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Deraison C, Bonnart C, Langella P, Roget K, Vergnolle N. Elafin and its precursor trappin-2: What is their therapeutic potential for intestinal diseases? Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:144-160. [PMID: 36355635 PMCID: PMC10098471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin and its precursor trappin-2 are known for their contribution to the physiological mucosal shield against luminal microbes. Such a contribution seems to be particularly relevant in the gut, where the exposure of host tissues to heavy loads of microbes is constant and contributes to mucosa-associated pathologies. The expression of trappin-2/elafin has been shown to be differentially regulated in diseases associated with gut inflammation. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the protective effects of trappin-2/elafin in gut intestinal disorders associated with acute or chronic inflammation, or with gluten sensitization disorders. The protective effects of trappin-2/elafin in the gut are discussed in terms of their pleiotropic modes of action: acting as protease inhibitors, transglutaminase substrates, antimicrobial peptides or as a regulator of pro-inflammatory transcription factors. Further, the question of the therapeutic potential of trappin-2/elafin delivery at the intestinal mucosa surface is raised. Whether trappin-2/elafin mucosal delivery should be considered to ensure intestinal tissue repair is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, INRAE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, Univ Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Antimicrobial Peptides in Early-Life Host Defense, Perinatal Infections, and Necrotizing Enterocolitis—An Update. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175074. [PMID: 36079001 PMCID: PMC9457252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against early-life infections such as chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) relies primarily on innate immunity, in which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a major role. AMPs that are important for the fetus and neonate include α and β defensins, cathelicidin LL-37, antiproteases (elafin, SLPI), and hepcidin. They can be produced by the fetus or neonate, the placenta, chorioamniotic membranes, recruited neutrophils, and milk-protein ingestion or proteolysis. They possess antimicrobial, immunomodulating, inflammation-regulating, and tissue-repairing properties. AMPs are expressed as early as the 13th week and increase progressively through gestation. Limited studies are available on AMP expression and levels in the fetus and neonate. Nevertheless, existing evidence supports the role of AMPs in pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, and NEC, and their association with disease severity. This suggests a potential role of AMPs in diagnosis, prevention, prognosis, and treatment of sepsis and NEC. Herein, we present an overview of the antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of human AMPs, their sources in the intrauterine environment, fetus, and neonate, and their changes during pre- and post-natal infections and NEC. We also discuss emerging data regarding the potential utility of AMPs in early-life infections, as diagnostic or predictive biomarkers and as therapeutic alternatives or adjuncts to antibiotic therapy considering the increase of antibiotic resistance in neonatal intensive care units.
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Xie Y, Fontenot L, Chupina Estrada A, Nelson B, Wang J, Shih DQ, Ho W, Mattai SA, Rieder F, Jensen DD, Bunnett NW, Koon HW. Elafin Reverses Intestinal Fibrosis by Inhibiting Cathepsin S-Mediated Protease-Activated Receptor 2. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:841-876. [PMID: 35840034 PMCID: PMC9425040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS More than half of Crohn's disease patients develop intestinal fibrosis-induced intestinal strictures. Elafin is a human protease inhibitor that is down-regulated in the stricturing intestine of Crohn's disease patients. We investigated the efficacy of elafin in reversing intestinal fibrosis and elucidated its mechanism of action. METHODS We developed a new method to mimic a stricturing Crohn's disease environment and induce fibrogenesis using stricturing Crohn's disease patient-derived serum exosomes to condition fresh human intestinal tissues and primary stricturing Crohn's disease patient-derived intestinal fibroblasts. Three mouse models of intestinal fibrosis, including SAMP1/YitFc mice, Salmonella-infected mice, and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice, were also studied. Elafin-Eudragit FS30D formulation and elafin-overexpressing construct and lentivirus were used. RESULTS Elafin reversed collagen synthesis in human intestinal tissues and fibroblasts pretreated with Crohn's disease patient-derived serum exosomes. Proteome arrays identified cathepsin S as a novel fibroblast-derived pro-fibrogenic protease. Elafin directly suppressed cathepsin S activity to inhibit protease-activated receptor 2 activity and Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 expression, leading to reduced collagen expression in intestinal fibroblasts. Elafin overexpression reversed ileal fibrosis in SAMP1/YitFc mice, cecal fibrosis in Salmonella-infected mice, and colonic fibrosis in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice. Cathepsin S, protease-activated receptor 2 agonist, and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 overexpression abolished the anti-fibrogenic effect of elafin in fibroblasts and all 3 mouse models of intestinal fibrosis. Oral elafin-Eudragit FS30D treatment abolished colonic fibrosis in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Elafin suppresses collagen synthesis in intestinal fibroblasts via cathepsin S-dependent protease-activated receptor 2 inhibition and decreases zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 expression. The reduced collagen synthesis leads to the reversal of intestinal fibrosis. Thus, modified elafin may be a therapeutic approach for intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lindsey Fontenot
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrea Chupina Estrada
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Becca Nelson
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jiani Wang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - David Q. Shih
- F. Widjaja Foundation, Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wendy Ho
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - S. Anjani Mattai
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dane D. Jensen
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W. Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hon Wai Koon
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Xu N, Hao F, Dong X, Yao Y, Guan Y, Yang L, Chen F, Zheng F, Li Q, Liu W, Zhao C, Li W, Palavecino E, Wang W, Wang G. A two-transcript biomarker of host classifier genes for discrimination of bacterial from viral infection in acute febrile illness: a multicentre discovery and validation study. LANCET DIGITAL HEALTH 2021; 3:e507-e516. [PMID: 34325854 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute febrile illness is one of the main reasons for outpatient hospital visits worldwide. However, differential diagnosis between bacterial and viral causes is challenging and misdiagnosis can result in antimicrobial overuse and hinder prompt treatment. We aimed to build and validate a diagnostic model to discriminate bacterial from viral infection in acute febrile illness by evaluating the expression of potential classifier host genes. METHODS In this multicentre discovery and validation study, we included patients aged 14-85 years with acute febrile illness (fever for ≤14 days, axillary temperature of ≥38°C, and confirmed bacterial infection, viral infection, or non-infectious inflammatory disease), and healthy control participants (no significant medical history and no fever within the past 90 days) from four hospitals in Shandong province, China. Patients from the first hospital were divided into the screening, discovery, and internal validation groups, and patients from the three other hospitals comprised the external validation group. We measured expression of candidate genes in peripheral blood by RT-PCR, and patients for whom a successful RT-PCT result was recorded were included in the next-step analysis. For patients from the first hospital, those enrolled during the early phase of the study were assigned to the screening group, which was used to identify the optimal transcripts (IFI44L and PI3) for discrimination between bacterial and viral infections by screening four candidate genes (FAM89A, IFI44L, PI3, and ITGB2) by RT-PCR. The remaining patients were then randomly assigned (1:1) to discovery and internal validation groups by time of admission and blood drawing via the equidistant random sampling method. A logistic regression model integrating the mRNA levels of IFI44L and PI3 was built by use of the discovery group, and the diagnostic performance of the model was evaluated in the internal and external validation groups using area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. FINDINGS Between March 1, 2018, and Aug 31, 2019, we assessed 1658 individuals for inclusion in the study. After exclusion of ineligible participants, 458 participants were enrolled (178 patients with acute febrile illness caused by bacterial infection, 212 with acute febrile illness caused by viral infection, 38 with non-infectious inflammatory diseases, and 30 healthy controls). The 390 patients with bacterial or viral infections were assigned to one of four groups: screening (n=64, 33 with bacterial infections and 31 with viral infections), discovery (n=124, 55 with bacterial infections and 69 with viral infections), internal validation (n=124, 55 with bacterial infections and 69 with viral infections), and external validation (n=78, 35 with bacterial infections and 43 with viral infections). Of the four candidate host genes (FAM89A, IFI44L, PI3, and ITGB2), IFI44L and PI3 showed the most discriminative expression pattern and were used to build the logistic regression model. We established the optimal cutoff of the bacterial infection likelihood score to be 0·547598. With the diagnostic result from the gold standard tests (culture and PCR) as the reference, the two-transcript classifier model had an AUC of 0·969 (95% CI 0·937-1·000), sensitivity of 0·891 (0·782-0·949), and specificity of 0·971 (0·900-0·992) to discriminate bacterial and viral infections in the internal validation group. The model showed similar results in the external validation group (AUC 0·986, 95% CI 0·968-1·000; sensitivity 0·857, 0·706-0·937; and specificity 0·954, 0·845-0·987). INTERPRETATION IFI44L and PI3 transcripts, measured by RT-PCR, are robust classifiers to discriminate bacterial from viral infection in acute febrile illness. This two-transcript biomarker has the potential to be transformed into a commercial panel and applied universally. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fanchang Hao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomeng Dong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongyuan Yao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Yanyan Guan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Rizhao People's Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengzhe Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingyan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenguo Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Gaotang People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Cui Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Gaotang People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Negi D, Guleria K, Tyagi V, Dev Banerjee B, Suneja A. Evaluation of trappin-2 in cervicovaginal secretions as predictor of spontaneous preterm birth in asymptomatic high-risk women: Nested case-control study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2021; 154:56-61. [PMID: 33275772 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate trappin-2 levels in cervicovaginal secretions for prediction of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) and compare it with transvaginal sonography (TVS) cervical length in asymptomatic women at risk of PTB. METHODS Trappin-2 levels assessed in cervicovaginal secretions collected from 80 asymptomatic pregnant women at high risk for preterm delivery and cervical length measured by TVS, first at 14-20 weeks of pregnancy and repeated 8 weeks later. On the basis of delivery outcomes, participants were divided into cases (delivery <37 weeks) and controls (delivery at 37-41 weeks). RESULTS The mean value of cervicovaginal trappin-2 was significantly higher in women who delivered preterm (n = 40), compared with the term group (n = 40: P < 0.001) both at 14-20 weeks and at 22-28 weeks. The critical cut-off value for cervicovaginal trappin-2 at 14-20 weeks was 4620 pg/mL, above which participants delivered prematurely with sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 82.5%, 71.0%, 78.5%, and 81.5% respectively, whereas TVS cervical length in this window period was not significantly associated with preterm birth. At 22-28 weeks a trappin-2 value of 6900 pg/mL had similar predictive accuracy. CONCLUSION Raised cervicovaginal trappin-2 levels can be used as an early tool for prediction of PTB as early as 14-20 weeks (earlier than TVS) in asymptomatic high-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Negi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Kiran Guleria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Vipin Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Amita Suneja
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCMS and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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Mills B, Radhakrishnan N, Karthikeyan Rajapandian SG, Rameshkumar G, Lalitha P, Prajna NV. The role of fungi in fungal keratitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108372. [PMID: 33249061 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) accounts for approximately half of the microbial keratitis encountered in low middle income countries (LMICs) and predominantly affect the working rural-poor. FK causes significant morbidity with the majority of patients left with moderate or worse visual impairment and approximately 25% requiring expensive and often unsuccessful surgical interventions. The severity of FK and the resultant corneal damage or resolution can be attributed to i) the virulence and bioburden of the fungal pathogen, ii) the host defense mechanism and immune response and iii) sub-optimal diagnostics and anti-fungal treatment strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted components that drive FK progression and resolution, highlighting where knowledge gaps exist and areas that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | | | | | - Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - N Venkatesh Prajna
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India.
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Mercer DK, O'Neil DA. Innate Inspiration: Antifungal Peptides and Other Immunotherapeutics From the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2177. [PMID: 33072081 PMCID: PMC7533533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to describe antifungal therapeutic candidates in preclinical and clinical development derived from, or directly influenced by, the immune system, with a specific focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Although the focus of this review is AMP with direct antimicrobial effects on fungi, we will also discuss compounds with direct antifungal activity, including monoclonal antibodies (mAb), as well as immunomodulatory molecules that can enhance the immune response to fungal infection, including immunomodulatory AMP, vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, interferon and colony stimulating factors as well as immune cell therapies. The focus of this manuscript will be a non-exhaustive review of antifungal compounds in preclinical and clinical development that are based on the principles of immunology and the authors acknowledge the incredible amount of in vitro and in vivo work that has been conducted to develop such therapeutic candidates.
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Bigot J, Guillot L, Guitard J, Ruffin M, Corvol H, Balloy V, Hennequin C. Bronchial Epithelial Cells on the Front Line to Fight Lung Infection-Causing Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1041. [PMID: 32528481 PMCID: PMC7257779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental filamentous fungus that can be pathogenic for humans, wherein it is responsible for a large variety of clinical forms ranging from allergic diseases to life-threatening disseminated infections. The contamination occurs by inhalation of conidia present in the air, and the first encounter of this fungus in the human host is most likely with the bronchial epithelial cells. Although alveolar macrophages have been widely studied in the Aspergillus–lung interaction, increasing evidence suggests that bronchial epithelium plays a key role in responding to the fungus. This review focuses on the innate immune response of the bronchial epithelial cells against A. fumigatus, the predominant pathogenic species. We have also detailed the molecular interactants and the effects of the different modes of interaction between these cells and the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Bigot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Guillot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Manon Ruffin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Viviane Balloy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Hennequin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
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Alpha-1 Antitrypsin-A Target for MicroRNA-Based Therapeutic Development for Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030836. [PMID: 32012925 PMCID: PMC7037267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder arising from mutations to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Disruption to normal ion homeostasis in the airway results in impaired mucociliary clearance, leaving the lung more vulnerable to recurrent and chronic bacterial infections. The CF lung endures an excess of neutrophilic inflammation, and whilst neutrophil serine proteases are a crucial part of the innate host defence to infection, a surplus of neutrophil elastase (NE) is understood to create a net destructive effect. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) is a key antiprotease in the control of NE protease activity but is ineffective in the CF lung due to the huge imbalance of NE levels. Therapeutic strategies to boost levels of protective antiproteases such as A1AT in the lung remain an attractive research strategy to limit the damage from excess protease activity. microRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that bind specific cognate sequences to inhibit expression of target mRNAs. The inhibition of miRNAs which target the SERPINA1 (A1AT-encoding gene) mRNA represents a novel therapeutic approach for CF inflammation. This could involve the delivery of antagomirs that bind and sequester the target miRNA, or target site blockers that bind miRNA recognition elements within the target mRNA to prevent miRNA interaction. Therefore, miRNA targeted therapies offer an alternative strategy to drive endogenous A1AT production and thus supplement the antiprotease shield of the CF lung.
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Gandra RM, Silva LN, Souto XM, Sangenito LS, Cruz LPS, Braga-Silva LA, Gonçalves DS, Seabra SH, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. The serine peptidase inhibitor TPCK induces several morphophysiological changes in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto. Med Mycol 2020; 57:1024-1037. [PMID: 30753649 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto (C. parapsilosis) has emerged as the second/third commonest Candida species isolated from hospitals worldwide. Candida spp. possess numerous virulence attributes, including peptidases that play multiple roles in both physiological and pathological events. So, fungal peptidases are valid targets for new drugs development. With this premise in mind, we have evaluated the effect of serine peptidase inhibitors (SPIs) on both cell biology and virulence aspects of C. parapsilosis. First, five different SPIs, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, benzamidine, 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride, N-α-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride, and N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) were tested, and TPCK showed the best efficacy to arrest fungal growth. Subsequently, the ability of TPCK to modulate physiopathological processes was investigated. Overall, TPCK was able to (i) inhibit the cell-associated serine peptidase activities, (ii) promote morphometric and ultrastructural alterations, (iii) induce an increase in the intracellular oxidation level, which culminates in a vigorous lipid peroxidation and accumulation of neutral lipids in cytoplasmic inclusions, (iv) modulate the expression/exposition of surface structures, such as mannose/glucose-rich glycoconjugates, N-acetylglucosamine-containing molecules, chitin, polypeptides and surface aspartic peptidases, (v) reduce the adhesion to either polystyrene or glass surfaces as well as to partially disarticulate the mature biofilm, (vi) block the fungal interaction with macrophages, and (vii) protect Galleria mellonella from fungal infection, enhancing larvae survivability. Altogether, these results demonstrated that TPCK induced several changes over fungal biology besides the interference with aspects associated to C. parapsilosis virulence and pathogenesis, which indicates that SPIs could be novel promising therapeutic agents in dealing with candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Gandra
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laura N Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xênia M Souto
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Sangenito
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas P S Cruz
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lys A Braga-Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego S Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio H Seabra
- Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Xue Q. Pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors in molluscan infectious diseases. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107214. [PMID: 31348922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of infectious diseases represents an outcome of dynamic interactions between the disease-producing agent's pathogenicity and the host's self-defense mechanism. Proteases secreted by pathogenic microorganisms and protease inhibitors produced by host species play an important role in the process. This review aimed at summarizing major findings in research on pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors that had been proposed to be related to the development of mollusk diseases. Metalloproteases and serine proteases respectively belonging to Family M4 and Family S8 of the MEROPS system are among the most studied proteases that may function as virulence factors in mollusk pathogens. On the other hand, a mollusk-specific family (Family I84) of novel serine protease inhibitors and homologues of the tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease have been studied for their potential in the molluscan host defense. In addition, research at the genomic and transcriptomic levels showed that more proteases of pathogens and protease inhibitor of hosts are likely involved in mollusk disease processes. Therefore, the pathological significance of interactions between pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors in the development of molluscan infectious diseases deserves more research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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12
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Characterisation of the Major Extracellular Proteases of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Their Effects on Pulmonary Antiproteases. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030092. [PMID: 31261656 PMCID: PMC6789491 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging global opportunistic pathogen that has been appearing with increasing prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF). A secreted protease from S. maltophilia has been reported as its chief potential virulence factor. Here, using the reference clinical strain S. maltophilia K279a, the major secreted proteases were identified. Protein biochemistry and mass spectrometry were carried out on K279a culture supernatant. The effect of K279a culture supernatant on cleavage and anti-neutrophil elastase activity of the three majors pulmonary antiproteases was quantified. A deletion mutant of S. maltophilia lacking expression of a protease was constructed. The serine proteases StmPR1, StmPR2 and StmPR3, in addition to chitinase A and an outer membrane esterase were identified in culture supernatants. Protease activity was incompletely abrogated in a K279a-ΔStmPR1: Erm mutant. Wild type K279a culture supernatant degraded alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), secretory leucoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin, important components of the lung’s innate immune defences. Meanwhile SLPI and elafin, but not AAT, retained their ability to inhibit neutrophil elastase. StmPR3 together with StmPR1 and StmPR2, is likely to contribute to protease-mediated innate immune dysfunction in CF.
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Niehues H, Rösler B, van der Krieken DA, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Peppelman M, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EHJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, van de Veerdonk FL. STAT1 gain-of-function compromises skin host defense in the context of IFN-γ signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1626-1629.e5. [PMID: 30576757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Berenice Rösler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danique A van der Krieken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H J van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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De Rose V, Molloy K, Gohy S, Pilette C, Greene CM. Airway Epithelium Dysfunction in Cystic Fibrosis and COPD. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:1309746. [PMID: 29849481 PMCID: PMC5911336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1309746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, whereas chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is mainly caused by environmental factors (mostly cigarette smoking) on a genetically susceptible background. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases are different, both are associated with progressive airflow obstruction, airway neutrophilic inflammation, and recurrent exacerbations, suggesting common mechanisms. The airway epithelium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal airway functions. Major molecular and morphologic changes occur in the airway epithelium in both CF and COPD, and growing evidence suggests that airway epithelial dysfunction is involved in disease initiation and progression in both diseases. Structural and functional abnormalities in both airway and alveolar epithelium have a relevant impact on alteration of host defences, immune/inflammatory response, and the repair process leading to progressive lung damage and impaired lung function. In this review, we address the evidence for a critical role of dysfunctional airway epithelial cells in chronic airway inflammation and remodelling in CF and COPD, highlighting the common mechanisms involved in the epithelial dysfunction as well as the similarities and differences of the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia De Rose
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, A.O.U. S. Luigi Gonzaga, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Kevin Molloy
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Gohy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pneumology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Greene
- Lung Biology Group, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Valenti P, Rosa L, Capobianco D, Lepanto MS, Schiavi E, Cutone A, Paesano R, Mastromarino P. Role of Lactobacilli and Lactoferrin in the Mucosal Cervicovaginal Defense. Front Immunol 2018; 9:376. [PMID: 29545798 PMCID: PMC5837981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate defense system of the female mucosal genital tract involves a close and complex interaction among the healthy vaginal microbiota, different cells, and various proteins that protect the host from pathogens. Vaginal lactobacilli and lactoferrin represent two essential actors in the vaginal environment. Lactobacilli represent the dominant bacterial species able to prevent facultative and obligate anaerobes outnumber in vaginal microbiota maintaining healthy microbial homeostasis. Several mechanisms underlie the protection exerted by lactobacilli: competition for nutrients and tissue adherence, reduction of the vaginal pH, modulation of immunity, and production of bioactive compounds. Among bioactive factors of cervicovaginal mucosa, lactoferrin, an iron-binding cationic glycoprotein, is a multifunctional glycoprotein with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities, recently emerging as an important modulator of inflammation. Lactobacilli and lactoferrin are largely under the influence of female hormones and of paracrine production of various cytokines. Lactoferrin is strongly increased in lower genital tract mucosal fluid of women affected by Neisseria gonorrheae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections promoting both innate and adaptive immune responses. In vaginal dysbiosis characterized by low amounts of vaginal lactobacilli and increased levels of endogenous anaerobic bacteria, the increase in lactoferrin could act as an immune modulator assuming the role normally played by the healthy microbiota in vaginal mucosa. Then lactoferrin and lactobacilli may be considered as biomarkers of altered microbial homeostasis at vaginal level. Considering the shortage of effective treatments to counteract recurrent and/or antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, the intravaginal administration of lactobacilli and lactoferrin could be a novel efficient therapeutic strategy and a valuable tool to restore mucosal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Capobianco
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Schiavi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mastromarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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16
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Laputková G, Schwartzová V, Bánovčin J, Alexovič M, Sabo J. Salivary Protein Roles in Oral Health and as Predictors of Caries Risk. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:174-200. [PMID: 33817083 PMCID: PMC7874700 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the current state of research on the potential relationship between protein content in human saliva and dental caries, which remains among the most common oral diseases and causes irreversible damage in the oral cavity. An understanding the whole saliva proteome in the oral cavity could serve as a prerequisite to obtaining insight into the etiology of tooth decay at early stages. To date, however, there is no comprehensive evidence showing that salivary proteins could serve as potential indicators for the early diagnosis of the risk factors causing dental caries. Therefore, proteomics indicates the promising direction of future investigations of such factors, including diagnosis and thus prevention in dental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Laputková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Schwartzová
- 1st Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Bánovčin
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Rastislavova 43, Košice, 041 90, Slovakia
| | - Michal Alexovič
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
| | - Ján Sabo
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of P. J. Šafárik in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, Košice, 040 11, Slovakia
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17
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Chin-Smith EC, Hezelgrave NL, Tribe RM. Host Defense Peptide Expression in Human Cervical Cells and Regulation by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the Presence of Cytokines and Bacterial Endotoxin. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:1208-1217. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117737847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evonne C. Chin-Smith
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King’s College London, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Natasha L. Hezelgrave
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King’s College London, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rachel M. Tribe
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King’s College London, Women’s Health Academic Centre KHP, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
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18
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Small DM, Doherty DF, Dougan CM, Weldon S, Taggart CC. The role of whey acidic protein four-disulfide-core proteins in respiratory health and disease. Biol Chem 2017; 398:425-440. [PMID: 27930359 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the whey acidic protein (WAP) or WAP four-disulfide-core (WFDC) family of proteins are a relatively under-explored family of low molecular weight proteins. The two most prominent WFDC proteins, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin (or the precursor, trappin-2), have been shown to possess multiple functions including anti-protease, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. It is therefore of no surprise that both SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 have been developed as potential therapeutics. Given the abundance of SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 in the human lung, most work in the area of WFDC research has focused on the role of WFDC proteins in protecting the lung from proteolytic attack. In this review, we will outline the current evidence regarding the expanding role of WFDC protein function with a focus on WFDC activity in lung disease as well as emerging data regarding the function of some of the more recently described WFDC proteins.
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19
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Buskermolen JK, Janus MM, Roffel S, Krom BP, Gibbs S. Saliva-Derived Commensal and Pathogenic Biofilms in a Human Gingiva Model. J Dent Res 2017; 97:201-208. [PMID: 28892653 PMCID: PMC6429568 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517729998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro models that closely mimic human host-microbiome interactions can be a
powerful screening tool for antimicrobials and will hold great potential for
drug validation and discovery. The aim of this study was to develop an
organotypic oral mucosa model that could be exposed to in vitro cultured
commensal and pathogenic biofilms in a standardized and scalable manner. The
oral mucosa model consisted of a tissue-engineered human gingiva equivalent
containing a multilayered differentiated gingiva epithelium (keratinocytes)
grown on a collagen hydrogel, containing gingiva fibroblasts, which represented
the lamina propria. Keratinocyte and fibroblast telomerase reverse
transcriptase–immortalized cell lines were used to overcome the limitations of
isolating cells from small biopsies when scalable culture experiments were
required. The oral biofilms were grown under defined conditions from human
saliva to represent 3 distinct phenotypes: commensal, gingivitis, and
cariogenic. The in vitro grown biofilms contained physiologic numbers of
bacterial species, averaging >70 operational taxonomic units, including 20
differentiating operational taxonomic units. When the biofilms were applied
topically to the gingiva equivalents for 24 h, the gingiva epithelium increased
its expression of elafin, a protease inhibitor and antimicrobial protein. This
increased elafin expression was observed as a response to all 3 biofilm types,
commensal as well as pathogenic (gingivitis and cariogenic). Biofilm exposure
also increased secretion of the antimicrobial cytokine CCL20 and inflammatory
cytokines IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL2 from gingiva equivalents. This inflammatory
response was far greater after commensal biofilm exposure than after pathogenic
biofilm exposure. These results show that pathogenic oral biofilms have early
immune evasion properties as compared with commensal oral biofilms. The novel
host-microbiome model provides an ideal tool for future investigations of
gingiva responses to commensal and pathogenic biofilms and for testing novel
therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Buskermolen
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M M Janus
- 2 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Roffel
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B P Krom
- 2 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Gibbs
- 1 Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,3 Department of Dermatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Roussilhon C, Bang G, Bastaert F, Solhonne B, Garcia-Verdugo I, Peronet R, Druilhe P, Sakuntabhai A, Mecheri S, Sallenave JM. The antimicrobial molecule trappin-2/elafin has anti-parasitic properties and is protective in vivo in a murine model of cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42243. [PMID: 28181563 PMCID: PMC5299836 DOI: 10.1038/srep42243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, and despite reduction in mortality rates, there were an estimated 438 000 malaria deaths in 2015. Therefore new antimalarials capable of limiting organ damage are still required. We show that systemic and lung adenovirus (Ad)-mediated over-expression of trappin-2 (T-2) an antibacterial molecule with anti-inflammatory activity, increased mice survival following infection with the cerebral malaria-inducing Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) strain. Systemically, T-2 reduced PbANKA sequestration in spleen, lung, liver and brain, associated with a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg TNF-α in spleen and lung) and an increase in IL-10 production in the lung. Similarly, local lung instillation of Ad-T-2 resulted in a reduced organ parasite sequestration and a shift towards an anti-inflammatory/repair response, potentially implicating monocytes in the protective phenotype. Relatedly, we demonstrated in vitro that human monocytes incubated with Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) and IgGs from hyper-immune African human sera produced T-2 and that the latter colocalized with merozoites and inhibited Pf multiplication. This array of data argues for the first time for the potential therapeutic usefulness of this host defense peptide in human malaria patients, with the aim to limit acute lung injury and respiratory distress syndrom often observed during malaria episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roussilhon
- Unité de génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses and CNRS Unité de recherche associée 3012; Paris, 75015, France
| | - Gilles Bang
- Unité de génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses and CNRS Unité de recherche associée 3012; Paris, 75015, France
| | - Fabien Bastaert
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM U874, Institut Pasteur
- INSERM U1152, Faculté de Médicine site Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 16, rue Henri Huchard, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Brigitte Solhonne
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM U874, Institut Pasteur
- INSERM U1152, Faculté de Médicine site Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 16, rue Henri Huchard, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Ignacio Garcia-Verdugo
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM U874, Institut Pasteur
- INSERM U1152, Faculté de Médicine site Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 16, rue Henri Huchard, Paris, 75018, France
| | - Roger Peronet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, CNRS ERL9195 and INSERM U1201, Paris F-75015, France
- CNRS ERL9195 and INSERM U1201, Paris F-75015, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris F-75015, France
| | | | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Unité de génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses and CNRS Unité de recherche associée 3012; Paris, 75015, France
| | - Salaheddine Mecheri
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, CNRS ERL9195 and INSERM U1201, Paris F-75015, France
- CNRS ERL9195 and INSERM U1201, Paris F-75015, France
- INSERM U1201, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM U874, Institut Pasteur
- INSERM U1152, Faculté de Médicine site Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 16, rue Henri Huchard, Paris, 75018, France
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Stalberg C, Noda N, Polettini J, Jacobsson B, Menon R. Anti-inflammatory Elafin in human fetal membranes. J Perinat Med 2017; 45:237-244. [PMID: 27580179 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2016-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elafin is a low molecular weight protein with antileukoproteinase, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulating properties. The profile of Elafin in fetal membranes is not well characterized. This study determined the changes in Elafin expression and concentration in human fetal membrane from patients with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and in vitro in response to intra-amniotic polymicrobial pathogens. METHOD Elafin messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions were studied in fetal membranes from PPROM, normal term as well as in normal term not in labor membranes in an organ explant system treated (24 h) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measured Elafin concentrations in culture supernatants from tissues treated with LPS and polybacterial combinations of heat-inactivated Mycoplasma hominis (MH), Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Gardnerella vaginalis (GV). RESULTS Elafin mRNA expression in fetal membranes from women with PPROM was significantly higher compared to women who delivered at term after normal pregnancy (5.09±3.50 vs. 11.71±2.21; P<0.05). In vitro, LPS-stimulated membranes showed a significantly increased Elafin m-RNA expression (P<0.05). However, the protein levels after LPS stimulation was not changed. Similarly, polymicrobial-treated fetal membranes also showed no changes in Elafin protein concentrations compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSION Higher Elafin expression in PPROM fetal membranes suggests a host response to an inflammatory pathology. However, lack of Elafin response to LPS and polymicrobial treatment is indicative of the minimal anti-inflammatory impact of this molecule in fetal membranes.
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Abstract
Fungal organisms are ubiquitous in the environment. Pathogenic fungi, although relatively few in the whole gamut of microbial pathogens, are able to cause disease with varying degrees of severity in individuals with normal or impaired immunity. The disease state is an outcome of the fungal pathogen's interactions with the host immunity, and therefore, it stands to reason that deep/invasive fungal diseases be amenable to immunotherapy. Therefore, antifungal immunotherapy continues to be attractive as an adjunct to the currently available antifungal chemotherapy options for a number of reasons, including the fact that existing antifungal drugs, albeit largely effective, are not without limitations, and that morbidity and mortality associated with invasive mycoses are still unacceptably high. For several decades, intense basic research efforts have been directed at development of fungal immunotherapies. Nevertheless, this approach suffers from a severe bench-bedside disconnect owing to several reasons: the chemical and biological peculiarities of the fungal antigens, the complexities of host-pathogen interactions, an under-appreciation of the fungal disease landscape, the requirement of considerable financial investment to bring these therapies to clinical use, as well as practical problems associated with immunizations. In this general, non-exhaustive review, we summarize the features of ongoing research efforts directed towards devising safe and effective immunotherapeutic options for mycotic diseases, encompassing work on antifungal vaccines, adoptive cell transfers, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Datta
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA , and
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- b Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and the Sharjah Institute for Medical Research , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , UAE
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23
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Haneda T, Imai Y, Uchiyama R, Jitsukawa O, Yamanishi K. Activation of Molecular Signatures for Antimicrobial and Innate Defense Responses in Skin with Transglutaminase 1 Deficiency. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159673. [PMID: 27442430 PMCID: PMC4956052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the transglutaminase 1 gene (TGM1) are a major cause of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses (ARCIs) that are associated with defects in skin barrier structure and function. However, the molecular processes induced by the transglutaminase 1 deficiency are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to uncover those processes by analysis of cutaneous molecular signatures. Gene expression profiles of wild-type and Tgm1-/-epidermis were assessed using microarrays. Gene ontology analysis of the data showed that genes for innate defense responses were up-regulated in Tgm1-/-epidermis. Based on that result, the induction of Il1b and antimicrobial peptide genes, S100a8, S100a9, Defb14, Camp, Slpi, Lcn2, Ccl20 and Wfdc12, was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. A protein array revealed that levels of IL-1β, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CCL2 were increased in Tgm1-/-skin. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand genes, Hbegf, Areg and Ereg, were activated in Tgm1-/-epidermis. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of an epidermal extract from Tgm1-/-mice was significantly increased against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In the epidermis of ichthyosiform skins from patients with TGM1 mutations, S100A8/9 was strongly positive. The expression of those antimicrobial and defense response genes was also increased in the lesional skin of an ARCI patient with TGM1 mutations. These results suggest that the up-regulation of molecular signatures for antimicrobial and innate defense responses is characteristic of skin with a transglutaminase 1 deficiency, and this autonomous process might be induced to reinforce the defective barrier function of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Haneda
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Imai
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Uchiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Orie Jitsukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamanishi
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cathepsin-L and transglutaminase dependent processing of ps20: A novel mechanism for ps20 regulation via ECM cross-linking. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:328-337. [PMID: 28955923 PMCID: PMC5613349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey-acidic-protein (WAP) four-disulphide core (WFDC) proteins have important roles in the regulation of innate immunity, anti-microbial function, and the inhibition of inflammatory proteases at mucosal surfaces. It was recently demonstrated that the WFDC protein, prostate stromal 20 (ps20), encoded by the WFDC1 gene, is a potent growth inhibitory factor, and shares with other WFDC proteins the ability to modulate wound healing processes and immune responses to viral infections. However, ps20 remains relatively uncharacterised at the protein level. Using a panel of ps20 antibodies for western-blotting (WB), ELISA and immunoaffinity purification, we isolated, biochemically characterised and tested ps20 preparations for three biological properties: (i) interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAG) (ii) inhibition of cell proliferation, and (iii) transglutaminase2 (TG2) mediated crosslinking of ps20 to fibronectin, a process implicated in wound healing. We show herein that ps20 preparations contain multiple molecular forms including full-length ps20 (resolving at ≈27 kDa), an exon 3 truncated form (≈22 kDa) that lacks aa113-140, and variable amounts of a putatively cleaved lower MW (≈15-17 kDa) species. Untagged purified ps20 preparations containing a mixture of these forms are biologically active in significantly suppressing prostate cell proliferation. We show that one mechanism by which lower LMW forms of ps20 arise is through cathepsin L (CL) cleavage, and confirm that CL cleaves ps20 at the C-terminus, but this does not inhibit its growth inhibitory function. However, CL cleavage abrogated the interaction between ps20 and solid-phase fibronectin. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that LMW forms of ps20 that lack a C-terminal immunogenic epitope can arise through CL cleavage and this cleavage impairs multimerisation and potential capacity to cross-link to ECM, but not the capacity of ps20 to inhibit cell proliferation. We propose that ps20 like other WFDC proteins can become associated with GAGs and the ECM. Furthermore, we suggest post-translational processing and cleavage of ps20 is required to generate functional protein species, and TG2 mediated crosslinking and CL cleavage form components of a ps20 regulatory apparatus.
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Key Words
- CL, cathepsin L
- CM, conditioned media
- CV, column volume
- Cathepsin
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FL, full length
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- Glycosaminoglycan
- HMW, high molecular weight
- LMW, low molecular weight
- MW, molecular weight
- Prostate cancer
- Ps20
- TR, truncated
- Transglutaminase
- WB, western blot
- WFDC1, whey acidic protein four disulphide core 1
- Whey-four-disulphide core
- ps20, prostate stromal 20
- rps20, recombinant ps20
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25
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Loth K, Alami SAI, Habès C, Garrido S, Aucagne V, Delmas AF, Moreau T, Zani ML, Landon C. Complete 1H, 15N and 13C assignment of trappin-2 and 1H assignment of its two domains, elafin and cementoin. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2016; 10:223-226. [PMID: 26878852 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-016-9671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Trappin-2 is a serine protease inhibitor with a very narrow inhibitory spectrum and has significant anti-microbial activities. It is a 10 kDa cationic protein composed of two distinct domains. The N-terminal domain (38 residues) named cementoin is known to be intrinsically disordered when it is not linked to the elafin. The C-terminal domain (57 residues), corresponding to elafin, is a cysteine-rich domain stabilized by four disulfide bridges and is characterized by a flat core and a flexible N-terminal part. To our knowledge, there is no structural data available on trappin-2. We report here the complete (1)H, (15)N and (13)C resonance assignment of the recombinant trappin-2 and the (1)H assignments of cementoin and elafin, under the same experimental conditions. This is the first step towards the 3D structure determination of the trappin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Loth
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Soha Abou Ibrahim Alami
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Chahrazed Habès
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Solène Garrido
- Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1100, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Agnès F Delmas
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Thierry Moreau
- Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1100, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Louise Zani
- Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U1100, 10 Bd Tonnellé, 37032, Tours Cedex, France
| | - Céline Landon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Lecaille F, Lalmanach G, Andrault PM. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in human lung diseases: A friend and foe partnership with host proteases. Biochimie 2015; 122:151-68. [PMID: 26341472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are major sentinels of innate immunity by preventing microbial colonization and infection. Nevertheless bactericidal activity of AMPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is compromised in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. Evidence is accumulating that expression of harmful human serine proteases, matrix metalloproteases and cysteine cathepsins is markedely increased in these chronic lung diseases. The local imbalance between proteases and protease inhibitors compromises lung tissue integrity and function, by not only degrading extracellular matrix components, but also non-matrix proteins. Despite the fact that AMPs are somewhat resistant to proteolytic degradation, some human proteases cleave them efficiently and impair their antimicrobial potency. By contrast, certain AMPs may be effective as antiproteases. Host proteases participate in concert with bacterial proteases in the degradation of key innate immunity peptides/proteins and thus may play immunomodulatory activities during chronic lung diseases. In this context, the present review highlights the current knowledge and recent discoveries on the ability of host enzymes to interact with AMPs, providing a better understanding of the role of human proteases in innate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France.
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Andrault
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe 2: « Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation », Université François Rabelais, F-37032 Tours cedex, France
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27
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Azkargorta M, Soria J, Ojeda C, Guzmán F, Acera A, Iloro I, Suárez T, Elortza F. Human Basal Tear Peptidome Characterization by CID, HCD, and ETD Followed by in Silico and in Vitro Analyses for Antimicrobial Peptide Identification. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2649-58. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform,
CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Javier Soria
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia
Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Claudia Ojeda
- Instituto
de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo
Biotecnológico de Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia
Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform,
CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Tatiana Suárez
- Bioftalmik Applied Research, Bizkaia
Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Felix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform,
CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
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28
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Expression of Elafin in Fallopian Tubes of Ectopic Pregnancies Is Reduced. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23:349-54. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Glasgow AMA, Small DM, Scott A, McLean DT, Camper N, Hamid U, Hegarty S, Parekh D, O'Kane C, Lundy FT, McNally P, Elborn JS, McAuley DF, Weldon S, Taggart CC. A role for whey acidic protein four-disulfide-core 12 (WFDC12) in the regulation of the inflammatory response in the lung. Thorax 2015; 70:426-32. [PMID: 25770093 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor and elafin are members of the whey acidic protein (WAP), or WAP four disulfide-core (WFDC), family of proteins and have multiple contributions to innate defence including inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases and inhibition of the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This study aimed to explore potential activities of WFDC12, a previously uncharacterised WFDC protein expressed in the lung. METHODS Recombinant expression and purification of WFDC12 were optimised in Escherichia coli. Antiprotease, antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities of recombinant WFDC12 were evaluated and levels of endogenous WFDC12 protein were characterised by immunostaining and ELISA. RESULTS Recombinant WFDC12 inhibited cathepsin G, but not elastase or proteinase-3 activity. Monocytic cells pretreated with recombinant WFDC12 before LPS stimulation produced significantly lower levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 compared with cells stimulated with LPS alone. Recombinant WFDC12 became conjugated to fibronectin in a transglutaminase-mediated reaction and retained antiprotease activity. In vivo WFDC12 expression was confirmed by immunostaining of human lung tissue sections. WFDC12 levels in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy and lung-injured patients were quantitatively compared, showing WFDC12 to be elevated in both patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and healthy subjects treated with LPS, relative to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest a role for this lesser known WFDC protein in the regulation of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlene M A Glasgow
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Donna M Small
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aaron Scott
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Denise T McLean
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Nicolas Camper
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Umar Hamid
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Shauna Hegarty
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cecilia O'Kane
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fionnuala T Lundy
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul McNally
- Our Lady's Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Danny F McAuley
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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30
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Gutiérrez-Rivera JN, Arcos-Ortega GF, Luna-González A, Rodríguez-Jaramillo MC, Arechiga-Carvajal ET, Vázquez-Juárez R. Differential expression of serine protease inhibitors 1 and 2 in Crassostrea corteziensis and C. virginica infected with Perkinsus marinus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 112:185-197. [PMID: 25590769 DOI: 10.3354/dao02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) in vitro is inhibited by the action of 2 serine protease inhibitors belonging to the I-84 family. We compared the levels of expression of serine protease inhibitors 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2) in 2 oyster species (Crassostrea virginica and C. corteziensis) inoculated with the parasite P. marinus. C. virginica is well known to be susceptible to this parasite, whereas C. corteziensis is apparently more tolerant. Oysters were inoculated with trophozoites (1 × 106 trophozoites oyster-1) of P. marinus while control oysters were injected with saline solution. Oysters were maintained in a closed water system for 2 wk. The oysters were then sacrificed and parasite burden, histological damage, and gene expression were evaluated. The results showed that the challenged oysters presented a significant increase in parasite burden, which generated histological damage in digestive gland and gills. Quantitative PCR detected significant differences in SPI-1 and SPI-2 expression levels in the 2 oyster species, with C. corteziensis showing higher expression levels than C. virginica as a response to P. marinus inoculation. Our results provide valuable information for the understanding of the defense response in C. corteziensis and a possible explanation for its tolerance to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Gutiérrez-Rivera
- Unidad de Micología y Fitopatología, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León UANL, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
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31
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Grande G, Milardi D, Vincenzoni F, Pompa G, Biscione A, Astorri AL, Fruscella E, De Luca A, Messana I, Castagnola M, Marana R. Proteomic characterization of the qualitative and quantitative differences in cervical mucus composition during the menstrual cycle. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1717-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the cervical mucus (CM), its physical characteristics and the volume of secretion change cyclically throughout the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Grande
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - D. Milardi
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - F. Vincenzoni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - G. Pompa
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - A. Biscione
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - A. L. Astorri
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - E. Fruscella
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - A. De Luca
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - I. Messana
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences
- University of Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - M. Castagnola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
| | - R. Marana
- International Scientific Institute “Paolo VI”
- Università Cattolica del S. Cuore
- Rome
- Italy
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32
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Urquijo-Sánchez S, Taborda-Vanegas NA, Rugeles-López MT. Factores solubles con actividad antiviral: en búsqueda de nuevos blancos terapéuticos para la infección por el VIH-1. IATREIA 2014. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.18039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Los mecanismos innatos antivirales han resultado de gran interés debido a su uso potencial para la prevención y tratamiento de la infección por el VIH. En particular, los factores solubles antivirales han sido objeto de múltiples investigaciones por su capacidad de inhibir diferentes pasos del ciclo replicativo viral y de potenciar la respuesta inmune del hospedero. Entre estos factores solubles se destacan TRIM-5α, APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, ELAFIN, SERPINA1 y SLPI, que actúan directamente sobre la partícula viral o la célula, o promueven la producción de moléculas involucradas en la respuesta inmune contra el virus. Algunos de ellos se han correlacionado con un bajo riesgo de adquirir la infección por el VIH o con una lenta progresión a sida. La exploración de los mecanismos antivirales de estas proteínas es requisito para el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas terapéuticas.
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33
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Tejera P, O'Mahony DS, Owen CA, Wei Y, Wang Z, Gupta K, Su L, Villar J, Wurfel M, Christiani DC. Functional characterization of polymorphisms in the peptidase inhibitor 3 (elafin) gene and validation of their contribution to risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:262-72. [PMID: 24617927 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0238oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin (peptidase inhibitor 3 [PI3]) and its biologically active precursor, pre-elafin, are neutrophil serine proteinase inhibitors with an important role in preventing excessive tissue injury during inflammatory events. Recently, we reported an association between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2664581 in the PI3 gene, increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pre-elafin circulating levels. This study aims to validate the legitimacy of this association by using a cohort of patients who met the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome and were at risk of developing ARDS (n = 840). A comprehensive functional study of SNPs in PI3 gene was also performed. Luciferase assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were conducted to determine the functional relevance of promoter region variants. The effect of the coding SNP rs2664581 on the neutrophil elastase inhibitory activity and transglutaminase binding properties of pre-elafin was also investigated. The variant allele of rs2664581 (C) was significantly associated with increased ARDS risk, mainly among subjects with sepsis (odds ratio = 1.44; 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.99; P = 0.0276, adjusted by age, sex, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III). Pre-elafin recombinant protein carrying the amino acid change associated with rs2664581 (Thr34Pro, mutant protein [MT]) had greater capacity to undergo transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking to immobilized fibronectin than wild-type protein in vitro (P < 0.003). No differences were observed in the neutrophil elastase inhibitory activities of wild-type versus MT proteins. In addition, the risk allele-promoter construct had significantly lower cytokine-induced transcriptional activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay results indicated a differential binding of nuclear proteins to the G and A alleles of SNP -338G > A. Our results confirm the association between SNP rs2664581 and enhanced risk of ARDS, further supporting the role of PI3 in ARDS development. SNPs in the PI3 locus may act synergistically by regulating PI3 gene expression and pre-elafin biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tejera
- 1 Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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34
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Small DM, Zani ML, Quinn DJ, Dallet-Choisy S, Glasgow AMA, O'Kane C, McAuley DF, McNally P, Weldon S, Moreau T, Taggart CC. A functional variant of elafin with improved anti-inflammatory activity for pulmonary inflammation. Mol Ther 2014; 23:24-31. [PMID: 25189740 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin is a serine protease inhibitor produced by epithelial and immune cells with anti-inflammatory properties. Research has shown that dysregulated protease activity may elicit proteolytic cleavage of elafin, thereby impairing the innate immune function of the protein. The aim of this study was to generate variants of elafin (GG- and QQ-elafin) that exhibit increased protease resistance while retaining the biological properties of wild-type (WT) elafin. Similar to WT-elafin, GG- and QQ-elafin variants retained antiprotease activity and susceptibility to transglutaminase-mediated fibronectin cross-linking. However, in contrast to WT-elafin, GG- and QQ-elafin displayed significantly enhanced resistance to degradation when incubated with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis. Intriguingly, both variants, particularly GG-elafin, demonstrated improved lipopolysaccharide (LPS) neutralization properties in vitro. In addition, GG-elafin showed improved anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung inflammation. Inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung was reduced in lungs of mice treated with GG-elafin, predominantly neutrophilic infiltration. A reduction in MCP-1 levels in GG-elafin treated mice compared to the LPS alone treatment group was also demonstrated. GG-elafin showed increased functionality when compared to WT-elafin and may be of future therapeutic relevance in the treatment of lung diseases characterized by a protease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Small
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Derek J Quinn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Arlene M A Glasgow
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Cecilia O'Kane
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Danny F McAuley
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paul McNally
- 1] Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Dublin, Ireland [2] National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Thierry Moreau
- CEPR, INSERM U1100/EA6305, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Abbott DS, Chin-Smith EC, Seed PT, Chandiramani M, Shennan AH, Tribe RM. Raised trappin2/elafin protein in cervico-vaginal fluid is a potential predictor of cervical shortening and spontaneous preterm birth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100771. [PMID: 25075964 PMCID: PMC4116119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early spontaneous preterm birth is associated with inflammation/infection and shortening of the cervix. We hypothesised that cervico-vaginal production of trappin2/elafin (peptidase inhibitor 3) and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin), key components of the innate immune system, are altered in women who have a spontaneous preterm birth. The aim was to determine the relationship between cervico-vaginal fluid (CVF) trappin2/elafin and cathelicidin protein concentrations with cervical length in woman at risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Trappin2/elafin and cathelicidin were measured using ELISA in longitudinal CVF samples (taken between 13 to 30 weeks' gestation) from 74 asymptomatic high risk women (based on obstetric history) recruited prospectively. Thirty six women developed a short cervix (<25 mm) by 24 weeks' and 38 women did not. Women who developed a short cervix had 2.71 times higher concentrations of CVF trappin2/elafin from 14 weeks' versus those who did not (CI 1.94–3.79, p<0.0005). CVF trappin2/elafin before 24 weeks' was 1.79 times higher in women who had a spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks' (CI: 1.05–3.05, p = 0.034). Trappin2/elafin (>200 ng/ml) measured between 14+0–14+6 weeks' of pregnancy predicted women who subsequently developed a short cervix (n = 11, ROC area = 1.00, p = 0.008) within 8 weeks. Cathelicidin was not predictive of spontaneous delivery. Vitamin D status did not correlate with CVF antimicrobial peptide concentrations. Raised CVF trappin2/elafin has potential as an early pregnancy test for prediction of cervical shortening and spontaneous preterm birth. This justifies validation in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Abbott
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evonne C. Chin-Smith
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Seed
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manju Chandiramani
- Parturition Research Group, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Shennan
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Tribe
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Women's Health, King's College London Women's Health Academic Centre KHP, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Effect of the secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI) on Candida albicans biological processes: a therapeutic alternative? Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:928-37. [PMID: 24907522 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SLPI on the growth and biological processes of Candida albicans. METHODS Two C. albicans strains were used in this study, a clinical isolate resistant to fluconazole (PRI) and a reference strain ATCC 24433. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to the CLSI methodology. The influence of SLPI on secreted serine proteinase activities (SSP) was measured by the cleavage of specific substrate, and surface hydrophobicity was determined by the aqueous-hydrocarbon biphasic separation method. Flow cytometry was performed to investigate receptors for SLPI and variations in the cell wall mannoprotein expression. Interaction between yeast and epithelium was assessed using the MA-104 cells lineage. Ultrastructure was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS MIC values were calculated as 18 and 18.9μM for the PRI and ATCC 24433, respectively. SSP activity was reduced by 48.8% by 18μM of SLPI and cell surface hydrophobicity increased by 11.1%. Flow cytometry suggest the existence of SLPI binding sites on the surface of the yeast. Results showed a reduction in the expression of mannoproteins in 20.8% by the cells treated with 80μM of SLPI, and 18μM reduced the adhesion of yeasts to mammalian cells in 60.1%. TEM revealed ultrastructural changes in cells treated with 80μM of SLPI, such as the presence of membrane-like structures within the cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS SLPI exerts a significant influence on C. albicans viability and biological processes. Considering its constitutive and physiologic features, SLPI may become a promising tool for the development of new methodologies for the treatment and control of candidiasis.
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Chotirmall SH, McElvaney NG. Fungi in the cystic fibrosis lung: bystanders or pathogens? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:161-73. [PMID: 24625547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improvement to the life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF) brings about novel challenges including the need for evaluation of the role of fungi in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. To determine if such organisms represent bystanders or pathogens affecting clinical outcomes we review the existing knowledge from a clinical, biochemical, inflammatory and immunological perspective. The prevalence and importance of fungi in the CF airway has likely been underestimated with the most frequently isolated filamentous fungi being Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium apiospermum and the major yeast Candida albicans. Developing non-culture based microbiological methods for fungal detection has improved both our classification and understanding of their clinical consequences including localized, allergic and systemic infections. Cross-kingdom interaction between bacteria and fungi are discussed as is the role of biofilms further affecting clinical outcome. A combination of host and pathogen-derived factors determines if a particular fungus represents a commensal, colonizer or pathogen in the setting of CF. The underlying immune state, disease severity and treatment burden represent key host variables whilst fungal type, form, chronicity and virulence including the ability to evade immune recognition determines the pathogenic potential of a specific fungus at a particular point in time. Further research in this emerging field is warranted to fully elucidate the spectrum of disease conferred by the presence of fungi in the CF airway and the indications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Amjadi F, Salehi E, Mehdizadeh M, Aflatoonian R. Role of the innate immunity in female reproductive tract. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:1. [PMID: 24592358 PMCID: PMC3928842 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.124626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) is well equipped to meet the sexually transmitted pathogens, allogeneic sperm, and the immunologically distinct fetus. Analysis of the FRT indicates that epithelial cells provide a physical barrier against pathogens and microbial infections as well as secretions containing anti-microbial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines which recruit and activate immune cells. Epithelial and immune cells confer protection in part through Toll-like receptors. The aim of this literature is to review the diverse components of the innate immune system, contributing to an exclusive protection system throughout the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Applied Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Salehi
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mehdizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Neto EPG, Fuhrich DG, Carson DD, Engel BJ, Savaris RF. Elafin Expression in Mucosa of Fallopian Tubes Is Altered by Hydrosalpinx. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:401-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719113497291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. P. Guedes Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D. G. Fuhrich
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D. D. Carson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Wiess School of Natural Sciences Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B. J. Engel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Wiess School of Natural Sciences Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R. F. Savaris
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Cirúrgicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chotirmall SH, Al-Alawi M, Mirkovic B, Lavelle G, Logan PM, Greene CM, McElvaney NG. Aspergillus-associated airway disease, inflammation, and the innate immune response. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:723129. [PMID: 23971044 PMCID: PMC3736487 DOI: 10.1155/2013/723129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus moulds exist ubiquitously as spores that are inhaled in large numbers daily. Whilst most are removed by anatomical barriers, disease may occur in certain circumstances. Depending on the underlying state of the human immune system, clinical consequences can ensue ranging from an excessive immune response during allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis to the formation of an aspergilloma in the immunocompetent state. The severest infections occur in those who are immunocompromised where invasive pulmonary aspergillosis results in high mortality rates. The diagnosis of Aspergillus-associated pulmonary disease is based on clinical, radiological, and immunological testing. An understanding of the innate and inflammatory consequences of exposure to Aspergillus species is critical in accounting for disease manifestations and preventing sequelae. The major components of the innate immune system involved in recognition and removal of the fungus include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptide production, and recognition by pattern recognition receptors. The cytokine response is also critical facilitating cell-to-cell communication and promoting the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of the host response. In the following review, we discuss the above areas with a focus on the innate and inflammatory response to airway Aspergillus exposure and how these responses may be modulated for therapeutic benefit.
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Antiviral activity of trappin-2 and elafin in vitro and in vivo against genital herpes. J Virol 2013; 87:7526-38. [PMID: 23637403 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02243-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitor elafin (E) and its precursor, trappin-2 (Tr), have been associated with mucosal resistance to HIV-1 infection. We recently showed that Tr/E are among principal anti-HIV-1 molecules in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid, that E is ∼130 times more potent than Tr against HIV-1, and that Tr/E inhibited HIV-1 attachment and transcytosis across human genital epithelial cells (ECs). Since herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a major sexually transmitted infection and risk factor for HIV-1 infection and transmission, we assessed Tr/E contribution to defense against HSV-2. Our in vitro studies demonstrated that pretreatment of endometrial (HEC-1A) and endocervical (End1/E6E7) ECs with human Tr-expressing adenovirus (Ad/Tr) or recombinant Tr/E proteins before or after HSV-2 infection resulted in significantly reduced virus titers compared to those of controls. Interestingly, E was ∼7 times more potent against HSV-2 infection than Tr. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous Tr/E by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly increased HSV-2 replication in genital ECs. Recombinant Tr and E reduced viral attachment to genital ECs by acting indirectly on cells. Further, lower viral replication was associated with reduced secretion of proinflammatory interleukin 8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. Additionally, protected Ad/Tr-treated ECs demonstrated enhanced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) nuclear translocation and increased antiviral IFN-β in response to HSV-2. Lastly, in vivo studies of intravaginal HSV-2 infection in Tr-transgenic mice (Etg) showed that despite similar virus replication in the genital tract, Etg mice had reduced viral load and TNF-α in the central nervous system compared to controls. Collectively, this is the first experimental evidence highlighting anti-HSV-2 activity of Tr/E in female genital mucosa.
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Jasinghe VJ, Peyrotte EA, Meyers AFA, Gajanayaka N, Ball TB, Sandstrom P, Lavigne C. Human rElafin Inhibits HIV-1 Replication in Its Natural Target Cells. Biores Open Access 2013; 2:128-37. [PMID: 23593565 PMCID: PMC3620473 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trappin-2/elafin is a novel innate immune factor that belongs to the serine protease inhibitor family and has known antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. In this study, we further investigated the anti-HIV activity of elafin using different cellular models and both X4– and R5–HIV-1 laboratory strains. We compared the antiviral activity of human recombinant elafin (rElafin) with three well-known antiretroviral drugs, AZT, tenofovir, and enfuvirtide. We have found that when the virus is pre-incubated with rElafin prior to the infection of the cells, HIV-1 replication is significantly inhibited. In target T cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, maximal inhibition was achieved using submicromolar concentrations, and rElafin was found to be as potent as enfuvirtide, showing its potential for therapeutic application. We also show data on the mechanism of the antiviral activity of rElafin. We have demonstrated that rElafin neither binds to CD4, CXCR4, or CCR5 host cell receptors, nor to the viral glycoproteins gp120 and gp41. Furthermore, in our cell-to-cell fusion assays, in contrast to enfuvirtide, rElafin failed to block cell fusion. Altogether our results indicate that rElafin interferes with HIV replication at the early steps of its cycle but with a different mechanism of action than enfuvirtide. This study provides the first experimental evidence that elafin inhibits HIV replication in its natural target cells; therefore, elafin might have potential for its development as a new anti-HIV drug or microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj J Jasinghe
- National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratories, National Microbiology Laboratory , Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Drannik AG, Nag K, Yao XD, Henrick BM, Ball TB, Plummer FA, Wachihi C, Kimani J, Rosenthal KL. Anti-HIV-1 activity of elafin depends on its nuclear localization and altered innate immune activation in female genital epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52738. [PMID: 23300756 PMCID: PMC3531372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin (E) and its precursor trappin-2 (Tr) are alarm antiproteases with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Tr and E (Tr/E) have been associated with HIV-1 resistance. We recently showed that Tr/E reduced IL-8 secretion and NF-κB activation in response to a mimic of viral dsRNA and contributed to anti-HIV activity of cervicovaginal lavage fluid (CVL) of HIV-resistant (HIV-R) commercial sex workers (CSWs). Additionally, Tr, and more so E, were found to inhibit attachment/entry and transcytosis of HIV-1 in human endometrial HEC-1A cells, acting through virus or cells. Given their immunomodulatory activity, we hypothesized that Tr/E could exert anti-HIV-1 activity at multiple levels. Here, using tagged and untagged Tr/E proteins, we comparatively evaluated their protease inhibitory, anti-HIV-1, and immunomodulatory activities, and cellular distribution. E appeared to function as an autocrine/paracrine factor in HEC-1A cells, and anti-HIV-1 activity of E depended on its unmodified N-terminus and altered cellular innate activation, but not its antiprotease activity. Specifically, exogenously added N-terminus-unmodified E was able to enter the nucleus and to reduce viral attachment/entry and transcytosis, preferentially affecting R5-HIV-1(ADA), but not X4-HIV-1(IIIB). Further, anti-HIV-1 activity of E was associated with significantly decreased HIV-1-triggered IL-8 release, attenuated NF-κB/p65 nuclear translocation, and significantly modulated mRNA expression of innate sensors TLR3 and RIG-I in HEC-1A cells. Most importantly, we found that elevated Tr/E in CVLs of HIV-R CSWs were associated with lower mRNA levels of TLRs 2, 3, 4 and RIG-I in the genital ECs from this cohort, suggesting a link between Tr/E, HIV-1 resistance and modulated innate viral recognition in the female genital mucosa. Collectively, our data indicate that unmodified N-terminus is critical for intranuclear localization and anti-HIV-1 activity of E. We also propose that E-mediated altered cellular innate activation most likely contributes to the HIV-R phenotype of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Drannik
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kakon Nag
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. Blake Ball
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba and Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Francis A. Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba and Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles Wachihi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kenneth L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Suthianthong P, Donpudsa S, Supungul P, Tassanakajon A, Rimphanitchayakit V. The N-terminal glycine-rich and cysteine-rich regions are essential for antimicrobial activity of crustinPm1 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:977-983. [PMID: 23010251 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An antimicrobial protein crustinPm1 from Penaeus monodon is a WAP domain-containing protein with an antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria but does not have antiproteinase activity. The lack of antiproteinase is speculated to be due to the P(1)' Met and/or the length of spacing between the conserved Cys2 and Cys3 while the antimicrobial activity may be due to the N-terminal Gly-rich and Cys-rich regions. In this study, the P(1)-P(1)' and the N-terminal Gly-rich and Cys-rich regions of crustinPm1 were mutated by amino acid substitution or deletion. Substitutions of P(1)-P(1)' from Pro-Pro to Leu-Leu, Leu-His, Leu-Met, Leu-Ala and P(1)' from Pro to Met did not make the protein inhibitory to subtilisin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase. The mutations at P(1)-P(1)' positions in rcrustinPm1 had no effect on antibacterial activity. The WAP domain mutant with both Gly-rich and Cys-rich regions deleted did not exhibit antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus while the deletion mutants of either Gly-rich or Cys-rich regions exhibited lower antibacterial activity than the wild type crustinPm1. Therefore, both Gly-rich and Cys-rich regions attached to a WAP domain are essential for efficient antibacterial activity of crustinPm1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranisa Suthianthong
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Rogers E, Wang BX, Cui Z, Rowley DR, Ressler SJ, Vyakarnam A, Fish EN. WFDC1/ps20: a host factor that influences the neutrophil response to murine hepatitis virus (MHV) 1 infection. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:158-68. [PMID: 22960155 PMCID: PMC7114264 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The whey acidic protein family member, WFDC1/ps20 is a permissivity factor in HIV infection. Herein we describe a contrasting role for ps20 in limiting MHV-1 infection. Intranasal MHV-1 infection produces a respiratory infection in mice. Using ps20 knockout mice we provide evidence that intranasal MHV-1 infection results in increased lung viral titers in ps20−/− compared to ps20+/+ mice. Accompanying MHV-1 infection we observe an increase in the number of neutrophils infiltrating the BAL and an increase in the percentage of neutrophils in the lung draining lymph nodes of ps20−/− compared with ps20+/+ mice. Gene expression levels for the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2 are elevated in the lungs of ps20−/− mice post-MHV-1 infection. Characterization of the immune cell profile in naïve ps20−/− mice revealed an increase in circulating neutrophils compared to ps20+/+ mice. No notable differences in other immune cell profiles were observed between the ps20+/+ and ps20−/− mice. Accordingly, we examined MHV-1 infection of neutrophils and provide evidence that neutrophils isolated from ps20−/− mice are more susceptible to MHV-1 infection than neutrophils isolated from ps20+/+ mice. These data suggest roles for ps20 in regulating expression of neutrophil-specific chemotactic factors, thereby potentially modulating neutrophil migration, and in modulating neutrophil susceptibility to MHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Rogers
- Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, University Health Network, 67 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M1
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Tanga A, Saidi A, Jourdan ML, Dallet-Choisy S, Zani ML, Moreau T. Protection of lung epithelial cells from protease-mediated injury by trappin-2 A62L, an engineered inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1663-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Verrier T, Solhonne B, Sallenave JM, Garcia-Verdugo I. The WAP protein Trappin-2/Elafin: a handyman in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1377-80. [PMID: 22634606 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trappin-2/Elafin is a potent serine protease inhibitor which prevents excessive damage under inflammatory status. This "alarm-antiprotease" is locally expressed by epithelial cells and immune cells such as macrophages and γδ T cells. It has also been proven to modulate a wide range of parameters that are critical for the inflammation process like modulating the NFκB pathway, cytokine secretion and cell recruitment. In addition, Trappin-2/Elafin was shown to possess anti-microbial properties against different classes of pathogens including viruses, fungi and bacteria. Studies also linked Trappin-2/Elafin to either susceptibility or protection against inflammatory disease and infections, even though the mechanisms remains poorly understood. This review will discuss some of the pleiotropic effects displayed by Trappin-2/Elafin, and the properties that could be used to prevent infection or to protect against inflammation.
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Drannik AG, Nag K, Yao XD, Henrick BM, Sallenave JM, Rosenthal KL. Trappin-2/elafin modulate innate immune responses of human endometrial epithelial cells to PolyI:C. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35866. [PMID: 22545145 PMCID: PMC3335805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upon viral recognition, innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses are initiated by genital epithelial cells (ECs) to eradicate or contain viral infection. Such responses, however, are often accompanied by inflammation that contributes to acquisition and progression of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Hence, interventions/factors enhancing antiviral protection while reducing inflammation may prove beneficial in controlling the spread of STIs. Serine antiprotease trappin-2 (Tr) and its cleaved form, elafin (E), are alarm antimicrobials secreted by multiple cells, including genital epithelia. Methodology and Principal Findings We investigated whether and how each Tr and E (Tr/E) contribute to antiviral defenses against a synthetic mimic of viral dsRNA, polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (polyI∶C) and vesicular stomatitis virus. We show that delivery of a replication-deficient adenovector expressing Tr gene (Ad/Tr) to human endometrial epithelial cells, HEC-1A, resulted in secretion of functional Tr, whereas both Tr/E were detected in response to polyI∶C. Moreover, Tr/E were found to significantly reduce viral replication by either acting directly on virus or through enhancing polyI∶C-driven antiviral protection. The latter was associated with reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-8, IL-6, TNFα, lowered expression of RIG-I, MDA5 and attenuated NF-κB activation. Interestingly, enhanced polyI∶C-driven antiviral protection of HEC-Ad/Tr cells was partially mediated through IRF3 activation, but not associated with higher induction of IFNβ, suggesting multiple antiviral mechanisms of Tr/E and the involvement of alternative factors or pathways. Conclusions and Significance This is the first evidence of both Tr/E altering viral binding/entry, innate recognition and mounting of antiviral and inflammatory responses in genital ECs that could have significant implications for homeostasis of the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Drannik
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kakon Nag
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao-Dan Yao
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Sallenave
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité U874 INSERM, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Anti-HIV-1 activity of elafin is more potent than its precursor's, trappin-2, in genital epithelial cells. J Virol 2012; 86:4599-610. [PMID: 22345469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06561-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervicovaginal lavage fluid (CVL) is a natural source of anti-HIV-1 factors; however, molecular characterization of the anti-HIV-1 activity of CVL remains elusive. In this study, we confirmed that CVLs from HIV-1-resistant (HIV-R) compared to HIV-1-susceptible (HIV-S) commercial sex workers (CSWs) contain significantly larger amounts of serine antiprotease trappin-2 (Tr) and its processed form, elafin (E). We assessed anti-HIV-1 activity of CVLs of CSWs and recombinant E and Tr on genital epithelial cells (ECs) that possess (TZM-bl) or lack (HEC-1A) canonical HIV-1 receptors. Our results showed that immunodepletion of 30% of Tr/E from CVL accounted for up to 60% of total anti-HIV-1 activity of CVL. Knockdown of endogenous Tr/E in HEC-1A cells resulted in significantly increased shedding of infectious R5 and X4 HIV-1. Pretreatment of R5, but not X4 HIV-1, with either Tr or E led to inhibition of HIV-1 infection of TZM-bl cells. Interestingly, when either HIV-1 or cells lacking canonical HIV-1 receptors were pretreated with Tr or E, HIV-1 attachment and transcytosis were significantly reduced, and decreased attachment was not associated with altered expression of syndecan-1 or CXCR4. Determination of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of Tr and E anti-HIV-1 activity indicated that E is ∼130 times more potent than its precursor, Tr, despite their equipotent antiprotease activities. This study provides the first experimental evidence that (i) Tr and E are among the principal anti-HIV-1 molecules of CVL; (ii) Tr and E affect cell attachment and transcytosis of HIV-1; (iii) E is more efficient than Tr regarding anti-HIV-1 activity; and (iv) the anti-HIV-1 effect of Tr and E is contextual.
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