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Sackner-Bernstein J. Rethinking Parkinson's disease: could dopamine reduction therapy have clinical utility? J Neurol 2024; 271:5687-5695. [PMID: 38904783 PMCID: PMC11319508 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Following reports of low striatal dopamine content in Parkinson's disease, levodopa was shown to rapidly reverse hypokinesis, establishing the model of disease as one of dopamine deficiency. Dopaminergic therapy became standard of care, yet it failed to reverse the disease, suggesting the understanding of disease was incomplete. The literature suggests the potential for toxicity of dopamine and its metabolites, perhaps more relevant given the recent evidence for elevated cytosolic dopamine levels in the dopaminergic neurons of people with Parkinson's. To understand the relevance of these data, multiple investigations are reviewed that tested dopamine reduction therapy as an alternative to dopaminergic agents. The data from use of an inhibitor of dopamine synthesis in experimental models suggest that such an approach could reverse disease pathology, which suggests that cytosolic dopamine excess is a primary driver of disease. These data support clinical investigation of dopamine reduction therapy for Parkinson's disease. Doing so will determine whether these experimental models are predictive and this treatment strategy is worth pursuing further. If clinical data are positive, it could warrant reconsideration of our disease model and treatment strategies, including a shift from dopaminergic to dopamine reduction treatment of the disease.
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Soto I, McManus R, Navarrete W, Kasanga EA, Doshier K, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. Aging accelerates locomotor decline in PINK1 knockout rats in association with decreased nigral, but not striatal, dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114771. [PMID: 38580154 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) rodent models provide insight into the relationship between nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) signaling and locomotor function. Although toxin-based rat models produce frank nigrostriatal neuron loss and eventual motor decline characteristic of PD, the rapid nature of neuronal loss may not adequately translate premotor traits, such as cognitive decline. Unfortunately, rodent genetic PD models, like the Pink1 knockout (KO) rat, often fail to replicate the differential severity of striatal DA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss, and a bradykinetic phenotype, reminiscent of human PD. To elucidate this inconsistency, we evaluated aging as a progression factor in the timing of motor and non-motor cognitive impairments. Male PINK1 KO and age-matched wild type (WT) rats were evaluated in a longitudinal study from 3 to 16 months old in one cohort, and in a cross-sectional study of young adult (6-7 months) and aged (18-19 months) in another cohort. Young adult PINK1 KO rats exhibited hyperkinetic behavior associated with elevated DA and TH in the substantia nigra (SN), which decreased therein, but not striatum, in the aged KO rats. Additionally, norepinephrine levels decreased in aged KO rats in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), paired with a higher DA levels in young and aged KO. Although a younger age of onset characterizes familial forms of PD, our results underscore the critical need to consider age-related factors. Moreover, the results indicate that compensatory mechanisms may exist to preserve locomotor function, evidenced by increased DA in the SN early in the lifespan, in response to deficient PINK1 function, which declines with aging and the onset of motor decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Soto
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Robert McManus
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Walter Navarrete
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Ella A Kasanga
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Kirby Doshier
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Vicki A Nejtek
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America.
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Soto I, McManus R, Navarrete-Barahona W, Kasanga EA, Doshier K, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. Aging hastens locomotor decline in PINK1 knockout rats in association with decreased nigral, but not striatal, dopamine and tyrosine hydroxylase expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578317. [PMID: 38352365 PMCID: PMC10862808 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) rodent models provide insight into the relationship between nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) signaling and locomotor function. Although toxin-based rat models produce frank nigrostriatal neuron loss and eventual motor decline characteristic of PD, the rapid nature of neuronal loss may not adequately translate premotor traits, such as cognitive decline. Unfortunately, rodent genetic PD models, like the Pink1 knockout (KO) rat, often fail to replicate the differential severity of striatal DA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss, and a bradykinetic phenotype, reminiscent of human PD. To elucidate this inconsistency, we evaluated aging as a progression factor in the timing of motor and non-motor cognitive impairments. Male PINK1 KO and age-matched wild type (WT) rats were evaluated in a longitudinal study from 3 to 16 months old in one cohort, and in a cross-sectional study of young adult (6-7 months) and aged (18-19 months) in another cohort. Young adult PINK1 KO rats exhibited hyperkinetic behavior associated with elevated DA and TH in the substantia nigra (SN), which decreased therein, but not striatum, in the aged KO rats. Additionally, norepinephrine levels decreased in aged KO rats in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), paired with a higher DA content in young and aged KO. Although a younger age of onset characterizes familial forms of PD, our results underscore the critical need to consider age-related factors. Moreover, the results indicate that compensatory mechanisms may exist to preserve locomotor function, evidenced by increased DA in the SN early in the lifespan, in response to deficient PINK1 function, which declines with aging and the onset of motor impairment.
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Li HY, Liu DS, Li LB, Zhang YB, Dong HY, Rong H, Zhang JY, Wang JP, Jin M, Luo N, Zhang XJ. Total Glucosides of White Paeony Capsule ameliorates Parkinson's disease-like behavior in MPTP-induced mice model by regulating LRRK2/alpha-synuclein signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117319. [PMID: 37838295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Total Glucosides of White Paeony Capsule (TGPC), one of the traditional Chinese patent medicines, has been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical practice. Besides, the components of TGPC are extracted from Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA) and have displayed neuroprotective properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-PD-like effects of TGPC on a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mice model and explore its potential molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Behavioral tests, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blotting (WB) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were performed in this study. RESULTS It was observed that TGPC treatment (150, 300 mg/kg) significantly reversed MPTPinduced PD-like behaviors, such as reduced locomotive activity in the open field test, prolonged time to turn downward on the ball (T-turn) and to climb down the whole pole (T-descend) in the pole test, decreased movement scores in the traction test and extended the latency to fall in the hanging wire test. In addition, TGPC improved neurodegeneration, inhibited the excessive activation of microglia and suppressed the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines induced by MPTP, partially by restoring leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) activity and inhibiting alpha-synuclein (α-syn) mediated neuroinflammation signaling. CONCLUSION Taken together, TGPC exhibited neuroprotective effects on MPTP-induced mice model of PD, which was associated with the prevention of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration modulated by LRRK2/α-syn pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Mice
- Animals
- Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
- alpha-Synuclein/metabolism
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Glucosides/therapeutic use
- Glucosides/metabolism
- Paeonia
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/therapeutic use
- Dopaminergic Neurons
- Disease Models, Animal
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Li
- Department of Basic Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Haerbin, 150000, PR China
| | - De-Shui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Li-Bo Li
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Ying-Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Hai-Ying Dong
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Hua Rong
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Jing-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Jun-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Nan Luo
- Department of Pathology, Qiqihaer Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Haerbin, 150000, PR China; Heilongjiang Nursing College, Haerbin, 150000, PR China.
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Sian-Hulsmann J, Riederer P. Virus-induced brain pathology and the neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum: the neurochemists view. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-023-02723-5. [PMID: 38261034 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Fascinatingly, an abundance of recent studies has subscribed to the importance of cytotoxic immune mechanisms that appear to increase the risk/trigger for many progressive neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Events associated with the neuroinflammatory cascades, such as ageing, immunologic dysfunction, and eventually disruption of the blood-brain barrier and the "cytokine storm", appear to be orchestrated mainly through the activation of microglial cells and communication with the neurons. The inflammatory processes prompt cellular protein dyshomeostasis. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease share a common feature marked by characteristic pathological hallmarks of abnormal neuronal protein accumulation. These Lewy bodies contain misfolded α-synuclein aggregates in PD or in the case of AD, they are Aβ deposits and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles. Subsequently, these abnormal protein aggregates further elicit neurotoxic processes and events which contribute to the onset of neurodegeneration and to its progression including aggravation of neuroinflammation. However, there is a caveat for exclusively linking neuroinflammation with neurodegeneration, since it's highly unlikely that immune dysregulation is the only factor that contributes to the manifestation of many of these neurodegenerative disorders. It is unquestionably a complex interaction with other factors such as genetics, age, and environment. This endorses the "multiple hit hypothesis". Consequently, if the host has a genetic susceptibility coupled to an age-related weakened immune system, this makes them more susceptible to the virus/bacteria-related infection. This may trigger the onset of chronic cytotoxic neuroinflammatory processes leading to protein dyshomeostasis and accumulation, and finally, these events lead to neuronal destruction. Here, we differentiate "neuroinflammation" and "inflammation" with regard to the involvement of the blood-brain barrier, which seems to be intact in the case of neuroinflammation but defect in the case of inflammation. There is a neuroinflammation-inflammation continuum with regard to virus-induced brain affection. Therefore, we propose a staging of this process, which might be further developed by adding blood- and CSF parameters, their stage-dependent composition and stage-dependent severeness grade. If so, this might be suitable to optimise therapeutic strategies to fight brain neuroinflammation in its beginning and avoid inflammation at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswinder Sian-Hulsmann
- Department of Human Anatomy and Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Peter Riederer
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy Margarete-Höppel-Platz 1, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern Denmark, Winslows Vey 18, 5000, Odense, J.B, Denmark.
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Salemi M, Ravo M, Lanza G, Schillaci FA, Ventola GM, Marchese G, Salluzzo MG, Cappelletti G, Ferri R. Gene Expression Profiling of Post Mortem Midbrain of Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Controls. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:707. [PMID: 38255780 PMCID: PMC10815072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) stands as the most prevalent degenerative movement disorder, marked by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis utilizing post mortem mRNA extracted from the substantia nigra of both PD patients and healthy control (CTRL) individuals. Specifically, we acquired eight samples from individuals with PD and six samples from CTRL individuals, with no discernible pathology detected in the latter group. RNA sequencing was conducted using the TapeStation 4200 system from Agilent Technologies. A total of 16,148 transcripts were identified, with 92 mRNAs displaying differential expression between the PD and control groups. Specifically, 33 mRNAs were significantly up-regulated, while 59 mRNAs were down-regulated in PD compared to the controls. The identification of statistically significant signaling pathways, with an adjusted p-value threshold of 0.05, unveiled noteworthy insights. Specifically, the enriched categories included cardiac muscle contraction (involving genes such as ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2 (ATP1B2), solute carrier family 8 member A1 (SLC8A1), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COX2)), GABAergic synapse (involving GABA type A receptor-associated protein-like 1 (GABARAPL1), G protein subunit beta 5 (GNB5), and solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SLC38A2), autophagy (involving GABARAPL1 and tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2)), and Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) mediated phagocytosis (involving amphiphysin (AMPH)). These findings uncover new pathophysiological dimensions underlying PD, implicating genes associated with heart muscle contraction. This knowledge enhances diagnostic accuracy and contributes to the advancement of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salemi
- Oasi Research Institute–IRCCS, 94018 Troin, Italy; (G.L.); (F.A.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.F.)
| | - Maria Ravo
- Genomix4Life Srl, 94081 Baroniss, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.V.); (G.M.)
- Genome Research Center for Health–CRGS, 94081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Oasi Research Institute–IRCCS, 94018 Troin, Italy; (G.L.); (F.A.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.F.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical–Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Maria Ventola
- Genomix4Life Srl, 94081 Baroniss, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.V.); (G.M.)
- Genome Research Center for Health–CRGS, 94081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life Srl, 94081 Baroniss, Italy; (M.R.); (G.M.V.); (G.M.)
- Genome Research Center for Health–CRGS, 94081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Salluzzo
- Oasi Research Institute–IRCCS, 94018 Troin, Italy; (G.L.); (F.A.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.F.)
| | | | - Raffaele Ferri
- Oasi Research Institute–IRCCS, 94018 Troin, Italy; (G.L.); (F.A.S.); (M.G.S.); (R.F.)
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Khor SLQ, Ng KY, Koh RY, Chye SM. Blood-brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Clinical Insights to Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:315-330. [PMID: 36999187 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230330093829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a crucial role in the central nervous system by tightly regulating the influx and efflux of biological substances between the brain parenchyma and peripheral circulation. Its restrictive nature acts as an obstacle to protect the brain from potentially noxious substances such as blood-borne toxins, immune cells, and pathogens. Thus, the maintenance of its structural and functional integrity is vital in the preservation of neuronal function and cellular homeostasis in the brain microenvironment. However, the barrier's foundation can become compromised during neurological or pathological conditions, which can result in dysregulated ionic homeostasis, impaired transport of nutrients, and accumulation of neurotoxins that eventually lead to irreversible neuronal loss. Initially, the BBB is thought to remain intact during neurodegenerative diseases, but accumulating evidence as of late has suggested the possible association of BBB dysfunction with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The neurodegeneration occurring in PD is believed to stem from a myriad of pathogenic mechanisms, including tight junction alterations, abnormal angiogenesis, and dysfunctional BBB transporter mechanism, which ultimately causes altered BBB permeability. In this review, the major elements of the neurovascular unit (NVU) comprising the BBB are discussed, along with their role in the maintenance of barrier integrity and PD pathogenesis. We also elaborated on how the neuroendocrine system can influence the regulation of BBB function and PD pathogenesis. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting the NVU components are explored to provide a fresh outlook on treatment options for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lei Qi Khor
- School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khuen Yen Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rhun Yian Koh
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soi Moi Chye
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Science, International Medical University, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Kang S, Noh Y, Oh SJ, Yoon HJ, Im S, Kwon HT, Pak YK. Neuroprotective Effects of Aldehyde-Reducing Composition in an LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation Model of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:7988. [PMID: 38138478 PMCID: PMC10745824 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease in which neuroinflammation and oxidative stress interact to contribute to pathogenesis. This study investigates the in vivo neuroprotective effects of a patented yeast extract lysate in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model. The yeast extract lysate, named aldehyde-reducing composition (ARC), exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-aldehyde activities in vitro. Oral administration of ARC at 10 or 20 units/kg/day for 3 days prior to intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) effectively preserved dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum by preventing LPS-induced cell death. ARC also normalized the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SN, providing further evidence for its neuroprotective properties. In the liver, ARC downregulated the LPS-induced increase in inflammatory cytokines and reversed the LPS-induced decrease in antioxidant-related genes. These findings indicate that ARC exerts potent antioxidant, anti-aldehyde, and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, suggesting its potential as a disease-modifying agent for the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation-related diseases, including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.Y.)
- Picoentech Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13201, Gyeong gi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (H.T.K.)
| | - Youngjin Noh
- Picoentech Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13201, Gyeong gi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (H.T.K.)
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Hye Ji Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.Y.)
| | - Suyeol Im
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.O.); (S.I.)
| | - Hung Taeck Kwon
- Picoentech Co., Ltd., Seongnam-si 13201, Gyeong gi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.N.); (H.T.K.)
| | - Youngmi Kim Pak
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.J.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.O.); (S.I.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Park M, Ha J, Lee Y, Choi HS, Kim BS, Jeong YK. Low-moderate dose whole-brain γ-ray irradiation modulates the expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 132:175-184. [PMID: 37837733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory efficacy of radiation therapy (RT) with single fractions below 1.0 Gy has been demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. As neuroinflammation is also a major pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), RT may also be effective in PD treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of low-moderate dose RT (LMDRT, 0.6 Gy/single dose, for 5 days) exposure in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, for 5 consecutive days)-induced PD mouse model. Importantly, LMDRT reduced the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) in the striatum region, which increased following MPTP administration. LMDRT also modulated inflammatory gene expression patterns in the substantia nigra region of the MPTP-treated mice. However, LMDRT had no direct effects on the severe loss of dopaminergic neurons and impaired motor behavior in the rotarod test. These results indicate that LMDRT has anti-inflammatory effects by modulating neuroinflammatory factors, including glial fibrillary acidic protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, but showed no behavioral improvements or neuroprotection in the MPTP-induced mouse model of PD.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/therapeutic use
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/radiation effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopaminergic Neurons/pathology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/pharmacology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/therapeutic use
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Parkinson Disease/radiotherapy
- Substantia Nigra/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijeong Park
- Radiological and Medical Support Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Ha
- Radiological and Medical Support Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Lee
- Radiological and Medical Support Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon-Seong Choi
- Research Animal Resource Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Soo Kim
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Radiological and Medical Support Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lisco G, De Tullio A, Iovino M, Disoteo O, Guastamacchia E, Giagulli VA, Triggiani V. Dopamine in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis, Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes, and Chronic Conditions of Impaired Dopamine Activity/Metabolism: Implication for Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Purposes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2993. [PMID: 38001993 PMCID: PMC10669051 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine regulates several functions, such as voluntary movements, spatial memory, motivation, sleep, arousal, feeding, immune function, maternal behaviors, and lactation. Less clear is the role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and chronic complications and conditions frequently associated with it. This review summarizes recent evidence on the role of dopamine in regulating insular metabolism and activity, the pathophysiology of traditional chronic complications associated with T2D, the pathophysiological interconnection between T2D and chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders characterized by impaired dopamine activity/metabolism, and therapeutic implications. Reinforcing dopamine signaling is therapeutic in T2D, especially in patients with dopamine-related disorders, such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases, addictions, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. On the other hand, although specific trials are probably needed, certain medications approved for T2D (e.g., metformin, pioglitazone, incretin-based therapy, and gliflozins) may have a therapeutic role in such dopamine-related disorders due to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects, improvement in insulin signaling, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and apoptosis, restoration of striatal dopamine synthesis, and modulation of dopamine signaling associated with reward and hedonic eating. Last, targeting dopamine metabolism could have the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in chronic diabetes-related complications, such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Michele Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Olga Disoteo
- Diabetology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (A.D.T.); (M.I.); (E.G.); (V.A.G.)
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11
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Wang HK, Su YT, Ho YC, Lee YK, Chu TH, Chen KT, Wu CC. HDAC1 is Involved in Neuroinflammation and Blood-Brain Barrier Damage in Stroke Pathogenesis. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4103-4116. [PMID: 37745794 PMCID: PMC10516226 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s416239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is a common cause of disability and mortality worldwide; however, effective therapy remains limited. In stroke pathogenesis, ischemia/reperfusion injury triggers gliosis and neuroinflammation that further activates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby damaging the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Increased BBB permeability promotes macrophage infiltration and brain edema, thereby worsening behavioral outcomes and prognosis. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is a repressor of epigenomic gene transcription and participates in DNA damage and cell cycle regulation. Although HDAC1 is deregulated after stroke and is involved in neuronal loss and DNA repair, its role in neuroinflammation and BBB damage remains unknown. Methods The rats with cerebral ischemia were evaluated in behavioral outcomes, levels of inflammation in gliosis and cytokines, and BBB damage by using an endothelin-1-induced rat model with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Results The results revealed that HDAC1 dysfunction could promote BBB damage through the destruction of tight junction proteins, such as ZO-1 and occludin, after stroke in rats. HDAC1 inhibition also increased the levels of astrocyte and microglial gliosis, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, lactate dehydrogenase, and reactive oxygen species, further triggering MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity. Moreover, modified neurological severity scores for the cylinder test revealed that HDAC1 inhibition deteriorated behavioral outcomes in rats with cerebral ischemia. Discussion HDAC1 plays a crucial role in ischemia/reperfusion-induced neuroinflammation and BBB damage, thus indicating its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Kuang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lee
- Medical Laboratory, Medical Education and Research Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Huei Chu
- Medical Laboratory, Medical Education and Research Center, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ti Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nation Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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12
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Lee J, Hyun DH. The Interplay between Intracellular Iron Homeostasis and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040918. [PMID: 37107292 PMCID: PMC10135822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for life. Many enzymes require iron for appropriate function. However, dysregulation of intracellular iron homeostasis produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the Fenton reaction and causes devastating effects on cells, leading to ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death. In order to protect against harmful effects, the intracellular system regulates cellular iron levels through iron regulatory mechanisms, including hepcidin-ferroportin, divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)-transferrin, and ferritin-nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4). During iron deficiency, DMT1-transferrin and ferritin-NCOA4 systems increase intracellular iron levels via endosomes and ferritinophagy, respectively. In contrast, repleting extracellular iron promotes cellular iron absorption through the hepcidin-ferroportin axis. These processes are regulated by the iron-regulatory protein (IRP)/iron-responsive element (IRE) system and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Meanwhile, excessive ROS also promotes neuroinflammation by activating the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). NF-κB forms inflammasomes, inhibits silent information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1), and induces pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β). Furthermore, 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (4-HNE), the end-product of ferroptosis, promotes the inflammatory response by producing amyloid-beta (Aβ) fibrils and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease, and alpha-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's disease. This interplay shows that intracellular iron homeostasis is vital to maintain inflammatory homeostasis. Here, we review the role of iron homeostasis in inflammation based on recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewang Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhang DD, Zhang CY, Zhang YX, Cui HP, Jiao Chen, Wen-Zhi Ma, Jia H. G-CSF reduces loss of dopaminergic neurons by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:278-289. [PMID: 33781148 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1910259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor existing in neutrophils, glial cells and neurons. Increasing researches discovered that G-CSF improved cell survival in neurodegenerative diseases by its anti-inflammatory effect. However, the effect of G-CSF in suppressing inflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explored the anti-inflammatory effect of G-CSF in mouse model of PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS G-CSF was administrated in the PD model induced by MPTP. Subsequently, the protein of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) and the inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in the midbrain were examined. In addition, the phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) including c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK in the midbrain were investigated. RESULTS Compared with the MPTP group, the protein of TH in the midbrain was increased, while the Iba-1 and the inflammatory factors were decreased. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) in the midbrain of the MPTP + G-CSF group was decreased, while the phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) levels were elevated. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize that G-CSF inhibited the degradation of DA neurons. The protective effect is associated with the reduction of the inflammatory factors caused by the inhibition of the microglial activation. Moreover, G-CSF may decrease the inflammatory factors through the decrease of P-JNK and the increase of P-ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cui
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, School of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Hua Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, School of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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14
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Pathak D, Sriram K. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neuroinflammation Elicited by Occupational Injuries and Toxicants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2272. [PMID: 36768596 PMCID: PMC9917383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational injuries and toxicant exposures lead to the development of neuroinflammation by activating distinct mechanistic signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in the disruption of neuronal function leading to neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. The entry of toxicants into the brain causes the subsequent activation of glial cells, a response known as 'reactive gliosis'. Reactive glial cells secrete a wide variety of signaling molecules in response to neuronal perturbations and thus play a crucial role in the progression and regulation of central nervous system (CNS) injury. In parallel, the roles of protein phosphorylation and cell signaling in eliciting neuroinflammation are evolving. However, there is limited understanding of the molecular underpinnings associated with toxicant- or occupational injury-mediated neuroinflammation, gliosis, and neurological outcomes. The activation of signaling molecules has biological significance, including the promotion or inhibition of disease mechanisms. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of synergism or antagonism among intracellular signaling pathways remain elusive. This review highlights the research focusing on the direct interaction between the immune system and the toxicant- or occupational injury-induced gliosis. Specifically, the role of occupational injuries, e.g., trips, slips, and falls resulting in traumatic brain injury, and occupational toxicants, e.g., volatile organic compounds, metals, and nanoparticles/nanomaterials in the development of neuroinflammation and neurological or neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted. Further, this review recapitulates the recent advancement related to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms comprising protein phosphorylation and cell signaling, culminating in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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15
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Myrcene Salvages Rotenone-Induced Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020685. [PMID: 36677744 PMCID: PMC9863310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, resulting in motor deficits. The exact etiology of PD is currently unknown; however, the pathological hallmarks of PD include excessive production of reactive oxygen species, enhanced neuroinflammation, and overproduction of α-synuclein. Under normal physiological conditions, aggregated α-synuclein is degraded via the autophagy lysosomal pathway. However, impairment of the autophagy lysosomal pathway results in α-synuclein accumulation, thereby facilitating the pathogenesis of PD. Current medications only manage the symptoms, but are unable to delay, prevent, or cure the disease. Collectively, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy play crucial roles in PD; therefore, there is an enormous interest in exploring novel bioactive agents of natural origin for their protective roles in PD. The present study evaluated the role of myrcene, a monoterpene, in preventing the loss of dopaminergic neurons in a rotenone (ROT)-induced rodent model of PD, and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Myrcene was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg, 30 min prior to the intraperitoneal injections of ROT (2.5 mg/kg). Administration of ROT caused a considerable loss of dopaminergic neurons, subsequent to a significant reduction in the antioxidant defense systems, increased lipid peroxidation, and activation of microglia and astrocytes, along with the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Rotenone also resulted in impairment of the autophagy lysosomal pathway, as evidenced by increased expression of LC3, p62, and beclin-1 with decreased expression in the phosphorylation of mTOR protein. Collectively, these factors result in the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, myrcene treatment has been observed to restore antioxidant defenses and attenuate the increase in concentrations of lipid peroxidation products, pro-inflammatory cytokines, diminished microglia, and astrocyte activation. Myrcene treatment also enhanced the phosphorylation of mTOR, reinstated neuronal homeostasis, restored autophagy-lysosomal degradation, and prevented the increased expression of α-synuclein following the rescue of dopaminergic neurons. Taken together, our study clearly revealed the mitigating effect of myrcene on dopaminergic neuronal loss, attributed to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, and favorable modulation of autophagic flux. This study suggests that myrcene may be a potential candidate for therapeutic benefits in PD.
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16
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Huntingtin and Other Neurodegeneration-Associated Proteins in the Development of Intracellular Pathologies: Potential Target Search for Therapeutic Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415533. [PMID: 36555175 PMCID: PMC9779313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are currently incurable. Numerous experimental data accumulated over the past fifty years have brought us closer to understanding the molecular and cell mechanisms responsible for their development. However, these data are not enough for a complete understanding of the genesis of these diseases, nor to suggest treatment methods. It turns out that many cellular pathologies developing during neurodegeneration coincide from disease to disease. These observations give hope to finding a common intracellular target(s) and to offering a universal method of treatment. In this review, we attempt to analyze data on similar cellular disorders among neurodegenerative diseases in general, and polyglutamine neurodegenerative diseases in particular, focusing on the interaction of various proteins involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases with various cellular organelles. The main purposes of this review are: (1) to outline the spectrum of common intracellular pathologies and to answer the question of whether it is possible to find potential universal target(s) for therapeutic intervention; (2) to identify specific intracellular pathologies and to speculate about a possible general approach for their treatment.
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17
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The Role of Epigenetics in Neuroinflammatory-Driven Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315218. [PMID: 36499544 PMCID: PMC9740629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of central and/or peripheral nervous system neurons. Within this context, neuroinflammation comes up as one of the main factors linked to neurodegeneration progression. In fact, neuroinflammation has been recognized as an outstanding factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Interestingly, neuroinflammatory diseases are characterized by dramatic changes in the epigenetic profile, which might provide novel prognostic and therapeutic factors towards neuroinflammatory treatment. Deep changes in DNA and histone methylation, along with histone acetylation and altered non-coding RNA expression, have been reported at the onset of inflammatory diseases. The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge on this field.
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18
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Yi S, Wang L, Wang H, Ho MS, Zhang S. Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14753. [PMID: 36499080 PMCID: PMC9739123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function; glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret S. Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shiping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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19
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Mazumder S, Bahar AY, Shepherd CE, Prasad AA. Post-mortem brain histological examination in the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease following deep brain stimulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:948523. [PMID: 36188463 PMCID: PMC9516394 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.948523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, pathologically hallmarked by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and alpha-synuclein aggregation. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a common target to treat the motor symptoms in PD. However, we have less understanding of the cellular changes in the STN during PD, and the impact of DBS on the STN and SN is limited. We examined cellular changes in the SN and STN in PD patients with and without STN-DBS treatment. Post-mortem brain tissues from 6 PD non-STN-DBS patients, 5 PD STN-DBS patients, and 6 age-matched controls were stained with markers for neurodegeneration (tyrosine hydroxylase, alpha-synuclein, and neuronal loss) and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein). Changes were assessed using quantitative and semi-quantitative microscopy techniques. As expected, significant neuronal cell loss, alpha-synuclein pathology, and variable astrogliosis were observed in the SN in PD. No neuronal cell loss or astrogliosis was observed in the STN, although alpha-synuclein deposition was present in the STN in all PD cases. DBS did not alter neuronal loss, astrogliosis, or alpha-synuclein pathology in either the SN or STN. This study reports selective pathology in the STN with deposits of alpha-synuclein in the absence of significant neuronal cell loss or inflammation in PD. Despite being effective for the treatment of PD, this small post-mortem study suggests that DBS of the STN does not appear to modulate histological changes in astrogliosis or neuronal survival, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of DBS mechanism may transiently affect STN neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srestha Mazumder
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Claire E. Shepherd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Asheeta A. Prasad
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Asheeta A. Prasad,
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20
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Kim YM, Choi SY, Hwang O, Lee JY. Pyruvate Prevents Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration and Motor Deficits in the 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6956-6970. [PMID: 36057709 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopamine(DA)rgic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain, and primarily causes motor symptoms. While the pathological cause of PD remains uncertain, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and energy metabolic perturbation have been implicated. Pyruvate has been shown neuroprotective in animal models for many neurological disorders, presumably owing to its potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and energy metabolic properties. We therefore investigated whether exogenous pyruvate could also protect nigral DA neurons from degeneration and reverse the associated motor deficits in an animal model of PD using the DA neuron-specific toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP (20 mg/kg) was injected four times every 2 h into the peritoneum of mice, which resulted in a massive loss of DA neurons as well as an increase in neuronal death and cytosolic labile zinc overload. There were rises in inflammatory and oxidative responses, a drop in the striatal DA level, and the emergence of PD-related motor deficits. In comparison, when sodium pyruvate was administered intraperitoneally at a daily dose of 250 mg/kg for 7 days starting 2 h after the final MPTP treatment, significant relief in the MPTP-induced neuropathology, neurodegeneration, DA depletion, and motor symptoms was observed. Equiosmolar dose of NaCl had no neuroprotective effect, and lower doses of sodium pyruvate did not have any statistically significant effects. These findings suggest that pyruvate has therapeutic potential for the treatment of PD and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Mi Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Yeon Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Onyou Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Oruc A, Simsek G. A Pathophysiological Approach To Current Biomarkers. Biomark Med 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/9789815040463122010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are necessary for screening and diagnosing numerous diseases,
predicting the prognosis of patients, and following-up treatment and the course of the
patient. Everyday new biomarkers are being used in clinics for these purposes. This
section will discuss the physiological roles of the various current biomarkers in a
healthy person and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the release of these
biomarkers. This chapter aims to gain a new perspective for evaluating and interpreting
the most current biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Oruc
- Department of Physiology,Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa,
Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonul Simsek
- Department of Physiology,Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa,
Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Lee TK, Lee JC, Kim D, Lee JW, Kim SS, Kim HI, Shin M, Cho J, Won MH, Choi S. Effects of Brain Factor‑7® against motor deficit and oxidative stress in a mouse model of MPTP‑induced Parkinson's disease. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:635. [PMID: 36160902 PMCID: PMC9468851 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) through degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. The present study was designed to investigate the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential of Brain Factor-7® (BF-7®), a natural compound in silkworm, in a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). MPTP (20 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into mice to cause symptoms of PD. Mice were orally administered BF-7® (a mixture of silk peptides) before and after MPTP treatment. Rotarod performance test was used to assess motor performance. Fluoro-Jade B staining for neurons undergoing degeneration and immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase for dopaminergic neurons, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) for lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) for DNA damage and superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and SOD2 for antioxidative enzymes in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra were performed. Results showed that BF-7® treatment significantly improved MPTP-induced motor deficit and protected MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Furthermore, BF-7® treatment significantly ameliorated MPTP-induced oxidative stress. Increased 4HNE and 8OHdG immunoreactivities induced by MPTP were significantly reduced by BF-7®, whereas SOD1 and SOD2 immunoreactivities decreased by MPTP were significantly enhanced by BF-7®. In conclusion, BF-7® exerted protective and/or therapeutic effects in a mouse model of PD by decreasing effects of oxidative stress on dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Su Kim
- Precision Medicine R&D Center, Famenity Co., Ltd., Uiwang, Gyeonggi 16006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Il Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Giri B, Seamon M, Banerjee A, Chauhan S, Purohit S, Morgan J, Baban B, Wakade C. Emerging urinary alpha-synuclein and miRNA biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1687-1696. [PMID: 33881722 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases after Alzheimer's disease (AD), afflicting adults above the age of sixty irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity, and social status. PD is characterized by motor dysfunctions, displaying resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural imbalance. Non-motor symptoms, including rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder, constipation, and loss of sense of smell, typically occur many years before the appearance of the PD motor symptoms that lead to a diagnosis. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which leads to the motor symptoms seen in PD, is associated with the deposition of aggregated, misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn, SNCA) proteins forming Lewy Bodies. Additionally, dysregulation of miRNA (a short form of mRNA) may contribute to the developing pathophysiology in PD and other diseases such as cancer. Overexpression of α-Syn and miRNA in human samples has been found in PD, AD, and dementia. Therefore, evaluating these molecules in urine, present either in the free form or in association with extracellular vesicles of biological fluids, may lead to early biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Collection of urine is non-invasive and thus beneficial, particularly in geriatric populations, for biomarker analysis. Considering the expression and function of α-Syn and miRNA, we predict that they can be used as early biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banabihari Giri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Marissa Seamon
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Brain Peds Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sneha Chauhan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sharad Purohit
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John Morgan
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship and Innovation (CERSI), Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chandramohan Wakade
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, 987 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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Jain J, Hasan W, Biswas P, Yadav RS, Jat D. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin against rotenone-induced neuroinflammation and alterations in mice behavior. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23165. [PMID: 35822592 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various studies suggested that neuroinflammation leads to the development of several neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Rotenone is an organic pesticide and potent inhibitor of complex I of electron transport chain widely used to develop the PD model. Numerous studies reported rotenone toxicity in the dopaminergic system but very few studies are available on rotenone-induced glial cell activation and subsequent neurodegeneration and alterations in various types of behavior. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the effect of rotenone on neuroinflammation and its deleterious effect on the behavior of mice, and also how these effects can be protected through quercetin. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid having strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is found in vegetables and fruits. The finding of the study indicated that rotenone 5 mg/kg body weight for 60 days through oral gavage leads to the release of inflammatory markers in blood serum, astrocytes activation in substantia nigra and hippocampus, and subsequently decreased density of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum. Rotenone also altered the memory of the mice as indicated by decreased spontaneous alteration in Y-maze and T-maze tests and reduction in exploration time in novel object recognition, increased immobility time in the forced swim test and reduced muscular strength. Co-treatment of quercetin 30 mg/kg/day through oral gavage for 60 days along with rotenone significantly reversed all these adverse effects, suggesting that quercetin could reduce neuroinflammation, and improve memory, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Jain
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Whidul Hasan
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pronit Biswas
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh S Yadav
- Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepali Jat
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Soltan-Alinejad P, Alipour H, Meharabani D, Azizi K. Therapeutic Potential of Bee and Scorpion Venom Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:300-313. [PMID: 35919080 PMCID: PMC9339116 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.88511.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Venomous arthropods such as scorpions and bees form one of the important groups with an essential role in medical entomology. Their venom possesses a mixture of diverse compounds, such as peptides, some of which have toxic effects, and enzymatic peptide Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) with a pharmacological potential in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Bee and scorpion venom PLA2 group III has been used in immunotherapy, the treatment of neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. They were assessed for antinociceptive, wound healing, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, and anti-angiogenesis effects. PLA2 has been identified in different species of scorpions and bees. The anti-leishmania, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-malarial activities of scorpion PLA2 still need further investigation. Many pieces of research have been stopped in the laboratory stage, and several studies need vast investigation in the clinical phase to show the pharmacological potential of PLA2. In this review, the medical significance of PLA2 from the venom of two arthropods, namely bees and scorpions, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Soltan-Alinejad
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Alipour
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Davood Meharabani
- Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research and Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,
Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Melatonin alleviates traumatic brain injury‑induced anxiety‑like behaviors in rats: Roles of the protein kinase A/cAMP‑response element binding signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:248. [PMID: 35261620 PMCID: PMC8855513 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland. Given its capabilities of neuroprotection and low neurotoxicity, melatonin could be a therapeutic strategy for traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was conducted to determine the neuroprotective effects of melatonin on TBI-induced anxiety and the possible molecular mechanism. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups. The rodent model of TBI was established using the weight-drop method. Melatonin was administered by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg after TBI. H89 (0.02 mg/kg), a special protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, or dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP; 0.1 mg/kg), an activator of PKA, were administered by stereotactic injection of the brain to evaluate the roles of PKA and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in melatonin-related mood regulation, respectively. At 30 days post-TBI, the changes in anxiety-like behaviors in rats were measured using the open field and elevated plus maze tests. At 24 h post-TBI, the number of activated astrocytes and neuronal apoptosis were evaluated using immunofluorescence assay. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the amygdala were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression levels of PKA, phosphorylated (p)-PKA, CREB, p-CREB, NF-κB and p-NF-κB in the amygdala were detected using western blotting. It was revealed that melatonin partially reversed TBI-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats, and decreased the number of activated astrocytes and neuronal apoptosis in the amygdala induced by TBI. H89 partially blocked the neuroprotective effects of melatonin; while dibutyryl-cAMP not only reduced the H89-induced emotional disturbance but also enhanced the protective effects of melatonin against TBI. Overall, melatonin can alleviate TBI-induced anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Moreover, the underlying mechanism may be associated with the activation of the PKA/CREB signaling pathway.
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Lee S, Jeon YM, Jo M, Kim HJ. Overexpression of SIRT3 Suppresses Oxidative Stress-induced Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:341-355. [PMID: 34737239 PMCID: PMC8572659 DOI: 10.5607/en21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a well-known mitochondrial deacetylase, is involved in mitochondrial function and metabolism under various stress conditions. In this study, we found that the expression of SIRT3 was markedly increased by oxidative stress in dopaminergic neuronal cells. In addition, SIRT3 overexpression enhanced mitochondrial activity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We also showed that SIRT3 overexpression attenuated rotenone- or H2O2-induced toxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells (human dopaminergic cell line). We further found that knockdown of SIRT3 enhanced rotenone- or H2O2-induced toxicity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, overexpression of SIRT3 mitigated cell death caused by LPS/IFN-γ stimulation in astrocytes. We also found that the rotenone treatment increases the level of SIRT3 in Drosophila brain. We observed that downregulation of sirt2 (Drosophila homologue of SIRT3) significantly accelerated the rotenone-induced toxicity in flies. Taken together, these findings suggest that the overexpression of SIRT3 mitigates oxidative stress-induced cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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28
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Pirooznia SK, Rosenthal LS, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Parkinson Disease: Translating Insights from Molecular Mechanisms to Neuroprotection. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:33-97. [PMID: 34663684 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) used to be considered a nongenetic condition. However, the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive mutations linked to monogenic PD has changed this view. Clinically manifest PD is then thought to occur through a complex interplay between genetic mutations, many of which have incomplete penetrance, and environmental factors, both neuroprotective and increasing susceptibility, which variably interact to reach a threshold over which PD becomes clinically manifested. Functional studies of PD gene products have identified many cellular and molecular pathways, providing crucial insights into the nature and causes of PD. PD originates from multiple causes and a range of pathogenic processes at play, ultimately culminating in nigral dopaminergic loss and motor dysfunction. An in-depth understanding of these complex and possibly convergent pathways will pave the way for therapeutic approaches to alleviate the disease symptoms and neuroprotective strategies to prevent disease manifestations. This review is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of advances made in PD research based on leveraging genetic insights into the pathogenesis of PD. It further discusses novel perspectives to facilitate identification of critical molecular pathways that are central to neurodegeneration that hold the potential to develop neuroprotective and/or neurorestorative therapeutic strategies for PD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A comprehensive review of PD pathophysiology is provided on the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors and biologic processes that contribute to PD pathogenesis. This knowledge identifies new targets that could be leveraged into disease-modifying therapies to prevent or slow neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Pirooznia
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Liana S Rosenthal
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Neurology (S.K.P., L.S.R., V.L.D., T.M.D.), Departments of Physiology (V.L.D.), Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience (V.L.D., T.M.D.), Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences (T.M.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.); and Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.K.P., V.L.D., T.M.D.)
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29
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Christmann A, Gries M, Scholz P, Stahr PL, Law JKY, Schulte S, Martin M, Lilischkis R, Ingebrandt S, Keck CM, Schäfer KH. The antioxidant Rutin counteracts the pathological impact of α-synuclein on the enteric nervous system in vitro. Biol Chem 2021; 403:103-122. [PMID: 34582634 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Motoric disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD) derive from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Intestinal dysfunctions often appear long before manifestation of neuronal symptoms, suggesting a strong correlation between gut and brain in PD. Oxidative stress is a key player in neurodegeneration causing neuronal cell death. Using natural antioxidative flavonoids like Rutin, might provide intervening strategies to improve PD pathogenesis. To explore the potential effects of micro (mRutin) compared to nano Rutin (nRutin) upon the brain and the gut during PD, its neuroprotective effects were assessed using an in vitro PD model. Our results demonstrated that Rutin inhibited the neurotoxicity induced by A53T α-synuclein (Syn) administration by decreasing oxidized lipids and increasing cell viability in both, mesencephalic and enteric cells. For enteric cells, neurite outgrowth, number of synaptic vesicles, and tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells were significantly reduced when treated with Syn. This could be reversed by the addition of Rutin. nRutin revealed a more pronounced result in all experiments. In conclusion, our study shows that Rutin, especially the nanocrystals, are promising natural compounds to protect neurons from cell death and oxidative stress during PD. Early intake of Rutin may provide a realizable option to prevent or slow PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Christmann
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Manuela Gries
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Patrik Scholz
- Formulation Development, BAYER AG, R&D, D-51373Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Pascal L Stahr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35037Marburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Ka Yan Law
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Steven Schulte
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Monika Martin
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Rainer Lilischkis
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35037Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Informatics and Microsystems and Technology, University of Applied Science Kaiserslautern, Working Group Enteric Nervous System, D-66482Zweibrücken, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167Mannheim, Germany
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30
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Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Platinum nanoparticles Protect Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Microglial BV-2 Cells via Decreased Oxidative Damage and Increased Phagocytosis. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:3325-3341. [PMID: 34432181 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress cooperate to compromise the function of the central nervous system (CNS). Colloidal platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) are ideal candidates for reducing the deleterious effects of neuroinflammation since they act as free radical scavengers. Here we evaluated the effects of Pt NPs on several markers of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in cultured BV-2 microglial cells. BV-2 cells were treated with increased dilutions (1-100 ppm) of Colloidal Pt and/or LPS (1-10 µg/mL) at different exposure times. Three different protocols of exposure were used combining Pt NPs and LPS: (a) conditioning-protective effect (pre-post-treat), (b) therapeutic effect (co-treat) and (c) conditioning-therapeutic effect (pre-co-treat). After exposure to LPS for 24 h, cells were used for assessment of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptosis and caspase-3 levels, cell proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) levels, and phagocytic activity. Low concentrations (below or equal to 10 ppm) of Colloidal Pt prevented or ameliorated the LPS-induced increase in ROS formation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, induction of apoptosis, increase in LDH release, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS, inhibition of phagocytosis linked to microglial persistence in the M1 phase phenotype, loss of cell adhesion, differentiation and/or proliferation, as well as loss of cell viability. These protective effects were evident when cells were preconditioned with Pt NPs prior to LPS treatment. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that at low concentrations, Pt NPs can regulate the function and phenotype of BV-2 cells, activating protective mechanisms to maintain the microglial homeostasis and reduce inflammatory events triggered by the inflammatory insults induced by LPS. These preventive/protective effects on the LPS pro-inflammatory model are linked to the antioxidant properties and phagocytic activity of these NPs.
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32
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Sun W, Shen Y, Xiao H, Li H. Resveratrol attenuates rotenone-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via STAT1 and Nrf2/Keap1/SLC7A11 pathway in a microglia cell line. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 225:153576. [PMID: 34391968 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Resveratrol is abundant in grapes. A protective role for resveratrol in anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory has been demonstrated. Rotenone is a pesticide, used to make animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of our study was to investigate the protective effect of resveratrol on rotenone-induced microglial BV-2 cells and the mechanism. METHODS BV-2 cells were pretreated with resveratrol for 1 h and then exposed to rotenone. The level of microglia activation was detected. The Iron content and the production of glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species(ROS) were detected to reflect the status of oxidative stress. The mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by qRT-PCR.The expressions of p-STAT1, NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and SLC7A11 were measured by western blot. RESULT Our results showed that resveratrol attenuates microglia activation and M1 polarization in rotenone-induced BV-2 cells. Rotenone induced the production of free iron, ROS and MDA and inhibited the activity of glutathione, while the effects were reserved by resveratrol. Resveratrol also inhibited the induction effect of rotenone on IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In addition, resveratrol enhanced the protective effect of on rotenone-induced BV-2 cells via the inhibition of STAT1 and Keap1 and the upregulation of Nrf2 and SLC7A11. CONCLUSION Resveratrol attenuated rotenone-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in BV-2 cells through enhancing the inhibition of STAT1and Keap1 and the upregulation of Nrf2 and SLC7A11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, People's Republic of China; Department of Emergency Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary, Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China.
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TNFα increases tyrosine hydroxylase expression in human monocytes. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:62. [PMID: 34285243 PMCID: PMC8292430 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most, if not all, peripheral immune cells in humans and animals express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis. Since TH is typically studied in the context of brain catecholamine signaling, little is known about changes in TH production and function in peripheral immune cells. This knowledge gap is due, in part, to the lack of an adequately sensitive assay to measure TH in immune cells expressing lower TH levels compared to other TH expressing cells. Here, we report the development of a highly sensitive and reproducible Bio-ELISA to quantify picogram levels of TH in multiple model systems. We have applied this assay to monocytes isolated from blood of persons with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to age-matched, healthy controls. Our study unexpectedly revealed that PD patients' monocytes express significantly higher levels of TH protein in peripheral monocytes relative to healthy controls. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has also been shown to be increased in the brains and peripheral circulation in human PD, as well as in animal models of PD. Therefore, we investigated a possible connection between higher levels of TH protein and the known increase in circulating TNFα in PD. Monocytes isolated from healthy donors were treated with TNFα or with TNFα in the presence of an inhibitor. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) was used as a positive control. We observed that TNFα stimulation increased both the number of TH+ monocytes and the quantity of TH per monocyte, without increasing the total numbers of monocytes. These results revealed that TNFα could potentially modify monocytic TH production and serve a regulatory role in peripheral immune function. The development and application of a highly sensitive assay to quantify TH in both human and animal cells will provide a novel tool for further investigating possible PD immune regulatory pathways between brain and periphery.
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An H, Lee H, Yang S, Won W, Lee CJ, Nam MH. Adenovirus-induced Reactive Astrogliosis Exacerbates the Pathology of Parkinson's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:222-231. [PMID: 34045369 PMCID: PMC8278136 DOI: 10.5607/en21013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorder. While PD has been attributed to dopaminergic neuronal death in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), accumulating lines of evidence have suggested that reactive astrogliosis is critically involved in PD pathology. These pathological changes are associated with α-synuclein aggregation, which is more prone to be induced by an A53T mutation. Therefore, the overexpression of A53T-mutated α-synuclein (A53T-α-syn) has been utilized as a popular animal model of PD. However, this animal model only shows marginal-to-moderate extents of reactive astrogliosis and astrocytic α-synuclein accumulation, while these phenomena are prominent in human PD brains. Here we show that Adeno-GFAP-GFP virus injection into SNpc causes severe reactive astrogliosis and exacerbates the A53T-α-syn-mediated PD pathology. In particular, we demonstrate that AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn injection, when combined with Adeno-GFAP-GFP, causes more significant loss of dopaminergic neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase level and gain of astrocytic GFAP and GABA levels. Moreover, the combination of AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn and Adeno-GFAP-GFP causes an extensive astrocytic α-syn expression, just as in human PD brains. These results are in marked contrast to previous reports that AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn alone causes α-syn expression mostly in neurons but rarely in astrocytes. Furthermore, the combination causes a severe PD-like motor dysfunction as assessed by rotarod and cylinder tests within three weeks from the virus injection, whereas Adeno-GFAP-GFP alone or AAV-CMV-A53T-α-syn alone does not. Our findings implicate that inducing reactive astrogliosis exacerbates PD-like pathologies and propose the virus combination as an advanced strategy for developing a new animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung An
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seulkee Yang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Woojin Won
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - C. Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Department of KHU-KIST Convergent Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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An H, Heo JY, Lee CJ, Nam MH. The Pathological Role of Astrocytic MAOB in Parkinsonism Revealed by Genetic Ablation and Over-expression of MAOB. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:113-119. [PMID: 33972465 PMCID: PMC8118757 DOI: 10.5607/en21007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of Parkinson’s disease has been traditionally believed to be the dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). This traditional view has been recently challenged by the proposal that reactive astrocytes serve as key players in the pathology of Parkinson’s disease through excessive GABA release. This aberrant astrocytic GABA is synthesized by the enzymatic action of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), whose pharmacological inhibition and gene-silencing are reported to significantly alleviate parkinsonian motor symptoms in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. However, whether genetic ablation and over-expression of MAOB can bidirectionally regulate parkinsonian motor symptoms has not been tested. Here we demonstrate that genetic ablation of MAOB blocks the MPTP-induced augmentation of astrocytic GABA-mediated tonic inhibition of neighboring dopaminergic neurons as well as parkinsonian motor symptoms, indicating the necessity of MAOB for parkinsonian motor symptoms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GFAP-MAOB transgenic mice, in which MAOB is over-expressed under the GFAP promoter for astrocyte-specific over-expression, display exacerbated MPTP-induced tonic inhibition and parkinsonian motor symptoms compared to wild-type mice, indicating the importance of astrocytic MAOB for parkinsonian motor symptoms. Our study provides genetic pieces of evidence for the causal link between the pathological role of astrocytic MAOB-dependent tonic GABA synthesis and parkinsonian motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung An
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Jun Young Heo
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
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Mazza MC, Nguyen V, Beilina A, Karakoleva E, Coyle M, Ding J, Bishop C, Cookson MR. Combined Knockout of Lrrk2 and Rab29 Does Not Result in Behavioral Abnormalities in vivo. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:569-584. [PMID: 33523017 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coding mutations in the LRRK2 gene, encoding for a large protein kinase, have been shown to cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The immediate biological consequence of LRRK2 mutations is to increase kinase activity, suggesting that inhibition of this enzyme might be useful therapeutically to slow disease progression. Genome-wide association studies have identified the chromosomal loci around LRRK2 and one of its proposed substrates, RAB29, as contributors towards the lifetime risk of sporadic PD. OBJECTIVE Considering the evidence for interactions between LRRK2 and RAB29 on the genetic and protein levels, we set out to determine whether there are any consequences on brain function with aging after deletion of both genes. METHODS We generated a double knockout mouse model and performed a battery of motor and non-motor behavioral tests. We then investigated postmortem assays to determine the presence of PD-like pathology, including nigral dopamine cell count, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and striatal monoamine content. RESULTS Behaviorally, we noted only that 18-24-month Rab29-/- and double (Lrrk2-/-/Rab29-/-) knockout mice had diminished locomotor behavior in open field compared to wildtype mice. However, no genotype differences were seen in the outcomes that represented PD-like pathology. CONCLUSION These results suggest that depletion of both LRRK2 and RAB29 is tolerated, at least in mice, and support that this pathway might be able to be safely targeted for therapeutics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Conti Mazza
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Nguyen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ema Karakoleva
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Coyle
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Gholizadeh E, Karbalaei R, Khaleghian A, Salimi M, Gilany K, Soliymani R, Tanoli Z, Rezadoost H, Baumann M, Jafari M, Tang J. Identification of Celecoxib-Targeted Proteins Using Label-Free Thermal Proteome Profiling on Rat Hippocampus. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:308-318. [PMID: 33632781 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib, or Celebrex, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is one of the most common medicines for treating inflammatory diseases. Recently, it has been shown that celecoxib is associated with implications in complex diseases, such as Alzheimer disease and cancer as well as with cardiovascular risk assessment and toxicity, suggesting that celecoxib may affect multiple unknown targets. In this project, we detected targets of celecoxib within the nervous system using a label-free thermal proteome profiling method. First, proteins of the rat hippocampus were treated with multiple drug concentrations and temperatures. Next, we separated the soluble proteins from the denatured and sedimented total protein load by ultracentrifugation. Subsequently, the soluble proteins were analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to determine the identity of the celecoxib-targeted proteins based on structural changes by thermal stability variation of targeted proteins toward higher solubility in the higher temperatures. In the analysis of the soluble protein extract at 67°C, 44 proteins were uniquely detected in drug-treated samples out of all 478 identified proteins at this temperature. Ras-associated binding protein 4a, 1 out of these 44 proteins, has previously been reported as one of the celecoxib off targets in the rat central nervous system. Furthermore, we provide more molecular details through biomedical enrichment analysis to explore the potential role of all detected proteins in the biologic systems. We show that the determined proteins play a role in the signaling pathways related to neurodegenerative disease-and cancer pathways. Finally, we fill out molecular supporting evidence for using celecoxib toward the drug-repurposing approach by exploring drug targets. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study determined 44 off-target proteins of celecoxib, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and one of the most common medicines for treating inflammatory diseases. It shows that these proteins play a role in the signaling pathways related to neurodegenerative disease and cancer pathways. Finally, the study provides molecular supporting evidence for using celecoxib toward the drug-repurposing approach by exploring drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Gholizadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Reza Karbalaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Ali Khaleghian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Mona Salimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Kambiz Gilany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Ziaurrehman Tanoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Hassan Rezadoost
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Marc Baumann
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran (E.G., A.K.);Department of Psychology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (R.K.); Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran (M.S.); Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, and Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran (K.G.); Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility (R.S., M.B.), and Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine (Z.T., M.J., J.T.), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran (H.R.)
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Oda W, Fujita Y, Baba K, Mochizuki H, Niwa H, Yamashita T. Inhibition of repulsive guidance molecule-a protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:181. [PMID: 33589594 PMCID: PMC7884441 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein, has diverse functions in axon guidance, cell patterning, and cell survival. Inhibition of RGMa attenuates pathological dysfunction in animal models of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and neuromyelitis optica. Here, we examined whether antibody-based inhibition of RGMa had therapeutic effects in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). We treated mice with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and found increased RGMa expression in the substantia nigra (SN). Intraventricular, as well as intravenous, administration of anti-RGMa antibodies reduced the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and accumulation of Iba1-positive microglia/macrophages in the SN of MPTP-treated mice. Selective expression of RGMa in TH-positive neurons in the SN-induced neuronal loss/degeneration and inflammation, resulting in a progressive movement disorder. The pathogenic effects of RGMa overexpression were attenuated by treatment with minocycline, which inhibits microglia and macrophage activation. Increased RGMa expression upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in microglia. Our observations suggest that the upregulation of RGMa is associated with the PD pathology; furthermore, inhibitory RGMa antibodies are a potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Oda
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- World Premier International, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- World Premier International, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Anderson FL, von Herrmann KM, Andrew AS, Kuras YI, Young AL, Scherzer CR, Hickey WF, Lee SL, Havrda MC. Plasma-borne indicators of inflammasome activity in Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:2. [PMID: 33398042 PMCID: PMC7782812 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms and loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Inflammation and cell death are recognized aspects of PD suggesting that strategies to monitor and modify these processes may improve the management of the disease. Inflammasomes are pro-inflammatory intracellular pattern recognition complexes that couple these processes. The NLRP3 inflammasome responds to sterile triggers to initiate pro-inflammatory processes characterized by maturation of inflammatory cytokines, cytoplasmic membrane pore formation, vesicular shedding, and if unresolved, pyroptotic cell death. Histologic analysis of tissues from PD patients and individuals with nigral cell loss but no diagnosis of PD identified elevated expression of inflammasome-related proteins and activation-related “speck” formation in degenerating mesencephalic tissues compared with controls. Based on previous reports of circulating inflammasome proteins in patients suffering from heritable syndromes caused by hyper-activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, we evaluated PD patient plasma for evidence of inflammasome activity. Multiple circulating inflammasome proteins were detected almost exclusively in extracellular vesicles indicative of ongoing inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Analysis of plasma obtained from a multi-center cohort identified elevated plasma-borne NLRP3 associated with PD status. Our findings are consistent with others indicating inflammasome activity in neurodegenerative disorders. Findings suggest mesencephalic inflammasome protein expression as a histopathologic marker of early-stage nigral degeneration and suggest plasma-borne inflammasome-related proteins as a potentially useful class of biomarkers for patient stratification and the detection and monitoring of inflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith L Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Katharine M von Herrmann
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Angeline S Andrew
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Yuliya I Kuras
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison L Young
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- APDA Center for Advanced Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William F Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Stephen L Lee
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Niu F, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Co-administration of TiO 2-nanowired dl-3-n-butylphthalide (dl-NBP) and mesenchymal stem cells enhanced neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease exacerbated by concussive head injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:101-155. [PMID: 33223034 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
dl-3-n-butylphthalide (dl-NBP) is a powerful antioxidant compound with profound neuroprotective effects in stroke and brain injury. However, its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well known. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the key factors in precipitating PD like symptoms in civilians and particularly in military personnel. Thus, it would be interesting to explore the possible neuroprotective effects of NBP in PD following concussive head injury (CHI). In this chapter effect of nanowired delivery of NBP together with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in PD with CHI is discussed based on our own investigations. It appears that CHI exacerbates PD pathophysiology in terms of p-tau, α-synuclein (ASNC) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the loss of TH immunoreactivity in substantia niagra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum (STr) along with dopamine (DA), dopamine decarboxylase (DOPAC). And homovanillic acid (HVA). Our observations are the first to show that a combination of NBP with MSCs when delivered using nanowired technology induces superior neuroprotective effects in PD brain pathology exacerbated by CHI, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Jayaraj RL, Beiram R, Azimullah S, MF NM, Ojha SK, Adem A, Jalal FY. Valeric Acid Protects Dopaminergic Neurons by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Modulating Autophagy Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207670. [PMID: 33081327 PMCID: PMC7589299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the second common neurodegenerative disease is clinically characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) with upregulation of neuroinflammatory markers and oxidative stress. Autophagy lysosome pathway (ALP) plays a major role in degradation of damaged organelles and proteins for energy balance and intracellular homeostasis. However, dysfunction of ALP results in impairment of α-synuclein clearance which hastens dopaminergic neurons loss. In this study, we wanted to understand the neuroprotective efficacy of Val in rotenone induced PD rat model. Animals received intraperitoneal injections (2.5 mg/kg) of rotenone daily followed by Val (40 mg/kg, i.p) for four weeks. Valeric acid, a straight chain alkyl carboxylic acid found naturally in Valeriana officianilis have been used in the treatment of neurological disorders. However, their neuroprotective efficacy has not yet been studied. In our study, we found that Val prevented rotenone induced upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine oxidative stress, and α-synuclein expression with subsequent increase in vital antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, Val mitigated rotenone induced hyperactivation of microglia and astrocytes. These protective mechanisms prevented rotenone induced dopaminergic neuron loss in SNpc and neuronal fibers in the striatum. Additionally, Val treatment prevented rotenone blocked mTOR-mediated p70S6K pathway as well as apoptosis. Moreover, Val prevented rotenone mediated autophagic vacuole accumulation and increased lysosomal degradation. Hence, Val could be further developed as a potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Jayaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (A.A.); Tel.: +971-37137521 (R.B.); +971-504482894 (A.A.)
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
| | - Nagoor Meeran MF
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
| | - Shreesh K. Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (A.A.); Tel.: +971-37137521 (R.B.); +971-504482894 (A.A.)
| | - Fakhreya Yousuf Jalal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, UAE; (R.L.J.); (S.A.); (N.M.M.); (S.K.O.); (F.Y.J.)
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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Khazdair MR, Kianmehr M, Anaeigoudari A. Effects of Medicinal Plants and Flavonoids on Parkinson's Disease: A Review on Basic and Clinical Evidences. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 11:224-232. [PMID: 33880344 PMCID: PMC8046395 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by typical symptoms including gradual progressive muscle rigidity, tremor and loss of motor skills. Although there is no definitive cure for PD, the extract of some medicinal plants and their ingredients have been suggested to relieve its symptoms and to prevent disability in patients. This review is focused on therapeutic effects of some medicinal plants and their ingredients on PD. The findings presented in this review were collected from experimental and clinical studies in databases including PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar until the end of May 2019. The keywords "neurotoxicity " or "Parkinson’s disease" or "neuroprotective" and "Medicinal plants" and "Flavonoids" were searched. Based on the results of animal and clinical studies, the extract of medicinal plants and their components which are discussed in this review have neuro-protective effects against PD. These protective properties mainly are mediated through inhibition of dopamine metabolizing enzymes, reduction oxidant markers, increase of antioxidant agents and suppression of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Khazdair
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Anaeigoudari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
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Cognitive Health of Nonagenarians in Southern Italy: A Descriptive Analysis from a Cross-Sectional, Home-Based Pilot Study of Exceptional Longevity (Cilento Initiative on Aging Outcomes Or CIAO). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56050218. [PMID: 32380778 PMCID: PMC7279440 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nonagenarians and centenarians (NCs) are an extremely fragile population, particularly in regard to their physical and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to define the neurocognitive profiles among 29 NCs and their 49 younger cohabitants aged 50-75 years from The Cilento Initiative on Aging Outcomes (CIAO) Pilot study in the South of Italy that had provided initial hypotheses regarding positive psychological traits related to exceptional longevity. Methods: During the home visits, lifestyle information with specific questionnaires, functional autonomy and the neuropsychological Mini Mental Scale Examination (MMSE), and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) scale were obtained by qualified study personnel. The total blood oxidative capacity was also determined by testing the reactive derivative of oxygen metabolites (d-ROM) and by the Biological Antioxidant Potential (BAP). In all individuals, the APOE genotype determination was also performed. Results: All the subjects in both groups showed high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. None of the NCs had severe cognitive impairment, and a very low incidence of dementia was found. The data obtained on the Activities ed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL-IADL) scale showed that the majority of NCs (16/29) were autonomous in daily life activities. The comparative assessment of NCs and cohabitants showed no significant differences in the laboratory assessment of oxidative stress and APOE genotype. Conclusion: In the Cilento Region of Southern Italy, NCs seemed to have good cognitive status when compared to younger cohabitants aging 50-65 years without significant differences in oxidative stress markers or APOE genotype. These results might be related to optimal adherence to the Mediterranean diet, although other lifestyle factors and positive personality traits may also contribute to their healthy aging. Further studies on a larger population should be performed to confirm the results of this pilot study.
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Zhu M, Gong D. A Mouse Model of 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-Induced Parkinson Disease Shows that 2-Aminoquinoline Targets JNK Phosphorylation. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920989. [PMID: 32333598 PMCID: PMC7197228 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological features of Parkinson disease (PD) include motor deficits, glial cell activation, and neuroinflammation. The neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), has an oxidation product, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+). This study aimed to investigate the effects of 2-aminoquinoline on motor deficits in a mouse model of MPTP-induced PD and cultured mouse astrocytes treated with MPP+, to determine the effects on astrocyte proliferation and apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Motor deficits in the mouse model of MPTP-induced PD were investigated using the climbing time, suspension time, and swim time tests. Cultured mouse astrocytes were treated with MPP+, and mice with MPTP-induced PD were treated with increasing doses of 2-aminoquinoline. The MTT assay was used to measure astrocyte viability. Astrocyte apoptosis was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy using Annexin‑V and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining. Western blot measured the levels of Bax, p‑JNK, Bcl‑2, and caspase‑3. RESULTS In the mouse model of MPTP-induced PD, motor deficit tests showed that 2-aminoquinoline reduced the impaired motor function during the climbing time, the suspension time, and the swim time tests in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with 2-aminoquinoline significantly reduced the proliferation and apoptosis of astrocytes induced by MPP+ in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The levels of p‑JNK and cleaved caspase‑3 levels were significantly reduced in astrocytes treated with MPP+ following pre-treatment with 2-aminoquinoline, which also reversed the increase in the Bax/Bcl‑2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS In the mouse model of MPTP-induced PD, 2-aminoquinoline reduced motor deficiencies, inhibited MPP+ activated astrocyte apoptosis, and regulated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by targeting p-JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meie Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Changjiang University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Daokai Gong
- Department of Neurology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Changjiang University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Rahman MM, Chakraborti RR, Potol MA, Abir AH, Sharmin O, Alam M, Khan MFR, Afrin R, Jannat H, Wadud R, Habib ZF. Epalrestat improves motor symptoms by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the reserpine induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:9-21. [PMID: 32318655 PMCID: PMC7167235 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting a large number of elderly people worldwide. The current therapies for PD are symptom-based; they do not provide a cure but improve the quality of life. Muscular dysfunction is the hallmark clinical feature of PD and oxidative stress and inflammation play a critical role in its pathogenesis. Epalrestat is used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy and is known to improve antioxidative defense mechanisms in the CNS. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of Epalrestat in the reserpine induced mouse model of PD. METHOD We used Swiss Albino mice for the PD model and tested for akinesia/bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, palpebral ptosis, and tremor, as well as conducting swim and open field tests. Brain samples were used to determine oxidative stress parameters and infiltration of immune cells. RESULTS Epalrestat treatment significantly improved akinesia and bradykinesia, muscular dysfunctions, tremor level, and gait functions compared to the reserpine group. It also improved the latency in the swim test. Eplarestat significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and NO concentration in different brain tissues and increased the activity of antioxidative enzymes, glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, Epalrestat reduced neuroinflammation by reducing the number of infiltrating immune cells. CONCLUSION Eplarestat improves muscular dysfunction in PD by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahbubur Rahman
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Rupali Rani Chakraborti
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Abdullah Potol
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Ariful Haque Abir
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Ozayra Sharmin
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mahabub Alam
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Fazlur Rahman Khan
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Rownock Afrin
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Humayra Jannat
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Rasiqh Wadud
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
| | - Zaki Farhad Habib
- Laboratory of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of Health & Life SciencesNorth South UniversityDhakaBangladesh
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Ilie OD, Ciobica A, McKenna J, Doroftei B, Mavroudis I. Minireview on the Relations between Gut Microflora and Parkinson's Disease: Further Biochemical (Oxidative Stress), Inflammatory, and Neurological Particularities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4518023. [PMID: 32089768 PMCID: PMC7025076 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4518023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly debated topic. Despite the progressive increase in the number of patients diagnosed with PD over the last couple of decades, the causes remain largely unknown. This report is aimed at highlighting the main features of the microbial communities which have been termed "the second brain" that may be a major participant in the etiopathophysiology of PD. It is possible that dysbiosis could be caused by an overactivity of proinflammatory cytokines which act on the gastrointestinal tract as well as infections. The majority of patients who are diagnosed with PD display gastrointestinal symptoms as one of the earliest features. In addition, an unbalanced cycle of oxidative stress caused by dysbacteriosis may have the effect of gradually promoting PD's specific phenotype. Thus, it seems that bacteria possess the ability to manipulate the brain by initiating specific responses, defining their capability to configure the human body, with oxidative stress playing a pivotal role in preventing infections but also in activating related signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu-Dumitru Ilie
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, no. 11, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Research, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, Carol I Avenue, no. 11, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Jack McKenna
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Great George St., Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Bogdan Doroftei
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street, no. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street, no. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioannis Mavroudis
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Great George St., Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Electron Microscopy, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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FGF21 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease Models Via Repression of Neuroinflammation. Neurotox Res 2020; 37:616-627. [PMID: 31997152 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor21 (FGF21), a member of the FGF family, plays multiple biological functions including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptosis. It has been shown that FGF21 protects cells from acute injury in several kinds of cells such as islet β-cells, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and dopaminergic neurons. However, whether FGF21 plays neuroprotective roles against Parkinsonian syndrome in vivo has not been elucidated. Our results showed that FGF21 markedly improves cell survival in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells and primary dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, we treated MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) model mice with the recombinant FGF21 via intranasal pathway. The results showed that FGF21 treatment significantly improves behavioral performances and prevents tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss in the substantia nigra par compacta (SNpc) and striatum. Mechanistically, FGF21 stimulates the AMPK/PGC-1α axis to promote mitochondrial functions. Moreover, FGF21 attenuates microglia and astrocyte activation induced by MPTP, leading to a low level of inflammation in the brain. Our data indicate that FGF21 prevents dopaminergic neuron loss and shows beneficial effects against MPTP-induced PD syndrome in mice, indicating it might be a potent candidate for developing novel drugs to deal with PD.
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Simmnacher K, Lanfer J, Rizo T, Kaindl J, Winner B. Modeling Cell-Cell Interactions in Parkinson's Disease Using Human Stem Cell-Based Models. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:571. [PMID: 32009903 PMCID: PMC6978672 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most frequently occurring movement disorder, with an increasing incidence due to an aging population. For many years, the post-mortem brain was regarded as the gold standard for the analysis of the human pathology of this disease. However, modern stem cell technologies, including the analysis of patient-specific neurons and glial cells, have opened up new avenues for dissecting the pathologic mechanisms of PD. Most data on morphological changes, such as cell death or changes in neurite complexity, or functional deficits were acquired in 2D and few in 3D models. This review will examine the prerequisites for human disease modeling in PD, covering the generation of midbrain neurons, 3D organoid midbrain models, the selection of controls including genetically engineered lines, and the study of cell-cell interactions. We will present major disease phenotypes in human in vitro models of PD, focusing on those phenotypes that have been detected in genetic and sporadic PD models. An additional point covered in this review will be the use of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived technologies to model cell-cell interactions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Simmnacher
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Lanfer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tania Rizo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johanna Kaindl
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Heo JY, Nam MH, Yoon HH, Kim J, Hwang YJ, Won W, Woo DH, Lee JA, Park HJ, Jo S, Lee MJ, Kim S, Shim JE, Jang DP, Kim KI, Huh SH, Jeong JY, Kowall NW, Lee J, Im H, Park JH, Jang BK, Park KD, Lee HJ, Shin H, Cho IJ, Hwang EM, Kim Y, Kim HY, Oh SJ, Lee SE, Paek SH, Yoon JH, Jin BK, Kweon GR, Shim I, Hwang O, Ryu H, Jeon SR, Lee CJ. Aberrant Tonic Inhibition of Dopaminergic Neuronal Activity Causes Motor Symptoms in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Biol 2020; 30:276-291.e9. [PMID: 31928877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Current pharmacological treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) are focused on symptomatic relief, but not on disease modification, based on the strong belief that PD is caused by irreversible dopaminergic neuronal death. Thus, the concept of the presence of dormant dopaminergic neurons and its possibility as the disease-modifying therapeutic target against PD have not been explored. Here we show that optogenetic activation of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons alleviates parkinsonism in acute PD animal models by recovering tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) from the TH-negative dormant dopaminergic neurons, some of which still express DOPA decarboxylase (DDC). The TH loss depends on reduced dopaminergic neuronal firing under aberrant tonic inhibition, which is attributed to excessive astrocytic GABA. Blocking the astrocytic GABA synthesis recapitulates the therapeutic effect of optogenetic activation. Consistently, SNpc of postmortem PD patients shows a significant population of TH-negative/DDC-positive dormant neurons surrounded by numerous GABA-positive astrocytes. We propose that disinhibiting dormant dopaminergic neurons by blocking excessive astrocytic GABA could be an effective therapeutic strategy against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Heo
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyung Ho Yoon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Hwang
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Woojin Won
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science of Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ji Ae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Seonmi Jo
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea; Department of Genetic Resources Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea
| | - Min Joung Lee
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sunpil Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science of Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Dong-Pyo Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kyoung I Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Sue H Huh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jae Y Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA
| | - Hyeonjoo Im
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Bo Ko Jang
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyunjoo J Lee
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea; Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Convergence Research Center for Dementia, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Virus Facility, Research Animal Resource Center, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Byung K Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Gi Ryang Kweon
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Onyou Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, KIST, Seoul 02792, Korea; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA.
| | - Sang Ryong Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science of Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea.
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