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Buijsers B, Maciej-Hulme M, Jacobs M, Bebber MBV, de Graaf M, Salmenov R, Parr N, Rabelink TJ, Nijenhuis T, van der Vlag J. Glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan have a protective effect on experimental glomerulonephritis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1223972. [PMID: 37475889 PMCID: PMC10354240 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1223972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is degraded during inflammation. The glycocalyx plays a pivotal role in endothelial function and is involved in many processes including binding of chemokines and cytokines, leukocyte trafficking, and preventing proteinuria. HS-based therapeutics are a promising novel class of anti-inflammatory drugs to restore a compromised endothelial glycocalyx under inflammatory conditions. Recently, we demonstrated that treatment with HS extracted from unstimulated glomerular endothelial glycocalyx (unstimulated HSglx) reduced albuminuria during anti-GBM induced glomerulonephritis. Since endothelial HS domains are distinct in unstimulated versus inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized that 1) unstimulated HSglx, 2) LPS-stimulated HSglx, 3) the HS-mimetic fucoidan and 4) the glycosaminoglycan preparation sulodexide, which is a mixture of low molecular weight heparin and dermatan sulfate, might have different beneficial effects in experimental glomerulonephritis. Methods: The effect of unstimulated HSglx, LPS HSglx, Laminaria japonica fucoidan, or sulodexide on experimental glomerulonephritis was tested in LPS-induced glomerulonephritis in mice. Analyses included urinary albumin creatinine measurement, cytokine expression in plasma and renal cortex, and renal influx of immune cells determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the observed in vivo effects were evaluated in cultured glomerular endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by measuring cytokine and ICAM-1 expression levels. The ability of the compounds to inhibit heparanase activity was assessed in a heparanase activity assay. Results: Treatment of mice with LPS HSglx or sulodexide near-significantly attenuated LPS-induced proteinuria. All treatments reduced plasma MCP-1 levels, whereas only fucoidan reduced IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels. Moreover, all treatments reversed cortical ICAM-1 mRNA expression and both fucoidan and sulodexide reversed cortical IL-6 and nephrin mRNA expression. Sulodexide decreased renal influx of CD45+ immune cells whereas renal influx of macrophages and granulocytes remained unaltered for all treatments. Although all compounds inhibited HPSE activity, fucoidan and sulodexide were the most potent inhibitors. Notably, fucoidan and sulodexide decreased LPS-induced mRNA expression of ICAM-1 and IL-6 by cultured glomerular endothelial cells. Conclusion: Our data show a potentially protective effect of glycosaminoglycans and fucoidan in experimental glomerulonephritis. Future research should be aimed at the further identification of defined HS structures that have therapeutic potential in the treatment of glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baranca Buijsers
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marissa Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Maaike Jacobs
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marinka Bakker-van Bebber
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mark de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rustem Salmenov
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Naomi Parr
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Maciej-Hulme ML, Van Gemst JJ, Sanderson P, Rops ALWMM, Berden JH, Smeets B, Amster IJ, Rabelink TJ, Van Der Vlag J. Glomerular endothelial glycocalyx-derived heparan sulfate inhibits glomerular leukocyte influx and attenuates experimental glomerulonephritis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1177560. [PMID: 37325479 PMCID: PMC10267401 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1177560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative forms of glomerulonephritis are characterized by the influx of leukocytes, albuminuria, and loss of kidney function. The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is a thick carbohydrate layer that covers the endothelium and is comprised of heparan sulfate (HS), which plays a pivotal role in glomerular inflammation by facilitating endothelial-leukocyte trafficking. We hypothesize that the exogenous glomerular glycocalyx may reduce the glomerular influx of inflammatory cells during glomerulonephritis. Indeed, administration of mouse glomerular endothelial cell (mGEnC)-derived glycocalyx constituents, or the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin, reduced proteinuria in mice with experimental glomerulonephritis. Glomerular influx of granulocytes and macrophages, as well as glomerular fibrin deposition, was reduced by the administration of mGEnC-derived glycocalyx constituents, thereby explaining the improved clinical outcome. HSglx also inhibited granulocyte adhesion to human glomerular endothelial cells in vitro. Notably, a specific HSglx fraction inhibited both CD11b and L-selectin binding to activated mGEnCs. Mass spectrometry analysis of this specific fraction revealed six HS oligosaccharides, ranging from tetra- to hexasaccharides with 2-7 sulfates. In summary, we demonstrate that exogenous HSglx reduces albuminuria during glomerulonephritis, which is possibly mediated via multiple mechanisms. Our results justify the further development of structurally defined HS-based therapeutics for patients with (acute) inflammatory glomerular diseases, which may be applicable to non-renal inflammatory diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Maciej-Hulme
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Patience Sanderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Angelique L W M M Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jo H Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bart Smeets
- Department of Pathology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan Van Der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Wang Q, Qi H, Wu Y, Yu L, Bouchareb R, Li S, Lassén E, Casalena G, Stadler K, Ebefors K, Yi Z, Shi S, Salem F, Gordon R, Lu L, Williams RW, Duffield J, Zhang W, Itan Y, Böttinger E, Daehn I. Genetic susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease is linked to promoter variants of XOR. Nat Metab 2023; 5:607-625. [PMID: 37024752 PMCID: PMC10821741 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The lifetime risk of kidney disease in people with diabetes is 10-30%, implicating genetic predisposition in the cause of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Here we identify an expression quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the cis-acting regulatory region of the xanthine dehydrogenase, or xanthine oxidoreductase (Xor), a binding site for C/EBPβ, to be associated with diabetes-induced podocyte loss in DKD in male mice. We examine mouse inbred strains that are susceptible (DBA/2J) and resistant (C57BL/6J) to DKD, as well as a panel of recombinant inbred BXD mice, to map QTLs. We also uncover promoter XOR orthologue variants in humans associated with high risk of DKD. We introduced the risk variant into the 5'-regulatory region of XOR in DKD-resistant mice, which resulted in increased Xor activity associated with podocyte depletion, albuminuria, oxidative stress and damage restricted to the glomerular endothelium, which increase further with type 1 diabetes, high-fat diet and ageing. Therefore, differential regulation of Xor contributes to phenotypic consequences with diabetes and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiying Qi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiming Wu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rihab Bouchareb
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuyu Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emelie Lassén
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriella Casalena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shaolin Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fadi Salem
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Gordon
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erwin Böttinger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Heath at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institut, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ilse Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ɣ agonist mediated inhibition of heparanase expression reduces proteinuria. EBioMedicine 2023; 90:104506. [PMID: 36889064 PMCID: PMC10043778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is associated with many glomerular diseases and a risk factor for the progression to renal failure. We previously showed that heparanase (HPSE) is essential for the development of proteinuria, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ɣ (PPARɣ) agonists can ameliorate proteinuria. Since a recent study showed that PPARɣ regulates HPSE expression in liver cancer cells, we hypothesized that PPARɣ agonists exert their reno-protective effect by inhibiting glomerular HPSE expression. METHODS Regulation of HPSE by PPARɣ was assessed in the adriamycin nephropathy rat model, and cultured glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. Analyses included immunofluorescence staining, real-time PCR, heparanase activity assay and transendothelial albumin passage assay. Direct binding of PPARɣ to the HPSE promoter was evaluated by the luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Furthermore, HPSE activity was assessed in 38 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients before and after 16/24 weeks treatment with the PPARɣ agonist pioglitazone. FINDINGS Adriamycin-exposed rats developed proteinuria, an increased cortical HPSE and decreased heparan sulfate (HS) expression, which was ameliorated by treatment with pioglitazone. In line, the PPARɣ antagonist GW9662 increased cortical HPSE and decreased HS expression, accompanied with proteinuria in healthy rats, as previously shown. In vitro, GW9662 induced HPSE expression in both endothelial cells and podocytes, and increased transendothelial albumin passage in a HPSE-dependent manner. Pioglitazone normalized HPSE expression in adriamycin-injured human endothelial cells and mouse podocytes, and adriamycin-induced transendothelial albumin passage was reduced as well. Importantly, we demonstrated a regulatory effect of PPARɣ on HPSE promoter activity and direct PPARy binding to the HPSE promoter region. Plasma HPSE activity of T2DM patients treated with pioglitazone for 16/24 weeks was related to their hemoglobin A1c and showed a moderate, near significant correlation with plasma creatinine levels. INTERPRETATION PPARɣ-mediated regulation of HPSE expression appears an additional mechanism explaining the anti-proteinuric and renoprotective effects of thiazolidinediones in clinical practice. FUNDING This study was financially supported by the Dutch Kidney Foundation, by grants 15OI36, 13OKS023 and 15OP13. Consortium grant LSHM16058-SGF (GLYCOTREAT; a collaboration project financed by the PPP allowance made available by Top Sector Life Sciences & Health to the Dutch Kidney Foundation to stimulate public-private partnerships).
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‘t Hart DC, Yildiz D, Palacio-Castañeda V, Li L, Gumuscu B, Brock R, Verdurmen WPR, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. Co-Culture of Glomerular Endothelial Cells and Podocytes in a Custom-Designed Glomerulus-on-a-Chip Model Improves the Filtration Barrier Integrity and Affects the Glomerular Cell Phenotype. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13030339. [PMID: 36979551 PMCID: PMC10046631 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Crosstalk between glomerular endothelial cells and glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) is increasingly becoming apparent as a crucial mechanism to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. However, in vitro studies directly investigating the effect of this crosstalk on the glomerular filtration barrier are scarce because of the lack of suitable experimental models. Therefore, we developed a custom-made glomerulus-on-a-chip model recapitulating the glomerular filtration barrier, in which we investigated the effects of co-culture of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes on filtration barrier function and the phenotype of these respective cell types. The custom-made glomerulus-on-a-chip model was designed using soft lithography. The chip consisted of two parallel microfluidic channels separated by a semi-permeable polycarbonate membrane. The glycocalyx was visualized by wheat germ agglutinin staining and the barrier integrity of the glomerulus-on-a-chip model was determined by measuring the transport rate of fluorescently labelled dextran from the top to the bottom channel. The effect of crosstalk on the transcriptome of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes was investigated via RNA-sequencing. Glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes were successfully cultured on opposite sides of the membrane in our glomerulus-on-a-chip model using a polydopamine and collagen A double coating. Barrier integrity of the chip model was significantly improved when glomerular endothelial cells were co-cultured with podocytes compared to monocultures of either glomerular endothelial cells or podocytes. Co-culture enlarged the surface area of podocyte foot processes and increased the thickness of the glycocalyx. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed the regulation of cellular pathways involved in cellular differentiation and cellular adhesion as a result of the interaction between glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. We present a novel custom-made glomerulus-on-a-chip co-culture model and demonstrated for the first time using a glomerulus-on-a-chip model that co-culture affects the morphology and transcriptional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes. Moreover, we showed that co-culture improves barrier function as a relevant functional readout for clinical translation. This model can be used in future studies to investigate specific glomerular paracrine pathways and unravel the role of glomerular crosstalk in glomerular (patho) physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dilemin Yildiz
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Palacio-Castañeda
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lanhui Li
- Biosensors and Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Burcu Gumuscu
- Biosensors and Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven Artificial Intelligence Systems Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Wouter P. R. Verdurmen
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute for Medical Innovations, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Choroidal Neovascular Membranes in Retinal and Choroidal Tumors: Origins, Mechanisms, and Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021064. [PMID: 36674579 PMCID: PMC9865148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularizations are historically associated with exudative macular degeneration, nonetheless, they have been observed in nevus, melanoma, osteoma, and hemangioma involving the choroid and retina. This review aimed to elucidate the possible origins of neovascular membranes by examining in vivo and in vitro models compared to real clinical cases. Among the several potential mechanisms examined, particular attention was paid to histologic alterations and molecular cascades. Physical or biochemical resistance to vascular invasion from the choroid offered by Bruch's membrane, the role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, resident or recruited stem-like/progenitor cells, and other angiogenic promoters were taken into account. Even if the exact mechanisms are still partially obscure, experimental models are progressively enhancing our understanding of neovascularization etiology. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) over melanoma, osteoma, and other tumors is not rare and is not contraindicative of malignancy as previously believed. In addition, CNV may represent a late complication of either benign or malignant choroidal tumors, stressing the importance of a long follow-up.
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Shan X, Zhang J, Wei X, Tao W, Peng K, Liu H, Wang Y, Liu H, Meng X, Ji F. Dexmedetomidine attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through activating PI3K/Akt-eNOS signaling via α 2 adrenoreceptors in renal microvascular endothelial cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22608. [PMID: 36250975 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101626rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs), which are closely related to regulation of vascular reactivity and modulation of inflammation, play a crucial role in the process of renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Previous studies have reported the protective effects of dexmedetomidine (DEX) against renal I/R injury, but little is known about the role of DEX on RMECs. This study aimed to investigate whether DEX alleviated renal I/R injury via acting on the RMECs. Mice underwent bilateral renal artery clamping for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 48 h, and the cultured neonatal mice RMECs were subjected to hypoxia for 1 h followed by reoxygenation (H/R) for 24 h. The results suggest that DEX alleviated renal I/R injury in vivo and improved cell viability of RMECs during H/R injury in vitro. Gene sequencing revealed that the PI3K/Akt was the top enriched signaling pathway and the endothelial cells were widely involved in renal I/R injury. DEX activated phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, increased eNOS expression, and attenuated inflammatory responses. In addition, the results confirmed the distribution of α2 adrenoreceptor (α2 -AR) in RMECs. Furthermore, the protective effects of DEX against renal I/R injury were abolished by α2 -AR antagonist (atipamezole), which was partly reversed by the PI3K agonist (740 Y-P). These findings indicated that DEX protects against renal I/R injury by activating the PI3K/Akt-eNOS pathway and inhibiting inflammation responses via α2 -AR in RMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huayue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xiaowen Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fuhai Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Anesthesiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Dadras-Toussi O, Khorrami M, Louis Sam Titus ASC, Majd S, Mohan C, Abidian MR. Multiphoton Lithography of Organic Semiconductor Devices for 3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Circuits, Biosensors, and Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200512. [PMID: 35707927 PMCID: PMC9339506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing of electronics have received growing attention due to their potential applications in emerging fields such as nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) is considered the state-of-the-art amongst the microfabrication techniques with true 3D fabrication capability owing to its excellent level of spatial and temporal control. Here, a homogenous and transparent photosensitive resin doped with an organic semiconductor material (OS), which is compatible with MPL process, is introduced to fabricate a variety of 3D OS composite microstructures (OSCMs) and microelectronic devices. Inclusion of 0.5 wt% OS in the resin enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer about 10 orders of magnitude and compared to other MPL-based methods, the resultant OSCMs offer high specific electrical conductivity. As a model protein, laminin is incorporated into these OSCMs without a significant loss of activity. The OSCMs are biocompatible and support cell adhesion and growth. Glucose-oxidase-encapsulated OSCMs offer a highly sensitive glucose sensing platform with nearly tenfold higher sensitivity compared to previous glucose biosensors. In addition, this biosensor exhibits excellent specificity and high reproducibility. Overall, these results demonstrate the great potential of these novel MPL-fabricated OSCM devices for a wide range of applications from flexible bioelectronics/biosensors, to nanoelectronics and organ-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras-Toussi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Milad Khorrami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | | | - Sheereen Majd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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Clinical significance and role of CXCL16 in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Immunol Lett 2022; 243:28-37. [PMID: 35120907 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune diseases. The kidney and lung are the most common and most severely affected organs. Previous studies have shown that the chemokine ligand CXCL16 and its receptor CXCR6 play an important role in kidney disease. However, whether CXCL16/CXCR6 is involved in the pathogenesis of AAV remains elusive. In this study, the levels of CXCL16 and its specific receptor CXCR6 were investigated. According to kidney outcome, patients were divided into two groups, specifically one with high CXCL16 levels and one with low CXCL16 levels, by cut-off values using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The clinical parameters and histological features were further compared between the two groups. The ability of CXCL16 to induce neutrophil chemotaxis was analysed using a Transwell migration assay in a coculture system of conditional immortalized human glomerular endothelial cells (ciGEnCs) and neutrophils. We observed that the levels of CXCL16 were significantly increased in the circulation, along with the expression in renal tissue of AAV patients compared to healthy controls (HCs). CXCR6 expression on neutrophils was significantly higher in patients with AAV than in HCs. There were positive correlations between the levels of CXCL16 and serum creatinine, IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α and negative correlations with eGFR. The serum levels of CXCL16 could act as a predictive biomarker of renal outcome in AAV. CXCL16 secretion was upregulated in ciGEnCs treated with AAV serum. CXCL16 released from ciGEnCs contributed to neutrophil migration. Furthermore, neutrophil migration was attenuated by silencing CXCL16 expression via transfection with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequences and lentivirus. Taken together, these data suggest that the inhibition of the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis may provide new therapeutic strategies targeting AAV.
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den Braanker DJW, Maas RJ, Deegens JK, Yanginlar C, Wetzels JFM, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. Novel in vitro assays to detect circulating permeability factor(s) in idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 36:247-256. [PMID: 33155059 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) develop recurrence of proteinuria after kidney transplantation (TX). Although several circulating permeability factors (CPFs) responsible for recurrence have been suggested, there is no consensus. To facilitate CPF identification and predict recurrence after TX, there is a need for robust methods that demonstrate the presence of CPFs. METHODS Cultured human podocytes (hPods) and human and mouse glomerular endothelial cells (ciGEnC, mGEnC) were exposed to plasmas of FSGS patients with presumed CPFs, and of (disease) controls. A visual scoring assay and flow cytometry analysis of side scatter were used to measured changes in cellular granularity after exposure to plasma. RESULTS Nine out of 13 active disease plasmas of 10 FSGS patients with presumed CPFs induced granularity in hPod in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Corresponding remission plasmas induced no or less granularity in hPod. Similar results were obtained with ciGEnC and mGEnC, although induced granularity was less compared with hPod. Notably, foetal calf serum, healthy plasma and a remission plasma partially blocked FSGS plasma-induced hPod granularity. CONCLUSIONS We developed a novel assay in which active disease, presumably CPF-containing, FSGS plasmas induced granularity in cultured hPod. Our results may indicate the presence of CPF inhibitor(s) in healthy and remission plasma. We suggest the presence of a delicate balance between CPF and a CPF inhibitory factor, which is disturbed in patients with active disease. Our novel assays can be applied in future research to identify CPF and CPF inhibitors, and possibly to predict recurrence after TX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J W den Braanker
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Maas
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K Deegens
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yanginlar
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack F M Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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van Asbeck AH, Dieker J, Oude Egberink R, van den Berg L, van der Vlag J, Brock R. Protein Expression Correlates Linearly with mRNA Dose over Up to Five Orders of Magnitude In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050511. [PMID: 34063094 PMCID: PMC8148180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA is rapidly gaining significance as a therapeutic modality. Here, we address the dependence of dose-response functions on the type of delivery vehicle, cell line, and incubation time. Knowledge of these characteristics is crucial for the application of mRNA. As delivery vehicles, a lipid-based formulation and the cell-penetrating peptide Pepfect14 (PF14) were employed. As cell lines, we included a glomerular endothelial cell line (mGEnC) as a model for differentiated cells, HeLa cells, and SKOV-3 ovarian carcinoma cells. Uptake and expression were detected by flow cytometry, using a Cy5-labelled mRNA coding for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). There was a linear correlation of dose, uptake, and expression, and this correlation was maintained for over up to 72 h. Through application of a multistep kinetic model, we show that differences in expression levels can already be explained by the number of mRNAs packaged per delivery vehicle. Using luciferase as a reporter protein, linearity of expression was observed over 5 orders of magnitude in vitro and 3 orders of magnitude in vivo. Overall, the results demonstrate that mRNA provides excellent quantitative control over protein expression, also over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. van Asbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.H.v.A.); (J.D.); (R.O.E.); (L.v.d.B.)
| | - Jürgen Dieker
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.H.v.A.); (J.D.); (R.O.E.); (L.v.d.B.)
| | - Rik Oude Egberink
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.H.v.A.); (J.D.); (R.O.E.); (L.v.d.B.)
| | - Lennard van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.H.v.A.); (J.D.); (R.O.E.); (L.v.d.B.)
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (A.H.v.A.); (J.D.); (R.O.E.); (L.v.d.B.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Science, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 293, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Correspondence:
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12
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‘t Hart DC, van der Vlag J, Nijenhuis T. Laminar flow substantially affects the morphology and functional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251129. [PMID: 33951113 PMCID: PMC8099128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress induced by laminar blood flow has a profound effect on the morphology and functional phenotype of macrovascular endothelial cells. The influence of laminar flow on the glomerular microvascular endothelium, however, remains largely elusive. The glomerular endothelium, including its glycocalyx, is a crucial part of the glomerular filtration barrier, which is involved in blood filtration. We therefore investigated the influence of laminar flow-induced shear stress on the glomerular endothelium. Conditionally immortalized mouse glomerular endothelial cells were cultured for 7 days under a laminar flow of 5 dyn/cm2 to mimic the glomerular blood flow. The cells were subsequently analysed for changes in morphology, expression of shear stress-responsive genes, nitric oxide production, glycocalyx composition, expression of anti-oxidant genes and the inflammatory response. Culture under laminar flow resulted in cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell alignment compared to static conditions. Moreover, production of nitric oxide was increased and the expression of the main functional component of the glycocalyx, Heparan Sulfate, was enhanced in response to shear stress. Furthermore, glomerular endothelial cells demonstrated a quiescent phenotype under flow, characterized by a decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory gene ICAM-1 and increased expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO1. Upon exposure to the inflammatory stimulus TNFα, however, glomerular endothelial cells cultured under laminar flow showed an enhanced inflammatory response. In conclusion, laminar flow extensively affects the morphology and functional phenotype of glomerular endothelial cells in culture. Furthermore, glomerular endothelial cells respond differently to shear stress compared to macrovascular endothelium. To improve the translation of future in vitro studies with glomerular endothelial cells to the in vivo situation, it appears therefore crucial to culture glomerular endothelial cells under physiological flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan C. ‘t Hart
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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13
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Dylewski JF, Wilson N, Lu S, Jat P, Weiser-Evans M, Panzer SE, Blaine J. Isolation, purification, and conditional immortalization of murine glomerular endothelial cells of microvascular phenotype. MethodsX 2020; 7:101048. [PMID: 32944514 PMCID: PMC7481567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC) are a specialized microvascular subset of endothelial cells that, when injured, result in many types of diseases within the kidney. Thus, techniques to study GEnC in a cell culture system are important to investigate mechanisms of GEnC injury. Studies of endothelial cell function in culture have predominately relied on using macrovascular endothelial cells from vascular areas other than the glomerulus. Over the last 15 years, glomerular endothelial cells lines have been created but were isolated by targeting cells expressing CD31. Some studies identified endothelial cells isolated from the microvasculature do not express CD31 and some suggest that CD31+ cells are phenotypically different than endothelial cells found in capillaries. Here we detail our method of isolation, purification, and conditional immortalization of mouse glomerular endothelial cells targeting endothelial cells that do not express CD31.This method allows for isolation, purification, and conditional immortalization of glomerular endothelial cells for continued passage of GEnCs beyond that of primary cell culture. This method can be used in genetically modified mice to investigate how a modification of a specific gene or protein affects the glomerular endothelium at the cellular level.
Remember that the abstract is what readers see first in electronic abstracting & indexing services. This is the advertisement of your article. Make it interesting, and easy to be understood. Be accurate and specific, keep it as brief as possible. Add up to 3 bullet points, highlighting the customization rather than the steps of the procedure. Highlight how it differs/which advantage it offers over pre-existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Dylewski
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Nancy Wilson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sizhao Lu
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Parmjit Jat
- Medical Research Council, Prion Unit at University College London, Institute of Prion Diseases, 33 Cleveland Street, London W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Mary Weiser-Evans
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah E Panzer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith Blaine
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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14
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Kouwenberg M, Rops A, Bakker-van Bebber M, Diepeveen L, Götte M, Hilbrands L, van der Vlag J. Role of syndecan-1 in the interaction between dendritic cells and T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230835. [PMID: 32701966 PMCID: PMC7377417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that can bind cytokines and chemokines via its heparan sulfate side chains, and has immunomodulatory properties in experimental models. Sdc-1 expression has been reported on dendritic cells (DC) and T cells. The potential role of Sdc-1 in DC-T cell interaction has not been investigated yet. We postulate that Sdc-1 is involved in DC-T cell interaction and may influence graft survival in an allogeneic transplant model. Sdc-1 expression on bone marrow-derived DC and T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Unstimulated and LPS stimulated Sdc-1 deficient DC were evaluated in vitro for phenotype and stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte reaction. Sdc-1 deficient T cells were evaluated for proliferative capacity and differentiation in a mixed lymphocyte reaction and a proliferation assay. Allograft survival was evaluated in a fully MHC mismatched heterotopic heart transplant model, with either Sdc-1 deficient donors or recipients. Sdc-1 was expressed on the cell surface of unstimulated and LPS matured DC. Sdc-1 deficiency had no effect on expression of co-stimulatory molecules, cytokine production or T cell stimulatory capacity as compared to WT DC. Sdc-1 expression was not detectable on WT T cells, although intracellular Sdc-1 expression could be demonstrated after ConA activation. Sdc-1 deficient T cells showed reduced proliferation upon DC or ConA stimulation and reduced IL-17 production upon ConA stimulation, compared to WT T cells. Sdc-1 deficiency of either allograft or recipient did not prolong allograft survival. In conclusion, Sdc-1 is expressed on the cell surface of DC, where its absence does not affect DC phenotype or T cell stimulatory capacity. Sdc-1 is intracellularly expressed in ConA activated T cells. Sdc-1 deficiency in T cells results in a reduced proliferative response in vitro, as induced by DC and ConA. Sdc-1 deficiency in donor or recipient does not affect allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kouwenberg
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Bakker-van Bebber
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L. Diepeveen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - L. Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Takahata A, Arai S, Hiramoto E, Kitada K, Kato R, Makita Y, Suzuki H, Nakata J, Araki K, Miyazaki T, Suzuki Y. Crucial Role of AIM/CD5L in the Development of Glomerular Inflammation in IgA Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2013-2024. [PMID: 32611589 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) begins with aberrant IgA deposition in glomeruli, progresses to IgM/IgG/complement codeposition, and results in chronic inflammation and glomerular damage. However, the mechanism that drives such phlogogenic cascade has been unclear. Recently, apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) protein was shown to modulate macrophages' function in various pathologic conditions, thereby profoundly affecting the progression of renal disorders, including AKI. A spontaneous IgAN model, grouped ddY (gddY) mouse, revealed the requirement of AIM for the overall inflammatory glomerular injury following IgA deposition. METHODS We established an AIM-deficient IgAN model (AIM -/- gddY) using CRISPR/Cas9 and compared its phenotype with that of wild-type gddY with or without recombinant AIM administration. An IgA-deficient IgAN model (IgA -/- gddY) was also generated to further determine the role of AIM. RESULTS In both human and murine IgAN, AIM colocalized with IgA/IgM/IgG in glomeruli, whereas control kidneys did not exhibit AIM deposition. Although AIM -/- gddY showed IgA deposition at levels comparable with those of wild-type gddY, they did not exhibit glomerular accumulation of IgM/IgG complements, CD45+ leukocyte infiltration, and upregulation of inflammatory/fibrogenic genes, indicating protection from glomerular lesions and proteinuria/hematuria. Recombinant AIM administration reconstituted the IgAN phenotype, resulting in IgM/IgG/complement IgA codeposition. Neither spontaneous IgM/IgG codeposition nor disease was observed in IgA -/- gddY mice. CONCLUSIONS AIM may contribute to stable immune complex formation in glomeruli, thereby facilitating IgAN progression. Therefore, AIM deposition blockage or disassociation from IgM/IgG may present a new therapeutic target on the basis of its role in IgAN inflammation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takahata
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Arai
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiri Hiramoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Rina Kato
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Makita
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Miyazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine for Pathogenesis, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan .,Leading Advanced Projects for Medical Innovation, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Zhai S, Sun B, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhang L. IL-17 aggravates renal injury by promoting podocyte injury in children with primary nephrotic syndrome. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:409-417. [PMID: 32537005 PMCID: PMC7282090 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) is the most common chronic kidney disease in childhood, where podocyte injury is a key factor in the occurrence of kidney disease. In the present study, the expression of IL-17 in renal tissues of patients with PNS and its relationship with podocyte injury were examined. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis and immunochemistry were used to measure the expression of IL-17 in renal biopsies of patients with ONS, including 9 patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), 15 patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN) and 9 patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), in addition to 15 normal kidney tissues. IL-17 was found to be highly expressed in the renal tissues from patients with PNS, with the highest expression levels found in tissues from patients with FSGS and the lowest in those from MCNS. A negative correlation was observed between the levels of IL-17 mRNA and PCX mRNA in renal tissues, whereas a positive correlation between IL-17 mRNA levels and the number of urinary podocytes in patients with PNS was found. In vitro, IL-17 induced podocyte apoptosis and reduced the expression of markers associated with podocytes, including Wilm's tumor 1, nephrin, synaptopodin and podocalyxin, whilst increasing the levels of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), active-caspase-8, active-caspase-3 and phosphorylated-p65. However, treatment with helenalin, a NF-κB inhibitor, decreased p65 phosphorylation, attenuated IL-17-induced podocyte apoptosis and suppressed the IL-17-activated Fas/FasL/caspase-8/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Taken together, these observations suggest that IL-17 was highly expressed in renal tissues from patients with PNS, where it induced podocyte apoptosis by activating the Fas/FasL/caspase-8/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway in a NF-κB-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Zhai
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Baichao Sun
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Lengyue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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17
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Yeo NJY, Chan EJJ, Cheung C. Choroidal Neovascularization: Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1363. [PMID: 31849644 PMCID: PMC6895252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conditions affecting the heart, brain, and even the eyes have their origins in blood vessel pathology, underscoring the role of vascular regulation. In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), there is excessive growth of abnormal blood vessels in the eye (choroidal neovascularization), eventually leading to vision loss due to detachment of retinal pigmented epithelium. As the advanced stage of this disease involves loss of retinal pigmented epithelium, much less attention has been given to early vascular events such as endothelial dysfunction. Although current gold standard therapy using inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have achieved initial successes, some drawbacks include the lack of long-term restoration of visual acuity, as well as a subset of the patients being refractory to existing treatment, alluding us and others to hypothesize upon VEGF-independent mechanisms. Against this backdrop, we present here a nonexhaustive review on the vascular underpinnings of AMD, implications with genetic and systemic factors, experimental models for studying choroidal neovascularization, and interestingly, on both endothelial-centric pathways and noncell autonomous mechanisms. We hope to shed light on future research directions in improving vascular function in ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jia Ying Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ebenezer Jia Jun Chan
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine Cheung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Tang TT, Lv LL, Wang B, Cao JY, Feng Y, Li ZL, Wu M, Wang FM, Wen Y, Zhou LT, Ni HF, Chen PS, Gu N, Crowley SD, Liu BC. Employing Macrophage-Derived Microvesicle for Kidney-Targeted Delivery of Dexamethasone: An Efficient Therapeutic Strategy against Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:4740-4755. [PMID: 31367254 PMCID: PMC6643445 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although glucocorticoids are the mainstays in the treatment of renal diseases for decades, the dose dependent side effects have largely restricted their clinical use. Microvesicles (MVs) are small lipid-based membrane-bound particles generated by virtually all cells. Here we show that RAW 264.7 macrophage cell-derived MVs can be used as vectors to deliver dexamethasone (named as MV-DEX) targeting the inflamed kidney efficiently. Methods: RAW macrophages were incubated with dexamethasone and then MV-DEX was isolated from the supernatants by centrifugation method. Nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, western blot and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to analyze the properties of MV-DEX. The LC-MS/MS was applied to investigate the protein compositions of MV-DEX. Based on the murine models of LPS- or Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy or in-vitro culture of glomerular endothelial cells, the inflammation-targeting characteristics and the therapeutic efficacy of MV-DEX was examined. Finally, we assessed the side effects of chronic glucocorticoid therapy in MV-DEX-treated mice. Results: Proteomic analysis revealed distinct integrin expression patterns on the MV-DEX surface, in which the integrin αLβ2 (LFA-1) and α4β1 (VAL-4) enabled them to adhere to the inflamed kidney. Compared to free DEX treatment, equimolar doses of MV-DEX significantly attenuated renal injury with an enhanced therapeutic efficacy against renal inflammation and fibrosis in murine models of LPS- or ADR-induced nephropathy. In vitro, MV-DEX with about one-fifth of the doses of free DEX achieved significant anti-inflammatory efficacy by inhibiting NF-κB activity. Mechanistically, MV-DEX could package and deliver glucocorticoid receptors to renal cells, thereby, increasing cellular levels of the receptor and improving cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Notably, delivering DEX in MVs significantly reduced the side effects of chronic glucocorticoid therapy (e.g., hyperglycemia, suppression of HPA axis). Conclusion: In summary, macrophage-derived MVs efficiently deliver DEX into the inflamed kidney and exhibit a superior capacity to suppress renal inflammation and fibrosis without apparent glucocorticoid adverse effects. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness and security of a novel drug delivery strategy with promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China,✉ Corresponding authors: Bi-Cheng Liu () or Lin-Li Lv ()
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Cao
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuo-Lin Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Mei Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le-Ting Zhou
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Feng Ni
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Steven D. Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Bi-Cheng Liu () or Lin-Li Lv ()
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19
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Yin GN, Ock J, Choi MJ, Song KM, Ghatak K, Minh NN, Kwon MH, Seong DH, Jin HR, Ryu JK, Suh JK. A Simple and Nonenzymatic Method to Isolate Human Corpus Cavernosum Endothelial Cells and Pericytes for the Study of Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health 2019; 38:123-131. [PMID: 30929324 PMCID: PMC6920073 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.180091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a simple and nonenzymatic technique to isolate endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes from human corpus cavernosum tissue and to evaluate the angiogenic ability of the human cavernous EC or pericytes for the study of high glucose-induced angiopathy. Materials and Methods For primary human cavernous EC culture, cavernous tissues were implanted into Matrigel in dishes. For primary human cavernous pericyte culture, cavernous tissues were settled by gravity into dishes. We performed immunocytochemistry and Western blot to determine phenotype and morphologic changes from passage 1 to 5. The primary cultured cells were exposed to a normal-glucose (5 mmol/L) or a high-glucose (30 mmol/L) condition, and then tube formation assay was done. Results We successfully isolated high-purity EC and pericytes from human corpus cavernosum tissue. Primary cultured EC showed highly positive staining for von Willebrand factor, and pericyte revealed positive staining for NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β. Primary cultured EC and pericytes maintained their cellular characteristics up to passage 2 or 3. However, we observed significant changes in their typical phenotype from the passage 4 and morphological characteristics from the passage 3. Human cavernous EC or pericytes formed well-organized capillary-like structures in normal-glucose condition, whereas severely impaired tube formation was detected in high-glucose condition. Conclusions This study provides a simple and nonenzymatic method for primary culture of human cavernous EC and pericytes. Our study will aid us to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic erectile dysfunction, and also be a valuable tool for determining the efficacy of candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Nan Yin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ock
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kang Moon Song
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kalyan Ghatak
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Nguyen Nhat Minh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Mi Hye Kwon
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Do Hwan Seong
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hai Rong Jin
- Department of Urology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ji Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Jun Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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20
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van Gemst JJ, Kouwenberg M, Rops ALWMM, van Kuppevelt TH, Berden JH, Rabelink TJ, Loeven MA, van der Vlag J. Differential binding of chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 to mouse glomerular endothelial cells reveals specificity for distinct heparan sulfate domains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201560. [PMID: 30248108 PMCID: PMC6152867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proliferative glomerulonephritis manifests in a range of renal diseases and is characterized by the influx of inflammatory cells into the glomerulus. Heparan sulfate (HS) is an important (co-)receptor for binding of chemokines, cytokines and leukocytes to the endothelial glycocalyx, a thick glycan layer that covers the inside of blood vessels. During glomerulonephritis, HS in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx plays a central role in chemokine presentation and oligomerization, and in binding of selectins and integrins expressed by leukocytes. We hypothesize that distinct endothelial HS domains determine the binding of different chemokines. In this study we evaluated the interaction of three pro-inflammatory chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2) with mouse glomerular endothelial cells (mGEnC-1) in ELISA in competition with different HS preparations and anti-HS single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies specific for distinct HS domains. RESULTS HS appeared to be the primary ligand mediating chemokine binding to the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx in vitro. We found differential affinities of CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 for HS in isolated mGEnC-1 glycocalyx, heparan sulfate from bovine kidney or low molecular weight heparin in competition ELISAs using mGEnC-1 as a substrate, indicating that chemokine binding is affected by the domain structure of the different HS preparations. Blocking of specific HS domains with anti-HS scFv antibodies revealed a domain-specific interaction of the tested chemokines to HS on mGEnC-1. Furthermore, chemokines did not compete for the same binding sites on mGEnC-1. CONCLUSION CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL2 binding to the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx appears differentially mediated by specific HS domains. Our findings may therefore contribute to the development of HS-based treatments for renal and possibly other inflammatory diseases specifically targeting chemokine-endothelial cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Kouwenberg
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. L. W. M. M. Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T. H. van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. H. Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T. J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology and Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. A. Loeven
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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21
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Fu J, Wei C, Zhang W, Schlondorff D, Wu J, Cai M, He W, Baron MH, Chuang PY, Liu Z, He JC, Lee K. Gene expression profiles of glomerular endothelial cells support their role in the glomerulopathy of diabetic mice. Kidney Int 2018; 94:326-345. [PMID: 29861058 PMCID: PMC6054896 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction promotes the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is considered to be an early event in disease progression. However, the molecular changes associated with glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) injury in early DN are not well defined. Most gene expression studies have relied on the indirect assessment of GEC injury from isolated glomeruli or renal cortices. Here, we present transcriptomic analysis of isolated GECs, using streptozotocin-induced diabetic wildtype (STZ-WT) and diabetic eNOS-null (STZ-eNOS-/-) mice as models of mild and advanced DN, respectively. GECs of both models in comparison to their respective nondiabetic controls showed significant alterations in the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, and proliferation. The extent of these changes was greater in STZ-eNOS-/- than in STZ-WT GECs. Additionally, genes in STZ-eNOS-/- GECs indicated further dysregulation in angiogenesis and epigenetic regulation. Moreover, a biphasic change in the number of GECs, characterized by an initial increase and subsequent decrease over time, was observed only in STZ-eNOS-/- mice. This is consistent with an early compensatory angiogenic process followed by increased apoptosis, leading to an overall decrease in GEC survival in DN progression. From the genes altered in angiogenesis in STZ-eNOS-/- GECs, we identified potential candidate genes, Lrg1 and Gpr56, whose function may augment diabetes-induced angiogenesis. Thus, our results support a role for GEC in DN by providing direct evidence for alterations of GEC gene expression and molecular pathways. Candidate genes of specific pathways, such as Lrg1 and Gpr56, can be further explored for potential therapeutic targeting to mitigate the initiation and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengguo Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Detlef Schlondorff
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jinshan Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Minchao Cai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wu He
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margaret H Baron
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Y Chuang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Renal Program, James J. Peters VA Medical Center at Bronx, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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22
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Goetz L, Laskowski J, Renner B, Pickering MC, Kulik L, Klawitter J, Stites E, Christians U, van der Vlag J, Ravichandran K, Holers VM, Thurman JM. Complement factor H protects mice from ischemic acute kidney injury but is not critical for controlling complement activation by glomerular IgM. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:791-802. [PMID: 29389016 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural IgM binds to glomerular epitopes in several progressive kidney diseases. Previous work has shown that IgM also binds within the glomerulus after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) but does not fully activate the complement system. Factor H is a circulating complement regulatory protein, and congenital or acquired deficiency of factor H is a strong risk factor for several types of kidney disease. We hypothesized that factor H controls complement activation by IgM in the kidney after I/R, and that heterozygous factor H deficiency would permit IgM-mediated complement activation and injury at this location. We found that mice with targeted heterozygous deletion of the gene for factor H developed more severe kidney injury after I/R than wild-type controls, as expected, but that complement activation within the glomeruli remained well controlled. Furthermore, mice that are unable to generate soluble IgM were not protected from renal I/R, even in the setting of heterozygous factor H deficiency. These results demonstrate that factor H is important for limiting injury in the kidney after I/R, but it is not critical for controlling complement activation by immunoglobulin within the glomerulus in this setting. IgM binds to glomerular epitopes after I/R, but it is not a significant source of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Goetz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer Laskowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brandon Renner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Liudmila Kulik
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erik Stites
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Uwe Christians
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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23
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Li HY, Oh YS, Choi JW, Jung JY, Jun HS. Blocking lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 signaling inhibits diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1362-1373. [PMID: 28111010 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is known to regulate various biological responses by binding to LPA receptors. The serum level of LPA is elevated in diabetes, but the involvement of LPA in the development of diabetes and its complications remains unknown. Therefore, we studied LPA signaling in diabetic nephropathy and the molecular mechanisms involved. The expression of autotaxin, an LPA synthesis enzyme, and LPA receptor 1 was significantly increased in both mesangial cells (SV40 MES13) maintained in high-glucose media and the kidney cortex of diabetic db/db mice. Increased urinary albumin excretion, increased glomerular tuft area and volume, and mesangial matrix expansion were observed in db/db mice and reduced by treatment with ki16425, a LPA receptor 1/3 antagonist. Transforming growth factor (TGF)β expression and Smad-2/3 phosphorylation were upregulated in SV40 MES13 cells by LPA stimulation or in the kidney cortex of db/db mice, and this was blocked by ki16425 treatment. LPA receptor 1 siRNA treatment inhibited LPA-induced TGFβ expression, whereas cells overexpressing LPA receptor 1 showed enhanced LPA-induced TGFβ expression. LPA treatment of SV40 MES13 cells increased phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β at Ser9 and induced translocation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)1 into the nucleus. Blocking GSK3β phosphorylation inhibited SREBP1 activation and consequently blocked LPA-induced TGFβ expression in SV40 MES13 cells. Phosphorylated GSK3β and nuclear SREBP1 accumulation were increased in the kidney cortex of db/db mice and ki16425 treatment blocked these pathways. Thus, LPA receptor 1 signaling increased TGFβ expression via GSK3β phosphorylation and SREBP1 activation, contributing to the development of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Li
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yoon Sin Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Ji-Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Jung
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
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24
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van Gemst JJ, Loeven MA, de Graaf MJJ, Berden JHM, Rabelink TJ, Smit CH, van der Vlag J. RNA Contaminates Glycosaminoglycans Extracted from Cells and Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167336. [PMID: 27898729 PMCID: PMC5127559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear negatively charged polysaccharides and important components of extracellular matrices and cell surface glycan layers such as the endothelial glycocalyx. The GAG family includes sulfated heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), keratan sulfate, and non-sulfated hyaluronan. Because relative expression of GAGs is dependent on cell-type and niche, isolating GAGs from cell cultures and tissues may provide insight into cell- and tissue-specific GAG structure and functions. In our objective to obtain structural information about the GAGs expressed on a specialized mouse glomerular endothelial cell culture (mGEnC-1) we adapted a recently published GAG isolation protocol, based on cell lysis, proteinase K and DNase I digestion. Analysis of the GAGs contributing to the mGEnC-1 glycocalyx indicated a large HS and a minor CS content on barium acetate gel. However, isolated GAGs appeared resistant to enzymatic digestion by heparinases. We found that these GAG extracts were heavily contaminated with RNA, which co-migrated with HS in barium acetate gel electrophoresis and interfered with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assays, resulting in an overestimation of GAG yields. We hypothesized that RNA may be contaminating GAG extracts from other cell cultures and possibly tissue, and therefore investigated potential RNA contaminations in GAG extracts from two additional cell lines, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and retinal pigmental epithelial cells, and mouse kidney, liver, spleen and heart tissue. GAG extracts from all examined cell lines and tissues contained varying amounts of contaminating RNA, which interfered with GAG quantification using DMMB assays and characterization of GAGs by barium acetate gel electrophoresis. We therefore recommend routinely evaluating the RNA content of GAG extracts and propose a robust protocol for GAG isolation that includes an RNA digestion step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J. van Gemst
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus A. Loeven
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. J. de Graaf
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jo H. M. Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology and Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H. Smit
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Garsen M, Rops AL, Li J, van Beneden K, van den Branden C, Berden JHM, Rabelink TJ, van der Vlag J. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Prevents Heparanase Induction and the Development of Proteinuria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160894. [PMID: 27505185 PMCID: PMC4978400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) deficiency exacerbates proteinuria and renal injury in several glomerular diseases, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We recently showed that heparanase is essential for the development of experimental diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis, and hypothesize that heparanase expression is regulated by eNOS. Here, we demonstrate that induction of adriamycin nephropathy (AN) in C57BL/6 eNOS-deficient mice leads to an increased glomerular heparanase expression accompanied with overt proteinuria, which was not observed in the AN-resistant wild type counterpart. In vitro, the eNOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induced heparanase expression in cultured mouse glomerular endothelial cells. Moreover, ADMA enhanced transendothelial albumin passage in a heparanase-dependent manner. We conclude that eNOS prevents heparanase induction and the development of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Garsen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique L. Rops
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrien van Beneden
- Department of Human Anatomy, Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jo HM Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J. Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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26
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Maimaitiyiming H, Zhou Q, Wang S. Thrombospondin 1 Deficiency Ameliorates the Development of Adriamycin-Induced Proteinuric Kidney Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156144. [PMID: 27196103 PMCID: PMC4873030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is an important player in diabetic nephropathy. However, the role of TSP1 in podocyte injury and the development of non-diabetic proteinuric kidney disease is largely unknown. In the current study, by using a well-established podocyte injury model (adriamycin-induced nephropathy mouse model), we examined the contribution of TSP1 to the development of proteinuric kidney disease. We found that TSP1 was up-regulated in the glomeruli, notably in podocytes, in adriamycin injected mice before the onset of proteinuria. ADR treatment also stimulated TSP1 expression in cultured human podocytes in vitro. Moreover, increased TSP1 mediated ADR-induced podocyte apoptosis and actin cytoskeleton disorganization. This TSP1's effect was through a CD36-dependent mechanism and involved in the stimulation of p38MAPK pathway. Importantly, in vivo data demonstrated that TSP1 deficiency protected mice from ADR induced podocyte loss and foot process effacement. ADR induced proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration and inflammation was also attenuated in TSP1 deficient mice. Taken together, these studies provide new evidence that TSP1 contributes to the development of non-diabetic proteinuric kidney disease by stimulating podocyte injury and the progression of renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasiyeti Maimaitiyiming
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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27
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Garsen M, Lenoir O, Rops ALWMM, Dijkman HB, Willemsen B, van Kuppevelt TH, Rabelink TJ, Berden JHM, Tharaux PL, van der Vlag J. Endothelin-1 Induces Proteinuria by Heparanase-Mediated Disruption of the Glomerular Glycocalyx. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3545-3551. [PMID: 27026367 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of CKD in the Western world. Endothelin receptor antagonists have emerged as a novel treatment for DN, but the mechanisms underlying the protective effect remain unknown. We previously showed that both heparanase and endothelin-1 are essential for the development of DN. Here, we further investigated the role of these proteins in DN, and demonstrated that endothelin-1 activates podocytes to release heparanase. Furthermore, conditioned podocyte culture medium increased glomerular transendothelial albumin passage in a heparanase-dependent manner. In mice, podocyte-specific knockout of the endothelin receptor prevented the diabetes-induced increase in glomerular heparanase expression, consequent reduction in heparan sulfate expression and endothelial glycocalyx thickness, and development of proteinuria observed in wild-type counterparts. Our data suggest that in diabetes, endothelin-1 signaling, as occurs in endothelial activation, induces heparanase expression in the podocyte, damage to the glycocalyx, proteinuria, and renal failure. Thus, prevention of these effects may constitute the mechanism of action of endothelin receptor blockers in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; and
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28
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Garsen M, Benner M, Dijkman HB, van Kuppevelt TH, Li JP, Rabelink TJ, Vlodavsky I, Berden JHM, Rops ALWMM, Elkin M, van der Vlag J. Heparanase Is Essential for the Development of Acute Experimental Glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:805-15. [PMID: 26873445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase, a heparan sulfate (HS)--specific endoglucuronidase, mediates the onset of proteinuria and renal damage during experimental diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular heparanase expression is increased in most proteinuric diseases. Herein, we evaluated the role of heparanase in two models of experimental glomerulonephritis, being anti-glomerular basement membrane and lipopolysaccharide-induced glomerulonephritis, in wild-type and heparanase-deficient mice. Induction of experimental glomerulonephritis led to an increased heparanase expression in wild-type mice, which was associated with a decreased glomerular expression of a highly sulfated HS domain, and albuminuria. Albuminuria was reduced in the heparanase-deficient mice in both models of experimental glomerulonephritis, which was accompanied by a better renal function and less renal damage. Notably, glomerular HS expression was preserved in the heparanase-deficient mice. Glomerular leukocyte and macrophage influx was reduced in the heparanase-deficient mice, which was accompanied by a reduced expression of both types 1 and 2 helper T-cell cytokines. In vitro, tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide directly induced heparanase expression and increased transendothelial albumin passage. Our study shows that heparanase contributes to proteinuria and renal damage in experimental glomerulonephritis by decreasing glomerular HS expression, enhancing renal leukocyte and macrophage influx, and affecting the local cytokine milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Garsen
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marilen Benner
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry B Dijkman
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jo H M Berden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Loeven MA, Rops AL, Lehtinen MJ, van Kuppevelt TH, Daha MR, Smith RJ, Bakker M, Berden JH, Rabelink TJ, Jokiranta TS, van der Vlag J. Mutations in Complement Factor H Impair Alternative Pathway Regulation on Mouse Glomerular Endothelial Cells in Vitro. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4974-81. [PMID: 26728463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.702506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor H (FH) inhibits complement activation and interacts with glomerular endothelium via its complement control protein domains 19 and 20, which also recognize heparan sulfate (HS). Abnormalities in FH are associated with the renal diseases atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and dense deposit disease and the ocular disease age-related macular degeneration. Although FH systemically controls complement activation, clinical phenotypes selectively manifest in kidneys and eyes, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific determinants of disease development. Recent results imply the importance of tissue-specifically expressed, sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), like HS, in determining FH binding to and activity on host tissues. Therefore, we investigated which GAGs mediate human FH and recombinant human FH complement control proteins domains 19 and 20 (FH19-20) binding to mouse glomerular endothelial cells (mGEnCs) in ELISA. Furthermore, we evaluated the functional defects of FH19-20 mutants during complement activation by measuring C3b deposition on mGEnCs using flow cytometry. FH and FH19-20 bound dose-dependently to mGEnCs and TNF-α treatment increased binding of both proteins, whereas heparinase digestion and competition with heparin/HS inhibited binding. Furthermore, 2-O-, and 6-O-, but not N-desulfation of heparin, significantly increased the inhibitory effect on FH19-20 binding to mGEnCs. Compared with wild type FH19-20, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated mutants were less able to compete with FH in normal human serum during complement activation on mGEnCs, confirming their potential glomerular pathogenicity. In conclusion, our study shows that FH and FH19-20 binding to glomerular endothelial cells is differentially mediated by HS but not other GAGs. Furthermore, we describe a novel, patient serum-independent competition assay for pathogenicity screening of FH19-20 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus A Loeven
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique L Rops
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R Daha
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands, and
| | - Richard J Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine and Otolaryngology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Marinka Bakker
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jo H Berden
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands, and
| | - T Sakari Jokiranta
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- From the Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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Verma SK, Molitoris BA. Renal endothelial injury and microvascular dysfunction in acute kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 2015; 35:96-107. [PMID: 25795503 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations that function together to perform a number of tightly controlled, complex and interdependent processes. Renal endothelial cells contribute to vascular tone, regulation of blood flow to local tissue beds, modulation of coagulation and inflammation, and vascular permeability. Both ischemia and sepsis have profound effects on the renal endothelium, resulting in microvascular dysregulation resulting in continued ischemia and further injury. In recent years, the concept of the vascular endothelium as an organ that is both the source of and target for inflammatory injury has become widely appreciated. Here we revisit the renal endothelium in the light of ever evolving molecular advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Kumar Verma
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN.
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31
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Garsen M, Sonneveld R, Rops ALWMM, Huntink S, van Kuppevelt TH, Rabelink TJ, Hoenderop JGJ, Berden JHM, Nijenhuis T, van der Vlag J. Vitamin D attenuates proteinuria by inhibition of heparanase expression in the podocyte. J Pathol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Garsen
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Sonneveld
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Angelique LWMM Rops
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Huntink
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Department of Nephrology, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Joost GJ Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jo HM Berden
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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LAN LEI, HAN YONGSHENG, REN WEI, JIANG JIELONG, WANG PENG, HU ZHAO. Advanced glycation end-products affect the cytoskeletal structure of rat glomerular endothelial cells via the Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4321-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhao Y, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Tsatralis T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang YM, Alexander SI, Harris DC, Zheng G. Isolation and epithelial co-culture of mouse renal peritubular endothelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2014; 15:40. [PMID: 25433516 PMCID: PMC4260259 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-014-0040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) has been shown to be a major source of myofibroblasts, contributing to kidney fibrosis. However, in vitro study of endothelial cells often relies on culture of isolated primary endothelial cells due to the unavailability of endothelial cell lines. Our recent study suggested that peritubular endothelial cells could contribute to kidney fibrosis through EndoMT. Therefore, successful isolation and culture of mouse peritubular endothelial cells could provide a new platform for studying kidney fibrosis. This study describes an immunomagnetic separation method for the isolation of mouse renal peritubular endothelial cells using anti-CD146 MicroBeads, followed by co-culture with mouse renal proximal tubular epithelial cells to maintain endothelial phenotype. Results Flow cytometry showed that after isolation and two days of culture, about 95% of cells were positive for endothelial-specific marker CD146. The percentage of other cells, including dendritic cells (CD11c) and macrophages (F4/80), was less than 1%. Maintenance of endothelial cell phenotype required vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and co-culture with mouse proximal tubular epithelial cells. Conclusion In this study, we established a method for the isolation of mouse renal peritubular endothelial cells by using immunomagnetic separation with anti-CD146 MicroBeads, followed by co-culture with mouse renal proximal tubular epithelial cells to maintain phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-014-0040-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Experimental Centre of Science and Research, The First Clinical Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Tania Tsatralis
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ya Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Steve I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - David C Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Lee DY, Kim HS, Won KJ, Lee KP, Jung SH, Park ES, Choi WS, Lee HM, Kim B. DJ-1 regulates the expression of renal (pro)renin receptor via reactive oxygen species-mediated epigenetic modification. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:426-34. [PMID: 25463323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DJ-1 protein plays multifunctional roles including transcriptional regulation and scavenging oxidative stress; thus, it may be associated with the development of renal disorders. We investigated whether DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a newly identified member of renin-angiotensin system. METHODS The levels of mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. H2O2 production was tested by using fluorescence probe. Histone modification was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS The expression of PRR was significantly higher in the kidney from DJ-1 knockout mice (DJ-1-/-) compared with wild-type mice (DJ-1+/+). Histone deacetylase 1 recruitment at the PRR promoter was lower, and histone H3 acetylation and RNA polymerase II recruitment were higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+. Knockdown or inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 restored PRR expression in mesangial cells from DJ-1+/+. H2O2 production was greater in DJ-1-/- cells compared with DJ-1+/+ cells. These changes in PRR expression and epigenetic modification in DJ-1-/- cells were induced by H2O2 treatment and reversed completely by addition of an antioxidant reagent. Prorenin-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation was greater in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and this was inhibited by a PRR-inhibitory peptide, and by AT1 and AT2 receptor inhibitors. The expression of renal fibrotic genes was higher in DJ-1-/- than in DJ-1+/+ cells and decreased in PRR-knockdown DJ-1-/- cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DJ-1 protein regulates the expression of renal PRR through H2O2-mediated epigenetic modification. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We suggest that renal DJ-1 protein may be an important molecule in the acceleration of renal pathogenesis through PRR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youb Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Soon Kim
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Won
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyo Jung
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Park
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Myung Lee
- Department of Herbal Cosmetic Science, College of Natural Science, Hoseo University, Asan 336-795, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Functional Genomics Institute, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 322 Danwol-dong, Choongju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Modulation of heparan sulfate in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx decreases leukocyte influx during experimental glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2014; 86:932-42. [PMID: 24759151 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx is postulated to be an important modulator of permeability and inflammation. The glycocalyx consists of complex polysaccharides, the main functional constituent of which, heparan sulfate (HS), is synthesized and modified by multiple enzymes. The N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase (Ndst) enzymes initiate and dictate the modification process. Here we evaluated the effects of modulation of HS in the endothelial glycocalyx on albuminuria and glomerular leukocyte influx using mice deficient in endothelial and leukocyte Ndst1 (TEKCre+/Ndst1flox/flox). In these mice, glomerular expression of a specific HS domain was significantly decreased, whereas the expression of other HS domains was normal. In the endothelial glycocalyx, this specific HS structure was not associated with albuminuria or with changes in renal function. However, glomerular leukocyte influx was significantly reduced during antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis, which was associated with less glomerular injury and better renal function. In vitro decreased adhesion of wild-type and Ndst1-deficient granulocytes to Ndst1-silenced glomerular endothelial cells was found, accompanied by a decreased binding of chemokines and L-selectin. Thus, modulation of HS in the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx significantly reduced the inflammatory response in antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis.
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36
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Jennings P, Aschauer L, Wilmes A, Gstraunthaler G. Renal Cell Culture. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Basile DP, Yoder MC. Circulating and tissue resident endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:10-6. [PMID: 23794280 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Progenitor cells for the endothelial lineage have been widely investigated for more than a decade, but continue to be controversial since no unique identifying marker has yet been identified. This review will begin with a discussion of the basic tenets originally proposed for proof that a cell displays properties of an endothelial progenitor cell. We then provide an overview of the methods for putative endothelial progenitor cell derivation, expansion, and enumeration. This discussion includes consideration of cells that are present in the circulation as well as cells resident in the vascular endothelial intima. Finally, we provide some suggested changes in nomenclature that would greatly clarify and demystify the cellular elements involved in vascular repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Basile
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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38
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Fang J, Wang M, Zhang W, Wang Y. Effects of dexamethasone on angiotensin II-induced changes of monolayer permeability and F-actin distribution in glomerular endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1131-1136. [PMID: 24223634 PMCID: PMC3820843 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in monolayer permeability and F-actin distribution caused by angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced injury in glomerular endothelial cells (GENCs) and the effects of dexamethasone on these changes. GENCs isolated and cultured from Wistar rats were used to examine the changes in monolayer permeability and F-actin distribution induced by Ang II. GENC permeability was evaluated by measuring the diffusion of biotin-conjugated bovine serum albumin (biotin-BSA) across a cell monolayer. The expression levels and distribution of F-actin were assessed by flow cytometry. The biotin-BSA concentrations were measured by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ang II at a concentration of 10 mg/l increased the permeability of the GENC monolayer at 6 h and 12 h (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) and caused F-actin depolymerisation at 6 h and 12 h (P<0.01). The two effects attributed to Ang II were significantly inhibited by dexamethasone treatment (P<0.01). The increased permeability of the GENC monolayer induced by Ang II was significantly correlated with the depolymerisation of F-actin. Dexamethasone abrogated the Ang II-mediated damage to GENCs indicating that it may play an important role in protecting GENCs from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Fang
- Department of Clinical Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Suwanichkul A, Wenderfer SE. Differential expression of functional Fc-receptors and additional immune complex receptors on mouse kidney cells. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:369-79. [PMID: 23911392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The precise mechanisms by which circulating immune complexes accumulate in the kidney to form deposits in glomerulonephritis are not well understood. In particular, the role of resident cells within glomeruli of the kidney has been widely debated. Immune complexes have been shown to bind one glomerular cell type (mesangial cells) leading to functional responses such as pro-inflammatory cytokine production. To further assess the presence of functional immunoreceptors on resident glomerular cells, cultured mouse renal epithelial, endothelial, and mesangial cells were treated with heat-aggregated mouse IgG or preformed murine immune complexes. Mesangial and renal endothelial cells were found to bind IgG complexes, whereas glomerular epithelial cell binding was minimal. A blocking antibody for Fc-gamma receptors reduced binding to mesangial cells but not renal endothelial cells, suggesting differential immunoreceptor utilization. RT-PCR and immunostaining based screening of cultured renal endothelial cells showed limited low-level expression of known Fc-receptors and Ig binding proteins. The interaction between mesangial cells and renal endothelial cells and immune complexes resulted in distinct, cell-specific patterns of chemokine and cytokine production. This novel pathway involving renal endothelial cells likely contributes to the predilection of circulating immune complex accumulation within the kidney and to the inflammatory responses that drive kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisak Suwanichkul
- Department of Pediatrics, Renal Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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40
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Neng L, Zhang W, Hassan A, Zemla M, Kachelmeier A, Fridberger A, Auer M, Shi X. Isolation and culture of endothelial cells, pericytes and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes from the young mouse ear. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:709-20. [PMID: 23493068 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes a growth medium-based approach for obtaining cochlear endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes (PCs) and perivascular resident macrophage-like melanocytes (PVM/Ms) from the stria vascularis of mice aged between P10 and P15 (P, postnatal day). The procedure does not involve mechanical or enzymatic digestion of the sample tissue. Explants of stria vascularis, 'mini-chips', are selectively cultured in growth medium, and primary cell lines are obtained in 7-10 d. The method is simple and reliable, and it provides high-quality ECs, PVM/Ms and PCs with a purity >90% after two passages. This protocol is suitable for producing primary culture cells from organs and tissues of small volume and high anatomical complexity, such as the inner ear capillaries. The highly purified primary cell lines enable cell culture-based in vitro modeling of cell-cell interactions, barrier control function and drug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Neng
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Ilatovskaya DV, Staruschenko A. Single-channel analysis of TRPC channels in the podocytes of freshly isolated Glomeruli. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 998:355-69. [PMID: 23529444 PMCID: PMC4181531 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important functions of the kidney is the filtration of the blood that takes place in the glomeruli. Glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) have several functions, including regulation of the filtration process and glomerular basement membrane turnover. Dysfunction of podocytes is a major cause of glomerular kidney diseases. Gain-of-function mutations in the TRPC6 channel underlie a subset of familial forms of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). While growing evidence supports an important role of TRPC channels in podocytes, the regulation of these channels has yet to be investigated in freshly isolated glomeruli. Native settings in glomeruli provide, by all means, the most appropriate as well as one of the most challenging environments to study ion channel regulation. Thus, it is important to develop new methods that would better reflect the native settings of the podocytes. To address this question, we have established an experimental approach that allows studying podocytes in the freshly isolated decapsulated intact glomeruli. Here we describe the preparation of the rat glomeruli for patch-clamping, focusing on special conditions required for single-channel analysis of TRPC channels. Several tricks useful for cell-attached patch-clamping of the glomerular podocytes and solutions appropriate for registration of the TRPC channels are also provided.
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Kim DK, Nam BY, Li JJ, Park JT, Lee SH, Kim DH, Kim JY, Kang HY, Han SH, Yoo TH, Han DS, Kang SW. Translationally controlled tumour protein is associated with podocyte hypertrophy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1205-17. [PMID: 22311416 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is thought to be involved in cell growth by regulating mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling. As diabetes characteristically induces podocyte hypertrophy and mTORC1 has been implicated in this process, TCTP may have a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced podocyte hypertrophy. METHODS We investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of TCTP in diabetic mice and in high glucose-stimulated cultured podocytes. To characterise the role of TCTP, we conducted lentivirus-mediated gene silencing of TCTP both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Glomerular production of TCTP was significantly higher in streptozotocin induced-diabetic DBA/2J mice than in control animals. Double-immunofluorescence staining for TCTP and synaptopodin revealed that podocyte was the principal cell responsible for this increase. TCTP knockdown attenuated the activation of mTORC1 downstream effectors and the overproduction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) in diabetic glomeruli, along with a reduction in proteinuria and a decrease in the sizes of podocytes as well as glomeruli. In addition, knockdown of TCTP in db/db mice prevented the development of diabetic nephropathy, as indicated by the amelioration of proteinuria, mesangial expansion, podocytopenia and glomerulosclerosis. In accordance with the in vivo data, TCTP inhibition abrogated high glucose-induced hypertrophy in cultured podocytes, which was accompanied by the downregulation of mTORC1 effectors and CKIs. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that TCTP might play an important role in the process of podocyte hypertrophy under diabetic conditions via the regulation of mTORC1 activity and the induction of cell-cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Rops AL, van den Hoven MJ, Veldman BA, Salemink S, Vervoort G, Elving LD, Aten J, Wetzels JF, van der Vlag J, Berden JH. Urinary heparanase activity in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011; 27:2853-61. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Saito H, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H. Diabetes alters subsets of endothelial progenitor cells that reside in blood, bone marrow, and spleen. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C892-901. [PMID: 22159079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00380.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from the bone marrow (BM) participate in maintaining endothelial integrity and vascular homeostasis. Reduced EPC number and function result in vascular complications in diabetes. EPCs are a population of cells existing in various differentiation stages, and their cell surface marker profiles change during the process of mobilization and maturation. Hence, a generally accepted marker combination and a standardized protocol for the quantification of EPCs remain to be established. To determine the EPC subsets that are affected by diabetes, we comprehensively analyzed 32 surface marker combinations of mouse peripheral blood (PB), BM, and spleen cells by multicolor flow cytometry. Ten subsets equivalent to previously reported mouse EPCs significantly declined in number in the PB of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and this reduction was reversed by insulin treatment. The PI(-)Lin(-)c-Kit(-)Sca-1(+)Flk-1(-)CD34(-)CD31(+) EPC cluster, which can differentiate into mature endothelial cells in vitro, was the highest population in the PB, BM, and spleen and occurred 61 times more in the spleen than in the PB. The cell number significantly decreased in the BM as well as in the PB but paradoxically increased in the spleen under diabetic conditions. Insulin treatment reversed the decrease of EPC subsets in the BM and PB and reversed their increase in spleen. A similar tendency was observed in some of the major cell populations in db/db mice. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report spatial population changes in mouse EPCs by diabetes in the blood and in the BM across the spleen. Diminished circulating EPC supply by diabetes may be ascribed to impaired EPC production in the BM and to decreased EPC mobilization from the spleen, which may contribute to vascular dysfunction in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
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Yuan Y, Zhang A, Huang S, Ding G, Chen R. A PPARγ agonist inhibits aldosterone-induced mesangial cell proliferation by blocking ROS-dependent EGFR intracellular signaling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F393-402. [PMID: 21123490 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00418.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cell (MC) proliferation is a key feature in the pathogenesis of a number of renal diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) has attracted considerable attention for its effects on stimulating cell differentiation and on inducing cell cycle arrest. We previously showed that aldosterone (Aldo) stimulates MC proliferation via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which was dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation (Huang S, Zhang A, Ding G, and Chen R. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 296: F1323–F1333, 2009). In this study, we examined whether the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone inhibited Aldo-induced MC proliferation by modulating ROS-dependent EGFR intracellular signaling. Rosiglitazone at 1–10 μM dose dependently inhibited Aldo-induced MC proliferation of cultured mouse MCs. The inhibitory effect was blocked by the PPARγ antagonist PD-68235, indicating that the rosiglitazone effect acted through PPARγ activation. Rosiglitazone also arrested Aldo-induced cell cycle progression and suppressed expression of cyclins D1 and A. Moreover, rosiglitazone dose dependently blocked Aldo-induced ROS production, EGFR phosphorylation, and PI3K/Akt activation. These results suggest that the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone may inhibit Aldo-induced MC proliferation directly, by affecting ROS/EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways and cell cycle-regulatory proteins. PPARγ might be a novel therapeutic target against glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanggang Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixia Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University and
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronghua Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Mima A, Ohshiro Y, Kitada M, Matsumoto M, Geraldes P, Li C, Li Q, White GS, Cahill C, Rask-Madsen C, King GL. Glomerular-specific protein kinase C-β-induced insulin receptor substrate-1 dysfunction and insulin resistance in rat models of diabetes and obesity. Kidney Int 2011; 79:883-96. [PMID: 21228767 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease in both diabetes and obesity. In order to determine the cellular mechanisms contributing to this, we characterized insulin signaling in renal tubules and glomeruli during diabetic and insulin-resistant states using streptozotocin-diabetic and Zucker fatty-insulin-resistant rats. Compared with nondiabetic and Zucker lean rats, the insulin-induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1), Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and glycogen synthase kinase 3α were selectively inhibited in the glomeruli but not in the renal tubules of both respective models. Protein, but not mRNA levels of IRS1, was decreased only in the glomeruli of streptozotocin-diabetic rats likely due to increased ubiquitination. Treatment with the protein kinase C-β inhibitor, ruboxistaurin, enhanced insulin actions and elevated IRS1 expression. In glomerular endothelial cells, high glucose inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and glycogen synthase kinase 3α; decreased IRS1 protein expression and increased its association with ubiquitin. Overexpression of IRS1 or the addition of ruboxistaurin reversed the inhibitory effects of high glucose. Thus, loss of insulin's effect on endothelial nitric oxide synthase and glycogen synthase kinase 3α activation may contribute to the glomerulopathy observed in diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mima
- Section of Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Anastassiadis K, Rostovskaya M, Lubitz S, Weidlich S, Stewart AF. Precise conditional immortalization of mouse cells using tetracycline-regulated SV40 large T-antigen. Genesis 2010; 48:220-32. [PMID: 20146354 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immortalization provides a way for expansion and subsequent molecular characterization of rare cell types. Ideally, immortalization can be achieved by the reversible expression of immortalizing proteins. Here, we describe the use of conditional immortalization based on a modified tetracycline-regulated system for the expression of SV40 large T-antigen in embryonic stem (ES) cells and mice. The modified system relies on a codon improved reverse tetracycline transactivator (irtTA) fused to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the androgen receptor (irtTA-ABD) or of a mutated glucocorticoid receptor (irtTA-GBD*). Induction of T-antigen is conferred only after addition of two ligands, one to activate the LBD (mibolerone for irtTA-ABD or dexamethasone for irtTA-GBD*) and one to activate the tetracycline transactivator (doxycycline). In ES cells, changes in gene expression upon large T induction were limited and reversible upon deinduction. Similarly, expression of T-antigen was very tightly regulated in mice. We have isolated and expanded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that could be genetically manipulated and maintained their differentiation properties after several passages of expansion under conditions that induce the expression of large T-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Anastassiadis
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, BioInnovationsZentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Abstract
Although the normal glomerulus comprises four resident cell types, least is known about the parietal epithelial cells (PECs). This comprehensive review addresses the cellular origin of PECs, discusses the normal structure and protein makeup of PECs, describes PEC function, and defines the responses to injury in disease and how these events lead to clinical events. The data show that PECs have unique properties and that new functions are being recognized such as their role in differentiating into podocytes during disease.
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Satchell SC, Braet F. Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: an integral component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F947-56. [PMID: 19129259 PMCID: PMC2681366 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90601.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular endothelial cell (GEnC) fenestrations are analogous to podocyte filtration slits, but their important contribution to the glomerular filtration barrier has not received corresponding attention. GEnC fenestrations are transcytoplasmic holes, specialized for their unique role as a prerequisite for filtration across the glomerular capillary wall. Glomerular filtration rate is dependent on the fractional area of the fenestrations and, through the glycocalyx they contain, GEnC fenestrations are important in restriction of protein passage. Hence, dysregulation of GEnC fenestrations may be associated with both renal failure and proteinuria, and the pathophysiological importance of GEnC fenestrations is well characterized in conditions such as preeclampsia. Recent evidence suggests a wider significance in repair of glomerular injury and in common, yet serious, conditions, including diabetic nephropathy. Study of endothelial cell fenestrations is challenging because of limited availability of suitable in vitro models and by the requirement for electron microscopy to image these sub-100-nm structures. However, extensive evidence, from glomerular development in rodents to in vitro studies in human GEnC, points to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a key inducer of fenestrations. In systemic endothelial fenestrations, the intracellular pathways through which VEGF acts to induce fenestrations include a key role for the fenestral diaphragm protein plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein-1 (PV-1). The role of PV-1 in GEnC is less clear, not least because of controversy over existence of GEnC fenestral diaphragms. In this article, the structure-function relationships of GEnC fenestrations will be evaluated in depth, their role in health and disease explored, and the outlook for future study and therapeutic implications of these peculiar structures will be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Satchell
- Academic Renal Unit, University of Bristol, Paul O'Gorman Lifeline Centre, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, United Kingdom.
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Lehtinen MJ, Rops AL, Isenman DE, van der Vlag J, Jokiranta TS. Mutations of factor H impair regulation of surface-bound C3b by three mechanisms in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:15650-8. [PMID: 19351878 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900814200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a thrombotic microangiopathy associated with mutations in complement proteins, most frequently in the main plasma alternative pathway regulator factor H (FH). The hotspot for the FH mutations is in domains 19-20 (FH19-20) that are indispensable for FH activity on C3b bound covalently to host cells. In aHUS, down-regulation of cell-bound C3b by FH is impaired, but it is not clear whether this is due to an altered FH binding to surface-bound C3b or to cell surface structures. To explore the molecular pathogenesis of aHUS we tested binding of 14 FH19-20 point mutants to C3b and its C3d fragment, mouse glomerular endothelial cells (mGEnC-1), and heparin. The cell binding correlated well, but not fully, with heparin binding and the cell binding site was overlapping but distinct from the C3b/C3d binding site that was shown to extend to domain 19. Our results show that aHUS-associated FH19-20 mutants have different combinations of three primary defects: impaired binding to C3b/C3d, impaired binding to the mGEnC-1 cells/heparin, and, as a novel observation, an enhanced mGEnC-1 cell or heparin binding. We propose a model of the molecular pathogenesis of aHUS where all three mechanisms lead eventually to impaired control of C3b on the endothelial cell surfaces. Based on the results with the aHUS patient mutants and the overlap in FH19-20 binding sites for mGEnC-1/heparin and C3b/C3d we conclude that binding of FH19-20 to C3b/C3d is essential for target discrimination by the alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Lehtinen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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