspV had significant defects for attachment and type VI-mediated killing on the surface of the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna Collectively, these studies reveal that cspV is a major regulator of the temperature downshift response and plays an important role in controlling cellular processes crucial to the infectious cycle of V. cholerae IMPORTANCE Little is known about how human pathogens respond and adapt to ever-changing parameters of natural habitats outside the human host and how environmental adaptation alters dissemination. Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, experiences fluctuations in temperature in its natural aquatic habitats and during the infection process. Furthermore, temperature is a critical environmental signal governing the occurrence of V. cholerae and cholera outbreaks. In this study, we showed that V. cholerae reprograms its transcriptome in response to fluctuations in temperature, which results in changes to biofilm formation and type VI secretion system activation. These processes in turn impact environmental survival and the virulence potential of this pathogen.
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Machado A, Bordalo AA. Detection and Quantification of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus in Coastal Waters of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa). ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:339-349. [PMID: 26940502 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus are recognized human pathogens. Although several studies are available worldwide, both on environmental and clinical contexts, little is known about the ecology of these vibrios in African coastal waters. In this study, their co-occurrence and relationships to key environmental constraints in the coastal waters of Guinea-Bissau were examined using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) approach. All Vibrio species were universally detected showing higher concentrations by the end of the wet season. The abundance of V. cholerae (ISR 16S-23S rRNA) ranged 0-1.2 × 10(4) MPN/L, whereas V. parahaemolyticus (toxR) varied from 47.9 to 1.2 × 10(5) MPN/L. Although the presence of genotypes associated with virulence was found in environmental V. cholerae isolates, ctxA+ V. cholerae was detected, by MPN-PCR, only on two occasions. Enteropathogenic (tdh+ and trh+) V. parahaemolyticus were detected at concentrations up to 1.2 × 10(3) MPN/L. V. vulnificus (vvhA) was detected simultaneously in all surveyed sites only at the end of the wet season, with maximum concentrations of 1.2 × 10(5) MPN/L. Our results suggest that sea surface water temperature and salinity were the major environmental controls to all Vibrio species. This study represents the first detection and quantification of co-occurring Vibrio species in West African coastal waters, highlighting the potential health risk associated with the persistence of human pathogenic Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Machado
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Adriano A Bordalo
- Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS-UP), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Members of the genus Vibrio are known to interact with phyto- and zooplankton in aquatic environments. These interactions have been proven to protect the bacterium from various environmental stresses, serve as a nutrient source, facilitate exchange of DNA, and to serve as vectors of disease transmission. This review highlights the impact of Vibrio-zooplankton interactions at the ecosystem scale and the importance of studies focusing on a wide range of Vibrio-zooplankton interactions. The current knowledge on chitin utilization (i.e., chemotaxis, attachment, and degradation) and the role of these factors in attachment to nonchitinous zooplankton is also presented.
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Ramírez IJ, Grady SC. El Niño, Climate, and Cholera Associations in Piura, Peru, 1991-2001: A Wavelet Analysis. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:83-99. [PMID: 26832694 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In Peru, it was hypothesized that epidemic cholera in 1991 was linked to El Niño, the warm phase of El Niño-Southern Oscillation. While previous studies demonstrated an association in 1997-1998, using cross-sectional data, they did not assess the consistency of this relationship across the decade. Thus, how strong or variable an El Niño-cholera relationship was in Peru or whether El Niño triggered epidemic cholera early in the decade remains unknown. In this study, wavelet and mediation analyses were used to characterize temporal patterns among El Niño, local climate variables (rainfall, river discharge, and air temperature), and cholera incidence in Piura, Peru from 1991 to 2001 and to estimate the mediating effects of local climate on El Niño-cholera relationships. The study hypothesis is that El Niño-related connections with cholera in Piura were transient and interconnected via local climate pathways. Overall, our findings provide evidence that a strong El Niño-cholera link, mediated by local hydrology, existed in the latter part of the 1990s but found no evidence of an El Niño association in the earlier part of the decade, suggesting that El Niño may not have precipitated cholera emergence in Piura. Further examinations of cholera epicenters in Peru are recommended to support these results in Piura. For public health planning, the results may improve existing efforts that utilize El Niño monitoring for preparedness during future climate-related extremes in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván J Ramírez
- Interdisciplinary Science Program, The New School, 65 W 11th Street, New York, NY, 10011, USA.
- Tishman Environment and Design Center, The New School, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sue C Grady
- Department of Geography, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Li X, Wang D, Li B, Zhou H, Liang S, Ke C, Deng X, Kan B, Morris JG, Cao W. Characterization of environmental Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 in the Pearl River Estuary, China. Can J Microbiol 2015; 62:139-47. [PMID: 26674584 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic isolates of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 from aquatic reservoirs are a key source for recurrent epidemics of cholera in human populations. However, we do not have an optimal understanding of the microbiology of the strains within these reservoirs, particularly outside of the time periods when there are active cholera cases in the surrounding community. The main objective of the present study was to identify and characterize V. cholerae O1 and O139 in the Pearl River Estuary at a time when active disease was not being identified, despite prior occurrence of epidemic cholera in the region. Water samples were collected at 24 sites in the research area at monthly intervals between 2007 and 2010, and screened for the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139. All isolates were screened for the presence of ctxAB, ompW, toxR, and tcpA genes. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was used to assess possible relationships among strains. The results show that Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139 was isolated, on average, from 6.7% of the sites screened at each time point. All V. cholerae O1 and O139 isolates were ctxAB negative, and 37% were positive for tcpA. Isolation was most common in the oldest, most urbanized district compared with other districts, and was associated with lower pH. Despite year-to-year variability in isolation rates, there was no evidence of seasonality. MLVA of 27 selected isolates showed evidence of high genetic diversity, with no evidence of clustering by year or geographic location. In this region where cholera has been epidemic in the past, there is evidence of environmental persistence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains. However, environmental strains were consistently nontoxigenic, with a high level of genetic diversity; their role as current or future agents of human disease remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujun Li
- a School of Public Health Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Duochun Wang
- b Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Chang-Bai Street, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Baisheng Li
- c Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- b Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Chang-Bai Street, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liang
- d Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Changwen Ke
- c Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- c Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510300, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Kan
- b Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, 155 Chang-Bai Street, Changping District, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - J Glenn Morris
- d Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Wuchun Cao
- e State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, People's Republic of China
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Sperling L, Alter T, Huehn S. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio spp. in Retail and Farm Shrimps in Ecuador. J Food Prot 2015; 78:2089-92. [PMID: 26555534 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in shrimp at retail and in shrimp farms in Ecuador and to determine the antimicrobial agent resistance patterns of farm isolates. The presence of genes linked to early mortality syndrome (EMS) or acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) also was evaluated. Vibrio spp. were isolated from retail shrimps in Cuenca, Ecuador, and farm shrimps originating from provinces El Oro and Guayas, Ecuador. A total of 229 shrimp samples were collected, of which 71 originated from retail markets in Cuenca and 158 came from shrimp farms. Overall, 219 (95.6%) samples tested positive for Vibrio spp. Vibrio parahaemolyticus (80.8%) was the most common species detected, followed by Vibrio alginolyticus (50.2%), Vibrio cholerae (11.3%), and Vibrio vulnificus (3.5%). None of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates carried the virulence-associated tdh and trh genes. In V. parahaemolyticus shrimp farm isolates, high resistance was found to ampicillin (92.2%), and intermediate resistance was found to tetracycline (51.3%) and amikacin (22.1%). Of the V. parahaemolyticus strains, 68 were resistant to at least three antimicrobial agents, and 2 were resistant to seven antimicrobial agents simultaneously. Up to 18 resistant isolates were found for V. alginolyticus, whereas V. vulnificus and V. cholerae isolates were more susceptible. None of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates carried the EMS-AHPND plasmid. The results of this study revealed the ubiquitous occurrence of Vibrio spp. in shrimps at retail and on shrimp farms in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sperling
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - T Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Huehn
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Environmental factor analysis of cholera in China using remote sensing and geographical information systems. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:940-51. [PMID: 26464184 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881500223x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera is one of a number of infectious diseases that appears to be influenced by climate, geography and other natural environments. This study analysed the environmental factors of the spatial distribution of cholera in China. It shows that temperature, precipitation, elevation, and distance to the coastline have significant impact on the distribution of cholera. It also reveals the oceanic environmental factors associated with cholera in Zhejiang, which is a coastal province of China, using both remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The analysis has validated the correlation between indirect satellite measurements of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH) and ocean chlorophyll concentration (OCC) and the local number of cholera cases based on 8-year monthly data from 2001 to 2008. The results show the number of cholera cases has been strongly affected by the variables of SST, SSH and OCC. Utilizing this information, a cholera prediction model has been established based on the oceanic and climatic environmental factors. The model indicates that RS and GIS have great potential for designing an early warning system for cholera.
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Khandeparker L, Anil AC, Naik SD, Gaonkar CC. Daily variations in pathogenic bacterial populations in a monsoon influenced tropical environment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:337-343. [PMID: 25956443 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Changing climatic conditions have influenced the monsoon pattern in recent years. Variations in bacterial population in one such tropical environment were observed everyday over two years and point out intra and inter annual changes driven by the intensity of rainfall. Vibrio spp. were abundant during the monsoon and so were faecal coliforms. Vibrio alginolyticus were negatively influenced by nitrate, whereas, silicate and rainfall positively influenced Vibrio parahaemolyticus numbers. It is also known that pathogenic bacteria are associated with the plankton. Changes in the abundance of plankton, which are governed mainly by environmental changes, could be responsible for variation in pathogenic bacterial abundance during monsoon, other than the land runoff due to precipitation and influx of fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sneha D Naik
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
| | - Chetan C Gaonkar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Various studies have examined the relationships between vibrios and the environmental conditions surrounding them. However, very few reviews have compiled these studies into cohesive points. This may be due to the fact that these studies examine different environmental parameters, use different sampling, detection, and enumeration methodologies, and occur in diverse geographic locations. The current article is one approach to compile these studies into a cohesive work that assesses the importance of environmental determinants on the abundance of vibrios in coastal ecosystems.
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"Quorum Non-Sensing": Social Cheating and Deception in Vibrio cholerae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:3856-62. [PMID: 25819968 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00586-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is widely used by bacteria to coordinate behavior in response to external stimuli. In Vibrio cholerae, this process is important for environmental survival and pathogenesis, though, intriguingly, a large percentage of natural isolates are QS deficient. Here, we show that QS-deficient mutants can spread as social cheaters by ceasing production of extracellular proteases under conditions requiring their growth. We further show that mutants stimulate biofilm formation and are over-represented in biofilms compared to planktonic communities; on this basis, we suggest that QS-deficient mutants may have the side effect of enhancing environmental tolerance of natural populations due to the inherent resistance properties of biofilms. Interestingly, high frequencies of QS-deficient individuals did not impact production of QS signaling molecules despite mutants being unable to respond to these inducers, indicating that these variants actively cheat by false signaling under conditions requiring QS. Taken together, our results suggest that social cheating may drive QS deficiency emergence within V. cholerae natural populations.
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Townsley L, Yildiz FH. Temperature affects c-di-GMP signalling and biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4290-305. [PMID: 25684220 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is crucial to the environmental survival and transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the facultative human pathogen responsible for the disease cholera. During its infectious cycle, V. cholerae experiences fluctuations in temperature within the aquatic environment and during the transition between human host and aquatic reservoirs. In this study, we report that biofilm formation is induced at low temperatures through increased levels of the signalling molecule, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Strains harbouring in frame deletions of all V. cholerae genes that are predicted to encode diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) or phosphodiesterases (PDEs) were screened for their involvement in low-temperature-induced biofilm formation and Vibrio polysaccharide gene expression. Of the 52 mutants tested, deletions of six DGCs and three PDEs were found to affect these phenotypes at low temperatures. Unlike wild type, a strain lacking all six DGCs did not exhibit a low-temperature-dependent increase in c-di-GMP, indicating that these DGCs are required for temperature modulation of c-di-GMP levels. We also show that temperature modulates c-di-GMP levels in a similar fashion in the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not in the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. This study uncovers the role of temperature in environmental regulation of biofilm formation and c-di-GMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Townsley
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Fitnat H Yildiz
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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Chretien JP, Anyamba A, Small J, Britch S, Sanchez JL, Halbach AC, Tucker C, Linthicum KJ. Global climate anomalies and potential infectious disease risks: 2014-2015. PLOS CURRENTS 2015; 7. [PMID: 25685635 PMCID: PMC4323421 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.95fbc4a8fb4695e049baabfc2fc8289f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that impacts human infectious disease risk worldwide through droughts, floods, and other climate extremes. Throughout summer and fall 2014 and winter 2015, El Niño Watch, issued by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, assessed likely El Niño development during the Northern Hemisphere fall and winter, persisting into spring 2015.
Methods: We identified geographic regions where environmental conditions may increase infectious disease transmission if the predicted El Niño occurs using El Niño indicators (Sea Surface Temperature [SST], Outgoing Longwave Radiation [OLR], and rainfall anomalies) and literature review of El Niño-infectious disease associations.
Results: SSTs in the equatorial Pacific and western Indian Oceans were anomalously elevated during August-October 2014, consistent with a developing weak El Niño event. Teleconnections with local climate is evident in global precipitation patterns, with positive OLR anomalies (drier than average conditions) across Indonesia and coastal southeast Asia, and negative anomalies across northern China, the western Indian Ocean, central Asia, north-central and northeast Africa, Mexico/Central America, the southwestern United States, and the northeastern and southwestern tropical Pacific. Persistence of these conditions could produce environmental settings conducive to increased transmission of cholera, dengue, malaria, Rift Valley fever, and other infectious diseases in regional hotspots as during previous El Niño events.
Discussion and Conclusions: The current development of weak El Niño conditions may have significant potential implications for global public health in winter 2014-spring 2015. Enhanced surveillance and other preparedness measures in predicted infectious disease hotspots could mitigate health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Chretien
- Division of Integrated Biosurveillance, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Assaf Anyamba
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Small
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Britch
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jose L Sanchez
- Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (GEIS), Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (AFHSC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alaina C Halbach
- Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (GEIS), Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center (AFHSC), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Compton Tucker
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth J Linthicum
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Hellberg RS, Chu E. Effects of climate change on the persistence and dispersal of foodborne bacterial pathogens in the outdoor environment: A review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:548-72. [PMID: 25612827 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.972335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Over the coming century, warming trends such as increased duration and frequency of heat waves and hot extremes are expected in some areas, as well as increased intensity of some storm systems. Climate-induced trends will impact the persistence and dispersal of foodborne pathogens in myriad ways, especially for environmentally ubiquitous and/or zoonotic microorganisms. Animal hosts of foodborne pathogens are also expected to be impacted by climate change through the introduction of increased physiological stress and, in some cases, altered geographic ranges and seasonality. This review article examines the effects of climatic factors, such as temperature, rainfall, drought and wind, on the environmental dispersal and persistence of bacterial foodborne pathogens, namely, Bacillus cereus, Brucella, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio and Yersinia enterocolitica. These relationships are then used to predict how future climatic changes will impact the activity of these microorganisms in the outdoor environment and associated food safety issues. The development of predictive models that quantify these complex relationships will also be discussed, as well as the potential impacts of climate change on transmission of foodborne disease from animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalee S Hellberg
- a Food Science and Nutrition Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University , Orange , CA , USA
| | - Eric Chu
- a Food Science and Nutrition Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University , Orange , CA , USA
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Kahler AM, Haley BJ, Chen A, Mull BJ, Tarr CL, Turnsek M, Katz LS, Humphrys MS, Derado G, Freeman N, Boncy J, Colwell RR, Huq A, Hill VR. Environmental surveillance for toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in surface waters of Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:118-25. [PMID: 25385860 PMCID: PMC4347365 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemic cholera was reported in Haiti in 2010, with no information available on the occurrence or geographic distribution of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae in Haitian waters. In a series of field visits conducted in Haiti between 2011 and 2013, water and plankton samples were collected at 19 sites. Vibrio cholerae was detected using culture, polymerase chain reaction, and direct viable count methods (DFA-DVC). Cholera toxin genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction in broth enrichments of samples collected in all visits except March 2012. Toxigenic V. cholerae was isolated from river water in 2011 and 2013. Whole genome sequencing revealed that these isolates were a match to the outbreak strain. The DFA-DVC tests were positive for V. cholerae O1 in plankton samples collected from multiple sites. Results of this survey show that toxigenic V. cholerae could be recovered from surface waters in Haiti more than 2 years after the onset of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Kahler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Bradd J Haley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Arlene Chen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Bonnie J Mull
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Cheryl L Tarr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Maryann Turnsek
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Lee S Katz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Michael S Humphrys
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Gordana Derado
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Nicole Freeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Anwar Huq
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Vincent R Hill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Public Health Laboratory, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
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Pepper IL, Gerba CP, Gentry TJ. Global Emerging Microbial Issues in the Anthropocene Era. Environ Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394626-3.00031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Xu M, Cao C, Wang D, Kan B. Identifying environmental risk factors of cholera in a coastal area with geospatial technologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 12:354-70. [PMID: 25551518 PMCID: PMC4306866 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Satellites contribute significantly to environmental quality and public health. Environmental factors are important indicators for the prediction of disease outbreaks. This study reveals the environmental factors associated with cholera in Zhejiang, a coastal province of China, using both Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic information System (GIS). The analysis validated the correlation between the indirect satellite measurements of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH) and ocean chlorophyll concentration (OCC) and the local cholera magnitude based on a ten-year monthly data from the year 1999 to 2008. Cholera magnitude has been strongly affected by the concurrent variables of SST and SSH, while OCC has a one-month time lag effect. A cholera prediction model has been established based on the sea environmental factors. The results of hot spot analysis showed the local cholera magnitude in counties significantly associated with the estuaries and rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chunxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Duochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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O Serogroup-Specific Touchdown-Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection and Identification of Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and Non-O1/Non-O139. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:295421. [PMID: 25614837 PMCID: PMC4295632 DOI: 10.1155/2014/295421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, sensitive locus-specific touchdown-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (TMPCR), which is based on two-stage amplification pertaining to multiplex PCR and conditional touchdown strategy, was used in detecting and differentiating Vibrio cholerae serogroups. A panel of molecular marker-based TMPCR method generates reproducible profiles of V. cholerae-specific (588 bp) amplicons derived from ompW gene encoding the outer membrane protein and serogroup-specific amplicons, 364 bp for the O1 and 256 bp for the O139, authentically copied from rfb genes responsible for the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The TMPCR amplification efficiency yields either equally or unequally detectable duplex DNA bands of the O1 (588 and 364 bp) and O139 (588 and 256 bp) or a DNA fragment of non-O1/non-O139 (588 bp) while providing no false positive identifications using the genomic DNA templates of the other vibrios and Enterobacteriaceae. The reciprocal analysis of two-template combinations demonstrated that, using V. cholerae O1, O139, or equally mixed O1 and O139, the TMPCR had a detection limit of as low as 100 pg of the O1, O139, or non-O1/non-O139 in reactions containing unequally or equally mixed gDNAs. In addition, the O serogroup-specific TMPCR method had 100% agreement with the serotyping method when examined for the serotyped V. cholerae reference strains and those recovered from clinical samples. The potential benefit of using this TMPCR tool would augment the serotyping method used in epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of V. cholerae serogroups, O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 present in clinical and environmental samples.
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Danysh HE, Gilman RH, Wells JC, Pan WK, Zaitchik B, Gonzálvez G, Alvarez M, Checkley W. El Niño adversely affected childhood stature and lean mass in northern Peru. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/s40665-014-0007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Khouadja S, Suffredini E, Baccouche B, Croci L, Bakhrouf A. Occurrence of virulence genes among Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains from treated wastewaters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6935-6945. [PMID: 25023745 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic Vibrio species are an important cause of foodborne illnesses. The aim of this study was to describe the occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in the final effluents of a wastewater treatment plant and the risk that they may pose to public health. During the 1-year monitoring, a total of 43 Vibrio strains were isolated: 23 Vibrio alginolyticus, 1 Vibrio cholerae, 4 Vibrio vulnificus, and 15 Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The PCR investigation of V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae virulence genes (tlh, trh, tdh, toxR, toxS, toxRS, toxT, zot, ctxAB, tcp, ace, vpi, nanH) revealed the presence of some of these genes in a significant number of strains. Intraspecies variability and genetic relationships among the environmental isolates were analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR). We report the results of the first isolation and characterization of an environmental V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 and of a toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus strain in Tunisia. We suggest that non-pathogenic Vibrio might represent a marine reservoir of virulence genes that can be transmitted between strains by horizontal transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadok Khouadja
- Laboratoire d'Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l'Environnement et des Produits, Département de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia,
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Occurrence in Mexico, 1998-2008, of Vibrio cholerae CTX+ El Tor carrying an additional truncated CTX prophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9917-22. [PMID: 24958870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323408111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The seventh cholera pandemic caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor (ET) has been superseded in Asia and Africa by altered ET possessing the cholera toxin (CTX) gene of classical (CL) biotype. The CL biotype of V. cholerae was isolated, along with prototypic and altered ET, during the 1991 cholera epidemic in Mexico and subsequently remained endemic until 1997. Microbiological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses of clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolated in Mexico between 1998 and 2008 revealed important genetic events favoring predominance of ET over CL and altered ET. V. cholerae altered ET was predominant after 1991 but not after 2000. V. cholerae strains isolated between 2001 and 2003 and a majority isolated in 2004 lacked CTX prophage (Φ) genes encoding CTX subunits A and B and repeat sequence transcriptional regulators of ET and CL biotypes: i.e., CTXΦ(-). Most CTXΦ(-) V. cholerae isolated in Mexico between 2001 and 2003 also lacked toxin coregulated pili tcpA whereas some carried either tcpA(ET) or a variant tcpA with noticeable sequence dissimilarity from tcpA(CL). The tcpA variants were not detected in 2005 after CTXΦ(+) ET became dominant. All clinical and environmental V. cholerae O1 strains isolated during 2005-2008 in Mexico were CTXΦ(+) ET, carrying an additional truncated CTXΦ instead of RS1 satellite phage. Despite V. cholerae CTXΦ(-) ET exhibiting heterogeneity in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, CTXΦ(+) ET isolated during 2004-2008 displayed homogeneity and clonal relationship with V. cholerae ET N16961 and V. cholerae ET isolated in Peru.
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Wang D, Wang X, Li B, Deng X, Tan H, Diao B, Chen J, Ke B, Zhong H, Zhou H, Ke C, Kan B. High prevalence and diversity of pre-CTXΦ alleles in the environmental Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 strains in the Zhujiang River estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 6:251-258. [PMID: 24983529 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxigenic conversion of environmental Vibrio cholerae strains through lysogenic infection by the phage CTXΦ is an important step in the emergence of new pathogenic clones. The precursor form of the CTXΦ phage, pre-CTXΦ, does not carry the cholera toxin gene. During our investigation, we frequently found pre-CTXΦ prophages in non-toxigenic isolates in the serogroups of O1 and O139 strains in the Zhujiang estuary. We observed high amounts of sequence variation of rstR and gIII(CTX) in the pre-CTXΦ alleles as well as in the tcpA sequences within the strains. In addition, a new pre-CTXΦ allele, with a novel rstR sequence type and hybrid RS2, was identified. Our findings show that active, complicated gene recombination and horizontal transfer of pre-CTXΦs occurs within V. cholerae environmental strains, which creates a complex intermediate pool for the generation of toxigenic clones in the estuarine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duochun Wang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China
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Bayer AM, Danysh HE, Garvich M, Gonzálvez G, Checkley W, Alvarez M, Gilman RH. An unforgettable event: a qualitative study of the 1997-98 El Niño in northern Peru. DISASTERS 2014; 38:351-374. [PMID: 24601921 PMCID: PMC4317261 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the 1997-98 El Niño, Tumbes, Peru received 16 times the annual average rainfall. This study explores how Tumbes residents perceived the impact of the El Niño event on basic necessities, transport, health care, jobs and migration. Forty-five individuals from five rural communities, some of which were isolated from the rest of Tumbes during the event, participated in five focus groups; six of these individuals constructed nutrition diaries. When asked about events in the past 20 years, participants identified the 1997-98 El Niño as a major negative event. The El Niño disaster situation induced a decrease in access to transport and health care and the rise in infectious diseases was swiftly contained. Residents needed more time to rebuild housing; recover agriculture, livestock and income stability; and return to eating sufficient animal protein. Although large-scale assistance minimized effects of the disaster, residents needed more support. Residents' perspectives on their risk of flooding should be considered in generating effective assistance policies and programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Bayer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Heather E. Danysh
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - Mijail Garvich
- Asociación Benéfica Proyectos en Informática, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura (AB PRISMA), Lima, Peru
| | - Guillermo Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - William Checkley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - María Alvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Tumbes, Peru
| | - Robert H. Gilman
- Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Schaetti C, Sundaram N, Merten S, Ali SM, Nyambedha EO, Lapika B, Chaignat CL, Hutubessy R, Weiss MG. Comparing sociocultural features of cholera in three endemic African settings. BMC Med 2013; 11:206. [PMID: 24047241 PMCID: PMC4016292 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholera mainly affects developing countries where safe water supply and sanitation infrastructure are often rudimentary. Sub-Saharan Africa is a cholera hotspot. Effective cholera control requires not only a professional assessment, but also consideration of community-based priorities. The present work compares local sociocultural features of endemic cholera in urban and rural sites from three field studies in southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo (SE-DRC), western Kenya and Zanzibar. METHODS A vignette-based semistructured interview was used in 2008 in Zanzibar to study sociocultural features of cholera-related illness among 356 men and women from urban and rural communities. Similar cross-sectional surveys were performed in western Kenya (n = 379) and in SE-DRC (n = 360) in 2010. Systematic comparison across all settings considered the following domains: illness identification; perceived seriousness, potential fatality and past household episodes; illness-related experience; meaning; knowledge of prevention; help-seeking behavior; and perceived vulnerability. RESULTS Cholera is well known in all three settings and is understood to have a significant impact on people's lives. Its social impact was mainly characterized by financial concerns. Problems with unsafe water, sanitation and dirty environments were the most common perceived causes across settings; nonetheless, non-biomedical explanations were widespread in rural areas of SE-DRC and Zanzibar. Safe food and water and vaccines were prioritized for prevention in SE-DRC. Safe water was prioritized in western Kenya along with sanitation and health education. The latter two were also prioritized in Zanzibar. Use of oral rehydration solutions and rehydration was a top priority everywhere; healthcare facilities were universally reported as a primary source of help. Respondents in SE-DRC and Zanzibar reported cholera as affecting almost everybody without differentiating much for gender, age and class. In contrast, in western Kenya, gender differentiation was pronounced, and children and the poor were regarded as most vulnerable to cholera. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive review identified common and distinctive features of local understandings of cholera. Classical treatment (that is, rehydration) was highlighted as a priority for control in the three African study settings and is likely to be identified in the region beyond. Findings indicate the value of insight from community studies to guide local program planning for cholera control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schaetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Neisha Sundaram
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Merten
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Said M Ali
- Public Health Laboratory Ivo de Carneri, PO Box 122, Wawi, Chake-Chake, Pemba, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Erick O Nyambedha
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Bruno Lapika
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kinshasa, PO Box 127, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Claire-Lise Chaignat
- Global Task Force on Cholera Control, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Raymond Hutubessy
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell G Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Degradation of barnacle nauplii: implications to chitin regulation in the marine environment. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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