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Zhang X, Fu G, Xing S, Fu W, Liu X, Wu H, Zhou X, Ma Y, Zhang X, Chen B. Structure and diversity of fungal communities in long-term copper-contaminated agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151302. [PMID: 34743886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) contamination threatens the stability of soil ecosystems. As important moderators of biochemical processes and soil remediation, the fungal community in contaminated soils has attracted much research interest. In this study, soil fungal diversity and community composition under long-term Cu contamination were investigated based on high-throughput sequencing. The co-occurrence networks were also constructed to display the co-occurrence patterns of the soil fungal community. The results showed that the richness and Chao1 index both significantly increased at 50 mg kg-1 Cu and then significantly decreased at 1600 and 3200 mg kg-1 Cu. Soil fungal diversity was significantly and positively correlated with plant dry weight. Specific tolerant taxa under different Cu contamination gradients were illustrated by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Soil Cu concentration and shoot dry weight were the strongest driving factors influencing fungal composition. The relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased first and then declined along with elevating Cu concentrations via FUNGuild analysis. The interactions among fungi were enhanced under light and moderate Cu contamination but weakened under heavy Cu contamination by random matrix theory (RMT)-based molecular ecological network analysis. Penicillium, identified as a keystone taxon in Cu-contaminated soils, had the function of removing heavy metals and detoxification, which might be vital to trigger the resistance of the fungal community to Cu contamination. The results may facilitate the identification of Cu pollution indicators and the development of in situ bioremediation technology for contaminated cultivated fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gengxue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baodong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Fomina M, Hong JW, Gadd GM. Effect of depleted uranium on a soil microcosm fungal community and influence of a plant-ectomycorrhizal association. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:289-296. [PMID: 32389290 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the most biogeochemically active components of the soil microbiome, becoming particularly important in metal polluted terrestrial environments. There is scant information on the mycobiota of uranium (U) polluted sites and the effect of metallic depleted uranium (DU) stress on fungal communities in soil has not been reported. The present study aimed to establish the effect of DU contamination on a fungal community in soil using a culture-independent approach, fungal ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (F-RISA). Experimental soil microcosms also included variants with plants (Pinus silvestris) and P. silvestris/Rhizopogon rubescens ectomycorrhizal associations. Soil contamination with DU resulted in the appearance of RISA bands of the ITS fragments of fungal metagenomic DNA that were characteristic of the genus Mortierella (Mortierellomycotina: Mucoromycota) in pine-free microcosms and for ectomycorrhizal fungi of the genus Scleroderma (Basidiomycota) in microcosms with mycorrhizal pines. The precise taxonomic affinity of the ITS fragments from the band appearing for non-mycorrhizal pines combined with DU remained uncertain, the most likely being related to the subphylum Zoopagomycotina. Thus, soil contamination by thermodynamically unstable metallic depleted uranium can cause a significant change in a soil fungal community under experimental conditions. These changes were also strongly affected by the presence of pine seedlings and their mycorrhizal status which impacted on DU biocorrosion and the release of bioavailable uranium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine; Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Won Hong
- Department of Taxonomy and Systematics, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, South Korea
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Siebyła M, Hilszczańska D. SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH FUNGI OF THE GENUS TUBER (TRUFFLES). ADVANCEMENTS OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/pm-2017.56.1.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wang X, Agathokleous E, Qu L, Fujita S, Watanabe M, Tamai Y, Mao Q, Koyama A, Koike T. Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on ectomycorrhizae community structure in hybrid larch and its parents grown in volcanic ash soil: The role of phosphorous. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:905-915. [PMID: 29055594 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid industrial development and modern agricultural practices, increasing nitrogen (N) deposition can cause nutrient imbalance in immature volcanic ash soil commonly found in Japan. Larch species, widely distributed in northeast Eurasia, are associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi which play a critical role in nutrient acquisition for their hosts. In this study, we investigated species richness and diversity of ECM fungi associated with a hybrid larch (F1) and its parents, Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica) and Japanese larch (L. kaempferi), under simulated N deposition (0 and 100kgha-1yr-1) with/without phosphorous (P) (0 and 50kgha-1yr-1). Seedlings planted in immature volcanic ash with low nutrient availability were subjected to the N and P treatments for fifteen months. We found that response of ECM community structure to the increased nutrient availability depended on host genotypes. Nutrient addition significantly affected ECM structure in Japanese larch, but no such significant effect was found for Dahurian larch. Effects of the nutrient addition to ECM fungal community in F1 were intermediate. F1 was tolerant to high N loading, which was due to consistent, relatively high association with Suillus sp. and Hebeloma sp. F1 showed heterosis in relative biomass, which was most apparent under high N treatments. This co-variation of ECM fungal community structure and F1 biomass in response to N loading suggest that ECM community structure might play an important role in host growth. The present findings indicate effects of N deposition on ECM fungal community structure can depend on larch species, thus it is challenging to predict general trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Laiye Qu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Saki Fujita
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Qiaozhi Mao
- College of Resource and Environment, Southeast University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Akihiro Koyama
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2G4, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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Liu Q, Ma H, Zhang Y, Dong C. Artificial cultivation of true morels: current state, issues and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:259-271. [PMID: 28585444 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1333082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Morels (Morchella, Ascomycota), which are some of the most highly prized edible and medicinal mushrooms, are of great economic and scientific value. Morel cultivation has been a research focus worldwide for more than 100 years, and the outdoor cultivation of morels has succeeded and expanded to a large scale in China in recent years. In this study, we review the progress in recent research regarding the life cycle and reproductive systems in the genus Morchella and the current state of outdoor cultivation. Sclerotia formation and conidia production are two important phases during the life cycle. The morel species cultivated commercially in America is M. rufobrunnea based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. The species currently cultivated in China are black morels, including M. importuna, M. sextalata and M. eximia. The field cultivation of morels expanded in the majority of the provinces in China with a yield of fresh morels of 0-7620 kg per ha. The key techniques include spawn production, land preparation and spawning, the addition of exogenous nutrition, fruiting management and harvesting. The application of exogenous nutrition is the most important breakthrough in the field of morel cultivation, but the mechanism remains unclear. It was estimated that the total amount of field cultivated fresh morels was ∼500 t in 2015-2016. We also discuss the potential issues remaining in the current literature and suggest directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Mycology , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Husheng Ma
- b Guangxi Institute of Botany , Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region and the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiling , China
| | - Ya Zhang
- c Sichuan Province Delilong Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd. , Chengdu , China
| | - Caihong Dong
- a State Key Laboratory of Mycology , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Nuske S, Vernes K, May T, Claridge A, Congdon B, Krockenberger A, Abell S. Redundancy among mammalian fungal dispersers and the importance of declining specialists. FUNGAL ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Zeilinger S, Gupta VK, Dahms TES, Silva RN, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS, Gomes EV, Tsui CKM, Nayak S C. Friends or foes? Emerging insights from fungal interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:182-207. [PMID: 26591004 PMCID: PMC4778271 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi interact with plants in various ways, with each interaction giving rise to different alterations in both partners. While fungal pathogens have detrimental effects on plant physiology, mutualistic fungi augment host defence responses to pathogens and/or improve plant nutrient uptake. Tropic growth towards plant roots or stomata, mediated by chemical and topographical signals, has been described for several fungi, with evidence of species-specific signals and sensing mechanisms. Fungal partners secrete bioactive molecules such as small peptide effectors, enzymes and secondary metabolites which facilitate colonization and contribute to both symbiotic and pathogenic relationships. There has been tremendous advancement in fungal molecular biology, omics sciences and microscopy in recent years, opening up new possibilities for the identification of key molecular mechanisms in plant-fungal interactions, the power of which is often borne out in their combination. Our fragmentary knowledge on the interactions between plants and fungi must be made whole to understand the potential of fungi in preventing plant diseases, improving plant productivity and understanding ecosystem stability. Here, we review innovative methods and the associated new insights into plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zeilinger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clement Kin-Ming Tsui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Chandra Nayak S
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570001, Karnataka, India
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Wang X, Qu L, Mao Q, Watanabe M, Hoshika Y, Koyama A, Kawaguchi K, Tamai Y, Koike T. Ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of the hybrid larch F₁ under elevated CO₂ and O₃. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:116-126. [PMID: 25521414 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We studied the colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi and species abundance of a hybrid larch (F1) under elevated CO₂ and O₃. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in an Open-Top-Chamber system with treatments: Control (O3 < 6 nmol/mol), O₃ (60 nmol/mol), CO₂ (600 μmol/mol), and CO2 + O₃. After two growing seasons, ectomycorrhiza (ECM) colonization and root biomass increased under elevated CO₂. Additionally, O₃ impaired ECM colonization and species richness, and reduced stem biomass. However, there was no clear inhibition of photosynthetic capacity by O₃. Concentrations of Al, Fe, Mo, and P in needles were reduced by O₃, while K and Mg in the roots increased. This might explain the distinct change in ECM colonization rate and diversity. No effects of combined fumigation were observed in any parameters except the P concentration in needles. The tolerance of F1 to O₃ might potentially be related to a shift in ECM community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Laiye Qu
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Sciences, Chinese Academy Sciences, China
| | - Qiaozhi Mao
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan; Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8506, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Koyama
- Deparetment of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA
| | | | - Yutaka Tamai
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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Buscot F. Implication of evolution and diversity in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 172:55-61. [PMID: 25239593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Being highly sensitive to ecological variations, symbiotic associations should inherently have a limited occurrence in nature. To circumvent this sensitivity and reach their universal distribution, symbioses used three strategies during their evolution, which all generated high biodiversity levels: (i) specialization to a specific environment, (ii) protection of one partner via its internalization into the other, (iii) frequent partner exchange. Mycorrhizal associations follow the 3rd strategy, but also present traits of internalization. As most ancient type, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) formed by a monophyletic fungal group with reduced species richness did constantly support the mineral nutrition of terrestrial plants and enabled their ecological radiation and actual biodiversity level. In contrast ectomycorrhiza (EM) evolved later and independently within different taxa of fungi able to degrade complex organic plant residues, and the diversity levels of EM fungal and tree partners are balanced. Despite their different origins and diversity levels, AM and EM fungi display similar patterns of diversity dynamics in ecosystems. At each time or succession interval, a few dominant and many rare fungi are recruited by plants roots from a wide reservoir of propagules. However, the dominant fungal partners are frequently replaced in relation to changes in the vegetation or ecological conditions. While the initial establishment of AM and EM fungal communities corresponds to a neutral recruitment, their further succession is rather driven by niche differentiation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Angay O, Fleischmann F, Recht S, Herrmann S, Matyssek R, Oßwald W, Buscot F, Grams TEE. Sweets for the foe - effects of nonstructural carbohydrates on the susceptibility of Quercus robur against Phytophthora quercina. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1282-1290. [PMID: 24902781 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The root-rot pathogen Phytophthora quercina is a key determinant of oak decline in Europe. The susceptibility of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) to this pathogen has been hypothesized to depend on the carbon availability in roots as an essential resource for defense. Microcuttings of Q. robur undergo an alternating rhythm of root and shoot growth. Inoculation of mycorrhizal (Piloderma croceum) and nonmycorrhizal oak roots with P. quercina was performed during both growth phases, that is, root flush (RF) and shoot flush (SF). Photosynthetic and morphological responses as well as concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were analyzed. Infection success was quantified by the presence of pathogen DNA in roots. Concentrations of NSC in roots depended on the alternating root/shoot growth rhythm, being high and low during RF and SF, respectively. Infection success was high during RF and low during SF, resulting in a significantly positive correlation between pathogen DNA and NSC concentration in roots, contrary to the hypothesis. The alternating growth of roots and shoots plays a crucial role for the susceptibility of lateral roots to the pathogen. NSC availability in oak roots has to be considered as a benchmark for susceptibility rather than resistance against P. quercina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguzhan Angay
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Frank Fleischmann
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Sabine Recht
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, Halle, Germany
| | - Sylvie Herrmann
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, Halle, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Enviromental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Oßwald
- Section Pathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Splivallo R, Deveau A, Valdez N, Kirchhoff N, Frey-Klett P, Karlovsky P. Bacteria associated with truffle-fruiting bodies contribute to truffle aroma. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:2647-60. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences; Biozentrum/Campus Riedberg; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- INRA; UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine ‘Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes’; Champenoux France
| | - Nayuf Valdez
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Nina Kirchhoff
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Pascale Frey-Klett
- INRA; UMR 1136 INRA Université de Lorraine ‘Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes’; Champenoux France
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research; Georg-August University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
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Casieri L, Ait Lahmidi N, Doidy J, Veneault-Fourrey C, Migeon A, Bonneau L, Courty PE, Garcia K, Charbonnier M, Delteil A, Brun A, Zimmermann S, Plassard C, Wipf D. Biotrophic transportome in mutualistic plant-fungal interactions. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:597-625. [PMID: 23572325 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that underlie nutrient use efficiency and carbon allocation along with mycorrhizal interactions is critical for managing croplands and forests soundly. Indeed, nutrient availability, uptake and exchange in biotrophic interactions drive plant growth and modulate biomass allocation. These parameters are crucial for plant yield, a major issue in the context of high biomass production. Transport processes across the polarized membrane interfaces are of major importance in the functioning of the established mycorrhizal association as the symbiotic relationship is based on a 'fair trade' between the fungus and the host plant. Nutrient and/or metabolite uptake and exchanges, at biotrophic interfaces, are controlled by membrane transporters whose regulation patterns are essential for determining the outcome of plant-fungus interactions and adapting to changes in soil nutrient quantity and/or quality. In the present review, we summarize the current state of the art regarding transport systems in the two major forms of mycorrhiza, namely ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Casieri
- UMR Agroécologie INRA 1347/Agrosup/Université de Bourgogne, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL 6300 CNRS, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France,
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Fernández NV, Marchelli P, Fontenla SB. Ectomycorrhizas naturally established in Nothofagus nervosa seedlings under different cultivation practices in a forest nursery. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:581-592. [PMID: 23636582 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and plant roots which usually improve water and nutrient uptake, influencing plant fitness. Nothofagus nervosa (Raulí) is an ecologically and economically important species of South American temperate forests. Since this native tree species yields valuable timber, it was overexploited and its natural distribution area was critically reduced, so it is currently included in domestication and conservation programs. Among the factors that should be considered in these programs are the ectomycorrhizas (EcM), which would be important for the successful establishment and survival of outplanted seedlings. The aim of this work was to analyze the abundance and diversity of EcM in N. nervosa nursery-cultivated seedlings assessed by morphotyping, fungal isolation, and DNA sequencing. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) occurrence was also studied. A 2-year trial was conducted following the cultivation conditions used for domestication programs. Seedlings were cultivated under two different cultivation practices (greenhouse and nursery soil) without artificial inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings' roots were examined at different times. It was observed that they developed EcM between 6 and 12 months after germination and AMs were not detected in any plant. The most abundant ectomycorrhizal fungi present in seedlings' roots were Tomentella ellisii (Basidiomycota) and an unidentified fungus named Ascomicetous EcM sp. 1. Abundance and diversity of EcM varied between the two cultivation techniques analyzed in this study, since seedlings that continued growing in the greenhouse had higher colonization values, but those transplanted to the nursery soil were colonized by a higher diversity of fungal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Fernández
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, INIBIOMA, Quintral 1250, San Carlos de Bariloche, CP 8400, Río Negro, Argentina,
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15
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Cavazzini D, Meschi F, Corsini R, Bolchi A, Rossi GL, Einsle O, Ottonello S. Autoproteolytic Activation of a Symbiosis-regulated Truffle Phospholipase A2. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23192346 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal phospholipases are members of the fungal/bacterial group XIV secreted phospholipases A(2) (sPLA(2)s). TbSP1, the sPLA(2) primarily addressed in this study, is up-regulated by nutrient deprivation and is preferentially expressed in the symbiotic stage of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii. A peculiar feature of this phospholipase and of its ortholog from the black truffle Tuber melanosporum is the presence of a 54-amino acid sequence of unknown functional significance, interposed between the signal peptide and the start of the conserved catalytic core of the enzyme. X-ray diffraction analysis of a recombinant TbSP1 form corresponding to the secreted protein previously identified in T. borchii mycelia revealed a structure comprising the five α-helices that form the phospholipase catalytic module but lacking the N-terminal 54 amino acids. This finding led to a series of functional studies that showed that TbSP1, as well as its T. melanosporum ortholog, is a self-processing pro-phospholipase A(2), whose phospholipase activity increases up to 80-fold following autoproteolytic removal of the N-terminal peptide. Proteolytic cleavage occurs within a serine-rich, intrinsically flexible region of TbSP1, does not involve the phospholipase active site, and proceeds via an intermolecular mechanism. Autoproteolytic activation, which also takes place at the surface of nutrient-starved, sPLA(2) overexpressing hyphae, may strengthen and further control the effects of phospholipase up-regulation in response to nutrient deprivation, also in the context of symbiosis establishment and mycorrhiza formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cavazzini
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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16
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Davey ML, Heegaard E, Halvorsen R, Kauserud H, Ohlson M. Amplicon-pyrosequencing-based detection of compositional shifts in bryophyte-associated fungal communities along an elevation gradient. Mol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie L. Davey
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
- Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG); Department of Biology; University of Oslo; PO Box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Einar Heegaard
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute; Fanaflaten 4 NO-5244 Fana Norway
| | - Rune Halvorsen
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; PO Box 1172 Blindern NO-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG); Department of Biology; University of Oslo; PO Box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Mikael Ohlson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; PO Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
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Avolio M, Müller T, Mpangara A, Fitz M, Becker B, Pauck A, Kirsch A, Wipf D. Regulation of genes involved in nitrogen utilization on different C/N ratios and nitrogen sources in the model ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:515-24. [PMID: 22302131 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) utilization by ectomycorrhizal fungi is an essential aspect of their ecosystem function. N deposition changes both the N pools and the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the substrates where ectomycorrhizal fungi are found, and it is important to understand how these changes affect the N forms used by ectomycorrhizal fungi. To overcome the difficulties of studying ectomycorrhizal fungi in situ, we investigated all known N genes in the model fungus, Hebeloma cylindrosporum in a culture study. In addition to studying the regulation of all known N utilization genes, we aimed to understand whether there are gene clusters that undergo similar regulation. Lastly we studied how C/N ratio, N transporter type, and N source affected relative gene expression levels. We grew the D2 strain of H. cylindrosporum on a range of inorganic and organic N sources under low, medium, and high C/N ratios. We found three gene clusters that were regulated in a similar pattern. Lastly, we found C/N ratio, N source and N transporter type all affected gene expression levels. Relative expression levels were highest on the high C/N ratio, BSA and diLeucine N sources, and inorganic N transporters were always expressed at higher levels than organic N transporters. These results suggest that inorganic N sources may always the default preference for H. cylindrosporum, regardless of both the N sources and the C/N ratio of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Avolio
- University Bonn, IZMB, Transport in Ectomycorrhiza, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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18
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Davey ML, Heegaard E, Halvorsen R, Ohlson M, Kauserud H. Seasonal trends in the biomass and structure of bryophyte-associated fungal communities explored by 454 pyrosequencing. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:844-856. [PMID: 22758207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are a dominant vegetation component of the boreal forest, but little is known about their associated fungal communities, including seasonal variation within them. Seasonal variation in the fungal biomass and composition of fungal communities associated with three widespread boreal bryophytes was investigated using HPLC assays of ergosterol and amplicon pyrosequencing of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of rDNA. The bryophyte phyllosphere community was dominated by Ascomycota. Fungal biomass did not decline appreciably in winter (P=0.272). Significant host-specific patterns in seasonal variation of biomass were detected (P=0.003). Although seasonal effects were not the primary factors structuring community composition, collection date significantly explained (P=0.001) variation not attributed to locality, host, and tissue. Community homogenization and a reduction in turnover occurred with the onset of frost events and subzero air and soil temperatures. Fluctuations in the relative abundance of particular fungal groups seem to reflect the nature of their association with mosses, although conclusions are drawn with caution because of potential methodological bias. The moss-associated fungal community is dynamic, exhibiting seasonal turnover in composition and relative abundance of different fungal groups, and significant fungal biomass is present year-round, suggesting a winter-active fungal community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Davey
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
- Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar Heegaard
- Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Fanaflaten 4, NO-5244 Fana, Norway
| | - Rune Halvorsen
- Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mikael Ohlson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Håvard Kauserud
- Microbial Evolution Research Group (MERG), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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19
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Tóth BB, Barta Z. Ecological studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: an analysis of survey methods. FUNGAL DIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-010-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kemppainen MJ, Alvarez Crespo MC, Pardo AG. fHANT-AC genes of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor are not repressed by l-glutamine allowing simultaneous utilization of nitrate and organic nitrogen sources. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:541-53. [PMID: 23766224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2009.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In boreal and temperate forest ectomycorrhizal fungi play a crucial role in nitrogen cycling by assimilating nitrogenous compounds from soil and transferring them to tree hosts. The expression profile of fHANT-AC genes, nitrate transporter (Lbnrt), nitrate reductase (Lbnr) and nitrite reductase (Lbnir), responsible for nitrate utilization in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor, was studied on variable N regimens. The three genes were shown to be under a common regulation: repressed in the presence of ammonium while growth on nitrate resulted in high transcripts accumulation. The presence of nitrate was shown not to be indispensable for activation of Laccaria fHANT-AC as also N starvation and growth on urea and l-asparagine resulted in high transcript levels. Equally high expression of Laccaria fHANT-AC genes was detected in mycelia grown on variable concentrations of l-glutamine. This finding shows that in L. bicolor N metabolite repression of fHANT-AC is not signalled via l-glutamine like described in ascomycetes. The expression patterns of Lbnrt and Lbnir were also studied in an Lbnr RNA-silenced Laccaria strain. No differences were observed on the N source regulation or the degree of transcript accumulation of these genes, indicating that the presence of high nitrate reductase activity is not a core regulator of L. bicolor fHANT-AC expression. The simultaneous utilization of nitrate and organic N sources, already suggested by high transcript levels of Laccaria fHANT-AC genes on organic N, was supported by the increase of culture medium pH as a result of nitrate transporter activity. The possible ecological and evolutionary significance of the herein reported high regulatory flexibility of Laccaria nitrate utilization pathway for ectomycorrizal fungi and the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna J Kemppainen
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352 (B1876BXD) Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Compant S, van der Heijden MGA, Sessitsch A. Climate change effects on beneficial plant-microorganism interactions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:197-214. [PMID: 20528987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that beneficial plant-associated microorganisms may stimulate plant growth and enhance resistance to disease and abiotic stresses. The effects of climate change factors such as elevated CO(2), drought and warming on beneficial plant-microorganism interactions are increasingly being explored. This now makes it possible to test whether some general patterns occur and whether different groups of plant-associated microorganisms respond differently or in the same way to climate change. Here, we review the results of 135 studies investigating the effects of climate change factors on beneficial microorganisms and their interaction with host plants. The majority of studies showed that elevated CO(2) had a positive influence on the abundance of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi, whereas the effects on plant growth-promoting bacteria and endophytic fungi were more variable. In most cases, plant-associated microorganisms had a beneficial effect on plants under elevated CO(2). The effects of increased temperature on beneficial plant-associated microorganisms were more variable, positive and neutral, and negative effects were equally common and varied considerably with the study system and the temperature range investigated. Moreover, numerous studies indicated that plant growth-promoting microorganisms (both bacteria and fungi) positively affected plants subjected to drought stress. Overall, this review shows that plant-associated microorganisms are an important factor influencing the response of plants to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Compant
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, Seibersdorf, Austria
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22
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Pena R, Offermann C, Simon J, Naumann PS, Geßler A, Holst J, Dannenmann M, Mayer H, Kögel-Knabner I, Rennenberg H, Polle A. Girdling affects ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) diversity and reveals functional differences in EMF community composition in a beech forest. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1831-41. [PMID: 20097809 PMCID: PMC2837996 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01703-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between plant carbon resources, soil carbon and nitrogen content, and ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) diversity in a monospecific, old-growth beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest were investigated by manipulating carbon flux by girdling. We hypothesized that disruption of the carbon supply would not affect diversity and EMF species numbers if EM fungi can be supplied by plant internal carbohydrate resources or would result in selective disappearance of EMF taxa because of differences in carbon demand of different fungi. Tree carbohydrate status, root demography, EMF colonization, and EMF taxon abundance were measured repeatedly during 1 year after girdling. Girdling did not affect root colonization but decreased EMF species richness of an estimated 79 to 90 taxa to about 40 taxa. Cenococcum geophilum, Lactarius blennius, and Tomentella lapida were dominant, colonizing about 70% of the root tips, and remained unaffected by girdling. Mainly cryptic EMF species disappeared. Therefore, the Shannon-Wiener index (H') decreased but evenness was unaffected. H' was positively correlated with glucose, fructose, and starch concentrations of fine roots and also with the ratio of dissolved organic carbon to dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC/DON), suggesting that both H' and DOC/DON were governed by changes in belowground carbon allocation. Our results suggest that beech maintains numerous rare EMF species by recent photosynthate. These EM fungi may constitute biological insurance for adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The preservation of taxa previously not known to colonize beech may, thus, form an important reservoir for future forest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Pena
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Christine Offermann
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Judy Simon
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Pascale Sarah Naumann
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Arthur Geßler
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jutta Holst
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Helmut Mayer
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Kögel-Knabner
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Abteilung Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institut, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Department für Ökologie und Ökosystemmanagement, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, Meteorological Institute, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Avolio ML, Tuininga AR, Lewis JD, Marchese M. Ectomycorrhizal responses to organic and inorganic nitrogen sources when associating with two host species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 113:897-907. [PMID: 19465124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While it is established that increasing atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition reduces ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass and shifts the relative abundances of fungal species, little is known about effects of organic N deposition. The effects of organic and inorganic N deposition on ectomycorrhizal fungi may differ because responses to inorganic N deposition may reflect C-limitation. To compare the effects of organic and inorganic N additions on ectomycorrhizal fungi, and to assess whether host species may influence the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to N additions, we conducted an N addition experiment at a field site in the New Jersey pine barrens. Seedlings of two host species, Quercus velutina (black oak) and Pinus rigida (pitch pine), were planted at the base of randomly-selected mature pitch pine trees. Nitrogen was added as glutamic acid, ammonium, or nitrate at a rate equivalent to 227.5 kg ha(-1) y(-1) for eight weeks, to achieve a total application of 35 kg ha(-1) during the 10-week study period. Organic and inorganic N additions differed in their effects on total ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance across hosts, and these effects differed for individual morphotypes between oak and pine seedlings. Mycorrhizal root tip abundance across hosts was 90 % higher on seedlings receiving organic N compared to seedlings in the control treatment, while abundances were similar among seedlings receiving the inorganic N treatments and seedlings in the control. On oak, 33-83 % of the most-common morphotypes exhibited increased root tip abundances in response to the three forms of N, relative to the control. On pine, 33-66 % of the most-common morphotypes exhibited decreased root tip abundance in response to inorganic N, while responses to organic N were mixed. Plant chemistry and regression analyses suggested that, on oak seedlings, mycorrhizal colonization increased in response to N limitation. In contrast, pine root and shoot N and C contents did not vary in response to any form of N added, and mycorrhizal root tip abundance was not associated with seedling N or C status, indicating that pine received sufficient N. These results suggest that in situ organic and inorganic N additions differentially affect ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance and that ectomycorrhizal fungal responses to N addition may be mediated by host tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Avolio
- Louis Calder Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 53 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, NY 10504, USA.
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Iordache V, Gherghel F, Kothe E. Assessing the effect of disturbances on ectomycorrhiza diversity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2009; 6:414-32. [PMID: 19440391 PMCID: PMC2672372 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph6020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) communities can be described on a species level or on a larger scale at an ecosystem level. Here we show that the species level approach of successional processes in ECM communities is not appropriate for understanding the diversity patterns of ECM communities at contaminated sites. An ecosystem based approach improves predictability since different biotic and abiotic factors are included. However, it still does not take into account the hierarchical structure of the ecosystem. We suggest that diversity patterns of ECMs communities in forests can best be investigated at three levels. This hypothetical approach for investigation can be tested at sites of secondary succession in areas contaminated with metals. Once the diversity patterns are appropriately described by a hierarchical ecosystem approach, to the species level is used to explain these patterns by populational and ecotoxicological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Iordache
- Department of Systems Ecology, University of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 91–95, 050089, Sector 5, Bucuresti, Romania. E-Mails:
(V.I.)
| | - Felicia Gherghel
- Microbial Phytopathology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany. E-Mails:
(F.G.)
| | - Erika Kothe
- Microbial Phytopathology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany. E-Mails:
(F.G.)
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Joanisse GD, Bradley RL, Preston CM, Bending GD. Sequestration of soil nitrogen as tannin-protein complexes may improve the competitive ability of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) relative to black spruce (Picea mariana). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 181:187-198. [PMID: 18811620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of litter tannins in controlling soil nitrogen (N) cycling may explain the competitive ability of Kalmia relative to black spruce (Picea mariana), although this has not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, the protein-precipitation capacities of purified tannins and leaf extracts from Kalmia and black spruce were compared. The resistance to degradation of tannin-protein precipitates from both species were compared by monitoring carbon (C) and N dynamics in humus amended with protein, purified tannins or protein-tannin precipitates. The purity of the precipitates was verified using solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. The ability of mycorrhizal fungi associated with both species to grow on media amended with tannin-protein complexes as the principal N source was also compared. The protein precipitation capacity of Kalmia tannins was superior to those of black spruce. Humus amended with protein increased both mineral and microbial N, whereas humus amended with tannin-protein precipitates increased dissolved organic N. Mycorrhizal fungi associated with Kalmia showed better growth than those associated with black spruce when N was provided as tannin-protein precipitates. These data suggest that Kalmia litter increases the amount of soil N sequestered as tannin-protein complexes, which may improve the competitive ability of Kalmia relative to black spruce by favouring N uptake by mycorrhizas associated with the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Joanisse
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1;Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5;Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - R L Bradley
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1;Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5;Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - C M Preston
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1;Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5;Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
| | - G D Bending
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1;Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 1M5;Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK
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Bernard SM, Habash DZ. The importance of cytosolic glutamine synthetase in nitrogen assimilation and recycling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 182:608-620. [PMID: 19422547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase assimilates ammonium into amino acids, thus it is a key enzyme for nitrogen metabolism. The cytosolic isoenzymes of glutamine synthetase assimilate ammonium derived from primary nitrogen uptake and from various internal nitrogen recycling pathways. In this way, cytosolic glutamine synthetase is crucial for the remobilization of protein-derived nitrogen. Cytosolic glutamine synthetase is encoded by a small family of genes that are well conserved across plant species. Members of the cytosolic glutamine synthetase gene family are regulated in response to plant nitrogen status, as well as to environmental cues, such as nitrogen availability and biotic/abiotic stresses. The complex regulation of cytosolic glutamine synthetase at the transcriptional to post-translational levels is key to the establishment of a specific physiological role for each isoenzyme. The diverse physiological roles of cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoenzymes are important in relation to current agricultural and ecological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M Bernard
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Dimah Z Habash
- Plant Science Department, Centre for Crop Genetic Improvement, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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27
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Guescini M, Stocchi L, Sisti D, Zeppa S, Polidori E, Ceccaroli P, Saltarelli R, Stocchi V. Characterization and mRNA expression profile of the TbNre1 gene of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii. Curr Genet 2008; 55:59-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-008-0222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Characterisation and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species by PCR/RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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McGuire KL, Henkel TW, Granzow de la Cerda I, Villa G, Edmund F, Andrew C. Dual mycorrhizal colonization of forest-dominating tropical trees and the mycorrhizal status of non-dominant tree and liana species. MYCORRHIZA 2008; 18:217-222. [PMID: 18365256 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-008-0170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of mycorrhizal associations to maintaining tree diversity patterns in tropical rain forests is poorly known. Many tropical monodominant trees form ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations, and there is evidence that the EM mutualism contributes to the maintenance of monodominance. It is assumed that most other tropical tree species form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations, and while many mycorrhizal surveys have been done, the mycorrhizal status of numerous tropical tree taxa remains undocumented. In this study, we tested the assumption that most tropical trees form AM associations by sampling root vouchers from tree and liana species in monodominant Dicymbe corymbosa forest and an adjacent mixed rain forest in Guyana. Roots were assessed for the presence/ absence of AM and EM structures. Of the 142 species of trees and lianas surveyed, three tree species (the mono-dominant D. corymbosa, the grove-forming D. altsonii, and the non-dominant Aldina insignis) were EM, 137 were exclusively AM, and two were non-mycorrhizal. Both EM and AM structures wer e observed in D. corymbosa and D. altsonii. These results provide empirical data supporting the assumption that most tropical trees form AM associations for this region in the Guiana Shield and provide the first report of dual EM/AM colonization in Dicymbe species. Dual colonization of the Dicymbe species should be further explored to determine if this ability contributes to the establishment and maintenance of site dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L McGuire
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - T W Henkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - I Granzow de la Cerda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - G Villa
- Department of Biological Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Quito, Ecuador
| | - F Edmund
- Patamona Amerindian Tribe, Waipa Village, Region 8, Guyana
| | - C Andrew
- Patamona Amerindian Tribe, Kaibarupai Village, Region 8, Guyana
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Fazenda ML, Seviour R, McNeil B, Harvey LM. Submerged Culture Fermentation of “Higher Fungi”: The Macrofungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2008; 63:33-103. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(07)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jha B, Sharma G, Shukla A. Effect of Ectomycorrhizal Development on Growth in Pine Seedlings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jps.2008.77.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Most tropical rain forests contain diverse arrays of tree species that form arbuscular mycorrhizae. In contrast, the less common monodominant rain forests, in which one tree species comprises more than 50% of the canopy, frequently contain ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associates. In this study, I explored the potential for common ECM networks, created by aggregations of ECM trees, to enhance seedling survivorship near parent trees. I determined the benefit conferred by the common ECM network on seedling growth and survivorship of an ECM monodominant species in Guyana. Seedlings with access to an ECM network had greater growth (73% greater), leaf number (55% more), and survivorship (47% greater) than seedlings without such access, suggesting that the ECM network provides a survivorship advantage. A survey of wild seedlings showed positive distance-dependent distribution and survival with respect to conspecific adults. These experimental and survey results suggest that the negative distance-dependent mechanisms at the seedling stage thought to maintain tropical rain forest diversity are reversed for ECM seedlings, which experience positive feedbacks from the ECM network. These results may in part explain the local monodominance of an ECM tree species within the matrix of high-diversity, tropical rain forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L McGuire
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Robertson SJ, McGill WB, Massicotte HB, Rutherford PM. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in boreal forest soils: a mycorrhizal ecosystems perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2007; 82:213-40. [PMID: 17437558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2007.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance of developing multi-disciplinary approaches to solving problems relating to anthropogenic pollution is now clearly appreciated by the scientific community, and this is especially evident in boreal ecosystems exposed to escalating threats of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination through expanded natural resource extraction activities. This review aims to synthesize information regarding the fate and behaviour of PHCs in boreal forest soils in both ecological and sustainable management contexts. From this, we hope to evaluate potential management strategies, identify gaps in knowledge and guide future research. Our central premise is that mycorrhizal systems, the ubiquitous root symbiotic fungi and associated food-web communities, occupy the structural and functional interface between decomposition and primary production in northern forest ecosystems (i.e. underpin survival and productivity of the ecosystem as a whole), and, as such, are an appropriate focal point for such a synthesis. We provide pertinent basic information about mycorrhizas, followed by insights into the ecology of ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal systems. Next, we review the fate and behaviour of PHCs in forest soils, with an emphasis on interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria. Finally, we summarize implications for ecosystem management. Although we have gained tremendous insights into understanding linkages between ecosystem functions and the various aspects of mycorrhizal diversity, very little is known regarding rhizosphere communities in PHC-contaminated soils. This makes it difficult to translate ecological knowledge into environmental management strategies. Further research is required to determine which fungal symbionts are likely to survive and compete in various ecosystems, whether certain fungal - plant associations gain in ecological importance following contamination events, and how PHC contamination may interfere with processes of nutrient acquisition and exchange and metabolic processes. Research is also needed to assess whether the metabolic capacity for intrinsic decomposition exists in these ecosystems, taking into account ecological variables such as presence of other organisms (and their involvement in syntrophic biodegradation), bioavailability and toxicity of mixtures of PHCs, and physical changes to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Robertson
- College of Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, B.C., Canada V2N 4Z9.
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Ramanankierana N, Ducousso M, Rakotoarimanga N, Prin Y, Thioulouse J, Randrianjohany E, Ramaroson L, Kisa M, Galiana A, Duponnois R. Arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas of Uapaca bojeri L. (Euphorbiaceae): sporophore diversity, patterns of root colonization, and effects on seedling growth and soil microbial catabolic diversity. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:195-208. [PMID: 17221233 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of this study were (1) to describe the diversity of mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Uapaca bojeri, an endemic Euphorbiaceae of Madagascar, and (2) to determine the potential benefits of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi [ectomycorrhizal and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi] on the growth of this tree species and on the functional diversity of soil microflora. Ninety-four sporophores were collected from three survey sites. They were identified as belonging to the ectomycorrhizal genera Afroboletus, Amanita, Boletus, Cantharellus, Lactarius, Leccinum, Rubinoboletus, Scleroderma, Tricholoma, and Xerocomus. Russula was the most frequent ectomycorrhizal genus recorded under U. bojeri. AM structures (vesicles and hyphae) were detected from the roots in all surveyed sites. In addition, this study showed that this tree species is highly dependent on both types of mycorrhiza, and controlled ectomycorrhization of this Uapaca species strongly influences soil microbial catabolic diversity. These results showed that the complex symbiotic status of U. bojeri could be managed to optimize its development in degraded areas. The use of selected mycorrhizal fungi such the Scleroderma Sc1 isolate in nursery conditions could be of great interest as (1) this fungal strain is very competitive against native symbiotic microflora, and (2) the fungal inoculation improves the catabolic potentialities of the soil microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Ramanankierana
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'Environnement, Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, P.O. Box 1739, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marc Ducousso
- CIRAD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/AGRO-M/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nirina Rakotoarimanga
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'Environnement, Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, P.O. Box 1739, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Yves Prin
- CIRAD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/AGRO-M/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean Thioulouse
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Emile Randrianjohany
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'Environnement, Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, P.O. Box 1739, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Luciano Ramaroson
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l'Environnement, Centre National de Recherches sur l'Environnement, P.O. Box 1739, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marija Kisa
- IRD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/AGRO-M/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Antoine Galiana
- CIRAD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/AGRO-M/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Robin Duponnois
- IRD, UMR 113 CIRAD/INRA/IRD/AGRO-M/UM2, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- IRD, Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD/ISRA/UCAD, Centre de Recherche de Bel Air, P.O. Box 1386, Dakar, Senegal.
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Cappellazzo G, Lanfranco L, Bonfante P. A limiting source of organic nitrogen induces specific transcriptional responses in the extraradical structures of the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Curr Genet 2006; 51:59-70. [PMID: 17061094 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-006-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular bases of organic nitrogen (N) metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi remain so far largely unexplored. To isolate genes responsive to low versus high organic N concentrations, the techniques of suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and reverse Northern dot blot were performed on extraradical structures of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices grown on carrot hairy roots. This approach allowed the identification of 32 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated genes following a 48-h treatment with 2 microM of an amino acid pool (leucine, alanine, asparagine, lysine, tyrosine). The expression profile of eight genes was further confirmed by semi-quantitative and real-time RT-PCR. The majority of the sequences showed no significant similarity to proteins in databases. The other responsive genes code for putative glyoxal oxidases, transcription factors, a subunit of the 20S proteasome, a protein kinase and a Ras protein. This novel set of data indicates that G. intraradices extraradical structures perceive organic N limitation in the surrounding environment leading to a response at transcriptional level and supports the role of N as signalling molecule in AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Cappellazzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Montanini B, Gabella S, Abbà S, Peter M, Kohler A, Bonfante P, Chalot M, Martin F, Ottonello S. Gene expression profiling of the nitrogen starvation stress response in the mycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:630-41. [PMID: 16698294 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this work is on the nitrogen starvation stress responses operating in a plant symbiotic fungus. A cDNA array profiling analysis was conducted on N-limited mycelia of the mycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii. Fifty-one unique transcripts, out of 2062 redundant arrayed cDNAs, were differentially expressed by at least 1.5-fold in response to N deprivation. Only two N assimilation components-a nitrate transporter and a high-affinity ammonium transporter-were found among differentially expressed genes. All the other N status responsive genes code for as yet unidentified hypothetical proteins or components not directly involved in N assimilation or metabolism, especially carbohydrate binding proteins and oligosaccharide as well as lipid modifying enzymes. A subset of cDNA array data were confirmed and extended by Northern blot analysis, which showed that most of the latter components respond not only to nitrogen, but also to carbon source depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Montanini
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Parma, Italy
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Schmidt S, Handley LL, Sangtiean T. Effects of nitrogen source and ectomycorrhizal association on growth and δ 15N of two subtropical Eucalyptus species from contrasting ecosystems. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:367-379. [PMID: 32689243 DOI: 10.1071/fp05260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations facilitate plant nitrogen (N) acquisition, but the contribution of EM associations to tree N nutrition is difficult to ascertain in ecosystems. We studied the abilities of subtropical EM fungi and nutritionally contrasting Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden and Eucalyptus racemosa Cav, to use N sources in axenic and soil cultures, and determined the effect of EM fungi on plant N use and plant 15N natural abundance (δ15N). As measured by seedling growth, both species showed little dependence on EM when growing in the N-rich minerotrophic soil from E. grandis rainforest habitat or in axenic culture with inorganic N sources. Both species were heavily dependent on EM associations when growing in the N-poor, organotrophic soil from the E. racemosa wallum habitat or in axenic culture with organic N sources. In axenic culture, EM associations enabled both species to use organic N when supplied with amide-, peptide- or protein-N. Grown axenically with glutamine- or protein-N, δ15N of almost all seedlings was lower than source N. The δ15N of all studied organisms was higher than the N source when grown on glutathione. This unexpected 15N enrichment was perhaps due to preferential uptake of an N moiety more 15N-enriched than the bulk molecular average. Grown with ammonium-N, the δ15N of non-EM seedlings was mostly higher than that of source N. In contrast, the δ15N of EM seedlings was mostly lower than that of source N, except at the lowest ammonium concentration. Discrimination against 15N was strongest when external ammonium concentration was high. We suggest that ammonium assimilation via EM fungi may be the cause of the often observed distinct foliar δ15N of EM and non-EM species, rather than use of different N sources by species with different root specialisations. In support of this notion, δ15N of soil and leaves in the rainforest were similar for E. grandis and co-occurring non-mycorrhizal Proteaceae. In contrast, in wallum forest, E. racemosa leaves and roots were strongly 15N-depleted relative to wallum soil and Proteaceae leaves. We conclude that foliar δ15N may be used in conjunction with other ecosystem information as a rapid indicator of plant dependency on EM associations for N acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schmidt
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Linda L Handley
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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Lejon DPH, Chaussod R, Ranger J, Ranjard L. Microbial community structure and density under different tree species in an acid forest soil (Morvan, France). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2005; 50:614-25. [PMID: 16333717 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-005-5130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Overexploitation of forests to increase wood production has led to the replacement of native forest by large areas of monospecific tree plantations. In the present study, the effects of different monospecific tree cover plantations on density and composition of the indigenous soil microbial community are described. The experimental site of "Breuil-Chenue" in the Morvan (France) was the site of a comparison of a similar mineral soil under Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotuga menziesii), oak (Quercus sessiflora), and native forest [mixed stand dominated by oak and beech (Fagus sylvatica)]. Sampling was performed during winter (February) at three depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 cm). Abundance of microorganisms was estimated via microbial biomass measurements, using the fumigation-extraction method. The genetic structure of microbial communities was investigated using the bacterial- and fungal-automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (B-ARISA and F-ARISA, respectively) DNA fingerprint. Only small differences in microbial biomass were observed between tree species, the highest values being recorded under oak forest and the lowest under Douglas fir. B- and F-ARISA community profiles of the different tree covers clustered separately, but noticeable similarities were observed for soils under Douglas fir and oak. A significant stratification was revealed under each tree species by a decrease in microbial biomass with increasing depths and by distinct microbial communities for each soil layer. Differences in density and community composition according to tree species and depth were related to soil physicochemical characteristics and organic matter composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P H Lejon
- UMR Microbiologie et Géochimie des sols, INRA/Université de Bourgogne, CMSE, 17 rue de Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Cullings K, Raleigh C, Vogler DR. Effects of severe dwarf mistletoe infection on the ectomycorrhizal community of aPinus contortastand in Yellowstone Park. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods were used to test the hypothesis that severe infection by dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium , a carbon-sink parasite) affects the ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities of its host, lodgepole pine. Results indicate significantly lower EM fungal species richness (2 ± 0.2 SE species per core in uninfected and 1 ± 0.2 species per core in infected blocks; P < 0.005), Shannon–Wiener diversity indices (1.1 in uninfected and 0.6 in infected; P < 0.05), and also differences in species EM fungal composition; uninfected blocks are dominated by a species of Cortinarius while the infected stand is dominated by species of Russula , and Piloderma (26%). By contrast, dwarf mistletoe infection has no apparent effect on evenness (0.65 in controls and 0.47 in infected; 0.05 < P < 0.1), or on EM infection levels (35 ± 7 EM tips per core in uninfected and 21 ± 5 in infected; P > 0.1). Thus, dwarf mistletoe infection may select for EM fungal species that impose a lower carbon demand on the host, or that possess carbon-degrading abilities to augment carbon lost to the parasite, enabling the trees in infected blocks to maintain relatively high EM infection levels. Our results indicate that effects of dwarf mistletoe infection occur not just in the crown of infected but extend into the soil as well, and hence may have much greater implications for ecosystem function than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cullings
- NASA–Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035-1000, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Forest Genetics, 2480 Carson Road, Placerville, CA 95667-5107, USA
| | - Chris Raleigh
- NASA–Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035-1000, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Forest Genetics, 2480 Carson Road, Placerville, CA 95667-5107, USA
| | - Detlev R. Vogler
- NASA–Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035-1000, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Forest Genetics, 2480 Carson Road, Placerville, CA 95667-5107, USA
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Miozzi L, Balestrini R, Bolchi A, Novero M, Ottonello S, Bonfante P. Phospholipase A2 up-regulation during mycorrhiza formation in Tuber borchii. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 167:229-38. [PMID: 15948845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
TbSP1 is a secreted and surface-associated phospholipase A(2) previously found to be up-regulated in C- or N-deprived free-living mycelia from the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii. As nutrient limitation is considered an important environmental factor favouring the transition to symbiotic status, TbSP1 was suggested to be involved in the formation of mycorrhizas. An in vitro symbiosis system between Cistus incanus and T. borchii was set up: TbSP1 mRNA levels in free-living mycelia and in mycorrhizas sampled in different districts of the plant-fungus interaction were examined. In the same samples, TbSP1 protein expression was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy. A substantially enhanced TbSP1 mRNA expression, compared with nutrient-limited but free-living mycelia, was detected in the presence of the plant and reached maximal levels in fully developed mycorrhizas. A similar expression trend was revealed by immunolocalization experiments. We have shown that TbSP1 appears to respond to two partially overlapping yet distinct stimuli: nutrient starvation and mycorrhiza formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Invasion biology of Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi introduced with eucalypt plantations into the Iberian Peninsula. Biol Invasions 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-004-9624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kaldorf M, Renker C, Fladung M, Buscot F. Characterization and spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizas colonizing aspen clones released in an experimental field. MYCORRHIZA 2004; 14:295-306. [PMID: 14534850 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-003-0266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2003] [Accepted: 08/06/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizas (EM) from aspen clones released on an experimental field were characterized by morphotyping, restriction analysis and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. In addition, their community structure and spatial distribution was analyzed. Among the 23 observed morphotypes, six mycobionts dominated, forming roughly 90% of all ectomycorrhizas: Cenococcum geophilum, Laccaria sp., Phialocephala fortinii, two different Thelephoraceae, and one member of the Pezizales. The three most common morphotypes had an even spatial distribution, reflecting the high degree of homogeneity of the experimental field. The distribution of three other morphotypes was correlated with the distances to the spruce forest and deciduous trees bordering the experimental field. These two patterns allowed two invasion strategies of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to be recognized, the success of which depends on adaptation of the EMF to local ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kaldorf
- Institute of Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Montanini B, Betti M, Márquez AJ, Balestrini R, Bonfante P, Ottonello S. Distinctive properties and expression profiles of glutamine synthetase from a plant symbiotic fungus. Biochem J 2003; 373:357-68. [PMID: 12683951 PMCID: PMC1223491 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2003] [Revised: 03/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences reported in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank(R)/EBI Nucleotide Sequence Databases with accession numbers AF462037 (glutamine synthetase) and AF462032 (glutamate synthase). Nitrogen retrieval and assimilation by symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi is thought to play a central role in the mutualistic interaction between these organisms and their plant hosts. Here we report on the molecular characterization of the key N-assimilation enzyme glutamine synthetase from the mycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii (TbGS). TbGS displayed a strong positive co-operativity ( n =1.7+/-0.29) and an unusually high S(0.5) value (54+/-16 mM; S(0.5) is the substrate concentration value at which v =(1/2) V (max)) for glutamate, and a correspondingly low sensitivity towards inhibition by the glutamate analogue herbicide phosphinothricin. The TbGS mRNA, which is encoded by a single-copy gene in the Tuber genome, was up-regulated in N-starved mycelia and returned to basal levels upon resupplementation of various forms of N, the most effective of which was nitrate. Both responses were accompanied by parallel variations of TbGS protein amount and glutamine synthetase activity, thus indicating that TbGS levels are primarily controlled at the pre-translational level. As revealed by a comparative analysis of the TbGS mRNA and of the mRNAs for the metabolically related enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase, TbGS is not only the sole messenger that positively responds to N starvation, but also the most abundant under N-limiting conditions. A similar, but even more discriminating expression pattern, with practically undetectable glutamate dehydrogenase mRNA levels, was observed in fruitbodies. The TbGS mRNA was also found to be expressed in symbiosis-engaged hyphae, with distinctively higher hybridization signals in hyphae that were penetrating among and within root cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Montanini
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, I-43100 Parma, Italy
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Schubert R, Raidl S, Funk R, Bahnweg G, Müller-Starck G, Agerer R. Quantitative detection of agar-cultivated and rhizotron-grown Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjortst. by ITS1-based fluorescent PCR. MYCORRHIZA 2003; 13:159-165. [PMID: 12836084 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-002-0212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2002] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A real-time quantitative TaqMan-PCR was established for the absolute quantification of extramatrical hyphal biomass of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Piloderma croceum in pure cultures as well as in rhizotron samples with non-sterile peat substrate. After cloning and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences ITS1/ITS2 and the 5.8S rRNA gene from several fungi, including Tomentellopsis submollis, Paxillus involutus, and Cortinarius obtusus, species-specific primers and a dual-labelled fluorogenic probe were designed for Piloderma croceum. The dynamic range of the TaqMan assay spans seven orders of magnitude, producing an online-detectable fluorescence signal during the cycling run that is directly related to the starting number of ITS copies present. To test the confidence of the PCR-based quantification results, the hyphal length of Piloderma croceum was counted under the microscope to determine the recovery from two defined but different amounts of agar-cultivated mycelia. Inspection of the registered Ct values (defined as that cycle number at which a statistically significant increase in the reporter fluorescence can first be detected) in a 10-fold dilution series of template DNA represents a suitable and stringent quality control standard for exclusion of false PCR-based quantification results. The fast real-time PCR approach enables high throughput of samples, making this method well suited for quantitative analysis of ectomycorrhizal fungi in communities of natural and artificial ecosystems, so long as applicable DNA extraction protocols exist for different types of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Forest Genetics, Weihenstephan Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Sawyer NA, Chambers SM, Cairney JW. Utilisation of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources by Amanita species native to temperate eastern Australia. MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 107:413-20. [PMID: 12825513 DOI: 10.1017/s095375620300755x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of isolates of Amanita alboverrucosa, A. conicoverrucosa, A. fuscosquamosa, A. nauseosa, A. ochrophylla, A. pyramidifera, A. roseolamellata, A. xanthocephala and six unidentified Amanita species from eastern Australian temperate sclerophyll forests to utilise a range of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for growth was examined in axenic liquid cultures. All taxa utilised NH4+ and at least some amino acids readily, while biomass yields on NO3- and histidine were generally low. All taxa were able to utilise bovine serum albumin, but for most taxa biomass yields on this substrate were significantly lower than on NH4+. Significant intraspecific variation in biomass yield was observed on all substrates for taxa for which multiple isolates were screened. As a group, eastern Australian Amanita species thus have the potential to utilise nitrogen from a broad range of organic substrates and this might be important in the nitrogen nutrition of their ectomycorrhizal tree hosts in sclerophyll forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Sawyer
- Mycorrhiza Research Group, Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Parramatta Campus, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC, NSW 1797, Australia
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Landeweert R, Leeflang P, Kuyper TW, Hoffland E, Rosling A, Wernars K, Smit E. Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soil horizons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:327-33. [PMID: 12514012 PMCID: PMC152382 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.1.327-333.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular identification techniques based on total DNA extraction provide a unique tool for identification of mycelium in soil. Using molecular identification techniques, the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal community under coniferous vegetation was analyzed. Soil samples were taken at different depths from four horizons of a podzol profile. A basidiomycete-specific primer pair (ITS1F-ITS4B) was used to amplify fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from total DNA extracts of the soil horizons. Amplified basidiomycete DNA was cloned and sequenced, and a selection of the obtained clones was analyzed phylogenetically. Based on sequence similarity, the fungal clone sequences were sorted into 25 different fungal groups, or operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Out of 25 basidiomycete OTUs, 7 OTUs showed high nucleotide homology (> or = 99%) with known EM fungal sequences and 16 were found exclusively in the mineral soil. The taxonomic positions of six OTUs remained unclear. OTU sequences were compared to sequences from morphotyped EM root tips collected from the same sites. Of the 25 OTUs, 10 OTUs had > or = 98% sequence similarity with these EM root tip sequences. The present study demonstrates the use of molecular techniques to identify EM hyphae in various soil types. This approach differs from the conventional method of EM root tip identification and provides a novel approach to examine EM fungal communities in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Landeweert
- Subdepartment of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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SIRIKANTARAMAS S, SUGIOKA N, LEE SS, MOHAMED LA, LEE HS, SZMIDT AE, YAMAZAKI T. Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Dipterocarpaceae. TROPICS 2003. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.13.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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