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Kafuti C, Lehnebach R, Bourland N, Beeckman H, Van Acker J, Luambua NK, Van den Bulcke J. Earlier onset and slower heartwood investment in faster-growing trees of African tropical species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:905-916. [PMID: 37409979 PMCID: PMC11082515 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heartwood plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of trees. Although its formation has long been thought to be driven solely by internal ageing processes, more recent hypotheses suggest that heartwood formation acts as a regulator of the tree water balance by modulating the quantity of sapwood. Testing both hypotheses would shed light on the potential ecophysiological nature of heartwood formation, a very common process in trees. METHODS We measured quantities of heartwood and sapwood, xylem conduits and the width and number of growth rings on 406 stems of Pericopsis elata with ages ranging from 2 to 237 years. A subset of 17 trees with similar ages but varying growth rate were sampled in a shaded (slower-growth) site and a sun-exposed (faster-growth) site. We used regression analysis and structural equation modelling to investigate the dynamics and drivers of heartwood formation. KEY RESULTS We found a positive effect of growth rate on the probability of heartwood occurrence, suggesting an earlier heartwood onset in faster-growing stems. After this onset age, heartwood area increased with stem diameter and age. Despite the similar heartwood production per unit stem diameter increment, shaded trees produced heartwood faster than sun-exposed trees. Tree age and hydraulics showed similar direct effects on heartwood and sapwood area of sun-exposed trees, suggesting their mutual role in driving the heartwood dynamics of sun-exposed trees. However, for shaded trees, only tree hydraulics showed a direct effect, suggesting its prominent role over age in driving the heartwood dynamics in limited growing conditions. The positive relationship between growth rate and maximum stomatal conductance supported this conclusion. CONCLUSIONS Heartwood area increases as the tree ages, but at a slower rate in trees where water demand is balanced by a sufficient water supply. Our findings suggest that heartwood formation is not only a structural process but also functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadrack Kafuti
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Natural Resources Management, University of Kinshasa, 117 Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Romain Lehnebach
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, CNRS, INRA, Université Des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Nils Bourland
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Center for International Forestry Research, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor (Barat) 16115, Indonesia
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Acker
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nestor K Luambua
- Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
- Faculté des sciences Agronomiques, Université Officielle de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Leng W, Wang J, He S, Wang X, Zhai S, Li W, Quan H, Lu B, Shi J, Hafez I, Zhang X. Dimensionally stable and durable wood by lignin impregnation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131684. [PMID: 38663695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cracking, warping, and decaying stemming from wood's poor dimensional stability and durability are the most annoying issues of natural wood. There is an urgent need to address these issues, of which, sustainable and green chemical treatments are favorably welcomed. Herein, we developed a facile method through the incorporation of environmentally friendly biopolymer lignin into wood cells for wood dimensional stability and durability enhancement. Enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) was dissolved into various solvents followed by impregnation and drying to incorporate lignin into wood cells. Impregnation treatment was developed to incorporate into wood to improve its dimensional stability, durability, and micromechanics. The anti-swelling efficiency reached up to 99.4 %, the moisture absorption decreased down to 0.55 %, the mass loss after brown rot decay decreased to 7.22 %, and the cell wall elasticity as well as hardness increased 8.7 % and 10.3 %, respectively. Analyses acquired from scanning electron microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, and Raman imaging revealed that the EHL was successfully colonized in cell lumen as well as in cell walls, thus improved wood dimensional stability and durability. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed EHL interaction with the cell wall components, thus the wood mechanical property was not impaired significantly, whereas nanoindentation data indicated even slight mechanical enhancement on the cell walls. This facile approach can improve the wood properties in multiple aspects and remarkably enhance the outdoor performance of modified wood products. In addition, using lignin as a natural modifying agent to improve wood performance will have a great positive impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Leng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng He
- China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengcheng Zhai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanzhao Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyang Quan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Buyun Lu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangtao Shi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Islam Hafez
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, OR, United States
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States.
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3
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Ye Z, Mu Y, Van Duzen S, Ryser P. Root and shoot phenology, architecture, and organ properties: an integrated trait network among 44 herbaceous wetland species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38600040 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Integrating traits across above- and belowground organs offers comprehensive insights into plant ecology, but their various functions also increase model complexity. This study aimed to illuminate the interspecific pattern of whole-plant trait correlations through a network lens, including a detailed analysis of the root system. Using a network algorithm that allows individual traits to belong to multiple modules, we characterize interrelations among 19 traits, spanning both shoot and root phenology, architecture, morphology, and tissue properties of 44 species, mostly herbaceous monocots from Northern Ontario wetlands, grown in a common garden. The resulting trait network shows three distinct yet partially overlapping modules. Two major trait modules indicate constraints of plant size and form, and resource economics, respectively. These modules highlight the interdependence between shoot size, root architecture and porosity, and a shoot-root coordination in phenology and dry-matter content. A third module depicts leaf biomechanical adaptations specific to wetland graminoids. All three modules overlap on shoot height, suggesting multifaceted constraints of plant stature. In the network, individual-level traits showed significantly higher centrality than tissue-level traits do, demonstrating a hierarchical trait integration. The presented whole-plant, integrated network suggests that trait covariation is essentially function-driven rather than organ-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Ye
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Yanmei Mu
- Yanchi Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shianne Van Duzen
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Peter Ryser
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
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4
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Zlobin IE. Tree post-drought recovery: scenarios, regulatory mechanisms and ways to improve. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38581143 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Efficient post-drought recovery of growth and assimilation enables a plant to return to its undisturbed state and functioning. Unlike annual plants, trees suffer not only from the current drought, but also from cumulative impacts of consecutive water stresses which cause adverse legacy effects on survival and performance. This review provides an integrated assessment of ecological, physiological and molecular evidence on the recovery of growth and photosynthesis in trees, with a view to informing the breeding of trees with a better ability to recover from water stress. Suppression of recovery processes can result not only from stress damage but also from a controlled downshift of recovery as part of tree acclimation to water-limited conditions. In the latter case, recovery processes could potentially be activated by turning off the controlling mechanisms, but several obstacles make this unlikely. Tree phenology, and specifically photoperiodic constraints, can limit post-drought recovery of growth and photosynthesis, and targeting these constraints may represent a promising way to breed trees with an enhanced ability to recover post-drought. The mechanisms of photoperiod-dependent regulation of shoot, secondary and root growth and of assimilation processes are reviewed. Finally, the limitations and trade-offs of altering the photoperiodic regulation of growth and assimilation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Zhang X, Liu H, Rademacher T. Higher latewood to earlywood ratio increases resistance of radial growth to severe droughts in larch. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169165. [PMID: 38101621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
As drought has caused great losses of tree growth across the world, the mechanism of how trees adapt to drought has been extensively investigated. However, how trees change their late- to earlywood ratio (LER) to adapt to severe drought events remains poorly understood. We used a network of Larix principis-rupprechtii earlywood and latewood width data from 1979 to 2018, covering most of the distribution of planted larch across North China, to investigate how latewood proportion affected trees' resistance to drought. The interactions among LER, minimum temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), growing season length, and their contributions to drought resistant (Rt) were estimated using structural equation models. The results show a significant increase in LER of the juvenile wood throughout the first 15 growth rings after which it stabilizes. The LER decreased significantly with elevation for the juvenile wood. March-May temperature and VPD were the main determinant in the LER of mature wood. The sensitivity of radial growth to droughts was positively changed with LER when LER was below 0.50, but negatively changed with LER when LER is above 0.50. We confirmed that high LER increases resistance of tree growth to severe droughts in L. principis-rupprechtii. Our results highlight that a higher proportion of latewood is formed in dry years, and this high drought sensitivity of LER in turn led to an increased resistance to drought. This combination of reduced radial growth during dry years, while the latewood proportion remains increases maybe an adaptive strategy of larch trees to cope with severe droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and PKU-Saihanba Station, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and PKU-Saihanba Station, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tim Rademacher
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, J0V 1V0 Ripon, Québec, Canada; Centre ACER, J2S 0B8 Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Zhang G, Mao Z, Maillard P, Brancheriau L, Gérard B, Engel J, Fortunel C, Heuret P, Maeght JL, Martínez-Vilalta J, Stokes A. Functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among cell types in the wood of angiosperm trees from different climates. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1162-1176. [PMID: 37485789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Wood performs several functions to ensure tree survival and carbon allocation to a finite stem volume leads to trade-offs among cell types. It is not known to what extent these trade-offs modify functional trade-offs and if they are consistent across climates and evolutionary lineages. Twelve wood traits were measured in stems and coarse roots across 60 adult angiosperm tree species from temperate, Mediterranean and tropical climates. Regardless of climate, clear trade-offs occurred among cellular fractions, but did not translate into specific functional trade-offs. Wood density was negatively related to hydraulic conductivity (Kth ) in stems and roots, but was not linked to nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), implying a functional trade-off between mechanical integrity and transport but not with storage. NSC storage capacity was positively associated with Kth in stems and negatively in roots, reflecting a potential role for NSC in the maintenance of hydraulic integrity in stems but not in roots. Results of phylogenetic analyses suggest that evolutionary histories cannot explain covariations among traits. Trade-offs occur among cellular fractions, without necessarily modifying trade-offs in function. However, functional trade-offs are driven by coordinated changes among xylem cell types depending on the dominant role of each cell type in stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqi Zhang
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Zhun Mao
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Loïc Brancheriau
- CIRAD, UPR BioWooEB, Montpellier, 34000, France
- BioWooEB, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Bastien Gérard
- SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, Agroparistech, Centre de Recherche Grand-Est Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - Julien Engel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jean-Luc Maeght
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, E08193, Spain
| | - Alexia Stokes
- AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, 34000, France
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7
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Hietz P, Rosner S, Scheicher K. The three-dimensional structure of wood enables horizontal water transport needed to conduct water around lesions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15057. [PMID: 37699914 PMCID: PMC10497525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sabine Rosner
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Scheicher
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Schönauer M, Hietz P, Schuldt B, Rewald B. Root and branch hydraulic functioning and trait coordination across organs in drought-deciduous and evergreen tree species of a subtropical highland forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1127292. [PMID: 37377798 PMCID: PMC10291250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Vessel traits are key in understanding trees' hydraulic efficiency, and related characteristics like growth performance and drought tolerance. While most plant hydraulic studies have focused on aboveground organs, our understanding of root hydraulic functioning and trait coordination across organs remains limited. Furthermore, studies from seasonally dry (sub-)tropical ecosystems and mountain forests are virtually lacking and uncertainties remain regarding potentially different hydraulic strategies of plants differing in leaf habit. Here, we compared wood anatomical traits and specific hydraulic conductivities between coarse roots and small branches of five drought-deciduous and eight evergreen angiosperm tree species in a seasonally dry subtropical Afromontane forest in Ethiopia. We hypothesized that largest vessels and highest hydraulic conductivities are found in roots, with greater vessel tapering between roots and equally-sized branches in evergreen angiosperms due to their drought-tolerating strategy. We further hypothesized that the hydraulic efficiencies of root and branches cannot be predicted from wood density, but that wood densities across organs are generally related. Root-to-branch ratios of conduit diameters varied between 0.8 and 2.8, indicating considerable differences in tapering from coarse roots to small branches. While deciduous trees showed larger branch xylem vessels compared to evergreen angiosperms, root-to-branch ratios were highly variable within both leaf habit types, and evergreen species did not show a more pronounced degree of tapering. Empirically determined hydraulic conductivity and corresponding root-to-branch ratios were similar between both leaf habit types. Wood density of angiosperm roots was negatively related to hydraulic efficiency and vessel dimensions; weaker relationships were found in branches. Wood density of small branches was neither related to stem nor coarse root wood densities. We conclude that in seasonally dry subtropical forests, similar-sized coarse roots hold larger xylem vessels than small branches, but the degree of tapering from roots to branches is highly variable. Our results indicate that leaf habit does not necessarily influence the relationship between coarse root and branch hydraulic traits. However, larger conduits in branches and a low carbon investment in less dense wood may be a prerequisite for high growth rates of drought-deciduous trees during their shortened growing season. The correlation of stem and root wood densities with root hydraulic traits but not branch wood points toward large trade-offs in branch xylem towards mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Schönauer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Forest Work Science and Engineering, Department of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Hietz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Chair of Forest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Boris Rewald
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Férriz M, Martin-Benito D, Fernández-de-Simón MB, Conde M, García-Cervigón AI, Aranda I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Functional phenotypic plasticity mediated by water stress and [CO2] explains differences in drought tolerance of two phylogenetically close conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:909-924. [PMID: 36809504 PMCID: PMC10255776 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forests are threatened globally by increased recurrence and intensity of hot droughts. Functionally close coexisting species may exhibit differences in drought vulnerability large enough to cause niche differentiation and affect forest dynamics. The effect of rising atmospheric [CO2], which could partly alleviate the negative effects of drought, may also differ between species. We analysed functional plasticity in seedlings of two taxonomically close pine species (Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinus pinea L.) under different [CO2] and water stress levels. The multidimensional functional trait variability was more influenced by water stress (preferentially xylem traits) and [CO2] (mostly leaf traits) than by differences between species. However, we observed differences between species in the strategies followed to coordinate their hydraulic and structural traits under stress. Leaf 13C discrimination decreased with water stress and increased under elevated [CO2]. Under water stress both species increased their sapwood area to leaf area ratios, tracheid density and xylem cavitation, whereas they reduced tracheid lumen area and xylem conductivity. Pinus pinea was more anisohydric than P. pinaster. Pinus pinaster produced larger conduits under well-watered conditions than P. pinea. Pinus pinea was more tolerant to water stress and more resistant to xylem cavitation under low water potentials. The higher xylem plasticity in P. pinea, particularly in tracheid lumen area, expressed a higher capacity of acclimation to water stress than P. pinaster. In contrast, P. pinaster coped with water stress comparatively more by increasing plasticity of leaf hydraulic traits. Despite the small differences observed in the functional response to water stress and drought tolerance between species, these interspecific differences agreed with ongoing substitution of P. pinaster by P. pinea in forests where both species co-occur. Increased [CO2] had little effect on the species-specific relative performance. Thus, a competitive advantage under moderate water stress of P. pinea compared with P. pinaster is expected to continue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Férriz
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Martin-Benito
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Conde
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - A I García-Cervigón
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry Rey Juan Carlos University, c/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - I Aranda
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - G Gea-Izquierdo
- ICIFOR-INIA, CSIC. Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Ortega Rodriguez DR, Sánchez-Salguero R, Hevia A, Granato-Souza D, Cintra BBL, Hornink B, Andreu-Hayles L, Assis-Pereira G, Roig FA, Tomazello-Filho M. Climate variability of the southern Amazon inferred by a multi-proxy tree-ring approach using Cedrela fissilis Vell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162064. [PMID: 36758695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of climate variability and development of reconstructions based on tree-ring records in tropical forests have been increasing in recent decades. In the Amazon region, ring width and stable isotope long-term chronologies have been used for climatic studies, however little is known about the potential of wood traits such as density and chemical concentrations. In this study, we used well-dated rings of Cedrela fissilis Vell. from the drought-prone southern Amazon basin to assess the potential of using inter-annual variations of annually-resolved ring width, wood density, stable oxygen isotope (δ18OTR) measured in tree-ring cellulose and concentration of Sulfur (STR) and Calcium (CaTR) in xylem cells to study climate variability. During wet years, Cedrela fissilis produced wider and denser rings with higher CaTR and lower STR, as well as depleted δ18OTR values. During dry years, a wider range of responses was observed in growth, density and STR, while lower CaTR and enriched δ18OTR values were found. The annual centennial chronologies spanning from 1835 to 2018 showed good calibration skills for reconstructing local precipitation, evapotranspiration (P-PET), Amazon-wide rainfall, as well as climate modes related to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies such as El Niño South Oscillation (ENSO), Tropical Northern Atlantic (TNA), and the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) oscillations. CaTR explained 42 % of the variance of local precipitation (1975-2018), RW explained 30 % of the P-PET variance (1975-2018), while δ18OTR explained 60 % and 57 % of the variance of Amazon rainfall (1960-2018) and El Niño 3.4 (1920-2018), respectively. Our results show that a multi-proxy tropical tree-ring approach can be used for high-reliable reconstructions of climate variability over Amazon basin at inter-annual and multidecadal time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigard Ricardo Ortega Rodriguez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; DendrOlavide-Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- DendrOlavide-Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- DendrOlavide-Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Department of Ecology, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n., 23009 Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Bruno B L Cintra
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 14, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Garstang North, Building, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bruna Hornink
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA; CREAF, Bellatera (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Assis-Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fidel A Roig
- Argentine Institute of Nivology, Glaciology and Environmental Sciences (IANIGLA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo), 5500 Mendoza, Argentina; Hémera Centro de Observación de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Tomazello-Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Alencar GM, de Castilho CV, Costa FRC. When are buttresses and stilt roots necessary for a tree in terra‐firme Amazonian forests? Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maciel Alencar
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA Campus III Av. HI, Bairro Aleixo, Conjunto Morada do Sol CEP: 69060‐062 Manaus Amazonas Brasil
| | - Carolina Volkmer de Castilho
- Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA Rodovia BR 174 Km 8 s/n Distrito Industrial C.P 133 – 69301‐970 Boa Vista Roraima Brasil
| | - Flávia Regina Capellotto Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA Campus III Av. HI, Bairro Aleixo, Conjunto Morada do Sol CEP: 69060‐062 Manaus Amazonas Brasil
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12
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Barotto AJ, Martínez-Meier A, Segura V, Monteoliva S, Charpentier JP, Gyenge J, Sergent AS, Millier F, Rozenberg P, Fernández ME. Use of near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate physical, anatomical and hydraulic properties of Eucalyptus wood. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:501-514. [PMID: 36383394 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree breeding programs and wood industries require simple, time- and cost-effective techniques to process large volumes of samples. In recent decades, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been acknowledged as one of the most powerful techniques for wood analysis, making it the most used tool for high-throughput phenotyping. Previous studies have shown that a significant number of anatomical, physical, chemical and mechanical wood properties can be estimated through NIRS, both for angiosperm and gymnosperm species. However, the ability of this technique to predict functional traits related to drought resistance has been poorly explored, especially in angiosperm species. This is particularly relevant since determining xylem hydraulic properties by conventional techniques is complex and time-consuming, clearly limiting its use in studies and applications that demand large amounts of samples. In this study, we measured several wood anatomical and hydraulic traits and collected NIR spectra in branches of two Eucalyptus L'Hér species. We developed NIRS calibration models and discussed their ability to accurately predict the studied traits. The models generated allowed us to adequately calibrate the reference traits, with high R2 (≥0.75) for traits such as P12, P88, the slope of the vulnerability curves to xylem embolism or the fiber wall fraction, and with lower R2 (0.39-0.52) for P50, maximum hydraulic conductivity or frequency of ray parenchyma. We found that certain wavenumbers improve models' calibration, with those in the range of 4000-5500 cm-1 predicting the highest number of both anatomical and functional traits. We concluded that the use of NIRS allows calibrating models with potential predictive value not only for wood structural and chemical variables but also for anatomical and functional traits related to drought resistance in wood types with complex structure as eucalypts. These results are promising in light of the required knowledge about species and genotypes adaptability to global climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Barotto
- Cátedra de Dendrología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CC 31 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Meier
- INTA EEA Bariloche, Grupo de Ecología Forestal, UEDD IFAB INTA-CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología, Ecofisiología y Madera (LEEMA), Modesta Victoria 4450 (8400), Río Negro, Argentina
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
| | - Vincent Segura
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Charpentier
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Javier Gyenge
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Grupo Forestal, UEDD IPADS INTA-CONICET-Oficina Tandil, Rodríguez 370 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Anne Sophie Sergent
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina UEDD IFAB INTA-CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología, Ecofisiología y Madera (LEEMA), Modesta Victoria 4450 (8400), RíoNegro, Argentina
| | - Frédéric Millier
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- UMR 0588 BioForA, INRAE, ONF, Orléans, France, 2163 Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, CS 40001 Ardon, 45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - María Elena Fernández
- Laboratorio Internacional Asociado LIA-Forestia (INTA - INRAE - UNAH)
- Grupo Forestal, UEDD IPADS INTA-CONICET-Oficina Tandil, Rodríguez 370 (7000), Tandil, Argentina
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13
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Xu GQ, Chen TQ, Liu SS, Ma J, Li Y. Within-crown plasticity of hydraulic properties influence branch dieback patterns of two woody plants under experimental drought conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158802. [PMID: 36115397 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent year, widespread declines of Populus bolleana Lauche trees (P. bolleana, which dieback from the top down) and Haloxylon ammodendron shrubs (H. ammodendron, which dieback starting from their outer canopy) have occurred. To investigate how both intra-canopy hydraulic changes and plasticity in hydraulic properties create differences in vulnerability between these two species, we conducted a drought simulation field experiment. We analyzed branch hydraulic vulnerability, leaf water potential (Ψ), photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), non-structural carbohydrate (NSCs) contents and morphological traits of the plants as the plants underwent a partial canopy dieback. Our results showed that: (1) the hydraulic architecture was very different between the two life forms; (2) H. ammodendron exhibited a drought tolerance response with weak stomatal control, and thus a sharp decline in Ψ while P. bolleana showed a drought avoidance response with tighter stomatal control that maintained a relatively stable Ψ; (3) the Ψ of H. ammodendron showed relative consistent symptoms of drought stress with increasing plant stature, but the Ψ of P. bolleana showed greater drought stress in higher portions of the crown; (4) prolonged drought caused P. bolleana to consume and H. ammodendron to accumulate NSCs in the branches of their upper canopy. Thus, the prolonged drought caused the shoots of the upper canopy of P. bolleana to experience greater vulnerability leading to dieback of the upper branches first, while all the twigs of the outer canopy of H. ammodendron experienced nearly identical degrees of vulnerability, and thus dieback occurred uniformly. Our results indicate that intra-canopy hydraulic change and their plasticity under drought was the main cause of the observed canopy dieback patterns in both species. However, more work is needed to further establish that hydraulic limitation as a function of plant stature was the sole mechanism for causing the divergent canopy dieback patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tu-Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shen-Si Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Fukang Station of Desert Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fukang 831505, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Lab of Subtropical Siviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666Wusu Street, Lin-An, Hangzhou 311300, China
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14
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Marchin RM, Esperon-Rodriguez M, Tjoelker MG, Ellsworth DS. Crown dieback and mortality of urban trees linked to heatwaves during extreme drought. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157915. [PMID: 35944640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cities have been described as 'heat islands' and 'dry islands' due to hotter, drier air in urban areas, relative to the surrounding landscape. As climate change intensifies, the health of urban trees will be increasingly impacted. Here, we posed the question: Is it possible to predict urban tree species mortality using (1) species climate envelopes and (2) plant functional traits? To answer these, we tracked patterns of crown dieback and recovery for 23 common urban tree and shrub species in Sydney, Australia during the record-breaking austral 2019-2020 summer. We identified 10 heat-tolerant species including five native and five exotic species, which represent climate-resilient options for urban plantings that are likely to continue to thrive for decades. Thirteen species were considered vulnerable to adverse conditions due to their mortality, poor health leading to tree removal, and/or extensive crown dieback. Crown dieback increased with increasing precipitation of the driest month of species climate of origin, suggesting that species from dry climates may be better suited for urban forests in future climates. We effectively grouped species according to their drought strategy (i.e., tolerance versus avoidance) using a simple trait-based framework that was directly linked with species mortality. The seven most climate-vulnerable species used a drought-avoidance strategy, having low wood density and high turgor loss points along with large, thin leaves with low heat tolerance. Overall, plant functional traits were better than species climate envelopes at explaining crown dieback. Recovery after stress required two mild, wet years for most species, resulting in prolonged loss of cooling benefits as well as economic losses due to replacement of dead/damaged trees. Hotter, longer, and more frequent heatwaves will require selection of more climate-resilient species in urban forests, and our results suggest that future research should focus on plant thermal traits to improve prediction models and species selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Marchin
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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15
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Li Y, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Guo J, Liu L, Wang C, Wang B, Han G. The roles of HD-ZIP proteins in plant abiotic stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1027071. [PMID: 36311122 PMCID: PMC9598875 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1027071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that contain a homeodomain (HD) and a leucine zipper (LZ) domain. The highly conserved HD binds specifically to DNA and the LZ mediates homodimer or heterodimer formation. HD-ZIP transcription factors control plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress by regulating downstream target genes and hormone regulatory pathways. HD-ZIP proteins are divided into four subclasses (I-IV) according to their sequence conservation and function. The genome-wide identification and expression profile analysis of HD-ZIP proteins in model plants such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have improved our understanding of the functions of the different subclasses. In this review, we mainly summarize and discuss the roles of HD-ZIP proteins in plant response to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, low temperature, and harmful metals. HD-ZIP proteins mainly mediate plant stress tolerance by regulating the expression of downstream stress-related genes through abscisic acid (ABA) mediated signaling pathways, and also by regulating plant growth and development. This review provides a basis for understanding the roles of HD-ZIP proteins and potential targets for breeding abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
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Martínez‐Sancho E, Treydte K, Lehmann MM, Rigling A, Fonti P. Drought impacts on tree carbon sequestration and water use - evidence from intra-annual tree-ring characteristics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:58-70. [PMID: 35576102 PMCID: PMC9542003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The impact of climate extremes on forest ecosystems is poorly understood but important for predicting carbon and water cycle feedbacks to climate. Some knowledge gaps still remain regarding how drought-related adjustments in intra-annual tree-ring characteristics directly impact tree carbon and water use. In this study we quantified the impact of an extreme summer drought on the water-use efficiency and carbon sequestration of four mature Norway spruce trees. We used detailed observations of wood formation (xylogenesis) and intra-annual tree-ring properties (quantitative wood anatomy and stable carbon isotopes) combined with physiological water-stress monitoring. During 41 d of tree water deficit, we observed an enrichment in 13 C but a reduction in cell enlargement and wall-thickening processes, which impacted the anatomical characteristics. These adjustments diminished carbon sequestration by 67% despite an 11% increase in water-use efficiency during drought. However, with the resumption of a positive hydric state in the stem, we observed a fast recovery of cell formation rates based on the accumulated assimilates produced during drought. Our findings enhance our understanding of carbon and water fluxes between the atmosphere and forest ecosystems, providing observational evidence on the tree intra-annual carbon sequestration and water-use efficiency dynamics to improve future generations of vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez‐Sancho
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marco M. Lehmann
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsSwiss Federal Institute of Technology ETHUniversitaetsstrasse 168092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Research Unit Forest DynamicsSwiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
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17
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Dória LC, Sonsin-Oliveira J, Rossi S, Marcati CR. Functional trade-offs in volume allocation to xylem cell types in 75 species from the Brazilian savanna Cerrado. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:445-456. [PMID: 35863898 PMCID: PMC9486921 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylem is a crucial tissue for plant survival, performing the functions of water transport, mechanical support and storage. Functional trade-offs are a result of the different assemblages of xylem cell types within a certain wood volume. We assessed how the volume allocated to different xylem cell types can be associated with wood functional trade-offs (hydraulics, mechanical and storage) in species from the Cerrado, the Brazilian savanna. We also assessed the xylem anatomical characters linked to wood density across species. METHODS We analysed cross-sections of branches collected from 75 woody species belonging to 42 angiosperm families from the Cerrado. We estimated the wood volume fraction allocated to different cell types and performed measurements of vessel diameter and wood density. KEY RESULTS The largest volume of wood is allocated to fibres (0.47), followed by parenchyma (0.33) and vessels (0.20). Wood density is positively correlated to cell wall (fibre and vessel wall), and negatively to the fractions of fibre lumen and gelatinous fibres. We observed a trade-off between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and mechanics (cell wall fraction), and between mechanics and storage (parenchyma fraction). The expected positive functional relationships between hydraulics (vessel diameter) and water and carbohydrate storage (parenchyma and fibre lumen fractions) were not detected, though larger vessels are linked to a larger wood volume allocated to gelatinous fibres. CONCLUSIONS Woody species from the Cerrado show evidence of functional trade-offs between water transport, mechanical support and storage. Gelatinous fibres might be potentially linked to water storage and release by their positive relationship to increased vessel diameter, thus replacing the functional role of parenchyma and fibre lumen cells. Species can profit from the increased mechanical strength under tension provided by the presence of gelatinous fibres, avoiding expensive investments in high wood density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Sonsin-Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Carmen Regina Marcati
- Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Solos e Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Avenida Universitária, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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18
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Tulik M, Wojtan R, Jura-Morawiec J. Theoretical considerations regarding the functional anatomical traits of primary and secondary xylem in dragon tree trunk using the example of Dracaena draco. PLANTA 2022; 256:52. [PMID: 35906444 PMCID: PMC9338164 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Dracaena draco trunks, the primary and secondary xylem conduits co-function. Both are resistant to embolism; however, secondary conduits are mainly involved in mechanical support. Monocotyledonous dragon trees (Dracaena spp., Asparagaceae) possess in their trunks both primary and secondary xylem elements, organized into vascular bundles, that for dozens of years co-function and enable the plant to transport water efficiently as well as provide mechanical support. Here, based on the modified Hagen-Poiseuille's formula, we examined the functional anatomical xylem traits of the trunk in two young D. draco individuals to compare their function in both primary and secondary growth. We provided analyses of the: (i) conduits surface sculpture and their cell walls thickness, (ii) conduit diameter and frequency, (iii) hydraulically weighted diameter, (iv) theoretical hydraulic conductivity, (v) area-weighted mean conduit diameter, as well as (vi) vulnerability index. The conduits in primary growth, located in the central part of the trunk, were loosely arranged, had thinner cell walls, larger mean hydraulically weighted diameter, and significantly larger value of the theoretical hydraulic conductivity than conduits in secondary growth, which form a rigid cylinder near the trunk surface. Based on the vulnerability index, both primary and secondary conduits are resistant to embolism. Taking into account the distribution within a trunk, the secondary growth conduits seems to be mainly involved in mechanical support as they are twisted, form structures similar to sailing ropes and have thick cell walls, and a peripheral localization. D. draco has been adapted to an environment with water deficit by distinctive, spatial separation of the xylem elements fulfilling supportive and conductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Tulik
- Department of Forest Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Wojtan
- Department of Dendrometry and Forest Productivity, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jura-Morawiec
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - CBDC in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
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Zhang SB, Wen GJ, Qu YY, Yang LY, Song Y. Trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength in Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1337-1349. [PMID: 35157087 PMCID: PMC9272745 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen and deciduous species coexist in tropical dry forests and savannas, but differ in physiological mechanisms and life-history strategies. Hydraulic conductivity and mechanical support are two major functions of the xylems of woody plant species related to plant growth and survival. In this study, we measured sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (KL), modulus of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), xylem anatomical traits and fiber contents in the xylems of 20 woody species with contrasting leaf phenology (evergreen vs deciduous) in a Chinese savanna. Our results showed that deciduous species had significantly higher Ks and KL but lower MOR and MOE than evergreen species. Evergreen species experienced more negative seasonal minimum water potential (Pmin) than deciduous species during the dry season. Furthermore, we found trade-offs between xylem hydraulic efficiency and mechanical strength across species and within the evergreen and deciduous groups, and these trade-offs were modulated by structural and chemical traits. Both Ks and KL were significantly related to hydraulic weighted vessel diameter (Dh) across all species and within the deciduous group. Both MOR and MOE were significantly related to wood density, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber across species and within evergreen and deciduous groups. Our findings demonstrated that Chinese evergreen and deciduous savanna species diverged in xylem hydraulic and mechanical functions, reflecting conservative and acquisitive life-history strategies for evergreen and deciduous species, respectively. This study provides new information with which to understand the hydraulic and biomechanical properties and ecological strategies of savanna species in long-term dry-hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guo-Jing Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Ya-Ya Qu
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailongshi, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Lin-Yi Yang
- School of Forestry, Southwest Forestry University, No. 300, Bailongshi, Panlong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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20
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Thripob P, Fortunel C, Réjou‐Méchain M, Nathalang A, Chanthorn W. Size‐dependent intraspecific variation in wood traits has little impact on aboveground carbon estimates in a tropical forest landscape. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patcharapan Thripob
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment Kasetsart University 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP Université de Montpellier CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD Montpellier France
| | | | - Anuttara Nathalang
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Wirong Chanthorn
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment Kasetsart University 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig Germany
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21
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Giovannelli A, Mattana S, Emiliani G, Anichini M, Traversi ML, Pavone FS, Cicchi R. Localized stem heating from the rest to growth phase induces latewood-like cell formation and slower stem radial growth in Norway spruce saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:1149-1163. [PMID: 34918169 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent climate projections predict a more rapid increase of winter temperature than summer and global temperature averages in temperate and cold environments. As there is relatively little experimental knowledge on the effect of winter warming on cambium phenology and stem growth in species growing in cold environments, the setting of manipulative experiments is considered of primary importance, and they can help to decipher the effect of reduced winter chilling and increased forcing temperatures on cambium reactivation, growth and xylem traits. In this study, localized stem heating was applied to investigate the effect of warming from the rest to the growth phase on cambium phenology, intra-annual stem growth dynamics and ring wood features in Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. We hypothesized that reduced winter chilling induces a postponed cambium dormancy release and decrease of stem growth, while high temperature during cell wall lignification determines an enrichment of latewood-like cells. The heating device was designed to maintain a +5 °C temperature delta with respect to air temperature, thus allowing an authentic scenario of warming. Continuous stem heating from the rest (November) to the growing phase determined, at the beginning of radial growth, a reduction of the number of cell layers in the cambium, higher number of cell layers in the wall thickening phase and an asynchronous stem radial growth when comparing heated and ambient saplings. Nevertheless, heating did not induce changes in the number of produced cell layers at the end of the growing season. The analyses of two-photon fluorescence images showed that woody rings formed during heating were enriched with latewood-like cells. Our results showed that an increase of 5 °C of temperature applied to the stem from the rest to growth might not influence, as generally reported, onset of cambial activity, but it could affect xylem morphology of Norway spruce in mountain environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giovannelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Sara Mattana
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Istituto Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Monica Anichini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia (IBE), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Traversi
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo Fermi 6, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Laboratorio Europeo di Spettroscopie Non-lineari (LENS), Via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
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22
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Influence of Environmental Factors on the Sap Flow Activity of the Golden Pear in the Growth Period of Karst Area in Southern China. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Under extreme drought and climate change, golden pear trees have experienced problems such as yield reduction, dryness and death. This suggests that we know very little about the mechanisms regulating pear tree growth, assuming that meteorological factors positively influence plant sap flow. Based on this, we used the heat ratio method to monitor the sap flow of pear trees from June to December 2020, and recorded the changes in various environmental factors. The results showed that: (1) Sap flow velocity has obvious radial variability in tree sections; the sap flow velocity during the day was significantly higher than that at night (p < 0.05) and was higher in the growing season than in the non-growing season. (2) All environmental factors, except relative humidity and precipitation, were positively correlated with sap flow, vapor pressure deficit and photosynthetically active radiation, which are the key factors affecting daytime flow, and vapor pressure deficit and plant water potential are the key factors affecting nighttime flow. The linear regression results also showed that the daytime sap flow had a significant positive effect on the nighttime sap flow (p < 0.05). (3) The contribution of night flow to total daily flow varied from 17.3% to 50.7%, and most of the non-growing season values were above 40%. The results show that nighttime sap flow accounts for a significant portion of the pear tree’s water budget. Continuous irrigation during fruit enlargement and non-growing seasons will increase fruit yield and maintain plant sap flow activity to avoid death due to drought.
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23
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Lachenbruch B, St Clair JB, Harrington CA. Differences in branch hydraulic architecture related to the aridity of growing sites and seed sources of coastal Douglas-fir saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:351-364. [PMID: 34553758 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To better understand hydraulic adaptations of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to local climate, we examined genetic (G) and environmental (E) responses of branch hydraulic architecture of 7-year-old saplings from dry and wet climates of origin grown at a relatively dry and a relatively wet common garden site in western Oregon. We sampled 2 years of branch growth from three dry-source and three wet-source families grown at both sites (72 branches, total). Overall, only 4 of the 11 traits had significant genetic (G) effects, whereas 9 traits had significant environmental (E) effects (P < 0.05). Both dry and wet sources had higher leaf-specific conductance (kl) at the dry than the wet site, but the values were achieved by different mechanisms and driven by G × E effects for leaf area/sapwood area (Al/As), shoot length (L), specific conductivity (Ks) and leaf-specific conductivity (Kl). Dry sources achieved higher kl in the dry site through higher Kl (via a lower Al/As and no change in Ks) with no difference in L. Wet sources achieved higher kl at the dry site through no difference in Kl (via no effect on Al/As, despite decreases in Al and As, and lower Ks) with lower L. Vulnerability to embolism (measured as percentage loss of conductivity at 4 MPa) had no G effect but an E effect, with slightly lower values at the dry site. Specific leaf area had G and E effects, with lower values for the dry sources and site. There were no G or E effects on wood density. The different responses of dry and wet sources to site aridity suggest that populations are differentially adapted to the aridity of growing sites. Population variation in response to aridity should be considered when selecting seed sources for establishing forests for future climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lachenbruch
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J Bradley St Clair
- USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Constance A Harrington
- USDA-Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3625 93rd Avenue SW, Olympia, WA 98512, USA
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24
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Levionnois S, Salmon C, Alméras T, Clair B, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, González-Melo A, Heinz C, Heuret P. Anatomies, vascular architectures, and mechanics underlying the leaf size-stem size spectrum in 42 Neotropical tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7957-7969. [PMID: 34390333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leaf size-stem size spectrum is one of the main dimensions of plant ecological strategies. Yet the anatomical, mechanical, and hydraulic implications of small versus large shoots are still poorly understood. We investigated 42 tropical rainforest tree species in French Guiana, with a wide range of leaf areas at the shoot level. We quantified the scaling of hydraulic and mechanical constraints with shoot size, estimated as the water potential difference (ΔΨ) and the bending angle (ΔΦ), respectively. We investigated how anatomical tissue area, flexural stiffness and xylem vascular architecture affect such scaling by deviating (or not) from theoretical isometry with shoot size variation. Vessel diameter and conductive path length were found to be allometrically related to shoot size, thereby explaining the independence between ΔΨ and shoot size. Leaf mass per area, stem length, and the modulus of elasticity were allometrically related to shoot size, explaining the independence between ΔΦ and shoot size. Our study also shows that the maintenance of both water supply and mechanical stability across the shoot size range are not in conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Salmon
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Tancrède Alméras
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Clair
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | | | - Christine Heinz
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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25
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Wright CL, de Lima ALA, de Souza ES, West JB, Wilcox BP. Plant functional types broadly describe water use strategies in the Caatinga, a seasonally dry tropical forest in northeast Brazil. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11808-11825. [PMID: 34522343 PMCID: PMC8427645 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In seasonally dry tropical forests, plant functional type can be classified as deciduous low wood density, deciduous high wood density, or evergreen high wood density species. While deciduousness is often associated with drought-avoidance and low wood density is often associated with tissue water storage, the degree to which these functional types may correspond to diverging and unique water use strategies has not been extensively tested.We examined (a) tolerance to water stress, measured by predawn and mid-day leaf water potential; (b) water use efficiency, measured via foliar δ13C; and (c) access to soil water, measured via stem water δ18O.We found that deciduous low wood density species maintain high leaf water potential and low water use efficiency. Deciduous high wood density species have lower leaf water potential and variable water use efficiency. Both groups rely on shallow soil water. Evergreen high wood density species have low leaf water potential, higher water use efficiency, and access alternative water sources. These findings indicate that deciduous low wood density species are drought avoiders, with a specialized strategy for storing root and stem water. Deciduous high wood density species are moderately drought tolerant, and evergreen high wood density species are the most drought tolerant group.Synthesis. Our results broadly support the plant functional type framework as a way to understand water use strategies, but also highlight species-level differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Wright
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUSA
- Ecology and Conservation BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - André L. A. de Lima
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco/Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UFRPE/UAST)Serra TalhadaBrasil
| | - Eduardo S. de Souza
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco/Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UFRPE/UAST)Serra TalhadaBrasil
| | - Jason B. West
- Ecology and Conservation BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Bradford P. Wilcox
- Ecology and Conservation BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Trade-offs among transport, support, and storage in xylem from shrubs in a semiarid chaparral environment tested with structural equation modeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104336118. [PMID: 34389676 PMCID: PMC8379947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104336118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant vascular systems play a central role in global water and carbon cycles and drought resistance. These vascular systems perform multiple functions that affect the fitness of plants, and trade-offs are present among these functions. Some trade-offs are well established, but studies have not examined the full suite of functions of these complex systems. Here, we used a powerful multivariate method, structural equation modeling, to test hypotheses about the trade-offs that govern this vital and globally important tissue. We show that xylem traits are broadly governed by trade-offs related to transport, mechanical support, and storage, which are rooted in cellular structure, and that the level of dehydration experienced by plants in the field exerts a strong influence over these relationships. The xylem in plants is specialized to transport water, mechanically support the plant body, and store water and carbohydrates. Balancing these functions leads to trade-offs that are linked to xylem structure. We proposed a multivariate hypothesis regarding the main xylem functions and tested it using structural equation modeling. We sampled 29 native shrub species from field sites in semiarid Southern California. We quantified xylem water transport (embolism resistance and transport efficiency), mechanical strength, storage of water (capacitance) and starch, minimum hydrostatic pressures (Pmin), and proportions of fibers, vessels, and parenchyma, which were treated as a latent variable representing “cellular trade-offs.” We found that xylem functions (transport, mechanical support, water storage, and starch storage) were independent, a result driven by Pmin. Pmin was strongly and directly or indirectly associated with all xylem functions as a hub trait. More negative Pmin was associated with increased embolism resistance and tissue strength and reduced capacitance and starch storage. We found strong support for a trade-off between embolism resistance and transport efficiency. Tissue strength was not directly associated with embolism resistance or transport efficiency, and any associations were indirect involving Pmin. With Pmin removed from the model, cellular trade-offs were central and related to all other traits. We conclude that xylem traits are broadly governed by functional trade-offs and that the Pmin experienced by plants in the field exerts a strong influence over these relationships. Angiosperm xylem contains different cell types that contribute to different functions and that underpin trade-offs.
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A multiple-trait analysis of ecohydrological acclimatisation in a dryland phreatophytic shrub. Oecologia 2021; 196:1179-1193. [PMID: 34331567 PMCID: PMC8367881 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Water is the main limiting factor for groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in drylands. Predicted climate change (precipitation reductions and temperature increases) and anthropogenic activities such as groundwater drawdown jeopardise the functioning of these ecosystems, presenting new challenges for their management. We developed a trait-based analysis to examine the spatiotemporal variability in the ecophysiology of Ziziphus lotus, a long-lived phreatophyte that dominates one of the few terrestrial GDEs of semiarid regions in Europe. We assessed morpho-functional traits and stem water potential along a naturally occurring gradient of depth-to-groundwater (DTGW, 2-25 m) in a coastal aquifer, and throughout the species-growing season. Increasing DTGW and salinity negatively affected photosynthetic and transpiration rates, increasing plant water stress (lower predawn and midday water potential), and positively affected Huber value (sapwood cross-sectional area per leaf area), reducing leaf area and likely, plant hydraulic demand. However, the species showed greater salt-tolerance at shallow depths. Despite groundwater characteristics, higher atmospheric evaporative demand in the study area, which occurred in summer, fostered higher transpiration rates and water stress, and promoted carbon assimilation and water loss more intensively at shallow water tables. This multiple-trait analysis allowed us to identify plant ecophysiological thresholds related to the increase in salinity, but mostly in DTGW (13 m), and in the evaporative demand during the growing season. These findings highlight the existence of tipping points in the functioning of a long-lived phreatophyte in drylands and can contribute to the sustainable management of GDEs in southern Europe, paving the way for further studies on phreatophytic species.
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28
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Xiao Y, Song Y, Wu FC, Zhang SB, Zhang JL. Divergence of stem biomechanics and hydraulics between Bauhinia lianas and trees. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab016. [PMID: 34007437 PMCID: PMC8114228 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liana abundance and biomass are increasing in neotropical and Asian tropical seasonal forests over the past decades. Stem mechanical properties and hydraulic traits influence the growth and survival of plants, yet the differences in stem mechanical and hydraulic performance between congeneric lianas and trees remain poorly understood. Here, we measured 11 stem mechanical and hydraulic traits for 10 liana species and 10 tree species from Bauhinia grown in a tropical common garden. Our results showed that Bauhinia lianas possessed lower stem mechanical strength as indicated by both modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture, and higher stem potential hydraulic conductivity than congeneric trees. Such divergence was mainly attributed to the differentiation in liana and tree life forms. Whether the phylogenetic effect was considered or not, mechanical strength was positively correlated with wood density, vessel conduit wall reinforcement and sapwood content across species. Results of principle component analysis showed that traits related to mechanical safety and hydraulic efficiency were loaded in the opposite direction, suggesting a trade-off between biomechanics and hydraulics. Our results provide evidence for obvious differentiation in mechanical demand and hydraulic efficiency between congeneric lianas and trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Song
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Fu-Chuan Wu
- Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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Peng X, Zhao M, Liu S, Yan W. Half-leaf width symmetric distribution reveals buffering strategy of Cunninghamia lanceolata. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:222. [PMID: 34001008 PMCID: PMC8127188 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf length and width could be a functioning relationship naturally as plant designs. Single-vein leaves have the simplest symmetrical distribution and structural design, which means that fast-growing single-vein species could interpret the scheme more efficiently. The distribution of leaf length and width can be modulated for better adaptation, providing an informative perspective on the various operational strategies in an emergency, while this mechanism is less clear. Here we selected six age groups of Cunninghamia lanceolata pure forests, including saplings, juveniles, mature, and old-growth trees. We pioneered a tapering model to describe half-leaf symmetric distribution with mathematical approximation based on every measured leaf along developmental sequence, and evaluated the ratio of leaf basal part length to total length (called tipping leaf length ratio). RESULTS The tipping leaf length ratio varied among different tree ages. That means the changes of tipping leaf length ratio and leaf shape are a significant but less-noticed reflection of trees tradeoff strategies at different growth stages. For instance, there exhibited relatively low ratio during sapling and juvenile, then increased with increasing age, showing the highest value in their maturity, and finally decreased on mature to old-growth transition. The tipping leaf length ratio serves as a cost-benefit ratio, thus the subtle changes in the leaf symmetrical distribution within individuals reveal buffering strategy, indicating the selection for efficient design of growth and hydraulic in their developmental sequences. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides a physical explanation of varied signatures for tree operations in hydraulic buffering through growth stages, and the buffering strategy revealed from leaf distribution morphologically provides evidence on the regulation mechanism of leaf biomechanics, hydraulics and physiologies. Our insight contributes greatly to plant trait modeling, policy and management, and will be of interest to some scientists and policy makers who are involved in climate change, ecology and environment protection, as well as forest ecology and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Peng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Meifang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Shuguang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Wende Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, Huitong, 410015, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Forest Ecological Technology in Southern China, Changsha, 410004, China
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30
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Escobar‐Sandoval M, Pâques L, Fonti P, Martinez‐Meier A, Rozenberg P. Phenotypic plasticity of European larch radial growth and wood density along a-1,000 m elevational gradient. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:45-60. [PMID: 37284284 PMCID: PMC10168074 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity is a key mechanism for sedentary long-living species to adjust to changing environment. Here, we use mature Larix decidua tree-ring variables collected along an elevational transect in the French Alps to characterize the range of individual plastic responses to temperature. Stem cores from 821 mature Larix decidua trees have been collected from four plots distributed along a 1,000-m elevational gradient in a natural forest to build up individual linear reaction norms of tree-ring microdensity traits to temperature. The sign, magnitude and spread of variations of the slopes of the individual reaction norms were used to characterize variation of phenotypic plasticity among plots and traits. Results showed a large range of phenotypic plasticity (with positive and negative slopes) at each elevational plot and for each tree-ring variable. Overall, phenotypic plasticity tends to be larger but positive at higher elevation, negative at the warmer lower sites, and more variable in the center of the elevation distribution. Individual inter-ring reaction norm is a valuable tool to retrospectively characterize phenotypic plasticity of mature forest trees. This approach applied to Larix decidua tree-ring micro-density traits along an elevation gradient showed the existence of large inter-individual variations that could support local adaptation to a fast-changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Pâques
- INRAEUMR 0588 BIOFORAOrléans Cedex 2France
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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31
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Rodríguez-Gamir J, Xue J, Meason DF, Clearwater M, Clinton PW, Domec JC. Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2419-2433. [PMID: 33337485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Producción Vegetal en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra de El boquerón s/n, 38270 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dean F Meason
- Forest Systems, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Michael Clearwater
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA ISPA 1391, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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32
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Ziemińska K, Rosa E, Gleason SM, Holbrook NM. Wood day capacitance is related to water content, wood density, and anatomy across 30 temperate tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:3048-3067. [PMID: 32935340 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water released from wood during transpiration (capacitance) can meaningfully affect daily water use and drought response. To provide context for better understanding of capacitance mechanisms, we investigated links between capacitance and wood anatomy. On twigs of 30 temperate angiosperm tree species, we measured day capacitance (between predawn and midday), water content, wood density, and anatomical traits, that is, vessel dimensions, tissue fractions, and vessel-tissue contact fractions (fraction of vessel circumference in contact with other tissues). Across all species, wood density (WD) and predawn lumen volumetric water content (VWCL-pd ) together were the strongest predictors of day capacitance (r2adj = .44). Vessel-tissue contact fractions explained an additional ~10% of the variation in day capacitance. Regression models were not improved by including tissue lumen fractions. Among diffuse-porous species, VWCL-pd and vessel-ray contact fraction together were the best predictors of day capacitance, whereas among semi/ring-porous species, VWCL-pd , WD and vessel-fibre contact fraction were the best predictors. At predawn, wood was less than fully saturated for all species (lumen relative water content = 0.52 ± 0.17). Our findings imply that day capacitance depends on the amount of stored water, tissue connectivity and the bulk wood properties arising from WD (e.g., elasticity), rather than the fraction of any particular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily Rosa
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Souza Dias A, Oliveira RS, Martins FR. Costs and benefits of gas inside wood and its relationship with anatomical traits: a contrast between trees and lianas. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:856-868. [PMID: 32186732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas inside wood plays an important role in plant functioning, but there has been no study examining the adaptive nature of gas inside wood across plants differing in biomechanical demands. Using a comparative approach, we measured gas volumetric content, xylem's anatomical traits and wood density of 15 tree and 16 liana species, to test whether gas content varies between these plant types strongly differing in their biomechanical demands. We asked (i) whether trees and lianas differ in gas content and (ii) how anatomical traits and wood density are related to gas content. Lianas had significantly less gas content in their branches compared with tree species. In tree species, gas content scaled positively with fiber, vessel and xylem cross-sectional area and fiber and vessel diameter, and negatively with dry-mass density. When pooling trees and lianas together, fiber cross-sectional area was the strongest predictor of gas content, with higher xylem cross-sectional area of fiber associated with higher gas content. In addition, we showed, through a simple analytical model, that gas inside wood increases the minimum branch diameter needed to prevent rupture, and this effect was stronger on trees compared with lianas. Our results support the view that gas inside wood plays an important role in the evolution of biomechanical functioning in different plant forms. Gas inside wood may also play an important role in physiological activities such as water transport, storage, photosynthesis and respiration, but it is still unknown whether these roles are or are not secondary to the mechanical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arildo Souza Dias
- Plant Biology Graduate Course, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute for Physical Geography, Goethe University, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Rafael Silva Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Roberto Martins
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Monteiro Lobato Street, 255, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Guérin M, von Arx G, Martin-Benito D, Andreu-Hayles L, Griffin KL, McDowell NG, Pockman W, Gentine P. Distinct xylem responses to acute vs prolonged drought in pine trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:605-620. [PMID: 31976523 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing dryness challenges trees' ability to maintain water transport to the leaves. Most plant hydraulics models use a static xylem response to water stress. Yet, in reality, lower soil moisture and warmer temperatures during growing seasons feed back onto xylem development. In turn, adjustments to water stress in the newly built xylem influence future physiological responses to droughts. In this study, we investigate the annual variation of anatomical traits in branch xylem in response to different soil and atmospheric moisture conditions and tree stress levels, as indicated by seasonal predawn leaf water potential (ΨL,pd). We used a 6-year field experiment in southwestern USA with three soil water treatments applied to Pinus edulis Engelm trees-ambient, drought (45% rain reduction) and irrigation (15-35% annual water addition). All trees were also subject to a natural 1-year acute drought (soil and atmospheric) that occurred during the experiment. The irrigated trees showed only moderate changes in anatomy-derived hydraulic traits compared with the ambient trees, suggesting a generally stable, well-balanced xylem structure under unstressed conditions. The artificial prolonged soil drought increased hydraulic efficiency but lowered xylem construction costs and decreased tracheid implosion safety ((t/b)2), suggesting that annual adjustments of xylem structure follow a safety-efficiency trade-off. The acute drought plunged hydraulic efficiency across all treatments. The combination of acute and prolonged drought resulted in vulnerable and inefficient new xylem, disrupting the stability of the anatomical trade-off observed in the rest of the years. The xylem hydraulic traits showed no consistent direct link to ΨL,pd. In the future, changes in seasonality of soil and atmospheric moisture are likely to have a critical impact on the ability of P. edulis to acclimate its xylem to warmer climate. Furthermore, the increasing frequency of acute droughts might reduce hydraulic resilience of P. edulis by repeatedly creating vulnerable and less efficient anatomical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceau Guérin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Georg von Arx
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Dario Martin-Benito
- INIA, CIFOR, Ctra La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9 W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Kevin L Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - William Pockman
- Biology Department, MSC03 202, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Earth Institute, Columbia University, Hogan Hall, 2910 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Janssen TAJ, Hölttä T, Fleischer K, Naudts K, Dolman H. Wood allocation trade-offs between fiber wall, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:965-980. [PMID: 31760666 PMCID: PMC7155043 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Functional relationships between wood density and measures of xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are ambiguous, especially in wet tropical forests. In this meta-analysis, we move beyond wood density per se and identify relationships between xylem allocated to fibers, parenchyma, and vessels and measures of hydraulic safety and efficiency. We analyzed published data of xylem traits, hydraulic properties and measures of drought resistance from neotropical tree species retrieved from 346 sources. We found that xylem volume allocation to fiber walls increases embolism resistance, but at the expense of specific conductivity and sapwood capacitance. Xylem volume investment in fiber lumen increases capacitance, while investment in axial parenchyma is associated with higher specific conductivity. Dominant tree taxa from wet forests prioritize xylem allocation to axial parenchyma at the expense of fiber walls, resulting in a low embolism resistance for a given wood density and a high vulnerability to drought-induced mortality. We conclude that strong trade-offs between xylem allocation to fiber walls, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees. Moreover, the benefits of xylem allocation to axial parenchyma in wet tropical trees might not outweigh the consequential low embolism resistance under more frequent and severe droughts in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. J. Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and ClimateVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Katrin Fleischer
- Land Surface‐Atmosphere InteractionsTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Kim Naudts
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and ClimateVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Han Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Cluster Earth and ClimateVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Joint influence of genetic origin and climate on the growth of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) in China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4653. [PMID: 32170277 PMCID: PMC7069991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive of trees and its correlation with the climatic are causing changes in tree species performance and distribution, which will change breeding programs and influence forest productivity. To further evaluate the joint influence of climatic factors and provenance on the ring width (RW) and ring density (RD) of Masson pine. We selected 18 provenances at Chun’an (CA) and Taizi Mountain (TZS) test site, which representing four different breeding regions, including the south, west, north and east-central regions. The results showed that the provenance effects were significantly for the RW and RD. The provenances from high temperature and low latitude regions had greater mean RW compared to species from local and cold sources. The geographical genetic variation in wood traits is generally weak. The correlation between RW of Masson pine and precipitation was stronger in the relatively arid TZS site compared with that in relatively wet CA site, as well as the effect of temperature and precipitation on RD was earlier than that in CA test site. The response relationship between establishing the width of tree rings and the environmental variables of provenance indicated that during the transition from the northern and western breeding regions to the eastern and southern breeding regions, the response of RW to climate factors changed from being temperature-based to being precipitation-based. In addition, the response of provenance to the climate of seed sources origin showed their own variation characteristics in each breeding area. Therefore, genetic improvement of big diameter wood and wood density can be gain through selection of provenance and analysis of adaptability.
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Momo ST, Ploton P, Martin-Ducup O, Lehnebach R, Fortunel C, Sagang LBT, Boyemba F, Couteron P, Fayolle A, Libalah M, Loumeto J, Medjibe V, Ngomanda A, Obiang D, Pélissier R, Rossi V, Yongo O, Sonké B, Barbier N. Leveraging Signatures of Plant Functional Strategies in Wood Density Profiles of African Trees to Correct Mass Estimations From Terrestrial Laser Data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2001. [PMID: 32029780 PMCID: PMC7005061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58733-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood density (WD) relates to important tree functions such as stem mechanics and resistance against pathogens. This functional trait can exhibit high intraindividual variability both radially and vertically. With the rise of LiDAR-based methodologies allowing nondestructive tree volume estimations, failing to account for WD variations related to tree function and biomass investment strategies may lead to large systematic bias in AGB estimations. Here, we use a unique destructive dataset from 822 trees belonging to 51 phylogenetically dispersed tree species harvested across forest types in Central Africa to determine vertical gradients in WD from the stump to the branch tips, how these gradients relate to regeneration guilds and their implications for AGB estimations. We find that decreasing WD from the tree base to the branch tips is characteristic of shade-tolerant species, while light-demanding and pioneer species exhibit stationary or increasing vertical trends. Across all species, the WD range is narrower in tree crowns than at the tree base, reflecting more similar physiological and mechanical constraints in the canopy. Vertical gradients in WD induce significant bias (10%) in AGB estimates when using database-derived species-average WD data. However, the correlation between the vertical gradients and basal WD allows the derivation of general correction models. With the ongoing development of remote sensing products providing 3D information for entire trees and forest stands, our findings indicate promising ways to improve greenhouse gas accounting in tropical countries and advance our understanding of adaptive strategies allowing trees to grow and survive in dense rainforests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Takoudjou Momo
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Ploton
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Romain Lehnebach
- UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Claire Fortunel
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Le Bienfaiteur Takougoum Sagang
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Faustin Boyemba
- University of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kisangani, Republic of Congo
| | - Pierre Couteron
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Fayolle
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Moses Libalah
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Joel Loumeto
- University of Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Vincent Medjibe
- Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (COMIFAC), Yaoundé, BP, 20818, Cameroon
| | - Alfred Ngomanda
- Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), BP, 13354, Libreville, Gabon
| | | | - Raphaël Pélissier
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Vivien Rossi
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (COMIFAC), Yaoundé, BP, 20818, Cameroon.,RU Forests and Societies, CIRAD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Olga Yongo
- University of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Plant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 047, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Barbier
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
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The Role of Climate Niche, Geofloristic History, Habitat Preference, and Allometry on Wood Density within a California Plant Community. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: To better understand within-community variation in wood density, our study demonstrated that a more nuanced approach is required beyond the climate–wood density correlations used in global analyses. Background and Objectives: Global meta-analyses have shown higher wood density is associated with higher temperatures and lower rainfall, while site-specific studies have explained variation in wood density with structural constraints and allometry. On a regional scale, uncertainty exists as to what extent climate and structural demands explain patterns in wood density. We explored the role of species climate niche, geofloristic history, habitat specialization, and allometry on wood density variation within a California forest/chaparral community. Materials and Methods: We collected data on species wood density, climate niche, geofloristic history, and riparian habitat specialization for 20 species of trees and shrubs in a California forest. Results: We found a negative relationship between wood density and basal diameter to height ratio for riparian species and no relationship for non-riparian species. In contrast to previous studies, we found that climate signals had weak relationships with wood density, except for a positive relationship between wood density and the dryness of a species’ wet range edge (species with drier wet range margins have higher wood density). Wood density, however, did not correlate with the aridity of species’ dry range margins. Geofloristic history had no direct effect on wood density or climate niche for modern California plant communities. Conclusions: Within a California plant community, allometry influences wood density for riparian specialists, but non-riparian plants are ‘overbuilt’ such that wood density is not related to canopy structure. Meanwhile, the relationship of wood density to species’ aridity niches challenges our classic assumptions about the adaptive significance of high wood density as a drought tolerance trait.
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Pereira L, Bittencourt PRL, Pacheco VS, Miranda MT, Zhang Y, Oliveira RS, Groenendijk P, Machado EC, Tyree MT, Jansen S, Rowland L, Ribeiro RV. The Pneumatron: An automated pneumatic apparatus for estimating xylem vulnerability to embolism at high temporal resolution. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:131-142. [PMID: 31461536 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism represents an important trait to determine species distribution patterns and drought resistance. However, estimating embolism resistance frequently requires time-consuming and ambiguous hydraulic lab measurements. Based on a recently developed pneumatic method, we present and test the "Pneumatron", a device that generates high time-resolution and fully automated vulnerability curves. Embolism resistance is estimated by applying a partial vacuum to extract air from an excised xylem sample, while monitoring the pressure change over time. Although the amount of gas extracted is strongly correlated with the percentage loss of xylem conductivity, validation of the Pneumatron was performed by comparison with the optical method for Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves. The Pneumatron improved the precision of the pneumatic method considerably, facilitating the detection of small differences in the (percentage of air discharged [PAD] < 0.47%). Hence, the Pneumatron can directly measure the 50% PAD without any fitting of vulnerability curves. PAD and embolism frequency based on the optical method were strongly correlated (r2 = 0.93) for E. camaldulensis. By providing an open source platform, the Pneumatron represents an easy, low-cost, and powerful tool for field measurements, which can significantly improve our understanding of plant-water relations and the mechanisms behind embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pereira
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S Pacheco
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcela T Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ya Zhang
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C Machado
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology "Coaracy M. Franco", Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Melvin T Tyree
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lucy Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
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40
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Foliar and Wood Traits Covary along a Vertical Gradient within the Crown of Long-Lived Light-Demanding Species of the Congo Basin Semi-Deciduous Forest. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant functional traits have shown to be relevant predictors of forest functional responses to climate change. However, the trait-based approach to study plant performances and ecological strategies has mostly been focused on trait comparisons at the interspecific and intraspecific levels. In this study, we analyzed traits variation and association at the individual level. We measured wood and leaf traits at different height locations within the crown of five individuals of Pericopsis elata (Harms) Meeuwen (Fabaceae) from the northern tropical forest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All traits varied between and within individuals. The between-individual variation was more important for leaf traits (23%–48%) than for wood traits (~10%) where the within-individual variation showed to be more important (33%–39%). The sample location height within the crown was found to be the driving factor of this within-individual variation. In a gradient from the base to the top of the crown, theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity and specific leaf area decreased while the stomatal density increased. We found significant relationships among traits and between wood and leaf traits. However, these relationships varied with the position within the crown. The relationship between vessel size and vessel density was negative at the bottom part of the crown but positive upward. Also, the negative relationship between stomatal density and stomatal size became stronger with increasing height within the crown. Finally, the positive relationship between specific leaf area and theoretical specific hydraulic conductivity became stronger in higher parts of the crown, suggesting that P. elata constantly adapts its water use with respect to its water supply, more strongly at the top of the crown where the environment is more extreme and less buffered against environmental fluctuations.
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Li S, Hao GY, Niinemets Ü, Harley PC, Wanke S, Lens F, Zhang YJ, Cao KF. The effects of intervessel pit characteristics on xylem hydraulic efficiency and photosynthesis in hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:661-675. [PMID: 30637766 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to cavitation and hydraulic efficiency are directly linked to fine-scale bordered pit features in water-conducting cells of vascular plants. However, it is unclear how pit characteristics influence water transport and carbon economy in tropical species. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate functional implications of changes in pit characteristics for water relations and photosynthetic traits in tropical Ficus species with different growth forms (i.e. hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic) grown under common conditions. Intervessel pit characteristics were measured using scanning electron microscopy in five hemiepiphytic and five non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species to determine whether these traits were related to hydraulics, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and wood density. Ficus species varied greatly in intervessel pit structure, hydraulic conductivity and leaf physiology, and clear differences were observed between the two growth forms. The area and diameter of pit aperture were negatively correlated with sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivity, mass-based net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance (gs ), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci ) and the petiole vessel lumen diameters (Dv ), but positively correlated with wood density. Pit morphology was only negatively correlated with sapwood- and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity and Dv . Pit density was positively correlated with gs , Ci and Dv , but negatively with intrinsic leaf water-use efficiency. Pit and pit aperture shape were not significantly correlated with any of the physiological traits. These findings indicate a significant role of pit characteristics in xylem water transport, carbon assimilation and ecophysiological adaptation of Ficus species in tropical rain forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Peter C Harley
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
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Wei W, Zhu M, Wu S, Shen X, Li S. Stimuli-Responsive Biopolymers: An Inspiration for Synthetic Smart Materials and Their Applications in Self-Controlled Catalysis. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Hevia A, Sánchez-Salguero R, Camarero JJ, Querejeta JI, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Gazol A. Long-term nutrient imbalances linked to drought-triggered forest dieback. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:1254-1267. [PMID: 31470488 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced forest dieback is causing reductions in productivity, increasing tree mortality and impairing terrestrial carbon uptake worldwide. However, the role played by long-term nutrient imbalances during drought-induced dieback is still unknown. To improve our knowledge on the relationships between dieback and nutrient imbalances, we analysed wood anatomical traits (tree-ring width and wood density), soil properties and long-term chemical information in tree-ring wood (1900-2010) by non-destructive Micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) and destructive (ICP-OES) techniques. We studied two major European conifers with ongoing drought-induced dieback in mesic (Abies alba, silver fir) and xeric (Pinus sylvestris, Scots pine) sites. In each site we compared coexisting declining (D) and non-declining (ND) trees. We used dendrochronology and generalized additive and linear mixed models to analyse trends in tree-ring nutrients and their relationships with wood traits. The D trees presented lower growth and higher minimum wood density than ND trees, corresponding to a smaller lumen area of earlywood tracheids and thus a lower theoretical hydraulic conductivity. These differences in growth and wood-anatomy were more marked in silver fir than in Scots pine. Moreover, most of the chemical elements showed higher concentrations in D than in ND trees during the last two-five decades (e.g., Mn, K and Mg), while Ca and Na increased in the sapwood of ND trees. The Mn concentrations, and related ratios (Ca:Mn, Mn:Al and P:Mn) showed the highest differences between D and ND trees for both tree species. These findings suggest that a reduced hydraulic conductivity, consistent with hydraulic impairment, is affecting the use of P in D trees, making them more prone to drought-induced damage. The retrospective quantifications of Mn ratios may be used as early-warning signals of impending dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hevia
- Forest and Wood Technology Research Centre (CETEMAS), Pumarabule, Carbayín, s/n, 33936 Siero, Asturias, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Universidad de Huelva, Crta. Palos-La Rábida s/n, 21819 Palos de la Frontera, Spain; Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Dept. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José I Querejeta
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, PO Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda
- Depto. Ciencias Agroforestales, iUFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain; Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
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44
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Sasaki K, Ida Y, Kitajima S, Kawazu T, Hibino T, Hanba YT. Overexpressing the HD-Zip class II transcription factor EcHB1 from Eucalyptus camaldulensis increased the leaf photosynthesis and drought tolerance of Eucalyptus. Sci Rep 2019. [PMID: 31575941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50610-50615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the leaf mesophyll anatomy by genetic modification is potentially a promising tool for improving the physiological functions of trees by improving leaf photosynthesis. Homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are candidates for anatomical alterations of leaves through modification of cell multiplication, differentiation, and expansion. Full-length cDNA encoding a Eucalyptus camaldulensis HD-Zip class II transcription factor (EcHB1) was over-expressed in vivo in the hybrid Eucalyptus GUT5 generated from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla. Overexpression of EcHB1 induced significant modification in the mesophyll anatomy of Eucalyptus with enhancements in the number of cells and chloroplasts on a leaf-area basis. The leaf-area-based photosynthesis of Eucalyptus was improved in the EcHB1-overexpression lines, which was due to both enhanced CO2 diffusion into chloroplasts and increased photosynthetic biochemical functions through increased number of chloroplasts per unit leaf area. Additionally, overexpression of EcHB1 suppressed defoliation and thus improved the growth of Eucalyptus trees under drought stress, which was a result of reduced water loss from trees due to the reduction in leaf area with no changes in stomatal morphology. These results gave us new insights into the role of the HD-Zip II gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sasaki
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ida
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Sakihito Kitajima
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kawazu
- Forestry Research Institute, Oji Holdings Corporation, 24-9 Nobono-cho, Kameyama, Mie, 519-0212, Japan
- K-Plantech, 3085-15 Kobe, Tsu, Mie, 514-0065, Japan
| | - Takashi Hibino
- Forestry Research Institute, Oji Holdings Corporation, 24-9 Nobono-cho, Kameyama, Mie, 519-0212, Japan
- Pine Chemicals Development, R&D Center, R&D Company, HARIMA CHEMICALS INC., 5-9-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yuko T Hanba
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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45
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McCulloh KA, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Smith DD, Meinzer FC. A dynamic yet vulnerable pipeline: Integration and coordination of hydraulic traits across whole plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2789-2807. [PMID: 31273812 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of measurements in the field of plant hydraulics have been on small-diameter branches from woody species. These measurements have provided considerable insight into plant functioning, but our understanding of plant physiology and ecology would benefit from a broader view, because branch hydraulic properties are influenced by many factors. Here, we discuss the influence that other components of the hydraulic network have on branch vulnerability to embolism propagation. We also modelled the impact of changes in the ratio of root-to-leaf areas and soil texture on vulnerability to hydraulic failure along the soil-to-leaf continuum and showed that hydraulic function is better maintained through changes in root vulnerability and root-to-leaf area ratio than in branch vulnerability. Differences among species in the stringency with which they regulate leaf water potential and in reliance on stored water to buffer changes in water potential also affect the need to construct embolism resistant branches. Many approaches, such as measurements on fine roots, small individuals, combining sap flow and psychrometry techniques, and modelling efforts, could vastly improve our understanding of whole-plant hydraulic functioning. A better understanding of how traits are coordinated across the whole plant will improve predictions for plant function under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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46
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Sasaki K, Ida Y, Kitajima S, Kawazu T, Hibino T, Hanba YT. Overexpressing the HD-Zip class II transcription factor EcHB1 from Eucalyptus camaldulensis increased the leaf photosynthesis and drought tolerance of Eucalyptus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14121. [PMID: 31575941 PMCID: PMC6773882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the leaf mesophyll anatomy by genetic modification is potentially a promising tool for improving the physiological functions of trees by improving leaf photosynthesis. Homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are candidates for anatomical alterations of leaves through modification of cell multiplication, differentiation, and expansion. Full-length cDNA encoding a Eucalyptus camaldulensis HD-Zip class II transcription factor (EcHB1) was over-expressed in vivo in the hybrid Eucalyptus GUT5 generated from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla. Overexpression of EcHB1 induced significant modification in the mesophyll anatomy of Eucalyptus with enhancements in the number of cells and chloroplasts on a leaf-area basis. The leaf-area-based photosynthesis of Eucalyptus was improved in the EcHB1-overexpression lines, which was due to both enhanced CO2 diffusion into chloroplasts and increased photosynthetic biochemical functions through increased number of chloroplasts per unit leaf area. Additionally, overexpression of EcHB1 suppressed defoliation and thus improved the growth of Eucalyptus trees under drought stress, which was a result of reduced water loss from trees due to the reduction in leaf area with no changes in stomatal morphology. These results gave us new insights into the role of the HD-Zip II gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sasaki
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ida
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Sakihito Kitajima
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kawazu
- Forestry Research Institute, Oji Holdings Corporation, 24-9 Nobono-cho, Kameyama, Mie, 519-0212, Japan.,K-Plantech, 3085-15 Kobe, Tsu, Mie, 514-0065, Japan
| | - Takashi Hibino
- Forestry Research Institute, Oji Holdings Corporation, 24-9 Nobono-cho, Kameyama, Mie, 519-0212, Japan.,Pine Chemicals Development, R&D Center, R&D Company, HARIMA CHEMICALS INC., 5-9-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yuko T Hanba
- Faculty of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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47
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Kiorapostolou N, Da Sois L, Petruzzellis F, Savi T, Trifilò P, Nardini A, Petit G. Vulnerability to xylem embolism correlates to wood parenchyma fraction in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1675-1684. [PMID: 31211372 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which structural and functional traits are linked to species' vulnerability to embolism formation (P50) may provide fundamental knowledge on plant strategies to maintain an efficient water transport. We measured P50, wood density (WD), mean conduit area, conduit density, percentage areas occupied by vessels, parenchyma cells (PATOT) and fibers (FA) on branches of angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Moreover, we compiled a dataset of published hydraulic and anatomical data to be compared with our results. Species more vulnerable to embolism had lower WD. In angiosperms, the variability in WD was better explained by PATOT and FA, which were highly correlated. Angiosperms with a higher P50 (less negative) had a higher amount of PATOT and total amount of nonstructural carbohydrates. Instead, in gymnosperms, P50 vs PATOT was not significant. The correlation between PATOT and P50 might have a biological meaning and also suggests that the causality of the commonly observed relationship of WD vs P50 is indirect and dependent on the parenchyma fraction. Our study suggests that angiosperms have a potential active embolism reversal capacity in which parenchyma has an important role, while in gymnosperms this might not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kiorapostolou
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Luca Da Sois
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, Vienna, 3430, Austria
| | - Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giai Petit
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, PD 35020, Italy
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48
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Plavcová L, Gallenmüller F, Morris H, Khatamirad M, Jansen S, Speck T. Mechanical properties and structure-function trade-offs in secondary xylem of young roots and stems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3679-3691. [PMID: 31301134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bending and torsional properties of young roots and stems were measured in nine woody angiosperms. The variation in mechanical parameters was correlated to wood anatomical traits and analysed with respect to the other two competing functions of xylem (namely storage and hydraulics). Compared with stems, roots exhibited five times greater flexibility in bending and two times greater flexibility in torsion. Lower values of structural bending and structural torsional moduli (Estr and Gstr, respectively) of roots compared with stems were associated with the presence of thicker bark and a greater size of xylem cells. Across species, Estr and Gstr were correlated with wood density, which was mainly driven by the wall thickness to lumen area ratio of fibres. Higher fractions of parenchyma did not translate directly into a lower wood density and reduced mechanical stiffness in spite of parenchyma cells having thinner, and in some cases less lignified, cell walls than fibres. The presence of wide, partially non-lignified rays contributed to low values of Estr and Gstr in Clematis vitalba. Overall, our results demonstrate that higher demands for mechanical stability in self-supporting stems put a major constraint on xylem structure, whereas root xylem can be designed with a greater emphasis on both storage and hydraulic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Plavcová
- University of Hradec Králové, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Friederike Gallenmüller
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestrasse, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Morris
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Khatamirad
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestrasse, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Gorel A, Steppe K, Beeckman H, De Baerdemaeker NJF, Doucet J, Ligot G, Daïnou K, Fayolle A. Testing the divergent adaptation of two congeneric tree species on a rainfall gradient using eco‐physio‐morphological traits. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs‐Pasiphaé Gorel
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Forest is lifeGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of Liège Gembloux Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant EcologyDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Laboratory for Wood Biology and XylariumRoyal Museum for Central Africa Tervuren Belgium
| | - Niels J. F. De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant EcologyDepartment of Plants and CropsFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jean‐Louis Doucet
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Forest is lifeGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of Liège Gembloux Belgium
| | - Gauthier Ligot
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Forest is lifeGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of Liège Gembloux Belgium
| | - Kasso Daïnou
- School of Forestry and Wood EngineeringNational University of Agriculture Ketou Benin
| | - Adeline Fayolle
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Forest is lifeGembloux Agro‐Bio TechUniversity of Liège Gembloux Belgium
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50
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Goudenhooft C, Bourmaud A, Baley C. Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibers for Composite Reinforcement: Exploring the Link Between Plant Growth, Cell Walls Development, and Fiber Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:411. [PMID: 31001310 PMCID: PMC6456768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the combination of high mechanical performances and plant-based origin, flax fibers are interesting reinforcement for environmentally friendly composite materials. An increasing amount of research articles and reviews focuses on the processing and properties of flax-based products, without taking into account the original key role of flax fibers, namely, reinforcement elements of the flax stem (Linum usitatissimum L.). The ontogeny of the plant, scattering of fiber properties along the plant, or the plant growth conditions are rarely considered. Conversely, exploring the development of flax fibers and parameters influencing the plant mechanical properties (at the whole plant or fiber scale) could be an interesting way to control and/or optimize fiber performances, and to a greater extent, flax fiber-based products. The first part of the present review synthesized the general knowledge about the growth stages of flax plants and the internal organization of the stem biological tissues. Additionally, key findings regarding the development of its fibers, from elongation to thickening, are reviewed to offer a piece of explanation of the uncommon morphological properties of flax fibers. Then, the slenderness of flax is illustrated by comparison of data given in scientific research on herbaceous plants and woody ones. In the second section, a state of the art of the varietal selection of several main industrial crops is given. This section includes the different selection criteria as well as an overview of their impact on plant characteristics. A particular interest is given to the lodging resistance and the understanding of this undesired phenomenon. The third section reviews the influence of the cultural conditions, including seedling rate and its relation with the wind in a plant canopy, as well as the impact of main tropisms (namely, thigmotropism, seismotropism, and gravitropism) on the stem and fiber characteristics. This section illustrates the mechanisms of plant adaptation, and how the environment can modify the plant biomechanical properties. Finally, this review asks botanists, breeders, and farmers' knowledge toward the selection of potential flax varieties dedicated to composite applications, through optimized fiber performances. All along the paper, both fibers morphology and mechanical properties are discussed, in constant link with their use for composite materials reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- IRDL, UMR CNRS 6027, Université de Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France
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