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Okura Y, Matsumoto Y. DNA vaccine therapy for Alzheimer's disease: present status and future direction. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:301-8. [PMID: 18442321 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia characterized by progressive neurodegeneration. Based on the amyloid cascade hypothesis, a vaccine therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) was developed as a curative treatment. In 1999, the amyloid beta (Abeta) reduction in AD model transgenic mice with active vaccination with Abeta peptide was first reported. Although the clinical trials of active vaccination for AD patients were halted due to the development of meningoencephalitis in some patients, from the analysis of the clinical and pathological findings of treated patients, the vaccine therapy is thought to be effective. Based on such information, the vaccines for clinical application of human AD have been improved to control excessive immune reaction. Recently, we have developed non-viral DNA vaccines and obtained substantial Abeta reduction in transgenic mice without side effects. DNA vaccines have many advantages over conventional active or passive immunization. In this article, we review conventional vaccine therapies and further explain our non-viral DNA vaccine therapy. Finally, we show some data regarding the mechanisms of Abeta reduction after administration of DNA vaccines. DNA vaccination may open up new avenues of vaccine therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Okura
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Li BW, Rush A, Zhang SR, Curtis KC, Weil GJ. Antibody responses to Brugia malayi antigens induced by DNA vaccination. FILARIA JOURNAL 2004; 3:1. [PMID: 14738569 PMCID: PMC343290 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background DNA vaccination is a convenient means of immunizing animals with recombinant parasite antigens. DNA delivery methods are believed to affect the qualitative nature of immune responses to DNA vaccines in ways that may affect their protective activity. However, relatively few studies have directly compared immune responses to plasmids encoding the same antigens after injection by different routes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the route of administration on antibody responses to plasmids encoding antigens from the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi. Methods Four B. malayi genes and partial genes encoding paramyosin (BM5), heat shock protein (BMHSP-70), intermediate filament (BMIF) and a serodiagnostic antigen (BM14) were inserted in eukaryotic expression vectors (pJW4303 and pCR™3.1). BALB/c mice were immunized with individual recombinant plasmids or with a cocktail of all four plasmids by intramuscular injection (IM) or by gene gun-intradermal inoculation (GG). Antibody responses to recombinant antigens were measured by ELISA. Mean IgG1 to IgG2a antibody ratios were used as an indicator of Th1 or Th2 bias in immune responses induced with particular antigens by IM or GG immunization. The statistical significance of group differences in antibody responses was assessed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Mice produced antibody responses to all four filarial antigens after DNA vaccination by either the IM or GG route. Antibody responses to BM5 paramyosin were strongly biased toward IgG1 with lower levels of IgG2a after GG vaccination, while IM vaccination produced dominant IgG2a antibody responses. Antibody responses were biased toward IgG1 after both IM and GG immunization with BMIF, but antibodies were biased toward IgG2a after IM and GG vaccination with BMHSP-70 and BM14. Animals injected with a mixture of four recombinant plasmid DNAs produced antibodies to all four antigens. Conclusions Our results show that monovalent and polyvalent DNA vaccination successfully induced antibody responses to a variety of filarial antigens. However, antibody responses to different antigens varied in magnitude and with respect to isotype bias. The isotype bias of antibody responses following DNA vaccination can be affected by route of administration and by intrinsic characteristics of individual antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Wen Li
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Rush
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaorong R Zhang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kurt C Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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3
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Ghochikyan A, Vasilevko V, Petrushina I, Movsesyan N, Babikyan D, Tian W, Sadzikava N, Ross T, Head E, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG. Generation and characterization of the humoral immune response to DNA immunization with a chimeric beta-amyloid-interleukin-4 minigene. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33:3232-41. [PMID: 14635031 PMCID: PMC1524857 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Active immunization with fibrillar beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta(42)) as well as passive transfer of anti-Abeta antibodies significantly reduces Abeta plaque deposition, neuritic dystrophy, and astrogliosis in the brain of mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP)-transgenic mice. Although the mechanism(s) of clearance of Abeta from the brain following active or passive immunization remains to be determined, it is clear that anti-Abeta antibodies are critical for clearance. DNA immunization provides an attractive alternative to direct peptide and adjuvant approaches for inducing a humoral response to Abeta. We constructed a DNA minigene with Abeta fused to mouse interleukin-4 (pAbeta(42)-IL-4) as a molecular adjuvant to generate anti-Abeta antibodies and enhance the Th2-type of immune responses. Gene gun immunizations induced primarily IgG1 and IgG2b anti-Abeta antibodies. Fine epitope analysis with overlapping peptides of the Abeta(42) sequence identified the 1-15 region as a dominant B cell epitope. The DNA minigene-induced anti-Abeta antibodies bound to Abeta plaques in brain tissue from an Alzheimer's disease patient demonstrating functional activity of the antibodies and the potential for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Ghochikyan
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Huntington Beach, USA
| | - Vitaly Vasilevko
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Huntington Beach, USA
| | - Irina Petrushina
- The Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Nina Movsesyan
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Huntington Beach, USA
| | - Davit Babikyan
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Huntington Beach, USA
| | - Wenqiang Tian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Nadya Sadzikava
- The Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - TedM. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- The Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - David H. Cribbs
- The Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Huntington Beach, USA
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4
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Bartlett EJ, Cull VS, Brekalo NL, Lenzo JC, James CM. Synergy of type I interferon-A6 and interferon-B naked DNA immunotherapy for cytomegalovirus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:425-35. [PMID: 12225378 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of type I IFN transgenes by naked DNA immunization can protect against cytomegalovirus infection and myocarditis. Here, we investigate IFN transgene expression, antiviral efficacy, and immunomodulation of myocarditis using various treatment regimes in a mouse CMV model. In vivo expression of the IFN transgene was observed in the sera for 35 days post-DNA inoculation. Prophylactic IFN-A6 and IFN-B DNA treatment for 14 days prior to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection was more efficacious in significantly reducing viral titres, than 2 days prior to or 2 days post-virus infection. Similarly, IFN-A6 DNA treatment commencing 14 days prior to virus infection was superior in suppressing both acute and chronic myocarditis. Furthermore, reduction of autoantibody titres was more pronounced when IFN was administered 14 days prior to viral infection. Combinational IFN gene therapy was assessed for synergy between IFN subtypes. Combination treatment with either IFN-A6/A9 or IFN-A6/B greatly reduced spleen viral titres while IFN-A6/B and IFN-A9/B reduced virus replication in the liver. Only IFN-A6/A9 and IFN-A9/B reduced acute viral myocarditis, whereas IFNA6/B treatment was most efficacious for autoimmune chronic myocarditis. Finally, treatment with IFN-A6 DNA 2 weeks post-MCMV infection proved effective at inhibiting the development of chronic autoimmune myocarditis. These findings suggest that immunomodulation of both antiviral and autoimmune responses by IFN DNA immunization may be an avenue for improved viral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalene J Bartlett
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, Murdoch, Australia
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5
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Van der Stede Y, Verdonck F, Vancaeneghem S, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. CpG-oligodinucleotides as an effective adjuvant in pigs for intramuscular immunizations. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 86:31-41. [PMID: 11943328 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of two oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) sequences 5'GCT-AGA-CGT-TAG-CGT-3' (CpG-ODN) and 5'-GCT-AGA-GCT-TAG-GCT-3' (GpC-ODN) on the antigen-specific antibody and cellular immune response after intramuscular immunizations with OVA was analyzed in pigs. Pigs immunized with OVA supplemented with these ODNs showed a significantly enhanced primary antibody response in comparison with the control group which received OVA without ODN. This enhanced primary antibody response appeared ODN-sequence-independent as similar effects were seen in both ODN-groups. The OVA-specific antibody titers obtained after a single injection of antigen combined with either of both ODNs were as high as the titers in the control group after two injections. Furthermore, the ODN-supplemented animals showed significantly higher OVA-specific IgA antibodies in their saliva and nasal secretions at some time points after the first immunization. Proliferation assays showed that CpG- as well as GpC-ODN significantly enhanced the antigen-specific as well as the mitogen-induced proliferation in different lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, 48h after the third immunization the CpG-group showed a significantly decreased IL-6 mRNA expression in cells of the local draining lymph node but no significant difference in TGF-beta (Th3-like) and IL-10 (Th2-like). The ODN injected animals showed the tendency to have higher IFN-gamma (Th1-like) mRNA-expression in comparison with the control group. To our knowledge, these are the first in vivo studies in pigs, which demonstrate the appropriateness of CpG-ODN as immunostimulating adjuvants in vaccines for farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Van der Stede
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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6
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Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a major cause of deaths and disabilities in the world, the majority of which are caused by bacteria. Although immunisation is the most cost effective and efficient means to control microbial diseases, vaccines are not yet available to prevent many major bacterial infections. Examples include dysentery (shigellosis), gonorrhoea, trachoma, gastric ulcers and cancer (Helicobacter pylori). Improved vaccines are needed to combat some diseases for which current vaccines are inadequate. Tuberculosis, for example, remains rampant throughout most countries in the world and represents a global emergency heightened by the pandemic of HIV. The availability of complete genome sequences has dramatically changed the opportunities for developing novel and improved vaccines and facilitated the efficiency and rapidity of their development. Complete genomic databases provide an inclusive catalogue of all potential candidate vaccines for any bacterial pathogen. In conjunction with adjunct technologies, including bioinformatics, random mutagenesis, microarrays, and proteomics, a systematic and comprehensive approach to identifying vaccine discovery can be undertaken. Genomics must be used in conjunction with population biology to ensure that the vaccine can target all pathogenic strains of a species. A proof in principle of the utility of genomics is provided by the recent exploitation of the complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis group B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Moxon
- Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and University of Oxford Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford UK
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7
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Hung CF, Cheng WF, Chai CY, Hsu KF, He L, Ling M, Wu TC. Improving vaccine potency through intercellular spreading and enhanced MHC class I presentation of antigen. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5733-40. [PMID: 11313416 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.9.5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potency of naked DNA vaccines is limited by their inability to amplify and spread in vivo. VP22, a HSV-1 protein, has demonstrated the remarkable property of intercellular transport and may thus provide a unique approach for enhancing vaccine potency. Therefore, we created a novel fusion of VP22 with a model Ag, human papillomavirus type 16 E7, in a DNA vaccine that generated enhanced spreading and MHC class I presentation of AG: These properties led to a dramatic increase in the number of E7-specific CD8(+) T cell precursors in vaccinated mice (around 50-fold) and converted a less effective DNA vaccine into one with significant potency against E7-expressing tumors. In comparison, nonspreading VP22(1-267) mutants failed to enhance vaccine potency. Our data indicated that the potency of DNA vaccines may be dramatically improved through intercellular spreading and enhanced MHC class I presentation of Ag.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Biolistics
- Biological Transport/genetics
- Biological Transport/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Extracellular Space/genetics
- Extracellular Space/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Injections, Intradermal
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/administration & dosage
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/metabolism
- Viral Structural Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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8
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Zucchelli S, Capone S, Fattori E, Folgori A, Di Marco A, Casimiro D, Simon AJ, Laufer R, La Monica N, Cortese R, Nicosia A. Enhancing B- and T-cell immune response to a hepatitis C virus E2 DNA vaccine by intramuscular electrical gene transfer. J Virol 2000; 74:11598-607. [PMID: 11090158 PMCID: PMC112441 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.24.11598-11607.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an improved genetic immunization strategy for eliciting a full spectrum of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope 2 (E2) glycoprotein responses in mammals through electrical gene transfer (EGT) of plasmid DNA into muscle fibers. Intramuscular injection of a plasmid encoding a cross-reactive hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) peptide mimic fused at the N terminus of the E2 ectodomain, followed by electrical stimulation treatment in the form of high-frequency, low-voltage electric pulses, induced more than 10-fold-higher expression levels in the transfected mouse tissue. As a result of this substantial increment of in vivo antigen production, the humoral response induced in mice, rats, and rabbits ranged from 10- to 30-fold higher than that induced by conventional naked DNA immunization. Consequently, immune sera from EGT-treated mice displayed a broader cross-reactivity against HVR1 variants from natural isolates than sera from injected animals that were not subjected to electrical stimulation. Cellular response against E2 epitopes specific for helper and cytotoxic T cells was significantly improved by EGT. The EGT-mediated enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity is antigen independent, since comparable increases in antibody response against ciliary neurotrophic factor or in specific anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag CD8(+) T cells were obtained in rats and mice. Thus, the method described potentially provides a safe, low-cost treatment that may be scaled up to humans and may hold the key for future development of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against HCV and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zucchelli
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti, 00040 Pomezia (Rome), Italy
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9
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Abstract
The antibody (Ab) response induced by DNA-based immunization was compared in various strains of inbred, H-2 congenic and outbred mice with different haplotypes of mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2). Two different plasmid expression vectors encoding Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) or Escherichia coli, beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) were introduced into quadriceps muscle, and Ab production was examined using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. The beta-gal plasmid DNA immunization induced strong Ab production in all inbred, H-2 congenic and outbred strains at the early stages of immunization. By comparison with beta-gal peptide immunization, the degree of Ab response was H-2 haplotype-dependent. On the other hand, Ab production by GFP plasmid DNA immunization was observed in outbred strains, but not in some of the inbred and H-2 congenic strains. Also, outbred strains showed a high Ab response compared with other inbred and H-2 congenic strains by GFP peptide immunization. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated the presence of GFP or beta-gal transcripts at the DNA inoculation site in all the strains studied, even in inbred and H-2 congenic strains which showed no Ab production by GFP plasmid DNA immunization. These results indicate that the difference in Ab response induced by DNA immunization as well as by peptide immunization depends upon the H-2 haplotypes of host strains.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic/immunology
- Animals, Outbred Strains/immunology
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes/genetics
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Luminescent Proteins/administration & dosage
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/immunology
- Mice/genetics
- Mice/immunology
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
- Plasmids/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Scyphozoa/genetics
- Scyphozoa/immunology
- Species Specificity
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- beta-Galactosidase/administration & dosage
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ito
- Kato Cytoprotein Network Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology (JST), c/o Sagami Chemical Research Center, 4-4-1 Nishi-ohnuma, 229-0012, Sagamihara, Japan.
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10
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Moxon R, Tang C. Challenge of investigating biologically relevant functions of virulence factors in bacterial pathogens. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2000; 355:643-56. [PMID: 10874737 PMCID: PMC1692766 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent innovations have increased enormously the opportunities for investigating the molecular basis of bacterial pathogenicity, including the availability of whole-genome sequences, techniques for identifying key virulence genes, and the use of microarrays and proteomics. These methods should provide powerful tools for analysing the patterns of gene expression and function required for investigating host-microbe interactions in vivo. But, the challenge is exacting. Pathogenicity is a complex phenotype and the reductionist approach does not adequately address the eclectic and variable outcomes of host-microbe interactions, including evolutionary dynamics and ecological factors. There are difficulties in distinguishing bacterial 'virulence' factors from the many determinants that are permissive for pathogenicity, for example those promoting general fitness. A further practical problem for some of the major bacterial pathogens is that there are no satisfactory animal models or experimental assays that adequately reflect the infection under investigation. In this review, we give a personal perspective on the challenge of characterizing how bacterial pathogens behave in vivo and discuss some of the methods that might be most relevant for understanding the molecular basis of the diseases for which they are responsible. Despite the powerful genomic, molecular, cellular and structural technologies available to us, we are still struggling to come to grips with the question of 'What is a pathogen?'
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moxon
- Oxford University, Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK.
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11
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Abstract
The Th1/Th2 type immune response to E. coli beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) was compared to that to gene vaccination with plasmid (p) DNA encoding beta-gal. BALB/c mice were immunized with beta-gal in alum or a pDNA construct consisting of a CMV-based promoter and the beta-gal gene (pCMV-LacZ). Beta-gal in alum induced IgG1 and IgE antibodies and the CD4+ T cells from these mice secreted interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-5 but no interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) after in vitro antigen stimulation. In contrast, mice immunized with pCMV-LacZ formed predominantly IgG2a antibodies and their CD4+ T cells secreted IFN-gamma but no IL-4 and IL-5. These data indicate that beta-gal induced a Th2 and the pCMV-LacZ a Th1 response to beta-gal. The pDNA induced Th1 response dominated over the Th2 response. Mice primed with pCMV-LacZ failed to produce IgE antibodies after a booster injection of beta-gal in alum. Boosting of mice primed with beta-gal in alum with pCMV-LacZ resulted in a 75% decrease in the IgE antibody titer within 6 weeks and IgG2a antibody formation and CD4+ T cells that secreted IFN-gamma in amounts similar to T cells from pDNA primed mice. As shown by adoptive cell transfer, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from pDNA immunized mice inhibited an IgE response to beta-gal in alum in the recipient mice. pDNA immunization also inhibited the eosinophilic infiltration of the lung of ovalbumin (OVA) immunized mice after OVA inhalation challenge in an animal model of the late phase reaction. The mechanism of the pDNA induced Th1 immune response was shown to be the result of stimulation by distinct non-coding immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS) in the backbone of the pDNA. The ISS induced antigen presenting cells to secrete cytokines that cause naive T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells (e.g. IFN-alpha, IL-12). The data indicate that gene vaccination induces a Th1 immune response that is capable of down-regulating a preexisting Th2 response and IgE antibody formation. Thus, immunization with pDNA encoding for allergens may provide a novel type of immunotherapy for allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Raz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093, USA
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12
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Charoenvit Y, Majam VF, Corradin G, Sacci JB, Wang R, Doolan DL, Jones TR, Abot E, Patarroyo ME, Guzman F, Hoffman SL. CD4(+) T-cell- and gamma interferon-dependent protection against murine malaria by immunization with linear synthetic peptides from a Plasmodium yoelii 17-kilodalton hepatocyte erythrocyte protein. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5604-14. [PMID: 10531206 PMCID: PMC96932 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.11.5604-5614.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most work on protective immunity against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria has focused on induction of antibodies that prevent sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes, and CD8(+) T-cell responses that eliminate infected hepatocytes. We recently reported that immunization of A/J mice with an 18-amino-acid synthetic linear peptide from Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite surface protein 2 (SSP2) in TiterMax adjuvant induces sterile protection that is dependent on CD4(+) T cells and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). We now report that immunization of inbred A/J mice and outbred CD1 mice with each of two linear synthetic peptides from the 17-kDa P. yoelii hepatocyte erythrocyte protein (HEP17) in the same adjuvant also induces protection against sporozoite challenge that is dependent on CD4(+) T cells and IFN-gamma. The SSP2 peptide and the two HEP17 peptides are recognized by B cells as well as T cells, and the protection induced by these peptides appears to be directed against the infected hepatocytes. In contrast to the peptide-induced protection, immunization of eight different strains of mice with radiation-attenuated sporozoites induces protection that is absolutely dependent on CD8(+) T cells. Data represented here demonstrate that CD4(+) T-cell-dependent protection can be induced by immunization with linear synthetic peptides. These studies therefore provide the foundation for an approach to pre-erythrocytic-stage malaria vaccine development, based on the induction of protective CD4(+) T-cell responses, which will complement efforts to induce protective antibody and CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Charoenvit
- Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-5055, USA.
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13
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Corr M, von Damm A, Lee DJ, Tighe H. In Vivo Priming by DNA Injection Occurs Predominantly by Antigen Transfer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
DNA vaccines can stimulate both humoral and cytolytic immune responses. Although bone marrow-derived elements present the expressed Ag, the mechanisms for acquiring immunogenic peptides have yet to be fully elucidated. APCs may become directly transfected by plasmid DNA or process extracellular proteins produced by other transfected cells. Using a transactivating plasmid system and bone marrow chimeras, we show that both mechanisms appear to be involved; however, the bulk of the immune response is dependent on expression of Ag by nonlymphoid tissues and transfer to APCs. These in vivo studies are the first to define the role of transfected nonlymphoid cells in generating Ag for presentation by bone marrow-derived APCs after needle injection with plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Amila von Damm
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Delphine J. Lee
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Helen Tighe
- Department of Medicine and The Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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14
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Petersen TR, Bregenholta S, Pedersen LO, Nissen MH, Claesson MH. Human p53(264-272) HLA-A2 binding peptide is an immunodominant epitope in DNA-immunized HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Cancer Lett 1999; 137:183-91. [PMID: 10374840 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(98)00353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/10 mice transgenic for HLA-A2 were immunized with either a full-length DNA-construct of the tumor suppressor p53 or with a minigene encoding the p53-derived immunodominant peptide p53(264)LLGRNSFEV272 (L9V). Vaccination with the full-length p53 construct induced potent cytotoxic activity of splenocytes against L9V-pulsed target cells after in vivo re-stimulation. Vaccination with the L9V-encoding minigene likewise induced specific anti-L9V cytotoxicity in vitro. Subsequent experiments revealed that peptide-pulsed dendritic cells were the most efficient cell types for in vitro re-stimulation. In concordance with this, immunization with L9V-pulsed dendritic cells also induced a potent and specific anti-L9V cytotoxic response in vitro. These data show that HLA-A2/peptide-specific cytotoxic immunity can be generated in vivo against the same immunodominant epitope by immunizing either with full-length DNA or with a DNA minigene encoding the immunodominant peptide epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Petersen
- Department of Medical Anatomy, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Rolland AP, Mumper RJ. Plasmid delivery to muscle: Recent advances in polymer delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 30:151-172. [PMID: 10837608 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies involving intramuscular injection of plasmid into animals have revealed at least four significant variables that effect levels of gene expression (i.e., >fivefold effect over controls), including the formulation, injection technique, species and pretreatment of the muscle with myotoxic agents to induce muscle damage. The uptake of plasmid formulated in saline has been shown to be a saturable process, most likely via a receptor-mediated event involving the T tubules and caveolae. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the bioavailability of injected plasmid to muscle cells is very low, due to rapid and extensive plasmid degradation by extracellular nucleases. We have developed protective, interactive, non-condensing (PINC) delivery systems designed to complex plasmids and to (i) protect plasmids from rapid nuclease degradation, (ii) disperse and retain intact plasmid in the muscle and (iii) facilitate the uptake of plasmid by muscle cells. PINC systems result in up to at least a one log increase in both the extent and levels of gene expression over plasmid formulated in saline. We have combined the PINC delivery systems with two different muscle-specific expression plasmids. After direct intramuscular injection of these gene medicines, we have shown both local myotrophic and neurotrophic effects of expressed human insulin-like growth factor (hIGF-I) and the secretion of biologically active human growth hormone (hGH) into the systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AP Rolland
- GeneMedicine, Inc., 8301 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, TX 77381-4248, USA
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16
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Tighe H, Corr M, Roman M, Raz E. Gene vaccination: plasmid DNA is more than just a blueprint. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1998; 19:89-97. [PMID: 9509764 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Tighe
- Dept of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92093-0663, USA.
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17
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Raz E. Introduction: gene vaccination, current concepts and future directions. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 19:131-7. [PMID: 9406341 DOI: 10.1007/bf00870263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Raz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663, USA
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18
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Abstract
Development of an effective malaria vaccine poses a major scientific challenge both in the laboratory and in the field. Such a vaccine is necessary because of the massive disease burden of malaria in the developing world, the global spread of drug resistance, and the difficulty of sustainable control of the mosquito vector. Animal models have shown the immunological feasibility of vaccines targeted against different stages of parasite development, and studies in human volunteers have shown that a recombinant protein vaccine can protect against challenge with the homologous strain of parasite. However, both natural and vaccine-induced immunity are hampered by the remarkable capacity of the parasites to vary critical antigenic structures; large field trials of a synthetic peptide vaccine gave equivocal results. In an attempt to overcome the dual difficulty of poor immunogenicity and parasite diversity, much experimental work is now focused on complex antigenic constructs, delivered as DNA vaccines or in live vectors such as vaccinia, with multiple targets at each stage of parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kwiatkowski
- University Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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19
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Abstract
Genetics, cell biology, and whole-genome sequencing of pathogens have changed dramatically the opportunities to investigate the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of microbial diseases. For example, recombinant DNA and PCR are powerful tools used to isolate genes whose role in pathogenicity can be investigated in biologically relevant virulence assays. Vaccines that target one or more of these genes can then be developed. Complete genome sequences of microbes provide an inventory of the genes encoding every virulence factor and potential immunogen. Candidate vaccines can be selected and developed using various approaches, including the recent innovation of immunisation with nucleic acids. Although many successful vaccines have been and will continue to be developed through empirical approaches, molecular microbiology provides a rational basis for discovery, development, and implementation of safer, more effective and, potentially cheaper vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Moxon
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Oxford University Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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20
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Abstract
Observations in the early 1990s that plasmid DNA could directly transfect animal cells in vivo sparked exploration of the use of DNA plasmids to induce immune responses by direct injection into animals of DNA encoding antigenic proteins. This method, termed DNA immunization, now has been used to elicit protective antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in a wide variety of preclinical animal models for viral, bacterial, and parasitic diseases. DNA vaccination is particularly useful for the induction of cytotoxic T cells. This review summarizes current knowledge on the vectors, immune responses, immunological mechanisms, safety considerations, and potential for further application of this novel method of immunization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation
- Antigen Presentation
- Autoimmunity
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Parasitic Diseases/immunology
- Parasitic Diseases/prevention & control
- Plasmids/genetics
- Safety
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
- Virus Diseases/immunology
- Virus Diseases/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Donnelly
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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21
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Abstract
Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins elicits both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. This method of producing the protein antigens of interest directly in host cells can provide appropriate tertiary structure for the induction of conformationally specific antibodies, and also facilitates the induction of cellular immune responses. DNA immunization has provided effective protective immunity in various animal models. The immune responses induced by DNA vaccines may in some instances be preferable to those produced by immunization using conventional methods. DNA vaccination appears to be applicable to a variety of pathogens and is a useful method of raising immune responses. Thus this approach to vaccination has the potential to be a successful method of rapidly screening for antigens capable of inducing protective immunity, and of inducing protective immunity against pathogens of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Donnelly
- Department of Virus and Cell Biology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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22
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Angus CW, Klivington D, Wyman J, Kovacs JA. Nucleic acid vaccination against Toxoplasma gondii in mice. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996; 43:117S. [PMID: 8822899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb05034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C W Angus
- Critical Care Medicine Dept., Clinical Center, N.I.H., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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