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Ni K, Che B, Gu R, Wang C, Xu H, Li H, Cen S, Luo M, Deng L. BitterDB database analysis plus cell stiffness screening identify flufenamic acid as the most potent TAS2R14-based relaxant of airway smooth muscle cells for therapeutic bronchodilation. Theranostics 2024; 14:1744-1763. [PMID: 38389834 PMCID: PMC10879871 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are abundantly expressed in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs), which have been recognized as promising targets for bitter agonists to initiate relaxation and thereby prevent excessive airway constriction as the main characteristic of asthma. However, due to the current lack of tested safe and potent agonists functioning at low effective concentrations, there has been no clinically approved TAS2R-based drug for bronchodilation in asthma therapy. This study thus aimed at exploring TAS2R agonists with bronchodilator potential by BitterDB database analysis and cell stiffness screening. Methods: Bitter compounds in the BitterDB database were retrieved and analyzed for their working subtype of TAS2R and effective concentration. Compounds activating TAS2R5, 10, and 14 at < 100 μM effective concentration were identified and subsequently screened by cell stiffness assay using optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC) to identify the most potent to relax ASMCs. Then the compound identified was further characterized for efficacy on various aspects related to relaxation of ASMCs, incl. but not limited to traction force by Fourier transform traction force microscopy (FTTFM), [Ca2+]i signaling by Fluo-4/AM intensity, cell migration by scratch wound healing, mRNA expression by qPCR, and protein expressing by ELISA. The compound identified was also compared to conventional β-agonist (isoproterenol and salbutamol) for efficacy in reducing cell stiffness of cultured ASMCs and airway resistance of ovalbumin-treated mice. Results: BitterDB analysis found 18 compounds activating TAS2R5, 10, and 14 at < 100 μM effective concentration. Cell stiffness screening of these compounds eventually identified flufenamic acid (FFA) as the most potent compound to rapidly reduce cell stiffness at 1 μM. The efficacy of FFA to relax ASMCs in vitro and abrogate airway resistance in vivo was equivalent to that of conventional β-agonists. The FFA-induced effect on ASMCs was mediated by TAS2R14 activation, endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel opening. FFA also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in cultured ASMCs. Conclusions: FFA as a potent TAS2R14 agonist to relax ASMCs while suppressing cytokine release might be a favorite drug agent for further development of TAS2R-based novel dual functional medication for bronchodilation and anti-inflammation in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, and School of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, and School of Medical and Health Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Ahn S, Maarsingh H, Walker JK, Liu S, Hegde A, Sumajit HC, Kahsai AW, Lefkowitz RJ. Allosteric modulator potentiates β2AR agonist-promoted bronchoprotection in asthma models. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167337. [PMID: 37432742 PMCID: PMC10503797 DOI: 10.1172/jci167337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with episodic airway narrowing. Inhaled β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists (β2-agonists) promote - with limited efficacy - bronchodilation in asthma. All β2-agonists are canonical orthosteric ligands that bind the same site as endogenous epinephrine. We recently isolated a β2AR-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), compound-6 (Cmpd-6), which binds outside of the orthosteric site and modulates orthosteric ligand functions. With the emerging therapeutic potential of G-protein coupled receptor allosteric ligands, we investigated the impact of Cmpd-6 on β2AR-mediated bronchoprotection. Consistent with our findings using human β2ARs, Cmpd-6 allosterically potentiated β2-agonist binding to guinea pig β2ARs and downstream signaling of β2ARs. In contrast, Cmpd-6 had no such effect on murine β2ARs, which lack a crucial amino acid in the Cmpd-6 allosteric binding site. Importantly, Cmpd-6 enhanced β2 agonist-mediated bronchoprotection against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pig lung slices, but - in line with the binding studies - not in mice. Moreover, Cmpd-6 robustly potentiated β2 agonist-mediated bronchoprotection against allergen-induced airway constriction in lung slices obtained from a guinea pig model of allergic asthma. Cmpd-6 similarly enhanced β2 agonist-mediated bronchoprotection against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in human lung slices. Our results highlight the potential of β2AR-selective PAMs in the treatment of airway narrowing in asthma and other obstructive respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harm Maarsingh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Julia K.L. Walker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akhil Hegde
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hyeje C. Sumajit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Alem W. Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tighe RM, Birukova A, Malakhau Y, Kobayashi Y, Vose AT, Chandramohan V, Cyphert-Daly JM, Cumming RI, Kirshner HF, Tata PR, Ingram JL, Gunn MD, Que LG, Yu YRA. Allergic Asthma Responses Are Dependent on Macrophage Ontogeny. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528861. [PMID: 36824904 PMCID: PMC9949163 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic composition of tissue-resident macrophages following injury, environmental exposure, or experimental depletion can be altered upon re-establishment of homeostasis. However, the impact of altered resident macrophage ontogenetic milieu on subsequent immune responses is poorly understood. Hence, we assessed the effect of macrophage ontogeny alteration following return to homeostasis on subsequent allergic airway responses to house dust mites (HDM). Using lineage tracing, we confirmed alveolar and interstitial macrophage ontogeny and their replacement by bone marrow-derived macrophages following LPS exposure. This alteration in macrophage ontogenetic milieu reduced allergic airway responses to HDM challenge. In addition, we defined a distinct population of resident-derived interstitial macrophages expressing allergic airway disease genes, located adjacent to terminal bronchi, and reduced by prior LPS exposure. These findings support that the ontogenetic milieu of pulmonary macrophages is a central factor in allergic airway responses and has implications for how prior environmental exposures impact subsequent immune responses and the development of allergy.
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4
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Grunstein MM. Homeostatic glucocorticoid signaling in airway smooth muscle: A roadmap to asthma pathogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1077389. [PMID: 36686425 PMCID: PMC9846750 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1077389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostasis is the self-regulating process by which the body maintains internal stability within a narrow physiological range (i.e., "normality") as it dynamically adjusts to disruptive influences. Thus, whereas homeostasis maintains bodily health, disrupted homeostasis at the tissue or systemic level leads to disease. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) is the pivotal site of disrupted homeostasis in asthma. While extensive research has greatly expanded our understanding of ASM behavior under pro-asthmatic conditions, the cellular signaling mechanisms that underlie ASM homeostasis under these conditions remain elusive. Based on a broad collection of published studies, a homeostasis mechanism intrinsic to ASM and exhibited under inflammatory and non-inflammatory pro-asthmatic conditions is identified herein. Central to this mechanism is the novel unifying concept that the pro-asthmatic-exposed ASM can independently generate its own active glucocorticoid (i.e., cortisol), produce its own newly activated glucocorticoid receptors for the steroid, and, accordingly, use this molecular strategy to homeostatically prevent induction of the asthmatic state. This article addresses the experimental evidence that underlies the proposed homeostatic glucocorticoid signaling mechanism in ASM, followed by a discussion and depiction of the feed-forward and feedback intrinsic ASM signaling circuitry that constitutes the homeostatic state. The proposed mechanism offers a practical roadmap for future basic and translational research aimed at identifying potential key site(s) of disrupted ASM homeostasis leading to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Grunstein
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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5
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Fonseca FV, Raffay TM, Xiao K, McLaughlin PJ, Qian Z, Grimmett ZW, Adachi N, Wang B, Hausladen A, Cobb BA, Zhang R, Hess DT, Gaston B, Lambert NA, Reynolds JD, Premont RT, Stamler JS. S-nitrosylation is required for β 2AR desensitization and experimental asthma. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3089-3102.e7. [PMID: 35931084 PMCID: PMC9391322 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), a prototypic G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is a powerful driver of bronchorelaxation, but the effectiveness of β-agonist drugs in asthma is limited by desensitization and tachyphylaxis. We find that during activation, the β2AR is modified by S-nitrosylation, which is essential for both classic desensitization by PKA as well as desensitization of NO-based signaling that mediates bronchorelaxation. Strikingly, S-nitrosylation alone can drive β2AR internalization in the absence of traditional agonist. Mutant β2AR refractory to S-nitrosylation (Cys265Ser) exhibits reduced desensitization and internalization, thereby amplifying NO-based signaling, and mice with Cys265Ser mutation are resistant to bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and the development of asthma. S-nitrosylation is thus a central mechanism in β2AR signaling that may be operative widely among GPCRs and targeted for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio V Fonseca
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kunhong Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Precious J McLaughlin
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zachary W Grimmett
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benlian Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alfred Hausladen
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rongli Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Douglas T Hess
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - James D Reynolds
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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6
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Hamed O, Joshi R, Mostafa MM, Giembycz MA. α and β Catalytic Subunits of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulate Formoterol-induced Inflammatory Gene Expression Changes in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4593-4614. [PMID: 35735057 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & PURPOSE It has been proposed that genomic mechanisms contribute to the adverse-effects that are often experienced by asthmatic subjects who take regular, inhaled β2 -adrenoceptor agonists as a monotherapy. Moreover, data from preclinical models of asthma suggest that these gene expression changes are mediated by β-arrestin-2 rather than PKA. Herein, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the genomic effects of formoterol, a β2 -adrenoceptor agonist, with forskolin in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Gene expression changes were determined by RNA-sequencing. Gene silencing and genome editing were employed to explore the roles of β-arrestin-2 and PKA. KEY RESULTS The formoterol-regulated transcriptome in HBEC treated concurrently with TNFα, was defined by 1480 unique gene expression changes. TNFα-induced transcripts modulated by formoterol were annotated with enriched gene ontology terms related to inflammation and proliferation, notably "GO:0070374~positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade", which is an established β-arrestin-2 target. However, expression of the formoterol- and forskolin-regulated transcriptomes were highly rank-order correlated and the effects of formoterol on TNFα-induced inflammatory genes were abolished by an inhibitor of PKA. Furthermore, formoterol-induced gene expression changes in BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cell clones deficient in β-arrestin-2 were comparable to those expressed by their parental counterparts. Contrariwise, gene expression was partially inhibited in clones lacking the α-catalytic subunit (Cα) of PKA and abolished following the additional knockdown of the β-catalytic subunit (Cβ) paralogue. CONCLUSIONS The effects of formoterol on inflammatory gene expression in airway epithelia are mediated by PKA and involve the cooperation of PKA-Cα and PKA-Cβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hamed
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud M Mostafa
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Airways Inflammation Research Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Hamed O, Joshi R, Michi AN, Kooi C, Giembycz MA. β 2-Adrenoceptor Agonists Promote ERK1/2 Dephosphorylation in Human Airway Epithelial Cells by Canonical, cAMP-driven Signaling Independently of β-Arrestin 2. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:388-405. [PMID: 34341099 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic use of β2-adrenoceptor agonists as a monotherapy in asthma is associated with a loss of disease control and an increased risk of mortality. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that β2-adrenoceptor agonists, including formoterol, promote biased, β-arrestin 2 (βArr2)-dependent activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, ERK1/2, in human airway epithelial cells and, thereby, effect changes in gene expression that could contribute to their adverse clinical outcomes. Three airway epithelial cell models were used: the BEAS-2B cell line, human primary bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) grown in submersion culture and HBEC that were highly differentiated at an air-liquid interface. Unexpectedly, treatment of all epithelial cell models with formoterol decreased basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation. This was mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase and involved the inactivation of C-rapidly-activated fibrosarcoma, which attenuated down-stream ERK1/2 activity, and the induction of dual-specificity phosphatase-1. Formoterol also inhibited the basal expression of early growth response-1, an ERK1/2-regulated gene that controls cell growth and repair in the airways. Neither carvedilol, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist biased towards βArr2, nor formoterol promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation in BEAS-2B cells although β2-adrenoceptor desensitization was compromised in ARRB2-deficient cells. Collectively, these results contest the hypothesis that formoterol activates ERK1/2 in airway epithelia by nucleating a βArr2 signaling complex; instead, they indicate that β2-adrenoceptor agonists inhibit constitutive ERK1/2 activity in a cAMP-dependent manner. These findings are the antithesis of results obtained using acutely challenged native and engineered HEK293 cells, which have been used extensively to study mechanisms of ERK1/2 activation, and highlight the cell-type-dependence of β2-adrenoceptor-mediated signaling. Significance Statement It has been proposed that the adverse-effects of β2-adrenoceptor agonist monotherapy in asthma are mediated by genomic mechanisms that occur principally in airway epithelial cells and are the result of β-arrestin 2-dependent activation of ERK1/2. This study shows that β2-adrenoceptor agonists, paradoxically, reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in airway epithelia by disrupting upstream Ras-C-Raf complex formation and inducing DUSP1. Moreover, these effects were PKA-dependent suggesting that β2-adrenoceptor agonists were not biased toward β-arrestin 2 and acted via canonical, cAMP-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Hamed
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Radhika Joshi
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Aubrey N Michi
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Cora Kooi
- Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
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8
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Luo M, Yu P, Ni K, Jin Y, Liu L, Li J, Pan Y, Deng L. Sanguinarine Rapidly Relaxes Rat Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Dependent on TAS2R Signaling. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1027-1034. [PMID: 32404582 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is a hallmark feature of asthma. Intriguing, the activation of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) in ASMCs can relax ASMCs. However, there is a lack of potent TAS2R agonists that can be used in asthma therapies since those tested agonists cannot relax ASMCs at the dose below a few hundred micromolar. Considering that sanguinarine (SA) is a bitter substance often used in small doses for the treatment of asthma in folk medicine, the present study was to determine the rapid relaxation effect of SA on ASMCs and to reveal the underlying mechanisms associated with TAS2R signaling. Here, cell stiffness, traction force, calcium signaling, cAMP levels, and the mRNA expression were evaluated by using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, traction force microscopy, Fluo-4/AM labeling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative (q)RT-PCR, respectively. We found that 0.5 µM SA immediately decreased cell stiffness and traction force, which is comparable with the effect of 5 µM isoproterenol. In addition, 0.5 µM SA immediately increased intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and decreased the mRNA expression of contractile proteins such as calponin and α-smooth muscle actin after the treatment for 24 h. Furthermore, SA-mediated decrease in cell stiffness/traction force and increase in [Ca2+]i were significantly blunted by inhibiting the TAS2Rs signaling. These findings establish the rapid relaxation effect of SA at low concentration (<1 µM) on cultured ASMCs depending on TAS2R signaling, indicating that SA might be developed as a useful bronchodilator in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Peili Yu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Kai Ni
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Yang Jin
- Key Lab of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
| | - Lei Liu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Jingjing Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Yan Pan
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
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9
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Sil P, Suwanpradid J, Muse G, Gruzdev A, Liu L, Corcoran DL, Willson CJ, Janardhan K, Grimm S, Myers P, Degraff LM, MacLeod AS, Martinez J. Noncanonical autophagy in dermal dendritic cells mediates immunosuppressive effects of UV exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:1389-1405. [PMID: 31837371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Control of the inflammatory response is critical to maintaining homeostasis, and failure to do so contributes to the burden of chronic inflammation associated with several disease states. The mechanisms that underlie immunosuppression, however, remain largely unknown. Although defects in autophagy machinery have been associated with inflammatory pathologic conditions, we now appreciate that autophagic components participate in noncanonical pathways distinct from classical autophagy. We have previously demonstrated that LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical autophagic process dependent on Rubicon (rubicon autophagy regulator [RUBCN]), contributes to immunosuppression. OBJECTIVE We used Rubcn-/- mice to examine the role of the LAP pathway in mediating the UV-induced immunotolerant program in a model of contact hypersensitivity (CHS). METHODS Flow cytometry and transcriptional analysis were used to measure immune cell infiltration and activation in the skin of Rubcn+/+ and Rubcn-/- mice during the CHS response. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that LAP is required for UV-induced immunosuppression and that UV exposure induces a broadly anti-inflammatory transcriptional program dependent on Rubicon. Rubcn-/- mice are resistant to UV-induced immunosuppression and instead display exaggerated inflammation in a model of CHS. Specifically, RUBCN deficiency in CD301b+ dermal dendritic cells results in their increased antigen presentation capacity and subsequent hyperactivation of the CD8+ T-cell response. CONCLUSIONS LAP functions to limit the immune response and is critical in maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Artiom Gruzdev
- Knockout Mouse Core Laboratory, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Liwen Liu
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - David L Corcoran
- Duke Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Sara Grimm
- Division of Intramural Research, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Page Myers
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Laura Miller Degraff
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC.
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10
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Cyphert-Daly JM, Yang Z, Ingram JL, Tighe RM, Que LG. Physiologic response to chronic house dust mite exposure in mice is dependent on lot characteristics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1428-1432.e8. [PMID: 31369802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Cyphert-Daly
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Zhonghui Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer L Ingram
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Loretta G Que
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC.
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11
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Kawa Y, Nagano T, Yoshizaki A, Dokuni R, Katsurada M, Terashita T, Yasuda Y, Umezawa K, Yamamoto M, Kamiryo H, Kobayashi K, Nishimura Y. Role of S1P/S1PR3 axis in release of CCL20 from human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203211. [PMID: 30192865 PMCID: PMC6128515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sphingosine kinase phosphorylates sphingosine to generate sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) following stimulation of the five plasma membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. The objective of this study is to clarify the role of S1P and its receptors (S1PRs), especially S1PR3 in airway epithelial cells. Methods The effects of S1P on asthma-related genes expression were examined with the human bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B and Calu-3 using a transcriptome analysis and siRNA of S1PRs. To clarify the role of CCL20 in the airway inflammation, BALB/c mice were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) and subsequently challenged with an OVA-containing aerosol to induce asthma with or without intraperitoneal administration of anti-CCL20. Finally, the anti-inflammatory effect of VPC 23019, S1PR1/3 antagonist, in the OVA-induced asthma was examined. Results S1P induced the expression of some asthma-related genes, such as ADRB2, PTGER4, and CCL20, in the bronchial epithelial cells. The knock-down of SIPR3 suppressed the expression of S1P-inducing CCL20. Anti-CCL20 antibody significantly attenuated the eosinophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.01). Upon OVA challenge, VPC23019 exhibited substantially attenuated eosinophilic inflammation. Conclusions S1P/S1PR3 pathways have a role in release of proinflammatory cytokines from bronchial epithelial cells. Our results suggest that S1P/S1PR3 may be a possible candidate for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Asuka Yoshizaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryota Dokuni
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsurada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomomi Terashita
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yasuda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kanoko Umezawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Yamamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamiryo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Lin R, Choi YH, Zidar DA, Walker JKL. β-Arrestin-2-Dependent Signaling Promotes CCR4-mediated Chemotaxis of Murine T-Helper Type 2 Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:745-755. [PMID: 29361236 PMCID: PMC6002661 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0240oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a complex inflammatory disease that leads to significant healthcare costs and reduction in quality of life. Although many cell types are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, CD4+ T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cells are centrally involved. We previously reported that the asthma phenotype is virtually absent in ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice that lack global expression of β-arrestin (β-arr)-2 and that CD4+ T cells from these mice displayed significantly reduced CCL22-mediated chemotaxis. Because CCL22-mediated activation of CCR4 plays a role in Th2 cell regulation in asthmatic inflammation, we hypothesized that CCR4-mediated migration of CD4+ Th2 cells to the lung in asthma may use β-arr-dependent signaling. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the effect of various signaling inhibitors on CCL22-induced chemotaxis using in vitro-polarized primary CD4+ Th2 cells from β-arr2-knockout and wild-type mice. Our results show, for the first time, that CCL22-induced, CCR4-mediated Th2 cell chemotaxis is dependent, in part, on a β-arr2-dependent signaling pathway. In addition, we show that this chemotactic signaling mechanism involves activation of P-p38 and Rho-associated protein kinase. These findings point to a proinflammatory role for β-arr2-dependent signaling and support β-arr2 as a novel therapeutic target in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lin
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
| | - Yeon ho Choi
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
| | - David A. Zidar
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Julia K. L. Walker
- Duke University Division of Pulmonary Medicine and
- Duke University School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
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13
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Brewington JJ, Backstrom J, Feldman A, Kramer EL, Moncivaiz JD, Ostmann AJ, Zhu X, Lu LJ, Clancy JP. Chronic β2AR stimulation limits CFTR activation in human airway epithelia. JCI Insight 2018; 3:93029. [PMID: 29467332 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional pulmonary therapies for cystic fibrosis (CF) target the downstream effects of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) dysfunction (the cause of CF). Use of one such therapy, β-adrenergic bronchodilators (such as albuterol), is nearly universal for airway clearance. Conversely, novel modulator therapies restore function to select mutant CFTR proteins, offering a disease-modifying treatment. Recent trials of modulators targeting F508del-CFTR, the most common CFTR mutation, suggest that chronic β-agonist use may undermine clinical modulator benefits. We therefore sought to understand the impact of chronic or excess β-agonist exposure on CFTR activation in human airway epithelium. The present studies demonstrate a greater than 60% reduction in both wild-type and modulator-corrected F508del-CFTR activation following chronic exposure to short- and long-acting β-agonists. This reduction was due to reduced cellular generation of cAMP downstream of the β-2 adrenergic receptor-G protein complex. Our results point towards a posttranscriptional reduction in adenylyl cyclase function as the mechanism of impaired CFTR activation produced by prolonged β-agonist exposure. β-Agonist-induced CFTR dysfunction was sufficient to abrogate VX809/VX770 modulation of F508del-CFTR in vitro. Understanding the clinical relevance of our observations is critical for CF patients using these drugs, and for investigators to inform future CFTR modulator drug trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Feldman
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - L Jason Lu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - John P Clancy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
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14
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Walker JKL, Theriot BS, Ghio M, Trempus CS, Wong JE, McQuade VL, Liang J, Jiang D, Noble PW, Garantziotis S, Kraft M, Ingram JL. Targeted HAS2 Expression Lessens Airway Responsiveness in Chronic Murine Allergic Airway Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:702-710. [PMID: 28787175 PMCID: PMC5765419 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0095oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix, is secreted by airway structural cells. Airway fibroblasts in allergic asthma secrete elevated levels of HA in association with increased HA synthase 2 (HAS2) expression. Thus, we hypothesized that HA accumulation in the airway wall may contribute to airway remodeling and hyperresponsiveness in allergic airways disease. To examine this hypothesis, transgenic mice in which the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) promoter drives HAS2 expression were generated. Mixed male and female α-SMA-HAS2 mice (HAS2+ mice, n = 16; HAS2- mice, n = 13) were sensitized via intraperitoneal injection and then chronically challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA) for 6 weeks. To test airway responsiveness, increasing doses of methacholine were delivered intravenously and airway resistance was measured using the forced oscillation technique. HA, cytokines, and cell types were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum, and whole lung homogenates. Lung sections were stained using antibodies specific for HA-binding protein (HABP) and α-SMA, as well as Masson's trichrome stain. Staining of lung tissue demonstrated significantly increased peribronchial HA, α-SMA, and collagen deposition in OVA-challenged α-SMA-HAS2+ mice compared with α-SMA-HAS2- mice. Unexpectedly, OVA-challenged α-SMA-HAS2+ mice displayed significantly reduced airway responsiveness to methacholine compared with similarly treated α-SMA-HAS2- mice. The total numbers of inflammatory cell types in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did not differ significantly between OVA-challenged α-SMA-HAS2+ mice and α-SMA-HAS2- mice. We conclude that allergen-challenged mice that overexpress HAS2 in myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells develop increased airway fibrosis, which lessens airway hyperresponsiveness to bronchoconstrictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K. L. Walker
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Barbara S. Theriot
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael Ghio
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carol S. Trempus
- Laboratory of Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Jordan E. Wong
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victoria L. McQuade
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Paul W. Noble
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Laboratory of Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Monica Kraft
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer L. Ingram
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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15
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β 2-Adrenoceptor signaling in airway epithelial cells promotes eosinophilic inflammation, mucous metaplasia, and airway contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9163-E9171. [PMID: 29073113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710196114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mostly widely used bronchodilators in asthma therapy are β2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) agonists, but their chronic use causes paradoxical adverse effects. We have previously determined that β2AR activation is required for expression of the asthma phenotype in mice, but the cell types involved are unknown. We now demonstrate that β2AR signaling in the airway epithelium is sufficient to mediate key features of the asthmatic responses to IL-13 in murine models. Our data show that inhibition of β2AR signaling with an aerosolized antagonist attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophilic inflammation, and mucus-production responses to IL-13, whereas treatment with an aerosolized agonist worsens these phenotypes, suggesting that β2AR signaling on resident lung cells modulates the asthma phenotype. Labeling with a fluorescent β2AR ligand shows the receptors are highly expressed in airway epithelium. In β2AR-/- mice, transgenic expression of β2ARs only in airway epithelium is sufficient to rescue IL-13-induced AHR, inflammation, and mucus production, and transgenic overexpression in WT mice exacerbates these phenotypes. Knockout of β-arrestin-2 (βarr-2-/-) attenuates the asthma phenotype as in β2AR-/- mice. In contrast to eosinophilic inflammation, neutrophilic inflammation was not promoted by β2AR signaling. Together, these results suggest β2ARs on airway epithelial cells promote the asthma phenotype and that the proinflammatory pathway downstream of the β2AR involves βarr-2. These results identify β2AR signaling in the airway epithelium as capable of controlling integrated responses to IL-13 and affecting the function of other cell types such as airway smooth muscle cells.
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16
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Addison KJ, Morse J, Robichaud A, Daines MO, Ledford JG. A Novel in vivo System to Test Bronchodilators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3. [PMID: 28367537 PMCID: PMC5375107 DOI: 10.16966/2470-3176.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The incidence and severity of asthma continue to rise worldwide. β-agonists are the most commonly prescribed therapeutic for asthma management but have less efficacy for some subsets of asthmatic patients and there are concerns surrounding the side effects from their long-term persistent use. The demand to develop novel asthma therapeutics highlights the need for a standardized approach to effectively screen and test potential bronchoprotective compounds using relevant in vivo animal models. Here we describe a validated method of testing potential therapeutic compounds for their fast-acting efficacy during the midst of an induced bronchoconstriction in a house dust mite challenged animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julie G Ledford
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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17
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Newton R, Giembycz MA. Understanding how long-acting β 2 -adrenoceptor agonists enhance the clinical efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma - an update. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:3405-3430. [PMID: 27646470 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In moderate-to-severe asthma, adding an inhaled long-acting β2 -adenoceptor agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) provides better disease control than simply increasing the dose of ICS. Acting on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR, gene NR3C1), ICSs promote anti-inflammatory/anti-asthma gene expression. In vitro, LABAs synergistically enhance the maximal expression of many glucocorticoid-induced genes. Other genes, including dual-specificity phosphatase 1(DUSP1) in human airways smooth muscle (ASM) and epithelial cells, are up-regulated additively by both drug classes. Synergy may also occur for LABA-induced genes, as illustrated by the bronchoprotective gene, regulator of G-protein signalling 2 (RGS2) in ASM. Such effects cannot be produced by either drug alone and may explain the therapeutic efficacy of ICS/LABA combination therapies. While the molecular basis of synergy remains unclear, mechanistic interpretations must accommodate gene-specific regulation. We explore the concept that each glucocorticoid-induced gene is an independent signal transducer optimally activated by a specific, ligand-directed, GR conformation. In addition to explaining partial agonism, this realization provides opportunities to identify novel GR ligands that exhibit gene expression bias. Translating this into improved therapeutic ratios requires consideration of GR density in target tissues and further understanding of gene function. Similarly, the ability of a LABA to interact with a glucocorticoid may be suboptimal due to low β2 -adrenoceptor density or biased β2 -adrenoceptor signalling. Strategies to overcome these limitations include adding-on a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and using agonists of other Gs-coupled receptors. In all cases, the rational design of ICS/LABA, and derivative, combination therapies requires functional knowledge of induced (and repressed) genes for therapeutic benefit to be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Newton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Romberger DJ, Heires AJ, Nordgren TM, Poole JA, Toews ML, West WW, Wyatt TA. β2-Adrenergic agonists attenuate organic dust-induced lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L101-10. [PMID: 27190062 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00125.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural dust exposure results in significant lung inflammation, and individuals working in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are at risk for chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to aqueous extracts of hog CAFO dusts (HDE) leads to inflammatory cytokine production that is driven by protein kinase C (PKC) activation. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)-activating agents can inhibit PKC activation in epithelial cells, leading to reduced inflammatory cytokine production following HDE exposure. β2-Adrenergic receptor agonists (β2-agonists) activate PKA, and we hypothesized that β2-agonists would beneficially impact HDE-induced adverse airway inflammatory consequences. Bronchial epithelial cells were cultured with the short-acting β2-agonist salbutamol or the long-acting β2-agonist salmeterol prior to stimulation with HDE. β2-Agonist treatment significantly increased PKA activation and significantly decreased HDE-stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 production in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Salbutamol treatment significantly reduced HDE-induced intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and neutrophil adhesion to epithelial cells. Using an established intranasal inhalation exposure model, we found that salbutamol pretreatment reduced airway neutrophil influx and IL-6, TNF-α, CXCL1, and CXCL2 release in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following a one-time exposure to HDE. Likewise, when mice were pretreated daily with salbutamol prior to HDE exposure for 3 wk, HDE-induced neutrophil influx and inflammatory mediator production were also reduced. The severity of HDE-induced lung pathology in mice repetitively exposed to HDE for 3 wk was also decreased with daily salbutamol pretreatment. Together, these results support the need for future clinical investigations to evaluate the utility of β2-agonist therapies in the treatment of airway inflammation associated with CAFO dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Romberger
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska;
| | - Art J Heires
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jill A Poole
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Myron L Toews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - William W West
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Todd A Wyatt
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, Nebraska; Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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19
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Soluble guanylate cyclase as an alternative target for bronchodilator therapy in asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2355-62. [PMID: 27071111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524398113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is defined by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, and contributes to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although bronchodilation is a cornerstone of treatment, current bronchodilators become ineffective with worsening asthma severity. We investigated an alternative pathway that involves activating the airway smooth muscle enzyme, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Activating sGC by its natural stimulant nitric oxide (NO), or by pharmacologic sGC agonists BAY 41-2272 and BAY 60-2770, triggered bronchodilation in normal human lung slices and in mouse airways. Both BAY 41-2272 and BAY 60-2770 reversed airway hyperresponsiveness in mice with allergic asthma and restored normal lung function. The sGC from mouse asthmatic lungs displayed three hallmarks of oxidative damage that render it NO-insensitive, and identical changes to sGC occurred in human lung slices or in human airway smooth muscle cells when given chronic NO exposure to mimic the high NO in asthmatic lung. Our findings show how allergic inflammation in asthma may impede NO-based bronchodilation, and reveal that pharmacologic sGC agonists can achieve bronchodilation despite this loss.
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20
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Tan DWS, Wong JL, Tie ST, Abisheganaden JA, Lim AYH, Wong WSF. β 2-adrenoceptor in obstructive airway diseases: Agonism, antagonism or both? World J Respirol 2015; 5:199-206. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v5.i3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive airway disease is a complex disease entity including several maladies characterized by bronchoconstriction and abnormal airway inflammation. Reversing bronchoconstriction leads to symptomatic relief and improvement in quality of life, both in reversible (bronchial asthma) and partially reversible (chronic obstructive airway disease) obstructive airway diseases. β2-adrenoceptor expressed in human airway is the main β-receptor subtype, and its activation in airway smooth muscle cells leads to bronchodilatation. Drugs targeting β-adrenoceptors have been around for many years, for which agonists of the receptors are used in bronchodilation while antagonists are used in cardiovascular diseases. This review article summarizes the effect and usage of β2-agonist in obstructive airway disease, addressing the benefits and potential risks of β2-agonist. The article also looks at the safety of β-blocker usage for cardiovascular disease in patients with obstructive airway disease. There is also emerging evidence that non-selective β-blockers with inverse agonism ironically can have long-term beneficial effects in obstructive airway disease that is beyond cardiovascular protection. Further trials are urgently needed in this area as it might lead to a dramatic turnaround in clinical practice for obstructive airway diseases as has already been seen in the usage of β-blockers for heart failure.
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21
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Chen M, Hegde A, Choi YH, Theriot BS, Premont RT, Chen W, Walker JKL. Genetic Deletion of β-Arrestin-2 and the Mitigation of Established Airway Hyperresponsiveness in a Murine Asthma Model. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:346-54. [PMID: 25569510 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0231oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestin-2 (βarr2) is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic protein that terminates G protein-coupled receptor signaling and transduces G protein-independent signaling. We previously showed that mice lacking βarr2 do not develop an asthma phenotype when sensitized to, and challenged with, allergens. The current study evaluates if an established asthma phenotype can be mitigated by deletion of βarr2 using an inducible Cre recombinase. We sensitized and challenged mice to ovalbumin (OVA) and demonstrated that on Day (d) 24 the allergic asthma phenotype was apparent in uninduced βarr2 and wild-type (WT) mice. In a second group of OVA-treated mice, tamoxifen was injected on d24 to d28 to activate Cre recombinase, and OVA aerosol challenge was continued through d44. The asthma phenotype was assessed using lung mechanics measurements, bronchoalveolar lavage cell analysis, and histological assessment of mucin and airway inflammation. Compared with their respective saline-treated controls, OVA-treated WT mice and mice expressing the inducible Cre recombinase displayed a significant asthma phenotype at d45. Whereas tamoxifen treatment had no significant effect on the asthma phenotype in WT mice, it inhibited βarr2 expression and caused a significant reduction in airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) in Cre-inducible mice. These findings suggest that βarr2 is actively required for perpetuation of the AHR component of the allergic asthma phenotype. Our finding that βarr2 participates in the perpetuation of AHR in an asthma model means that targeting βarr2 may provide immediate and potentially long-term relief from daily asthma symptoms due to AHR irrespective of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Chen
- Departments of 1 Medicine (Gastroenterology) and
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Chen
- Departments of 1 Medicine (Gastroenterology) and
| | - Julia K L Walker
- 2 Medicine (Pulmonary), and.,3 Duke University School of Nursing, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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22
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Pera T, Hegde A, Deshpande DA, Morgan SJ, Tiegs BC, Theriot BS, Choi YH, Walker JKL, Penn RB. Specificity of arrestin subtypes in regulating airway smooth muscle G protein-coupled receptor signaling and function. FASEB J 2015; 29:4227-35. [PMID: 26103985 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-273094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Arrestins have been shown to regulate numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in studies employing receptor/arrestin overexpression in artificial cell systems. Which arrestin isoforms regulate which GPCRs in primary cell types is poorly understood. We sought to determine the effect of β-arrestin-1 or β-arrestin-2 inhibition or gene ablation on signaling and function of multiple GPCRs endogenously expressed in airway smooth muscle (ASM). In vitro [second messenger (calcium, cAMP generation)], ex vivo (ASM tension generation in suspended airway), and in vivo (invasive airway resistance) analyses were performed on human ASM cells and murine airways/whole animal subject to β-arrestin-1 or -2 knockdown or knockout (KO). In both human and murine model systems, knockdown or KO of β-arrestin-2 relative to control missense small interfering RNA or wild-type mice selectively increased (40-60%) β2-adrenoceptor signaling and function. β-arrestin-1 knockdown or KO had no effect on signaling and function of β2-adrenoceptor or numerous procontractile GPCRs, but selectively inhibited M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signaling (∼50%) and function (∼25% ex vivo, >50% in vivo) without affecting EC50 values. Arrestin subtypes differentially regulate ASM GPCRs and β-arrestin-1 inhibition represents a novel approach to managing bronchospasm in obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonio Pera
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akhil Hegde
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah J Morgan
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian C Tiegs
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara S Theriot
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yeon H Choi
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julia K L Walker
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- *Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Gupta MK, Asosingh K, Aronica M, Comhair S, Cao G, Erzurum S, Panettieri RA, Naga Prasad SV. Defective Resensitization in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Evokes β-Adrenergic Receptor Dysfunction in Severe Asthma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125803. [PMID: 26023787 PMCID: PMC4449172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonists (β2-agonist) are the most commonly used therapy for acute relief in asthma, but chronic use of these bronchodilators paradoxically exacerbates airway hyper-responsiveness. Activation of βARs by β-agonist leads to desensitization (inactivation) by phosphorylation through G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) which mediate β-arrestin binding and βAR internalization. Resensitization occurs by dephosphorylation of the endosomal βARs which recycle back to the plasma membrane as agonist-ready receptors. To determine whether the loss in β-agonist response in asthma is due to altered βAR desensitization and/or resensitization, we used primary human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) isolated from the lungs of non-asthmatic and fatal-asthmatic subjects. Asthmatic HASMCs have diminished adenylyl cyclase activity and cAMP response to β-agonist as compared to non-asthmatic HASMCs. Confocal microscopy showed significant accumulation of phosphorylated β2ARs in asthmatic HASMCs. Systematic analysis of desensitization components including GRKs and β-arrestin showed no appreciable differences between asthmatic and non-asthmatic HASMCs. However, asthmatic HASMC showed significant increase in PI3Kγ activity and was associated with reduction in PP2A activity. Since reduction in PP2A activity could alter receptor resensitization, endosomal fractions were isolated to assess the agonist ready β2ARs as a measure of resensitization. Despite significant accumulation of β2ARs in the endosomes of asthmatic HASMCs, endosomal β2ARs cannot robustly activate adenylyl cyclase. Furthermore, endosomes from asthmatic HASMCs are associated with significant increase in PI3Kγ and reduced PP2A activity that inhibits β2AR resensitization. Our study shows that resensitization, a process considered to be a homeostasis maintaining passive process is inhibited in asthmatic HASMCs contributing to β2AR dysfunction which may underlie asthma pathophysiology and loss in asthma control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manveen K. Gupta
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Pathology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Aronica
- Department of Pathology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suzy Comhair
- Department of Pathology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gaoyuan Cao
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Pathology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Airways Biology Initiative, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sathyamangla V. Naga Prasad
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Quantification of beta adrenergic receptor subtypes in beta-arrestin knockout mouse airways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116458. [PMID: 25658948 PMCID: PMC4319755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In allergic asthma Beta 2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) are important mediators of bronchorelaxation and, paradoxically, asthma development. This contradiction is likely due to the activation of dual signaling pathways that are downstream of G proteins or β-arrestins. Our group has recently shown that β-arrestin-2 acts in its classical role to desensitize and constrain β2AR-induced relaxation of both human and murine airway smooth muscle. To assess the role of β-arrestins in regulating β2AR function in asthma, we and others have utilized β-arrestin-1 and -2 knockout mice. However, it is unknown if genetic deletion of β-arrestins in these mice influences β2AR expression in the airways. Furthermore, there is lack of data on compensatory expression of βAR subtypes when either of the β-arrestins is genetically deleted, thus necessitating a detailed βAR subtype expression study in these β-arrestin knockout mice. Here we standardized a radioligand binding methodology to characterize and quantitate βAR subtype distribution in the airway smooth muscle of wild-type C57BL/6J and β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 knockout mice. Using complementary competition and single-point saturation binding assays we found that β2ARs predominate over β1ARs in the whole lung and epithelium-denuded tracheobronchial smooth muscle of C57BL/6J mice. Quantification of βAR subtypes in β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 knockout mouse lung and epithelium-denuded tracheobronchial tissue showed that, similar to the C57BL/6J mice, both knockouts display a predominance of β2AR expression. These data provide further evidence that β2ARs are expressed in greater abundance than β1ARs in the tracheobronchial smooth muscle and that loss of either β-arrestin does not significantly affect the expression or relative proportions of βAR subtypes. As β-arrestins are known to modulate β2AR function, our analysis of βAR subtype expression in β-arrestin knockout mice airways sets a reference point for future studies exploiting these knockout mice in various disease models including asthma.
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Impaired Bronchoprotection Is Not Induced by Increased Smooth Muscle Mass in Chronic Treatment In Vivo with Formoterol in Asthmatic Mouse Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 63:641-6. [PMID: 25803396 DOI: 10.7727/wimjopen.2014.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhaling β2-adrenoceptor agonist is first-line asthma treatment, which is used for both acute relief of and prevention of bronchoconstriction. However, chronic use of β-agonists results in impaired bronchoprotection and increasing occurrences of severe asthma exacerbation, even death in clinical practice. The mechanism of β-adrenoceptor hyposensitivity has not been thoroughly elucidated thus far. Bronchial smooth muscle contraction induces airway narrowing and also mediates airway inflammation. Moreover, bronchial smooth muscle mass significantly increases in asthmatics. We aim to establish an asthmatic model that demonstrated that formoterol induced impaired bronchoprotection and to see whether increased smooth muscle mass play a role in it. METHODS We combined routine allergen challenging (seven weeks) with repeated application of formoterol, formoterol plus budesonide or physiological saline in allergen-sensitized BALB/c mouse. The bronchoprotection mediated by β-agonist was measured in five consecutive weeks. Smooth muscle mass was shown by morphometric analysis, and α-actin expression was detected by western blot. RESULTS The trend of bronchoprotection was wavy in drug interventional groups, which initially increased and then decreased. Chronic treatment with formoterol significantly impaired bronchoprotection. According to the morphometric analysis and α-actin expression, no significant difference was detected in smooth muscle mass in all groups. CONCLUSION This experiment successfully established that a chronic asthmatic mouse model, which manifested typical features of asthmatic patients, when treated chronically with formoterol, resulted in a loss of bronchoprotection. No significant difference was detected in smooth muscle mass in all groups, which implied some subcellular signalling changes may be the key points.
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26
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Cleveland ZI, Virgincar RS, Qi Y, Robertson SH, Degan S, Driehuys B. 3D MRI of impaired hyperpolarized 129Xe uptake in a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1502-14. [PMID: 24816478 PMCID: PMC4229493 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A variety of pulmonary pathologies, in particular interstitial lung diseases, are characterized by thickening of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier, and this thickening results in reduced gas exchange. Such diffusive impairment is challenging to quantify spatially, because the distributions of the metabolically relevant gases (CO2 and O2) cannot be detected directly within the lungs. Hyperpolarized (HP) (129)Xe is a promising surrogate for these metabolic gases, because MR spectroscopy and imaging allow gaseous alveolar (129)Xe to be detected separately from (129)Xe dissolved in the red blood cells (RBCs) and the adjacent tissues, which comprise blood plasma and lung interstitium. Because (129)Xe reaches the RBCs by diffusing across the same barrier tissues (blood plasma and interstitium) as O2, barrier thickening will delay (129)Xe transit and, thus, reduce RBC-specific (129)Xe MR signal. Here we have exploited these properties to generate 3D, MR images of (129)Xe uptake by the RBCs in two groups of rats. In the experimental group, unilateral fibrotic injury was generated prior to imaging by instilling bleomycin into one lung. In the control group, a unilateral sham instillation of saline was performed. Uptake of (129)Xe by the RBCs, quantified as the fraction of RBC signal relative to total dissolved (129)Xe signal, was significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in the injured lungs of bleomycin-treated animals. In contrast, no significant difference (P = 0.56) was observed between the saline-treated and untreated lungs of control animals. Together, these results indicate that 3D MRI of HP (129)Xe dissolved in the pulmonary tissues can provide useful biomarkers of impaired diffusive gas exchange resulting from fibrotic thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackary I. Cleveland
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rohan, S. Virgincar
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Yi Qi
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Scott H. Robertson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Graduate Program in Medical Physics; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Simone Degan
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Imaging, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Bastiaan Driehuys
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Graduate Program in Medical Physics; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Birrell MA, Bonvini SJ, Wortley MA, Buckley J, Yew-Booth L, Maher SA, Dale N, Dubuis ED, Belvisi MG. The role of adenylyl cyclase isoform 6 in β-adrenoceptor signalling in murine airways. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:131-41. [PMID: 25205328 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is a key signalling enzyme for many GPCRs and catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP which, in turn, is a crucial determinant of many biological responses. β-Adrenoceptor agonists are prescribed as bronchodilators for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and it is commonly assumed that they elicit their actions via AC-dependent production of cAMP. However, empirical evidence in support of this is lacking and the exact mechanism by which these drugs acts remains elusive. This is partly due to the existence of at least 10 different isoforms of AC and the absence of any truly selective pharmacological inhibitors. Here, we have used genetically modified mice and model systems to establish the role of AC isoforms in the airway responses to β-adrenoceptor agonists. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Receptors mediating responses to β-adrenoceptor agonists in airway smooth muscle (ASM) and sensory nerve were identified in isolated tissue systems. Expression of mRNA for the AC isoforms in ASM and neurones was determined by qPCR. Functional responses were assessed in AC isoform KO mice and wild-type controls. KEY RESULTS Airway and vagal tissue expressed mRNA for various isoforms of AC. AC6 was the most prominent isoform. Responses to β-adrenoceptor agonists in tissues from AC6 KO mice were virtually abolished. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AC6 played a critical role in relaxation of ASM to β1 -adrenoceptor agonists and in modulation of sensory nerves by β1-3 -adrenoceptor agonists. These results further unravel the signalling pathway of this extensively prescribed class of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, He B. β2-Adrenoceptor involved in smoking-induced airway mucus hypersecretion through β-arrestin-dependent signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97788. [PMID: 24905583 PMCID: PMC4048185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with small airway obstruction by accumulation of inflammatory mucous exudates. However, the mechanism of mucin hypersecretion after exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is still not clear. In this study, we explored the contribution of β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) signaling to CS extract (CSE)-induced mucus hypersecretion in vitro and examined the effect of a β-blocker on airway mucin hypersecretion in vivo. NCI-H292 epithelial cell line was used to determine the contribution of β2-AR signaling to CSE-induced MUC5AC production by treatment with β2-AR antagonists propranolol and ICI118551 and β2-AR-targeted small interfering RNA. The effect of propranolol on airway mucus hypersecretion was examined in a rat model exposed to CS. MUC5AC expression was assayed by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA. β2-AR and its downstream signaling were detected by western blot analysis. We found that pretreating NCI-H292 cells with propranolol, ICI118551 for 30 min or β2AR-targeted siRNA for 48 h reduced MUC5AC mRNA and protein levels stimulated by CSE. However,inhibiting the classical β2AR-cAMP-PKA pathway didn't attenuate CSE-induced MUC5AC production, while silencing β-arretin2 expression significantly decreased ERK and p38MAPK phosphorylation, thus reduced the CSE-stimulated MUC5AC production. In vivo, we found that administration of propranolol (25 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) for 28 days significantly attenuated the airway goblet cell metaplasia, mucus hypersecretion and MUC5AC expression of rats exposed to CS. From the study, β2-AR-β-arrestin2-ERK1/2 signaling was required for CS-induced airway MUC5AC expression. Chronic propranolol administration ameliorated airway mucus hypersecretion and MUC5AC expression in smoking rats. The exploration of these mechanisms may contribute to the optimization of β2-AR target therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changji Renmin Hospital, Changji, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Walker JKL, DeFea KA. Role for β-arrestin in mediating paradoxical β2AR and PAR2 signaling in asthma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:142-7. [PMID: 24907413 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) utilize (at least) two signal transduction pathways to elicit cellular responses including the classic G protein-dependent, and the more recently discovered β-arrestin-dependent, signaling pathways. In human and murine models of asthma, agonist-activation of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) or Protease-activated-receptor-2 (PAR2) results in relief from bronchospasm via airway smooth muscle relaxation. However, chronic activation of these receptors, leads to pro-inflammatory responses. One plausible explanation underlying the paradoxical effects of β2AR and PAR2 agonism in asthma is that the beneficial and harmful effects are associated with distinct signaling pathways. Specifically, G protein-dependent signaling mediates relaxation of airway smooth muscle, whereas β-arrestin-dependent signaling promotes inflammation. This review explores the evidence supporting the hypothesis that β-arrestin-dependent signaling downstream of β2AR and PAR2 is detrimental in asthma and examines the therapeutic opportunities for selectively targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K L Walker
- Duke University School of Nursing, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Katherine A DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Thanawala VJ, Forkuo GS, Stallaert W, Leff P, Bouvier M, Bond R. Ligand bias prevents class equality among beta-blockers. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:50-7. [PMID: 24681351 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
β-Blockers are used for a wide range of diseases from hypertension to glaucoma. In some diseases/conditions all β-blockers are effective, while in others only certain subgroups are therapeutically beneficial. The best-documented example for only a subset of β-blockers showing clinical efficacy is in heart failure, where members of the class have ranged from completely ineffective, to drugs of choice for treating the disease. Similarly, β-blockers were tested in murine asthma models and two pilot clinical studies. A different subset was found to be effective for this clinical indication. These findings call into question the current system of classifying these drugs. To consider 'β-blockers', as a single class is misleading when considering their rigorous pharmacological definition and their appropriate clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidehi J Thanawala
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gloria S Forkuo
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wayne Stallaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Leff
- Consultant in Pharmacology, Cheshire, UK
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
The obstructive lung disease asthma is treated by drugs that target, either directly or indirectly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs coupled to Gq are the primary mediators of airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction and increased airway resistance, whereas the Gs-coupled beta-2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) promotes pro-relaxant signaling in and relaxation of ASM resulting in greater airway patency and reversal of life-threatening bronchoconstriction. In addition, GPCR-mediated functions in other cell types, including airway epithelium and hematopoietic cells, are involved in the control of lung inflammation that causes most asthma. The capacity of arrestins to regulate GPCR signaling, via either control of GPCR desensitization/resensitization or G protein-independent signaling, renders arrestins an intriguing therapeutic target for asthma and other obstructive lung diseases. This review will focus on the potential role of arrestins in those GPCR-mediated airway cell functions that are dysregulated in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond B Penn
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 317, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA,
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Raffay T, Kc P, Reynolds J, Di Fiore J, MacFarlane P, Martin RJ. Repeated β2-adrenergic receptor agonist therapy attenuates the response to rescue bronchodilation in a hyperoxic newborn mouse model. Neonatology 2014; 106:126-32. [PMID: 24969536 PMCID: PMC4134388 DOI: 10.1159/000362684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants with neonatal lung injury are prone to wheezing and are often treated with β2-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonists although the benefits of β-AR agonists may be lost with chronic use. OBJECTIVE To investigate if repeated β-AR agonist exposure downregulates β-ARs in the immature lung resulting in a decreased response to bronchodilator rescue and whether hyperoxic exposure aggravates this response. METHODS Newborn mice were raised for 21 days in 60 or 21% oxygen and received daily aerosols of formoterol or saline. Respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and compliance (Crs) were measured in response to methacholine challenge and rescue bronchodilation with levalbuterol. Western blot analysis quantified the relative amount of lung β-ARs. RESULTS Hyperoxia increased the airway reactivity to methacholine. Animals raised in hyperoxia that received daily formoterol were most sensitive to methacholine and exhibited a blunted response to levalbuterol bronchodilation. Hyperoxia-exposed animals receiving daily formoterol versus saline showed a significant decrease in the relative amount of lung β-ARs. CONCLUSIONS In this hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mouse model, repeated β-AR agonist treatments increased the airway reactivity and attenuated the response to a rescue bronchodilator. The blunted bronchodilator response could be explained by a reduced quantity of lung β-ARs. Our findings may account for the time-dependent decrease in the therapeutic benefit of β-AR agonists in preterm infants with neonatal lung injury, which may have clinical consequences for patients already prone to airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Raffay
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Walker JKL, Kraft M, Fisher JT. Assessment of murine lung mechanics outcome measures: alignment with those made in asthmatics. Front Physiol 2013; 3:491. [PMID: 23408785 PMCID: PMC3569663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although asthma is characterized as an inflammatory disease, recent reports highlight the importance of pulmonary physiology outcome measures to the clinical assessment of asthma control and risk of asthma exacerbation. Murine models of allergic inflammatory airway disease have been widely used to gain mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of asthma; however, several aspects of murine models could benefit from improvement. This review focuses on aligning lung mechanics measures made in mice with those made in humans, with an eye toward improving the translational utility of these measures. A brief description of techniques available to measure murine lung mechanics is provided along with a methodological consideration of their utilization. How murine lung mechanics outcome measures relate to pulmonary physiology measures conducted in humans is discussed and we recommend that, like human studies, outcome measures be standardized for murine models of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K L Walker
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
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Fischer BM, Wong JK, Degan S, Kummarapurugu AB, Zheng S, Haridass P, Voynow JA. Increased expression of senescence markers in cystic fibrosis airways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L394-400. [PMID: 23316069 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00091.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation and increased levels of neutrophil elastase (NE) in the airways. We have previously reported that NE treatment triggers cell cycle arrest. Cell cycle arrest can lead to senescence, a complete loss of replicative capacity. Importantly, senescent cells can be proinflammatory and would perpetuate CF chronic inflammation. By immunohistochemistry, we evaluated whether airway sections from CF and control subjects expressed markers of senescence, including p16(INK4a) (p16), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, phospho-Histone H2A.X (γH2A.X), and phospho-checkpoint 2 kinase (phospho-Chk2), which are also DNA damage response markers. Compared with airway epithelium from control subjects, CF airway epithelium had increased levels of expression of all three senescence markers. We hypothesized that the high load of NE in the CF airway triggers epithelial senescence by upregulating expression of p16, which inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). Normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, cultured in air-liquid interface were treated with NE (0, 200, and 500 nM) to induce visible injury. Total cell lysates were collected and evaluated by Western analysis for p16 protein expression and CDK4 kinase activity. NE significantly increased p16 expression and decreased CDK4 kinase activity in NHBE cells. These results support the concept that NE triggers expression of senescence markers in CF airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard M Fischer
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Nichols HL, Saffeddine M, Theriot BS, Hegde A, Polley D, El-Mays T, Vliagoftis H, Hollenberg MD, Wilson EH, Walker JKL, DeFea KA. β-Arrestin-2 mediates the proinflammatory effects of proteinase-activated receptor-2 in the airway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16660-5. [PMID: 23012429 PMCID: PMC3478622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208881109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-Activated receptor-2 (PAR(2)), a G-protein-coupled Receptor, activated by serine proteinases, is reported to have both protective and proinflammatory effects in the airway. Given these opposing actions, both inhibitors and activators of PAR(2) have been proposed for treating asthma. PAR(2) can signal through two independent pathways: a β-arrestin-dependent one that promotes leukocyte migration, and a G-protein/Ca(2+) one that is required for prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation. We hypothesized that the proinflammatory responses to PAR(2) activation are mediated by β-arrestins, whereas the protective effects are not. Using a mouse ovalbumin model for PAR(2)-modulated airway inflammation, we observed decreased leukocyte recruitment, cytokine production, and mucin production in β-arrestin-2(-/-) mice. In contrast, PAR(2)-mediated PGE(2) production, smooth muscle relaxation, and decreased baseline airway resistance (measures of putative PAR(2) "protective" effects) were independent of β-arrestin-2. Flow cytometry and cytospins reveal that lung eosinophil and CD4 T-cell infiltration, and production of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, and TNFα, were enhanced in wild-type but not β-arrestin-2(-/-) mice. Using the forced oscillation technique to measure airway resistance reveals that PAR(2) activation protects against airway hyperresponsiveness by an unknown mechanism, possibly involving smooth muscle relaxation. Our data suggest that the PAR(2)-enhanced inflammatory process is β-arrestin-2 dependent, whereas the protective anticonstrictor effect of bronchial epithelial PAR(2) may be β-arrestin independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heddie L. Nichols
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | | | - Barbara S. Theriot
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Akhil Hegde
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | | | - Tamer El-Mays
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
| | | | | | - Emma H. Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Julia K. L. Walker
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Kathryn A. DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
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