1
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Mokarrami S, Jahanshahi M, Elyasi L, Badelisarkala H, Khalili M. Naringin prevents the reduction of the number of neurons and the volume of CA1 in a scopolamine-induced animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD): a stereological study. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:364-371. [PMID: 35861379 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mokarrami
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Jahanshahi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - L Elyasi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - H Badelisarkala
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Khalili
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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2
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Baek JH, Park H, Kang H, Kim R, Kang JS, Kim HJ. The Role of Glutamine Homeostasis in Emotional and Cognitive Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1302. [PMID: 38279303 PMCID: PMC10816396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamine (Gln), a non-essential amino acid, is synthesized de novo by glutamine synthetase (GS) in various organs. In the brain, GS is exclusively expressed in astrocytes under normal physiological conditions, producing Gln that takes part in glutamatergic neurotransmission through the glutamate (Glu)-Gln cycle. Because the Glu-Gln cycle and glutamatergic neurotransmission play a pivotal role in normal brain activity, maintaining Gln homeostasis in the brain is crucial. Recent findings indicated that a neuronal Gln deficiency in the medial prefrontal cortex in rodents led to depressive behaviors and mild cognitive impairment along with lower glutamatergic neurotransmission. In addition, exogenous Gln supplementation has been tested for its ability to overcome neuronal Gln deficiency and reverse abnormal behaviors induced by chronic immobilization stress (CIS). Although evidence is accumulating as to how Gln supplementation contributes to normalizing glutamatergic neurotransmission and the Glu-Gln cycle, there are few reviews on this. In this review, we summarize recent evidence demonstrating that Gln supplementation ameliorates CIS-induced deleterious changes, including an imbalance of the Glu-Gln cycle, suggesting that Gln homeostasis is important for emotional and cognitive functions. This is the first review of detailed mechanistic studies on the effects of Gln supplementation on emotional and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tyrosine Peptide Multiuse Research Group, Anti-Aging Bio Cell Factory Regional Leading Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 15 Jinju-daero 816 Beongil, Jinju 52727, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea; (J.H.B.); (H.P.); (H.K.); (R.K.); (J.S.K.)
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3
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Zarifkar AH, Zarifkar A, Safaei S. Different paradigms of transcranial electrical stimulation induce structural changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2024; 818:137570. [PMID: 38000774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the prominent sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is structural changes in the hippocampus. Recently, the new methods used to treat this disease is transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). This study evaluated the effect of four primary standards of tES, including tDCS, tACS, tRNS, and tPCS on beta-amyloid 25-35 (Aβ25-35)-induced structural changes in the CA1 region of hippocampus in male rats. For this purpose, rats weighing 250-275 g were selected, the cannula was embedded reciprocally into the hippocampi. Aβ25-35 (5 μg/ 2.5 ml/ day) was infused reciprocally for four continuous days.Then, animals were then given tES for 6 days.Subsequently, structural changes in the hippocampal CA1 were evaluated using the stereological method. Aβ25-35 resulted in loss of neurons (P < 0.01) and decreased hippocampal volume (P < 0.05). However, the administration of tES paradigms prevented these changes. The results proposed that through the improvement of hippocampal cell number and volume, tES paradigms can retain efficiency in remediating structural impairments in AD. From this, it can be concluded that other tES paradigms besides tDCS can also be considered for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran.
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safaei
- Gerash Amir-al-Momenin Medical and Educational Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
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4
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Hall CM, Lasli S, Serwinski B, Djordjevic B, Sheridan GK, Moeendarbary E. Hippocampus of the APP NL-G-F mouse model of Alzheimer's disease exhibits region-specific tissue softening concomitant with elevated astrogliosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1212212. [PMID: 37547743 PMCID: PMC10398960 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1212212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Widespread neurodegeneration, enlargement of cerebral ventricles, and atrophy of cortical and hippocampal brain structures are classic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prominent macroscopic disturbances to the cytoarchitecture of the AD brain occur alongside changes in the mechanical properties of brain tissue, as reported in recent magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) measurements of human brain mechanics. Whilst MRE has many advantages, a significant shortcoming is its spatial resolution. Higher resolution "cellular scale" assessment of the mechanical alterations to brain regions involved in memory formation, such as the hippocampus, could provide fresh new insight into the etiology of AD. Characterization of brain tissue mechanics at the cellular length scale is the first stepping-stone to understanding how mechanosensitive neurons and glia are impacted by neurodegenerative disease-associated changes in their microenvironment. To provide insight into the microscale mechanics of aging brain tissue, we measured spatiotemporal changes in the mechanical properties of the hippocampus using high resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation tests on acute brain slices from young and aged wild-type mice and the APPNL-G-F mouse model. Several hippocampal regions in APPNL-G-F mice are significantly softer than age-matched wild-types, notably the dentate granule cell layer and the CA1 pyramidal cell layer. Interestingly, regional softening coincides with an increase in astrocyte reactivity, suggesting that amyloid pathology-mediated alterations to the mechanical properties of brain tissue may impact the function of mechanosensitive astrocytes. Our data also raise questions as to whether aberrant mechanotransduction signaling could impact the susceptibility of neurons to cellular stressors in their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M. Hall
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Soufian Lasli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca Serwinski
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- 199 Biotechnologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Northeastern University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Djordjevic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- 199 Biotechnologies Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham K. Sheridan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Moeendarbary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Latham AS, Geer CE, Ackart DF, Anderson IK, Vittoria KM, Podell BK, Basaraba RJ, Moreno JA. Gliosis, misfolded protein aggregation, and neuronal loss in a guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1157652. [PMID: 37274195 PMCID: PMC10235533 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1157652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is an ongoing epidemic with an estimated ten million active cases of the disease worldwide. Pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with cognitive and memory deficits, and patients with this disease are at an increased risk for Parkinson's disease and dementia. Although epidemiological data correlates neurological effects with peripheral disease, the pathology in the central nervous system is unknown. In an established guinea pig model of low-dose, aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, we see behavior changes and memory loss in infected animals. We correlate these findings with pathological changes within brain regions related to motor, cognition, and sensation across disease progression. This includes microglial and astrocytic proliferation and reactivity. These cellular changes are followed by the aggregation of neurotoxic amyloid β and phosphorylated tau and, ultimately, neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. Through these data, we have obtained a greater understanding of the neuropathological effects of a peripheral disease that affects millions of persons worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Charlize E. Geer
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - David F. Ackart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Isla K. Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kaley M. Vittoria
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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6
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Black E, Rasch A, Wimmer T, Li A, Araujo A, Cieslak S, Steed KS, Adhikari RD, Wisco JJ, Hutchinson BA. The effects of age, genotype and diet on hippocampal subfield iron dysregulation and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in an ApoE mouse model. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1033-1047. [PMID: 36775930 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Current theories regarding accumulation of Alzheimer's disease-related deposits of abnormal intra- and extracellular proteins include reactions to inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we explored whether age, genotype and inflammation via diet have a greater effect on dysregulatory protein accumulation in any particular subfield of the hippocampus. We stained for ferritin, ferroportin, hyperphosphorylated tau and β-amyloid proteins in the hippocampal region of Apolipoprotein E2 (ApoE2), ApoE3 or ApoE4 mice fed a control diet or a hypothesized inflammation-inducing methionine diet and euthanized at 3, 6, 9 or 12 months. We analysed stains based on hippocampal subfield and compared the protein accumulation levels within each group. We found significantly decreased ferritin expression in ApoE4 mice in the CA1 and Hi regions and decreased ferroportin expression in ApoE4 mice in the Hi region. There was also a significant effect on hyperphosphorylated tau protein levels based upon a given mouse genotype and diet interaction. Additionally, there were nonsignificant trends in each hippocampal subfield of increasing ferroportin and hyperphosphorylated tau after 6 months of age and decreasing β-amyloid and ferritin with age. This study identified that there are changes in iron regulatory molecules based on genotype in the Hi and CA1 regions. Our findings also suggest a diet-genotype interaction, which affects levels of specific Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in the hippocampus. Additionally, we identified a trend toward increased ability to clear β-amyloid and decreased ability to clear hyperphosphorylated tau with age in all subfields, in addition to evidence of increasing iron load with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Black
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Abbey Rasch
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Wimmer
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Alivia Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda Araujo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steve Cieslak
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kevin S Steed
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,California Health Sciences University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Clovis, California, USA
| | - Rajan D Adhikari
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan J Wisco
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bre Anna Hutchinson
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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7
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Mol P, Gopalakrishnan L, Chatterjee O, Mangalaparthi KK, Kumar M, Durgad SS, Nair B, Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Prasad TSK. Proteomic Analysis of Adult Human Hippocampal Subfields Demonstrates Regional Heterogeneity in the Protein Expression. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2293-2310. [PMID: 36039803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Distinct hippocampal subfields are known to get affected during aging, psychiatric disorders, and various neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. To understand the biological processes associated with each subfield, it is important to understand its heterogeneity at the molecular level. To address this lacuna, we investigated the proteomic analysis of hippocampal subfields─the cornu ammonis sectors (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4) and dentate gyrus (DG) from healthy adult human cohorts. Findings: Microdissection of hippocampal subfields from archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections followed by TMT-based multiplexed proteomic analysis resulted in the identification of 5,593 proteins. Out of these, 890 proteins were found to be differentially abundant among the subfields. Further bioinformatics analysis suggested proteins related to gene splicing, transportation, myelination, structural activity, and learning processes to be differentially abundant in DG, CA4, CA3, CA2, and CA1, respectively. A subset of proteins was selected for immunohistochemistry-based validation in an independent set of hippocampal samples. Conclusions: We believe that our findings will effectively pave the way for further analysis of the hippocampal subdivisions and provide awareness of its subfield-specific association to various neurofunctional anomalies in the future. The current mass spectrometry data is deposited and publicly made available through ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD029697.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praseeda Mol
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066,India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Lathika Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066,India.,Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Oishi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066,India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India.,Centre for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Kiran K Mangalaparthi
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066,India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 560066,India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Shwetha S Durgad
- Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam 690525, India
| | - Susarla K Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.,Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India.,Human Brain Tissue Repository, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
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8
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Bijata M, Bączyńska E, Müller FE, Bijata K, Masternak J, Krzystyniak A, Szewczyk B, Siwiec M, Antoniuk S, Roszkowska M, Figiel I, Magnowska M, Olszyński KH, Wardak AD, Hogendorf A, Ruszczycki B, Gorinski N, Labus J, Stępień T, Tarka S, Bojarski AJ, Tokarski K, Filipkowski RK, Ponimaskin E, Wlodarczyk J. Activation of the 5-HT7 receptor and MMP-9 signaling module in the hippocampal CA1 region is necessary for the development of depressive-like behavior. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110532. [PMID: 35294881 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a complex disease resulting from aberrant synaptic plasticity that may be caused by abnormal serotonergic signaling. Using a combination of behavioral, biochemical, and imaging methods, we analyze 5-HT7R/MMP-9 signaling and dendritic spine plasticity in the hippocampus in mice treated with the selective 5-HT7R agonist (LP-211) and in a model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced depressive-like behavior. We show that acute 5-HT7R activation induces depressive-like behavior in mice in an MMP-9-dependent manner and that post mortem brain samples from human individuals with depression reveal increased MMP-9 enzymatic activity in the hippocampus. Both pharmacological activation of 5-HT7R and modulation of its downstream effectors as a result of CUS lead to dendritic spine elongation and decreased spine density in this region. Overall, the 5-HT7R/MMP-9 pathway is specifically activated in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus during chronic stress and is crucial for inducing depressive-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bijata
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ewa Bączyńska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; The Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Franziska E Müller
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Krystian Bijata
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Masternak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Krzystyniak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Neurobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Siwiec
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Svitlana Antoniuk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matylda Roszkowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Figiel
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Magnowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof H Olszyński
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka D Wardak
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Hogendorf
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Błażej Ruszczycki
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nataliya Gorinski
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Josephine Labus
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tomasz Stępień
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jana III Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Tarka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 1, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tokarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Robert K Filipkowski
- Behavior and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center of Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Implication of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020286. [PMID: 35053402 PMCID: PMC8773637 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 6 million US citizens and representing the most prevalent cause for dementia. Neurogenesis has been repeatedly reported to be impaired in AD mouse models, but the reason for this impairment remains unclear. Several key factors play a crucial role in AD including Aβ accumulation, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles accumulation, and neuronal loss (specifically in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus). Neurofibrillary tangles have been long associated with the neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus. Of note, Aβ accumulation plays an important role in the impairment of neurogenesis, but recent studies started to shed a light on the role of APP gene expression on the neurogenesis process. In this review, we will discuss the recent approaches to neurogenesis in Alzheimer disease and update the development of therapeutic methods.
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10
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Villanueva-Anguita P, Ubeda-Banon I, Flores-Cuadrado A, Martinez-Marcos A, Saiz-Sanchez D. Neurodegeneration and Astrogliosis in the Human CA1 Hippocampal Subfield Are Related to hsp90ab1 and bag3 in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:165. [PMID: 35008592 PMCID: PMC8745315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by executive dysfunction and memory impairment mediated by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The hippocampus (HIPP) is essential for memory formation and is involved in early stages of disease. In fact, hippocampal atrophy is used as an early biomarker of neuronal injury and to evaluate disease progression. It is not yet well-understood whether changes in hippocampal volume are due to neuronal or glial loss. The aim of the study was to assess hippocampal atrophy and/or gliosis using unbiased stereological quantification and to obtain hippocampal proteomic profiles related to neurodegeneration and gliosis. Hippocampal volume measurement, stereological quantification of NeuN-, Iba-1- and GFAP-positive cells, and sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) analysis were performed in AD and non-AD cases. Reduced hippocampal volume was identified using the Cavalieri probe, particularly in the CA1 region, where it correlated with neuronal loss and astrogliosis. A total of 102 downregulated and 47 upregulated proteins were identified in the SWATH-MS analysis after restrictive filtering based on an FC > 1.5 and p value < 0.01. The Hsp90 family of chaperones, particularly BAG3 and HSP90AB1, are closely related to astrocytes, indicating a possible role in degrading Aβ and tau through chaperone-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- CRIB, Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (M.G.-R.); (S.V.-C.); (V.A.-L.); (P.V.-A.); (I.U.-B.); (A.F.-C.)
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- CRIB, Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain; (M.G.-R.); (S.V.-C.); (V.A.-L.); (P.V.-A.); (I.U.-B.); (A.F.-C.)
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11
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Cremona S, Zago L, Mellet E, Petit L, Laurent A, Pepe A, Tsuchida A, Beguedou N, Joliot M, Tzourio C, Mazoyer B, Crivello F. Novel characterization of the relationship between verbal list-learning outcomes and hippocampal subfields in healthy adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5264-5277. [PMID: 34453474 PMCID: PMC8519870 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between hippocampal subfield volumetry and verbal list‐learning test outcomes have mostly been studied in clinical and elderly populations, and remain controversial. For the first time, we characterized a relationship between verbal list‐learning test outcomes and hippocampal subfield volumetry on two large separate datasets of 447 and 1,442 healthy young and middle‐aged adults, and explored the processes that could explain this relationship. We observed a replicable positive linear correlation between verbal list‐learning test free recall scores and CA1 volume, specific to verbal list learning as demonstrated by the hippocampal subfield volumetry independence from verbal intelligence. Learning meaningless items was also positively correlated with CA1 volume, pointing to the role of the test design rather than word meaning. Accordingly, we found that association‐based mnemonics mediated the relationship between verbal list‐learning test outcomes and CA1 volume. This mediation suggests that integrating items into associative representations during verbal list‐learning tests explains CA1 volume variations: this new explanation is consistent with the associative functions of the human CA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Cremona
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Zago
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Emmanuel Mellet
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Petit
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Laurent
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antonietta Pepe
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ami Tsuchida
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Naka Beguedou
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Joliot
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- Université de Bordeaux - Département Santé publique, INSERM, BPH U 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des maladies neurodégénératives clinique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Université de Bordeaux - Neurocampus, CEA, CNRS, IMN UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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12
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He Q, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Yang H, Zhou CN, Xie YH, Luo YM, Zhang SS, Zhu L, Guo YJ, Deng YH, Liang X, Xiao Q, Zhang L, Tang J, Huang DJ, Zhou YN, Dou XY, Chao FL, Tang Y. Anti-LINGO-1 antibody ameliorates cognitive impairment, promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and increases the abundance of CB1R-rich CCK-GABAergic interneurons in AD mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105406. [PMID: 34044148 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the negative regulatory effect of leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin-like domain-containing nogo receptor-interacting protein 1 (LINGO-1) on neurons, an antibody against LINGO-1 (anti-LINGO-1 antibody) was herein administered to 10-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice for 2 months as an experimental intervention. Behavioral, stereology, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the anti-LINGO-1 antibody significantly improved the cognitive abilities, promoted adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), decreased the amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, enlarged the hippocampal volume, and increased the numbers of total neurons and GABAergic interneurons, including GABAergic and CCK-GABAergic interneurons rich in cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), in the hippocampus of AD mice. In contrast, this intervention significantly reduced the number of GABAergic interneurons expressing LINGO-1 and CB1R in the hippocampus of AD mice. More importantly, we also found a negative correlation between LINGO-1 and CB1R on GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus of AD mice, while the anti-LINGO-1 antibody reversed this relationship. These results indicated that LINGO-1 plays an important role in the process of hippocampal neuron loss in AD mice and that antagonizing LINGO-1 can effectively prevent hippocampal neuron loss and promote AHN. The improvement in cognitive abilities may be attributed to the improvement in AHN, and in the numbers of GABAergic interneurons and CCK-GABAergic interneurons rich in CB1Rs in the hippocampus of AD mice induced by the anti-LINGO-1 antibody. Collectively, the double target effect (LINGO-1 and CB1R) initiated by the anti-LINGO-1 antibody may provide an important basis for the study of drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Experimental Teaching Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chun-Ni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yu-Han Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yan-Min Luo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yi-Jing Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yu-Hui Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Radioactive Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Du-Juan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yu-Ning Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yun Dou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Feng-Lei Chao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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13
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Lana D, Ugolini F, Giovannini MG. Space-Dependent Glia-Neuron Interplay in the Hippocampus of Transgenic Models of β-Amyloid Deposition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9441. [PMID: 33322419 PMCID: PMC7763751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on the description and discussion of the alterations of astrocytes and microglia interplay in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is an age-related neurodegenerative pathology with a slowly progressive and irreversible decline of cognitive functions. One of AD's histopathological hallmarks is the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Long regarded as a non-specific, mere consequence of AD pathology, activation of microglia and astrocytes is now considered a key factor in both initiation and progression of the disease, and suppression of astrogliosis exacerbates neuropathology. Reactive astrocytes and microglia overexpress many cytokines, chemokines, and signaling molecules that activate or damage neighboring cells and their mutual interplay can result in virtuous/vicious cycles which differ in different brain regions. Heterogeneity of glia, either between or within a particular brain region, is likely to be relevant in healthy conditions and disease processes. Differential crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia in CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus can be responsible for the differential sensitivity of the two areas to insults. Understanding the spatial differences and roles of glia will allow us to assess how these interactions can influence the state and progression of the disease, and will be critical for identifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Anatomopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy;
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14
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Stepler KE, Mahoney ER, Kofler J, Hohman TJ, Lopez OL, Robinson RAS. Inclusion of African American/Black adults in a pilot brain proteomics study of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105129. [PMID: 33049317 PMCID: PMC7990397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects certain racial and ethnic subgroups, such as African American/Black and Hispanic adults. Genetic, comorbid, and socioeconomic risk factors contribute to this disparity; however, the molecular contributions have been largely unexplored. Herein, we conducted a pilot proteomics study of postmortem brains from African American/Black and non-Hispanic White adults neuropathologically diagnosed with AD compared to closely-matched cognitively normal individuals. Examination of hippocampus, inferior parietal lobule, and globus pallidus regions using quantitative proteomics resulted in 568 differentially-expressed proteins in AD. These proteins were consistent with the literature and included glial fibrillary acidic protein, peroxiredoxin-1, and annexin A5. In addition, 351 novel proteins in AD were identified, which could partially be due to cohort diversity. From linear regression analyses, we identified 185 proteins with significant race x diagnosis interactions across various brain regions. These differences generally were reflective of differential expression of proteins in AD that occurred in only a single racial/ethnic group. Overall, this pilot study suggests that disease understanding can be furthered by including diversity in racial/ethnic groups; however, this must be done on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Stepler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America
| | - Emily R Mahoney
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Julia Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Timothy J Hohman
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States of America; Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States of America.
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15
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Martín-Belmonte A, Aguado C, Alfaro-Ruíz R, Itakura M, Moreno-Martínez AE, de la Ossa L, Molnár E, Fukazawa Y, Luján R. Age-Dependent Shift of AMPA Receptors From Synapses to Intracellular Compartments in Alzheimer's Disease: Immunocytochemical Analysis of the CA1 Hippocampal Region in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mouse Model. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:577996. [PMID: 33132900 PMCID: PMC7572859 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.577996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse loss occurs early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and animal models. Alterations at synaptic level are a major morphological correlate of the memory deficits and related symptoms of AD. Given the predominant roles of synaptic AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain, changes in their dynamic regulation are also implicated in the pathophysiology of AD. Here, we used immunolocalization techniques to analyze the expression and subcellular distribution of AMPARs in the hippocampal region of APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. Immunoblots and histoblots revealed that the total amount of AMPARs and their regional expression pattern in the hippocampus was similar in APP/PS1 mice and in age-matched wild type mice. At the ultrastructural level, two synapse populations were examined using SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labeling in the stratum radiatum in mice: (i) on spines of CA1 pyramidal cells; and (ii) on randomly found dendritic shafts of CA1 interneurons. While 1- and 6-months-old APP/PS1 mice exhibited no change, we observed a significant reduction at 12 months in AMPAR density at synapses in both pyramidal cells and interneurons, compared to wild-type. This reduction of AMPARs in dendritic spines was accompanied by a significant increase in AMPAR subunit proteins identified in intracellular compartments. Our data demonstrate an age-dependent reduction of synaptic AMPARs in APP/PS1 mice, which may contribute to impaired learning and memory at later stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martín-Belmonte
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carolina Aguado
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rocío Alfaro-Ruíz
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara-shi, Japan
| | - Ana Esther Moreno-Martínez
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis de la Ossa
- Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Elek Molnár
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Life Science Innovation Center, Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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16
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Rogers Flattery CN, Rosen RF, Farberg AS, Dooyema JM, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Walker LC, Preuss TM. Quantification of neurons in the hippocampal formation of chimpanzees: comparison to rhesus monkeys and humans. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2521-2531. [PMID: 32909100 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation is important for higher brain functions such as spatial navigation and the consolidation of memory, and it contributes to abilities thought to be uniquely human, yet little is known about how the human hippocampal formation compares to that of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees. To gain insight into the comparative organization of the hippocampal formation in catarrhine primates, we quantified neurons stereologically in its major subdivisions-the granular layer of the dentate gyrus, CA4, CA2-3, CA1, and the subiculum-in archival brain tissue from six chimpanzees ranging from 29 to 43 years of age. We also sought evidence of Aβ deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau in the hippocampus and adjacent neocortex. A 42-year-old animal had moderate cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy and tauopathy, but Aβ was absent and tauopathy was minimal in the others. Quantitatively, granule cells of the dentate gyrus were most numerous, followed by CA1, subiculum, CA4, and CA2-3. In the context of prior investigations of rhesus monkeys and humans, our findings indicate that, in the hippocampal formation as a whole, the proportions of neurons in CA1 and the subiculum progressively increase, and the proportion of dentate granule cells decreases, from rhesus monkeys to chimpanzees to humans. Because CA1 and the subiculum engender key hippocampal projection pathways to the neocortex, and because the neocortex varies in volume and anatomical organization among these species, these findings suggest that differences in the proportions of neurons in hippocampal subregions of catarrhine primates may be linked to neocortical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca F Rosen
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aaron S Farberg
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jeromy M Dooyema
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Todd M Preuss
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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17
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Hascup KN, Findley CA, Sime LN, Hascup ER. Hippocampal alterations in glutamatergic signaling during amyloid progression in AβPP/PS1 mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14503. [PMID: 32879385 PMCID: PMC7467928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous research demonstrated that soluble amyloid-β (Aβ)42, elicits presynaptic glutamate release. We hypothesized that accumulation and deposition of Aβ altered glutamatergic neurotransmission in a temporally and spatially dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, a glutamate selective microelectrode array (MEA) was used to monitor dentate (DG), CA3, and CA1 hippocampal extracellular glutamate levels in 2–4, 6–8, and 18–20 month-old male AβPP/PS1 and age-matched C57BL/6J control mice. Starting at 6 months of age, AβPP/PS1 basal glutamate levels are elevated in all three hippocampal subregions that becomes more pronounced at the oldest age group. Evoked glutamate release was elevated in all three age groups in the DG, but temporally delayed to 18–20 months in the CA3 of AβPP/PS1 mice. However, CA1 evoked glutamate release in AβPP/PS1 mice was elevated at 2–4 months of age and declined with age. Plaque deposition was anatomically aligned (but temporally delayed) with elevated glutamate levels; whereby accumulation was first observed in the CA1 and DG starting at 6–8 months that progressed throughout all hippocampal subregions by 18–20 months of age. The temporal hippocampal glutamate changes observed in this study may serve as a biomarker allowing for time point specific therapeutic interventions in Alzheimer’s disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Hascup
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL, 62794-9628, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Caleigh A Findley
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL, 62794-9628, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey N Sime
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL, 62794-9628, USA
| | - Erin R Hascup
- Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neurosciences Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, IL, 62794-9628, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.
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18
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Vyas Y, Montgomery JM, Cheyne JE. Hippocampal Deficits in Amyloid-β-Related Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:266. [PMID: 32317913 PMCID: PMC7154147 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is the most common cause of dementia. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, disorientation, mood and behavior changes, confusion, unfounded suspicions, and eventually, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and walking. These symptoms are caused by neuronal degeneration and cell loss that begins in the hippocampus, and later in disease progression spreading to the rest of the brain. While there are some medications that alleviate initial symptoms, there are currently no treatments that stop disease progression. Hippocampal deficits in amyloid-β-related rodent models of AD have revealed synaptic, behavioral and circuit-level defects. These changes in synaptic function, plasticity, neuronal excitability, brain connectivity, and excitation/inhibition imbalance all have profound effects on circuit function, which in turn could exacerbate disease progression. Despite, the wealth of studies on AD pathology we don't yet have a complete understanding of hippocampal deficits in AD. With the increasing development of in vivo recording techniques in awake and freely moving animals, future studies will extend our current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning how hippocampal function is altered in AD, and aid in progression of treatment strategies that prevent and/or delay AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliette E. Cheyne
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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19
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Glutamine Supplementation Prevents Chronic Stress-Induced Mild Cognitive Impairment. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040910. [PMID: 32224923 PMCID: PMC7230523 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that glutamine (Gln) supplementation protected glutamatergic neurotransmission from the harmful effects of chronic stress. Altered glutamatergic neurotransmission is one of the main causes of cognitive disorders. However, the cognitive enhancer function of Gln has not been clearly demonstrated thus far. Here, we evaluated whether and how Gln supplementation actually affects chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. Using a chronic immobilization stress (CIS) mouse model, we confirmed that chronic stress induced mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and neuronal damage in the hippocampus. In contrast, Gln-supplemented mice did not show evidence of MCI. To investigate possible underlying mechanisms, we confirmed that CIS increased plasma corticosterone levels as well as brain and plasma levels of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. CIS also increased levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and NADPH oxidase subunits (p47phox and p67phox) in both the prefrontal cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampus. CIS decreased the number of synaptic puncta in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, but these effects were inhibited by Gln supplementation. Taken together, the present results suggest that Gln is an effective agent against chronic stress-induced MCI.
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20
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Mariani MM, Mojziszek K, Curley E, Thornton JE. Lowering luteinizing hormone (LH) reverses spatial memory deficits associated with neurotoxin infusion into the hippocampus of ovx rats. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104631. [PMID: 31759942 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Mariani
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA.
| | - Kirsten Mojziszek
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Emily Curley
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Janice E Thornton
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
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21
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Chen SY, Lin MC, Tsai JS, He PL, Luo WT, Chiu IM, Herschman HR, Li HJ. Exosomal 2',3'-CNP from mesenchymal stem cells promotes hippocampus CA1 neurogenesis/neuritogenesis and contributes to rescue of cognition/learning deficiencies of damaged brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:499-517. [PMID: 31943851 PMCID: PMC7103625 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in clinical studies to treat neurological diseases and damage. However, implanted MSCs do not achieve their regenerative effects by differentiating into and replacing neural cells. Instead, MSC secretome components mediate the regenerative effects of MSCs. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs)/exosomes carry cargo responsible for rescuing brain damage. We previously showed that EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes have enhanced regenerative potential to rescue hippocampal damage, compared with EVs/exosomes from untreated MSCs. Here we show that EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes promote neurosphere formation in vitro and increase neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi; basal MSC EVs/exosomes do not contribute to these regenerative effects. 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) levels in EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes are 20-fold higher than CNP levels in basal MSC EVs/exosomes. Decreasing elevated exosomal CNP levels in EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes reduced the efficacy of these EVs/exosomes in promoting β3-tubulin polymerization and in converting toxic 2',3'-cAMP into neuroprotective adenosine. CNP-depleted EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes lost the ability to promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi. Systemic administration of EV/exosomes from EP4 -antagonist derived MSC EVs/exosomes repaired cognition, learning, and memory deficiencies in mice caused by hippocampal damage. In contrast, CNP-depleted EP4 antagonist-induced MSC EVs/exosomes failed to repair this damage. Exosomal CNP contributes to the ability of EP4 antagonist-elicited MSC EVs/exosomes to promote neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in damaged hippocampi and recovery of cognition, memory, and learning. This experimental approach should be generally applicable to identifying the role of EV/exosomal components in eliciting a variety of biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shiuan Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin He
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Harvey R Herschman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hua-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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22
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Martín-Belmonte A, Aguado C, Alfaro-Ruíz R, Moreno-Martínez AE, de la Ossa L, Martínez-Hernández J, Buisson A, Früh S, Bettler B, Shigemoto R, Fukazawa Y, Luján R. Reduction in the neuronal surface of post and presynaptic GABA B receptors in the hippocampus in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:554-575. [PMID: 31729777 PMCID: PMC7317930 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays key roles in learning and memory and is a main target of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which causes progressive memory impairments. Despite numerous investigations about the processes required for the normal hippocampal functions, the neurotransmitter receptors involved in the synaptic deficits by which AD disables the hippocampus are not yet characterized. By combining histoblots, western blots, immunohistochemistry and high-resolution immunoelectron microscopic methods for GABAB receptors, this study provides a quantitative description of the expression and the subcellular localization of GABAB1 in the hippocampus in a mouse model of AD at 1, 6 and 12 months of age. Western blots and histoblots showed that the total amount of protein and the laminar expression pattern of GABAB1 were similar in APP/PS1 mice and in age-matched wild-type mice. In contrast, immunoelectron microscopic techniques showed that the subcellular localization of GABAB1 subunit did not change significantly in APP/PS1 mice at 1 month of age, was significantly reduced in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1 pyramidal cells at 6 months of age and significantly reduced at the membrane surface of CA1 pyramidal cells at 12 months of age. This reduction of plasma membrane GABAB1 was paralleled by a significant increase of the subunit at the intracellular sites. We further observed a decrease of membrane-targeted GABAB receptors in axon terminals contacting CA1 pyramidal cells. Our data demonstrate compartment- and age-dependent reduction of plasma membrane-targeted GABAB receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, suggesting that this decrease might be enough to alter the GABAB -mediated synaptic transmission taking place in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martín-Belmonte
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carolina Aguado
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Rocío Alfaro-Ruíz
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana Esther Moreno-Martínez
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis de la Ossa
- Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Hernández
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alain Buisson
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 170, Grenoble, France
| | - Simon Früh
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Bettler
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryuichi Shigemoto
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, A-3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Biosanitario, C/ Almansa 14, 02008, Albacete, Spain
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23
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Rostral-Caudal Hippocampal Functional Convergence Is Reduced Across the Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8336-8344. [PMID: 31230260 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Beginning in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the hippocampus reduces its functional connections to other cortical regions due to synaptic depletion. However, little is known regarding connectivity abnormalities within the hippocampus. Here, we describe rostral-caudal hippocampal convergence (rcHC), a metric of the overlap between the rostral and caudal hippocampal functional networks, across the clinical spectrum of AD. We predicted a decline in rostral-caudal hippocampal convergence in the early stages of the disease. Using fMRI, we generated resting-state hippocampal functional networks across 56 controls, 48 early MCI (EMCI), 35 late MCI (LMCI), and 31 AD patients from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort. For each diagnostic group, we performed a conjunction analysis and compared the rostral and caudal hippocampal network changes using a mixed effects linear model to estimate the convergence and differences between these networks, respectively. The conjunction analysis showed a reduction of rostral-caudal hippocampal convergence strength from early MCI to AD, independent of hippocampal atrophy. Our results demonstrate a parallel between the functional convergence within the hippocampus and disease stage, which is independent of brain atrophy. These findings support the concept that network convergence might contribute as a biomarker for connectivity dysfunction in early stages of AD.
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24
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Prpar Mihevc S, Majdič G. Canine Cognitive Dysfunction and Alzheimer's Disease - Two Facets of the Same Disease? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:604. [PMID: 31249505 PMCID: PMC6582309 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases present a major and increasing burden in the societies worldwide. With aging populations, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, yet there are no effective cures and very few treatment options are available. Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions and although the pathology is well studied, the pathogenesis of this debilitating illness is still poorly understood. This is, among other reasons, also due to the lack of good animal models as laboratory rodents do not develop spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases and human Alzheimer’s disease is only partially mimicked by transgenic rodent models. On the other hand, older dogs commonly develop canine cognitive dysfunction, a disease that is similar to Alzheimer’s disease in many aspects. Dogs show cognitive deficits that could be paralleled to human symptoms such as disorientation, memory loss, changes in behavior, and in their brains, beta amyloid plaques are commonly detected both in extracellular space as senile plaques and around the blood vessels. Dogs could be therefore potentially a very good model for studying pathological process and novel treatment options for Alzheimer’s disease. In the present article, we will review the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of canine cognitive dysfunction, its similarities and dissimilarities with Alzheimer’s disease, and developments of novel treatments for these two diseases with a focus on canine cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Prpar Mihevc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Medical Faculty, Institute for Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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25
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Pilipenko V, Narbute K, Amara I, Trovato A, Scuto M, Pupure J, Jansone B, Poikans J, Bisenieks E, Klusa V, Calabrese V. GABA-containing compound gammapyrone protects against brain impairments in Alzheimer's disease model male rats and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in cell culture. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:708-726. [PMID: 30742328 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, decreased glucose/energy metabolism, and disrupted neurotransmission are changes that occur early in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), manifesting as mild cognitive impairment. Recently, the imbalanced function of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system was identified as a critical factor in AD progression. Thus, maintaining balance among neurotransmitter systems, particularly the GABA system, can be considered a beneficial strategy to slow AD progression. The present study investigated the effects of the compound gammapyrone, a molecule containing three GABA moieties: "free" moiety attached to the position 4 of the 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) ring, and two "crypto" moieties as part of the DHP scaffold. The "free" and "crypto" GABA moieties are linked by a peptide bond (-CONH-), resulting in a peptide-mimicking structure. In a nontransgenic male rat AD model generated by intracerebroventricular (icv) streptozocin (STZ) administration, gammapyrone (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg ip) mitigated the impairment of spatial learning and memory, prevented astroglial and microglial neuroinflammation, and normalized acetylcholine breakdown and GABA biosynthesis. In PC12 cells, gammapyrone protected against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis caused by the mitochondrial toxin di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Gammapyrone did not bind to GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in vitro; therefore, we cannot attribute its neuroprotective action to a specific interaction with GABA receptors. Nevertheless, we suggest that the peptide-like regulatory mechanisms of gammapyrone or its allosteric modulatory properties are essential for the observed effects. Since, the icv STZ model resembles the early stages of AD, gammapyrone, and/or its congeners could be useful in the design of anti-dementia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimirs Pilipenko
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karina Narbute
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ines Amara
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Trovato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Jolanta Pupure
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Baiba Jansone
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Poikans
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Egils Bisenieks
- Laboratory of Membrane Active Compounds, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vija Klusa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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26
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Hanert A, Pedersen A, Bartsch T. Transient hippocampal CA1 lesions in humans impair pattern separation performance. Hippocampus 2019; 29:736-747. [PMID: 30706576 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Day-to-day life involves the perception of events that resemble one another. For the sufficient encoding and retrieval of similar information, the hippocampus provides two essential computational processes. Pattern separation refers to the differentiation of overlapping memory representations, whereas pattern completion reactivates memories based on noisy or degraded input. Evidence from human and rodent studies suggest that pattern separation specifically relies on neuronal ensemble activity in hippocampal subnetworks in the dentate gyrus and CA3. Although a role for CA1 in pattern separation has been shown in animal models, its contribution in the human hippocampus remains elusive. In order to elucidate the contribution of CA1 neurons to pattern separation, we examined 14 patients with an acute transient global amnesia (TGA), a rare self-limiting dysfunction of the hippocampal system showing specific lesions to CA1. Patients' pattern separation performance was tested during the acute amnestic phase and follow-up using an established mnemonic similarity test. Patients in the acute phase showed a profound deficit in pattern separation (p < .05) as well as recognition memory (p < .001) that recovered during follow-up. Specifically, patients tested in a later stage of the amnesia were less impaired in pattern separation than in recognition memory. Considering the time dependency of lesion-associated hippocampal deficits in early and late acute stages of the TGA, we showed that the pattern separation function recovered significantly earlier than recognition memory. Our results provide causal evidence that hippocampal CA1 neurons are critical to pattern separation performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hanert
- Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bartsch
- Memory Disorders and Plasticity Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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27
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Ugolini F, Lana D, Nardiello P, Nosi D, Pantano D, Casamenti F, Giovannini MG. Different Patterns of Neurodegeneration and Glia Activation in CA1 and CA3 Hippocampal Regions of TgCRND8 Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:372. [PMID: 30483118 PMCID: PMC6243135 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the different patterns of neurodegeneration and glia activation in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas of TgCRND8 mice. The main feature of this transgenic model is the rapid development of the amyloid pathology, which starts already at 3 months of age. We performed immunohistochemical analyses to compare the different sensibility of the two hippocampal regions to neurodegeneration. We performed qualitative and quantitative evaluations by fluorescence immunohistochemistry with double or triple staining, followed by confocal microscopy and digital image analysis in stratum pyramidale (SP) and stratum radiatum (SR) of CA1 and CA3, separately. We evaluated time-dependent Aβ plaques deposition, expression of inflammatory markers, as well as quantitative and morphological alterations of neurons and glia in transgenic mice at 3 (Tg 3M) and 6 (Tg 6M) months of age, compared to WT mice. In CA1 SR of Tg 6M mice, we found significantly more Medium and Large plaques than in CA3. The pattern of neurodegeneration and astrocytes activation was different in the two areas, indicating higher sensitivity of CA1. In the CA1 SP of Tg 6M mice, we found signs of reactive astrogliosis, such as increase of astrocytes density in SP, increase of GFAP expression in SR, and elongation of astrocytes branches. We found also common patterns of glia activation and neurodegenerative processes in CA1 and CA3 of Tg 6M mice: significant increase of total and reactive microglia density in SP and SR, increased expression of TNFα, of iNOS, and IL1β in astrocytes and increased density of neurons-astrocytes-microglia triads. In CA1 SP, we found decrease of volume and number of pyramidal neurons, paralleled by increase of apoptosis, and, consequently, shrinkage of CA1 SP. These data demonstrate that in TgCRND8 mice, the responses of neurons and glia to neurodegenerative patterns induced by Aβ plaques deposition is not uniform in the two hippocampal areas, and in CA1 pyramidal neurons, the higher sensitivity may be related to the different plaque distribution in this area. All these modifications may be at the basis of memory loss, the peculiar symptom of AD, which was demonstrated in this transgenic mouse model of Aβ deposition, even at early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Pantano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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28
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Tang X, Ross CA, Johnson H, Paulsen JS, Younes L, Albin RL, Ratnanather JT, Miller MI. Regional subcortical shape analysis in premanifest Huntington's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 40:1419-1433. [PMID: 30376191 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) involves preferential and progressive degeneration of striatum and other subcortical regions as well as regional cortical atrophy. It is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene, and the longer the expansion the earlier the age of onset. Atrophy begins prior to manifest clinical signs and symptoms, and brain atrophy in premanifest expansion carriers can be studied. We employed a diffeomorphometric pipeline to contrast subcortical structures' morphological properties in a control group with three disease groups representing different phases of premanifest HD (far, intermediate, and near to onset) as defined by the length of the CAG expansion and the participant's age (CAG-Age-Product). A total of 1,428 magnetic resonance image scans from 694 participants from the PREDICT-HD cohort were used. We found significant region-specific atrophies in all subcortical structures studied, with the estimated abnormality onset time varying from structure to structure. Heterogeneous shape abnormalities of caudate nuclei were present in premanifest HD participants estimated furthest from onset and putaminal shape abnormalities were present in participants intermediate to onset. Thalamic, hippocampal, and amygdalar shape abnormalities were present in participants nearest to onset. We assessed whether the estimated progression of subcortical pathology in premanifest HD tracked specific pathways. This is plausible for changes in basal ganglia circuits but probably not for changes in hippocampus and amygdala. The regional shape analyses conducted in this study provide useful insights into the effects of HD pathology in subcortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hans Johnson
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jane S Paulsen
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Laurent Younes
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roger L Albin
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J Tilak Ratnanather
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael I Miller
- Center for Imaging Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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Kirschen GW, Kéry R, Ge S. The Hippocampal Neuro-Glio-Vascular Network: Metabolic Vulnerability and Potential Neurogenic Regeneration in Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 3:129-144. [PMID: 30151338 PMCID: PMC6091038 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metabolism is a fragile balance between nutrient/oxygen supply provided by the blood and neuronal/glial demand. Small perturbations in these parameters are necessary for proper homeostatic functioning and information processing, but can also cause significant damage and cell death if dysregulated. During embryonic and early post-natal development, massive neurogenesis occurs, a process that continues at a limited rate in adulthood in two neurogenic niches, one in the lateral ventricle and the other in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. When metabolic demand does not correspond with supply, which can occur dramatically in the case of hypoxia or ischemia, or more subtly in the case of neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders, both of these neurogenic niches can respond—either in a beneficial manner, to regenerate damaged or lost tissue, or in a detrimental fashion—creating aberrant synaptic connections. In this review, we focus on the complex relationship that exists between the cerebral vasculature and neurogenesis across development and in disease states including hypoxic-ischemic injury, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer’s disease. Although there is still much to be elucidated, we are beginning to appreciate how neurogenesis may help or harm the metabolically-injured brain, in the hopes that these insights can be used to tailor novel therapeutics to regenerate damaged tissue after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Kirschen
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Kéry
- Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Youssef P, Chami B, Lim J, Middleton T, Sutherland GT, Witting PK. Evidence supporting oxidative stress in a moderately affected area of the brain in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11553. [PMID: 30068908 PMCID: PMC6070512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains to be elucidated. Oxidative damage and excessive beta-amyloid oligomers are components of disease progression but it is unclear how these factors are temporally related. At post mortem, the superior temporal gyrus (STG) of AD cases contains plaques, but displays few tangles and only moderate neuronal loss. The STG at post mortem may represent a brain region that is in the early stages of AD or alternately a region resistant to AD pathogenesis. We evaluated expression profiles and activity of endogenous anti-oxidants, oxidative damage and caspase activity in the STG of apolipoprotein ε4-matched human AD cases and controls. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was increased, whereas total glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and peroxiredoxin (Prx) activities, were decreased in the AD-STG, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide accumulates in this brain region. Transcripts of the transcription factor NFE2L2 and inducible HMOX1, were also increased in the AD-STG, and this corresponded to increased Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NRF-2) and total heme-oxygenase (HO) activity. The protein oxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), remained unchanged in the AD-STG. Similarly, caspase activity was unaltered, suggesting that subtle redox imbalances in early to moderate stages of AD do not impact STG viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Youssef
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Belal Chami
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Julia Lim
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Terry Middleton
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Neuropathology Group, Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Paul K Witting
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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AD-Related N-Terminal Truncated Tau Is Sufficient to Recapitulate In Vivo the Early Perturbations of Human Neuropathology: Implications for Immunotherapy. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8124-8153. [PMID: 29508283 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NH2tau 26-44 aa (i.e., NH2htau) is the minimal biologically active moiety of longer 20-22-kDa NH2-truncated form of human tau-a neurotoxic fragment mapping between 26 and 230 amino acids of full-length protein (htau40)-which is detectable in presynaptic terminals and peripheral CSF from patients suffering from AD and other non-AD neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, whether its exogenous administration in healthy nontransgenic mice is able to elicit a neuropathological phenotype resembling human tauopathies has not been yet investigated. We explored the in vivo effects evoked by subchronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of NH2htau or its reverse counterpart into two lines of young (2-month-old) wild-type mice (C57BL/6 and B6SJL). Six days after its accumulation into hippocampal parenchyma, significant impairment in memory/learning performance was detected in NH2htau-treated group in association with reduced synaptic connectivity and neuroinflammatory response. Compromised short-term plasticity in paired-pulse facilitation paradigm (PPF) was detected in the CA3/CA1 synapses from NH2htau-impaired animals along with downregulation in calcineurin (CaN)-stimulated pCREB/c-Fos pathway(s). Importantly, these behavioral, synaptotoxic, and neuropathological effects were independent from the genetic background, occurred prior to frank neuronal loss, and were specific because no alterations were detected in the control group infused with its reverse counterpart. Finally, a 2.0-kDa peptide which biochemically and immunologically resembles the injected NH2htau was endogenously detected in vivo, being present in hippocampal synaptosomal preparations from AD subjects. Given that the identification of the neurotoxic tau species is mandatory to develop a more effective tau-based immunological approach, our evidence can have important translational implications for cure of human tauopathies.
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Setti SE, Hunsberger HC, Reed MN. Alterations in Hippocampal Activity and Alzheimer's Disease. TRANSLATIONAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:348-356. [PMID: 29862310 DOI: 10.1037/tps0000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aging population and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are at increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Individuals with aMCI in particular may display pathological changes in brain function that may ultimately result in a diagnosis of AD. This review focuses specifically on hippocampal hyperexcitability, a pathology that is sometimes detectable years before diagnosis, which has been observed in individuals with aMCI. We describe how changes in hippocampal activity are associated with, or in some cases may be permissive for, the development of AD. Finally, we describe how lifestyle changes, including exercise and dietary changes can attenuate cognitive decline and hippocampal hyperexcitability, potentially reducing the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharay E Setti
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
| | - Holly C Hunsberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University.,Department of Psychology, West Virginia University
| | - Miranda N Reed
- Department of Drug Discovery & Development, Auburn University
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Schaeffer EL, Catanozi S, West MJ, Gattaz WF. Stereological investigation of the CA1 pyramidal cell layer in untreated and lithium-treated 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice. Ann Anat 2017; 209:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chavlis S, Petrantonakis PC, Poirazi P. Dendrites of dentate gyrus granule cells contribute to pattern separation by controlling sparsity. Hippocampus 2017; 27:89-110. [PMID: 27784124 PMCID: PMC5217096 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a key role in pattern separation, the process of transforming similar incoming information to highly dissimilar, nonverlapping representations. Sparse firing granule cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) have been proposed to undertake this computation, but little is known about which of their properties influence pattern separation. Dendritic atrophy has been reported in diseases associated with pattern separation deficits, suggesting a possible role for dendrites in this phenomenon. To investigate whether and how the dendrites of GCs contribute to pattern separation, we build a simplified, biologically relevant, computational model of the DG. Our model suggests that the presence of GC dendrites is associated with high pattern separation efficiency while their atrophy leads to increased excitability and performance impairments. These impairments can be rescued by restoring GC sparsity to control levels through various manipulations. We predict that dendrites contribute to pattern separation as a mechanism for controlling sparsity. © 2016 The Authors Hippocampus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Chavlis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH)HeraklionCreteGreece
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of CreteHeraklionCreteGreece
| | - Panagiotis C. Petrantonakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH)HeraklionCreteGreece
| | - Panayiota Poirazi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH)HeraklionCreteGreece
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Adams SL, Tilton K, Kozubek JA, Seshadri S, Delalle I. Subcellular Changes in Bridging Integrator 1 Protein Expression in the Cerebral Cortex During the Progression of Alzheimer Disease Pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:779-790. [PMID: 27346750 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have established BIN1 (Bridging Integrator 1) as the most significant late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) susceptibility locus after APOE We analyzed BIN1 protein expression using automated immunohistochemistry on the hippocampal CA1 region in 19 patients with either no, mild, or moderate-to-marked AD pathology, who had been assessed by Clinical Dementia Rating and CERAD scores. We also examined the amygdala, prefrontal, temporal, and occipital regions in a subset of these patients. In non-demented controls without AD pathology, BIN1 protein was expressed in white matter, glia, particularly oligodendrocytes, and in the neuropil in which the BIN1 signal decorated axons. With increasing severity of AD, BIN1 in the CA1 region showed: 1) sustained expression in glial cells, 2) decreased areas of neuropil expression, and 3) increased cytoplasmic neuronal expression that did not correlate with neurofibrillary tangle load. In patients with AD, both the prefrontal cortex and CA1 showed a decrease in BIN1-immunoreactive (BIN1-ir) neuropil areas and increases in numbers of BIN1-ir neurons. The numbers of CA1 BIN1-ir pyramidal neurons correlated with hippocampal CERAD neuritic plaque scores; BIN1 neuropil signal was absent in neuritic plaques. Our data provide novel insight into the relationship between BIN1 protein expression and the progression of AD-associated pathology and its diagnostic hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Adams
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SLA, KT, ID); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JAK) Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SS)
| | - Kathy Tilton
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SLA, KT, ID); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JAK) Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SS)
| | - James A Kozubek
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SLA, KT, ID); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JAK) Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SS)
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SLA, KT, ID); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JAK) Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SS)
| | - Ivana Delalle
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SLA, KT, ID); Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JAK) Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (SS).
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Abstract
Aging dogs and cats show neurodegenerative features that are similar to human aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropathologic changes with age may be linked to signs of cognitive dysfunction both in the laboratory and in a clinic setting. Less is known about cat brain aging and cognition and this represents an area for further study. Neurodegenerative diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases in dogs and cats also show similar features of human aging, suggesting some common underlying pathogenic mechanisms and also suggesting pathways that can be modified to promote healthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Vite
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Section of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Studies - Philadelphia, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 South Limestone Street, 203 Sanders Brown Building, Lexington, KY 40515, USA.
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Small SA. Isolating pathogenic mechanisms embedded within the hippocampal circuit through regional vulnerability. Neuron 2014; 84:32-39. [PMID: 25277453 PMCID: PMC4185396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most common and devastating disorders of the brain target the hippocampal formation. The hippocampal formation is a complex circuit of interconnected regions, and it is assumed that clues into the causes of these disorders are embedded within the circuit. Neuroimaging tools have been optimized to interrogate the malfunctioning hippocampal circuit, and by applying these tools to patients in the earliest stages of disease and to animal models, patterns of regional vulnerability have been established for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and cognitive aging. More recently, studies have begun deciphering the cellular and molecular reasons underlying regional dysfunction. Collectively, this information clarifies the pathophysiology of these disorders and informs on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Small
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Ghrelin: a link between ageing, metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:72-83. [PMID: 25173805 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the increase in life expectancy over the last century comes the increased risk for development of age-related disorders, including metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. These chronic disorders share two main characteristics: 1) neuronal loss in motor, sensory or cognitive systems, leading to cognitive and motor decline; and 2) a strong correlation between metabolic changes and neurodegeneration. In order to treat them, a better understanding of their complexity is required: it is necessary to interpret the neuronal damage in light of the metabolic changes, and to find the disrupted link between the peripheral organs governing energy metabolism and the CNS. This review is an attempt to present ghrelin as part of molecular regulatory interface between energy metabolism, neuroendocrine and neurodegenerative processes. Ghrelin takes part in lipid and glucose metabolism, in higher brain functions such as sleep-wake state, learning and memory consolidation; it influences mitochondrial respiration and shows neuroprotective effect. All these make ghrelin an attractive target for development of biomarkers or therapeutics for prevention or treatment of disorders, in which cell protection and recruitment of new neurons or synapses are needed.
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39
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Synthesis, characterization and biodistribution of 99mTc-Bioquin-HMPAO (99mTc-BH) as a novel brain imaging agent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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40
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Davis PR, Head E. Prevention approaches in a preclinical canine model of Alzheimer's disease: benefits and challenges. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24711794 PMCID: PMC3968758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged dogs spontaneously develop many features of human aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) including cognitive decline and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss age-dependent learning tasks, memory tasks, and functional measures that can be used in aged dogs for sensitive treatment outcome measures. Neuropathology that is linked to cognitive decline is described along with examples of treatment studies that show reduced neuropathology in aging dogs (dietary manipulations, behavioral enrichment, immunotherapy, and statins). Studies in canine show that multi-targeted approaches may be more beneficial than single pathway manipulations (e.g., antioxidants combined with behavioral enrichment). Aging canine studies show good predictive validity for human clinical trials outcomes (e.g., immunotherapy) and several interventions tested in dogs strongly support a prevention approach (e.g., immunotherapy and statins). Further, dogs are ideally suited for prevention studies as they the age because onset of cognitive decline and neuropathology strongly support longitudinal interventions that can be completed within a 3-5 year period. Disadvantages to using the canine model are that they lengthy, use labor-intensive comprehensive cognitive testing, and involve costly housing (almost as high as that of non-human primates). However, overall, using the dog as a preclinical model for testing preventive approaches for AD may complement work in rodents and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina R Davis
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA ; Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
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Beauquis J, Vinuesa A, Pomilio C, Pavía P, Galván V, Saravia F. Neuronal and glial alterations, increased anxiety, and cognitive impairment before hippocampal amyloid deposition in PDAPP mice, model of Alzheimer's disease. Hippocampus 2014; 24:257-69. [PMID: 24132937 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), hippocampal alterations have been well described in advanced stages of the pathology, when amyloid deposition, inflammation and glial activation occur, but less attention has been directed to studying early brain and behavioral changes. Using an animal model of AD, the transgenic PDAPP-J20 mouse at 5 months of age, when no amyloid plaques are present and low cerebral levels of amyloid peptides are detectable, we found structural, morphological, and cellular alterations in the hippocampus. Young transgenic mice showed a reduced hippocampal volume with less number of pyramidal and granular neurons, which additionally exhibited cell atrophy. The neurogenic capability in this zone, measured as DCX+ cells, was strongly diminished and associated to alterations in cell maturity. A decrease in presynaptic synaptophysin optical density was detected in mossy fibers reaching CA3 subfield but not in Golgi stained- CA1 dendritic spine density. Employing confocal microscopy and accurate stereological tools we also found a reduction in the number of GFAP+ cells, along with decreased astrocyte complexity, suggesting a potential detriment of neural support. According with untimely neuroglial alterations, young PDAPP mice failed in the novel location recognition test, that depends on hippocampal function. Moreover, multivariate statistical analysis of the behavioral outcome in the open-field test evidenced an elevated anxiety score in Tg mice compared with age-matched control mice. In line with this, the transgenic group showed a higher number of c-Fos+ nuclei in central and basolateral amygdala, a result that supports the early involvement of the emotionality factor in AD pathology. Applying an integrative approach, this work focuses on early structural, morphological and functional changes and provides new and compelling evidence of behavioral alterations that precede manifest AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Beauquis
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Daulatzai MA. Role of stress, depression, and aging in cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 18:265-96. [PMID: 25167923 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of progressive cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Despite considerable progress in elucidating the molecular pathology of this disease, we are not yet close to unraveling its etiopathogenesis. A battery of neurotoxic modifiers may underpin neurocognitive pathology via deleterious heterogeneous pathologic impact in brain regions, including the hippocampus. Three important neurotoxic factors being addressed here include aging, stress, and depression. Unraveling "upstream pathologies" due to these disparate neurotoxic entities, vis-à-vis cognitive impairment involving hippocampal dysfunction, is of paramount importance. Persistent systemic inflammation triggers and sustains neuroinflammation. The latter targets several brain regions including the hippocampus causing upregulation of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic and neuronal degeneration, gray matter volume atrophy, and progressive cognitive decline. However, what is the fundamental source of this peripheral inflammation in aging, stress, and depression? This chapter highlights and delineates the inflammatory involvement-i.e., from its inception from gut to systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation. It highlights an upregulated cascade in which gut-microbiota-related dysbiosis generates lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which enhances inflammation and gut's leakiness, and through a Web of interactions, it induces stress and depression. This may increase neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis, promote learning and memory impairment, and enhance vulnerability to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak Adam Daulatzai
- Sleep Disorders Group, EEE Department, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Building 193, 3rd Floor, Room no. 3/344, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia,
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Corbett NJ, Gabbott PL, Klementiev B, Davies HA, Colyer FM, Novikova T, Stewart MG. Amyloid-beta induced CA1 pyramidal cell loss in young adult rats is alleviated by systemic treatment with FGL, a neural cell adhesion molecule-derived mimetic peptide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71479. [PMID: 23951173 PMCID: PMC3739720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of neurotoxic amyloid-beta in the brain are a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease. FG-Loop (FGL), a neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide that corresponds to its second fibronectin type III module, has been shown to provide neuroprotection against a range of cellular insults. In the present study impairments in social recognition memory were seen 24 days after a 5 mg/15 µl amyloid-beta(25-35) injection into the right lateral ventricle of the young adult rat brain. This impairment was prevented if the animal was given a systemic treatment of FGL. Unbiased stereology was used to investigate the ability of FGL to alleviate the deleterious effects on CA1 pyramidal cells of the amyloid-beta(25-35) injection. NeuN, a neuronal marker (for nuclear staining) was used to identify pyramidal cells, and immunocytochemistry was also used to identify inactive glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3β) and to determine the effects of amyloid-beta(25-35) and FGL on the activation state of GSK3β, since active GSK3β has been shown to cause a range of AD pathologies. The cognitive deficits were not due to hippocampal atrophy as volume estimations of the entire hippocampus and its regions showed no significant loss, but amyloid-beta caused a 40% loss of pyramidal cells in the dorsal CA1 which was alleviated partially by FGL. However, FGL treatment without amyloid-beta was also found to cause a 40% decrease in CA1 pyramidal cells. The action of FGL may be due to inactivation of GSK3β, as an increased proportion of CA1 pyramidal neurons contained inactive GSK3β after FGL treatment. These data suggest that FGL, although potentially disruptive in non-pathological conditions, can be neuroprotective in disease-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Corbett
- Open University, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
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44
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Daulatzai MA. Neurotoxic Saboteurs: Straws that Break the Hippo’s (Hippocampus) Back Drive Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2013; 24:407-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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45
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Rodríguez JJ, Noristani HN, Hilditch T, Olabarria M, Yeh CY, Witton J, Verkhratsky A. Increased densities of resting and activated microglia in the dentate gyrus follow senile plaque formation in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus in the triple transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2013; 552:129-34. [PMID: 23827221 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease that is characterised by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and synaptic loss specifically in brain regions involved in learning and memory such as the neocortex and the hippocampus. Aβ depositions in the form of neuritic plaques trigger activation of microglia that is believed to be a common neuropathological feature of AD brains. As an integral part of the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus (DG) plays an important role in cognitive function. Although post-mortem studies suggest later involvement of the DG into the AD progression, changes in microglia have not been studied in this subfield of the hippocampus. In the present study the numerical density (Nv, #/mm(3)) of both resting (identified by tomato lectin staining) and activated (identified by Mac-1 immunoreactivity) microglia was analysed in the molecular layer (ML) of the DG in the triple transgenic (3xTg-AD) mouse model of AD at different ages (9, 12 and 18 months). The 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD showed a significant increase in the Nv of resting (by 75%) and activated (by 67%) at 18 months of age compared to non-Tg controls. These results indicate a complex microglial remodelling during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rodríguez
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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Holden HM, Toner C, Pirogovsky E, Kirwan CB, Gilbert PE. Visual object pattern separation varies in older adults. Learn Mem 2013; 20:358-62. [PMID: 23774765 PMCID: PMC3687255 DOI: 10.1101/lm.030171.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Young and nondemented older adults completed a visual object continuous recognition memory task in which some stimuli (lures) were similar but not identical to previously presented objects. The lures were hypothesized to result in increased interference and increased pattern separation demand. To examine variability in object pattern separation deficits, older adults were divided into impaired and unimpaired groups based on performance on a standardized serial list-learning task. Impaired older adults showed intact recognition memory, but were impaired relative to young and unimpaired older adults when identifying similar lure stimuli, demonstrating that object pattern separation varies in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Holden
- San Diego State University-University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California 92120, USA
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47
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Wright AL, Zinn R, Hohensinn B, Konen LM, Beynon SB, Tan RP, Clark IA, Abdipranoto A, Vissel B. Neuroinflammation and neuronal loss precede Aβ plaque deposition in the hAPP-J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59586. [PMID: 23560052 PMCID: PMC3613362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human trials of treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been largely unsuccessful, raising the idea that treatment may need to be started earlier in the disease, well before cognitive symptoms appear. An early marker of AD pathology is therefore needed and it is debated as to whether amyloid-βAβ? plaque load may serve this purpose. We investigated this in the hAPP-J20 AD mouse model by studying disease pathology at 6, 12, 24 and 36 weeks. Using robust stereological methods, we found there is no neuron loss in the hippocampal CA3 region at any age. However loss of neurons from the hippocampal CA1 region begins as early as 12 weeks of age. The extent of neuron loss increases with age, correlating with the number of activated microglia. Gliosis was also present, but plateaued during aging. Increased hyperactivity and spatial memory deficits occurred at 16 and 24 weeks. Meanwhile, the appearance of plaques and oligomeric Aβ were essentially the last pathological changes, with significant changes only observed at 36 weeks of age. This is surprising given that the hAPP-J20 AD mouse model is engineered to over-expresses Aβ. Our data raises the possibility that plaque load may not be the best marker for early AD and suggests that activated microglia could be a valuable marker to track disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis
- Alzheimer Disease/genetics
- Alzheimer Disease/metabolism
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Disease Models, Animal
- Early Diagnosis
- Gene Expression
- Gliosis/diagnosis
- Gliosis/genetics
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Gliosis/pathology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Memory Disorders/diagnosis
- Memory Disorders/genetics
- Memory Disorders/metabolism
- Memory Disorders/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Plaque, Amyloid/diagnosis
- Plaque, Amyloid/genetics
- Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism
- Plaque, Amyloid/pathology
- Stereotaxic Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Wright
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Raphael Zinn
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Hohensinn
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyndsey M. Konen
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah B. Beynon
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard P. Tan
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian A. Clark
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrea Abdipranoto
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bryce Vissel
- Neurodegenerative Disorders, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Neuroscience Department, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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48
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Head E. A canine model of human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1384-9. [PMID: 23528711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aged dog naturally develops cognitive decline in many different domains (including learning and memory) but also exhibits human-like individual variability in the aging process. The neurobiological basis for cognitive dysfunction may be related to structural changes that reflect neurodegeneration. Molecular cascades that contribute to degeneration in the aging dog brain include the progressive accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in diffuse plaques and in the cerebral vasculature. In addition, neuronal dysfunction occurs as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction and cumulative oxidative damage. In combination, the aged dog captures key features of human aging, making them particularly useful for the development of preventive or therapeutic interventions to improve aged brain function. These interventions can then be translated into human clinical trials. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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49
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Abstract
The elderly frequently have changes in pharmacokinetics, sensitivity to medications, homeostatic reserve (ability to tolerate physiological challenges), exposure to multiple medications, and adherence. All of these age-associated factors can potentially influence total exposure to medication, adverse effects, and subsequent treatment outcome. Most clinical trials are performed with healthy, younger adults. Extrapolating the results of these trials to the elderly may be inappropriate, particularly for the antidepressant treatment of depression. The authors review these age-associated differences and discuss their implications for antidepressant use in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis E Lotrich
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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50
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Manaye KF, Mouton PR, Xu G, Drew A, Lei DL, Sharma Y, Rebeck GW, Turner S. Age-related loss of noradrenergic neurons in the brains of triple transgenic mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:139-147. [PMID: 22127507 PMCID: PMC3543748 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic findings in Alzheimer's disease (AD) at autopsy include a wide cortical distribution of beta amyloid (Aβ)-containing plaques and diminished numbers of pyramidal neurons in CA1 of hippocampus and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC). To better understand the neuropathology underlying cognitive decline in AD, we analyzed the AD-type neuropathology in brains of triple transgenic (3×Tg) mice harboring mutations for APP(swe), PS1(M146V), and tau(P301L). Histochemical and immunohistochemical staining and computerized stereology were carried out in age-matched young, early middle age, and late middle age 3×Tg mice. The 3×Tg mice showed an intracellular Aβ deposition in subiculum and CA1 pyramidal neurons and an extracellular distribution of amyloid plaques specifically in the subiculum of hippocampal formation and in neocortical layer V. The 3×Tg mice also showed an age-related loss of TH+ neurons in LC, with a loss of 37% of these neurons at 15 months of age. There was no loss of CA1 neurons at any age examined. Reduced AD-type neuropathology in CA1 of 3×Tg mice suggests a possible neuroprotective role for high intracellular-to-extracellular ratios of insoluble Aβ deposits. Understanding the neurobiology of this apparent neuroprotection could lead to an improved understanding of age-related cognitive function in general, and the development of novel strategies for the therapeutic management of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebreten F Manaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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