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Seoke L, Fosgate GT, Opperman PA, Malesa RP, Lazarus DD, Sirdar MM, Heath L. Optimization of a foot-and-mouth disease virus Southern African Territories-specific solid-phase competitive ELISA for small ruminant serum samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:192-204. [PMID: 38111309 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231218202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We optimized and verified a single-spot solid-phase competitive ELISA (ss-SPCE) to detect antibodies against structural proteins of Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in small ruminants. Sera from goats vaccinated and experimentally challenged with a SAT1 FMDV pool were tested in duplicate at 4 dilutions (1:10, 1:15, 1:22.5, 1:33.8) to optimize the assay. To assess the performance of the assay in naturally infected animals, we evaluated 316 goat and sheep field sera collected during active SAT2 outbreaks. Relative to results of the virus neutralization test, the optimal serum dilution and cutoff percentage inhibition (PI) were 1:15 and 50%, respectively. At these values, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.85 (p < 0.001), and the sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were 80.3% (72.6, 87.2) and 91.1% (84.1, 95.9), respectively. Relative to the liquid-phase blocking ELISA and the nonstructural protein ELISA, the ss-SPCE exhibited divergent performance characteristics between the goat and sheep field sera. Repeatability was better for goats, but the correlation and agreement among all 3 assays were better for the sheep sera. The prevalence of SAT2 FMDV infection in the sampled sheep was 23.6%; sampled goats were seemingly FMDV-free. The ss-SPCE is an appropriate FMDV detection tool to investigate the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of FMD in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaToya Seoke
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Pamela A Opperman
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Refiloe P Malesa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David D Lazarus
- Epidemiology and Training Program of Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Mohamed M Sirdar
- World Organisation for Animal Health Sub-Regional Representative for Southern Africa, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Program, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Saduakassova MA, Wood BA, Henry E, Gray AR, Mioulet V, Sultanov AA, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Establishing a molecular toolbox of lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1271690. [PMID: 38098997 PMCID: PMC10720594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1271690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many Asian countries, with outbreaks occurring regularly due to viruses from serotypes O, A, and Asia1 that co-circulate in the region. The ability to rapidly characterize new virus occurrences provides critical information to understand the epidemiology and risks associated with field outbreaks, and helps in the selection of appropriate vaccines to control the disease. FMD lineage-specific characterization is usually determined through sequencing; however, this capacity is not always readily available. In this study, we provide a panel of real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays to allow differentiation of the FMD virus (FMDV) lineages known to have been co-circulating in Asia during 2020. This panel included five new rRT-PCR assays designed to detect lineages O/ME-SA/PanAsia-PanAsia-2, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001, O/SEA/Mya-98, O/CATHAY, and A/ASIA/Sea-97, along with three published rRT-PCR assays for A/ASIA/Iran-05, A/ASIA/G-VII, and Asia1 serotypes. Samples of known FMD lineage (n = 85) were tested in parallel with all eight lineage-specific assays and an established 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay, and comparative limit of detection (LOD) experiments were conducted for the five newly developed assays. All samples (85/85) were assigned to the correct serotype, and the correct lineage was assigned for 70 out of 85 samples where amplification only occurred with the homologous assay. For 13 out of 85 of the samples, there was amplification in two assays; however, the correct lineage could be designated based on the strongest Ct values for 12 out of 13 samples. An incorrect lineage was assigned for 3 out of 85 samples. The amplification efficiencies for the five new rRT-PCR assays ranged between 79.7 and 100.5%, with nucleic acid dilution experiments demonstrating broadly equivalent limits of detection when compared to the 3D pan-FMD rRT-PCR assay. These new tests, together with other published lineage-specific rRT-PCR assays, constitute a panel of assays (or molecular toolbox) that can be selected for use in FMD endemic countries (individually or a subset of the assays depending on region/lineages known to be circulating) for rapid characterization of the FMDV lineages circulating in Asia at a relatively low cost. This molecular toolbox will enhance the ability of national laboratories in endemic settings to accurately characterize circulating FMDV strains and facilitate prompt implementation of control strategies, and may be particularly useful in settings where it is difficult to access sequencing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A. Saduakassova
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Britta A. Wood
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R. Gray
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Akhmetzhan A. Sultanov
- Virology Department, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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Abd-Ellatieff HA, Hegazy AA, AbouRawash ARA, Tohamy HG, Al-Shehri M, Bazh EK, Hassan H, Essa BH. Pathological and genetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses collected from cattle and water buffalo in Egypt. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291970. [PMID: 37819946 PMCID: PMC10566709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease caused by FMD virus (FMDV) that threatens Egypt's livestock industry. FMDV causes severe economic losses in the livestock, with restriction of international trade from endemic regions. Surveillance for FMDV serotypes circulating in Egypt is urgently needed to assess the epidemiological situation in the country. FMD outbreaks reported in Egypt in between December 2016 and January-March 2017. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the FMDV serotypes responsible for the outbreaks and to collect information on the virus's morphopathological effects. Postmortem tissue and clinical samples (oral swabs, vesicular fluids from ruptured vesicles, and blood) were collected from recently deceased and infected animals. Pathological examination revealed classical FMD lesions as vesicular and erosive lesions on epithelial tissues with non-suppurative lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis. Phylogenetic and sequencing analyses demonstrated that FMDV serotype O, EA-3 topotype, VP1 is the prevalent serotype responsible for the pathological alterations and the high mortality in young calves, adult cattle, and water buffalo. The outcomes indicate continuous mutations in the circulating FMDV, which result in the occasional failure of vaccination. Based on these findings, extensive continuous monitoring and serotyping of the existing circulating FMDV isolates and regular vaccination with reevaluation of the currently used vaccine in Egypt are recommended to prevent the recurrence of such outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A. Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman A. AbouRawash
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Hossam G. Tohamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman K. Bazh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Egypt
| | - Hesham Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bothaina H. Essa
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
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4
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Li Q, Wubshet AK, Wang Y, Heath L, Zhang J. B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030797. [PMID: 36992505 PMCID: PMC10059872 DOI: 10.3390/v15030797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Basics and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle 2084, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Hagag NM, Hassan AM, Zaher MR, Elnomrosy SM, Shemies OA, Hussein HA, Ahmed ES, Ali MH, Ateay M, Abdel-Hakim MA, Habashi AR, Eid S, El Zowalaty ME, Shahein MA. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus type A, Lineage EURO-SA in Egypt in 2022. Virus Res 2023; 323:198960. [PMID: 36209919 PMCID: PMC10194312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A newly emerging and exotic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) caused a recent outbreak of serotype A in Egypt in 2022, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding the structural proteins which determine FMDV serotype. No study has yet determined structural proteins sequences of the newly emerging Europe-South America (EURO-SA) lineage which was recently isolated from Egypt during a routine surveillance in 2022. The objective of the current study was to analyze the structural proteins of the Venezuelan type which belongs to EURO-SA. The new isolate was related to serotype A lineage Euro-South America. Phylogentic analyses have reveled that the newly isolated lineage samples were closely related to reported sequences that have been identified in Venzuela and Colombia. Analysis of structural protein sequences revealed the recent isolates belong to prototype strain A24 Cruzeiro. Notably, nucleotide sequences of the Egyptian isolate was related to Venezuelan, Brazilian, and Colombian strains with identity not exceeding 90%. The divergence which appears in the genetic identity of the Egyptian A/EURO-SA lineage from other related strains may be attributed to the absence of Euro-SA lineage sequence from Egypt. The present study is the first report on the detection of EURO-SA lineage in Egypt. The recent detection of the EURO-SA lineage samples may be explained due to imported animals from Colombia or Brazil which share geographical borders with Venezuela. The findings of the present study highlight the significance of continuous monitoring of FMDV in Egypt for newly emerging FMDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R Zaher
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sara M Elnomrosy
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Shemies
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Heba A Hussein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Eman S Ahmed
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Ali
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ateay
- General Organization For Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed R Habashi
- Virus Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, UAE.
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
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Chestley T, Sroga P, Nebroski M, Hole K, Ularamu H, Lung O, Nfon C. Development of reverse-transcriptase, real-time PCR assays to distinguish the Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes 1 and 3 and topotype VII of SAT2 of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:977761. [PMID: 36204292 PMCID: PMC9530708 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.977761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), the causative agent of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, is a highly feared, economically devastating transboundary pathogen. This is due to the virus' extremely contagious nature and its ability to utilize multiple transmission routes. As such, rapid and accurate diagnostic testing is imperative to the control of FMD. Identification of the FMDV serotype is necessary as it provides the foundation for appropriate vaccine selection and aids in outbreak source tracing. With the vast genetic diversity, there is a desperate need to be able to characterize FMDV without relying on prior knowledge of viral serotypes. In this study, the Neptune bioinformatics tool was used to identify genetic signatures specific to each Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, 2 and 3 genomes but exclusionary to the other circulating FMDV serotypes (A, O, Asia1, and the heterologous SAT1, SAT2 and/or SAT3). Identification of these unique genomic regions allowed the design of TaqMan-based real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) primer/probe sets for SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3 viruses. These assays were optimized using prototypic FMDV cell culture isolates using the same reagents and thermocycling conditions as the FMDV pan-serotype 3D rRT-PCR assay. Cross-reactivity was evaluated in tandem with the FMDV pan-serotype 3D rRT-PCR utilizing representative strains from FMDV serotypes A, O, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3. The SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 primer/probe sets were specific for the homologous serotype and exclusionary to all others. SAT1 and SAT3 primer/probe sets were able to detect several topotypes, whereas the SAT2 assay was revealed to be specific for topotype VII. The SAT2 topotype VII specificity was possibly due to the use of sequence data deposited post-2011to design the rRT-PCR primers and probes. Each assay was tested against a panel of 99 bovine tissue samples from Nigeria, where SAT2 topotype VII viruses were correctly identified and no cross-reactivity was exhibited by the SAT1 and 3 assays. These novel SAT1, SAT3 and SAT2 topotype VII rRT-PCR assays have the potential to detect and differentiate circulating FMD SAT viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyo Chestley
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Taeyo Chestley
| | - Patrycja Sroga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Nebroski
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kate Hole
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hussaini Ularamu
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Shaban AK, Mohamed RH, Zakaria AM, Baheeg EM. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in raw milk in Menofia Governorate and its effect on reproductive hormones and physiochemical properties of milk. Vet World 2022; 15:2202-2209. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2202-2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. In Egypt, FMD has been enzootic since the 1950s and caused great economic losses in cattle and buffalos over the past few years. This study aimed to detect FMD virus (FMDV) in serum and raw milk samples collected from infected and adjacent cattle and buffalos from different localities in El Menofia Governorate, Egypt.
Materials and Methods: Blood and milk samples were collected from apparently diseased and adjacent 100 cows and 100 buffalos. Serum samples were prepared and used for the detection of FMDV using a non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used for the detection of FMDV in milk samples. Reproductive hormones were estimated using radioimmunoassay kits. Milk constituents were determined by Lactoscan.
Results: Of the 200 examined serum samples (100 cows and 100 buffalos), 56% and 44% were seropositive for FMDV non-structural protein antibodies in cattle and buffalo, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that all examined milk samples collected from seropositive animals were positive for FMDV. Estrogen and progesterone levels in the serum of seropositive and seronegative animals were measured, and FMDV was proven to significantly elevate estrogen and reduce progesterone levels in both non-pregnant and pregnant animals during different stages of pregnancy. The effect of the virus on milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) was also studied, revealing that FMDV infection significantly decreased the level of milk fat, protein, and lactose but did not significantly affected minerals, pH, and conductivity. Moreover, it significantly increased the SCC.
Conclusion: Data recorded in this study indicates a widespread occurrence of FMDV in cattle and buffalo all over Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Infected raw milk is of poor quality and, if put for commercial sale, may have health risks for consumers and play a significant role in spreading the virus. Moreover, FMDV may disturb some reproductive hormones, which could adversely affect cattle and buffalo productivity. Therefore, preventive programs and accurate diagnosis are essential for successful disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Khamees Shaban
- Shebeen El-Kome Branch, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ragab Hassan Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Asem Mohammed Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Baheeg
- ELISA Unite and Viral Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Liu Y, Liu L, Wang J, Wang T, Gao Y, Sun X, Yuan W, Li R, Wang J. Development of a new TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR assay for the specific detection of bovine kobuvirus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:953599. [PMID: 35990282 PMCID: PMC9386250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.953599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine kobuvirus (BKV) is a novel kobuvirus considered to be closely related to calf diarrhea and has become a worldwide epidemic. Currently, the BKV lacks an efficient and convenient detection method to assist the research on BKV prevalence. In this study, a new and specific TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR for the detection of BKV was developed using the conserved region of the 3D gene. The assay was highly specific for BKV, without cross-amplification with other non-targeted pathogens. The limit of detection of this assay was 102 copies. Standard curves showed a strong linear correlation from 102 to 106 copies of BKV standard RNA per reaction, and the parameters revealed as a slope of −3.54, efficiency of 91.64%, and regression coefficients (R2) of 0.998. The assay was also reproducible, with the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation <1.0%. The newly developed real-time RT-PCR was validated using 243 fecal samples collected from diarrheic or non-diarrheic cattle from nine regions in Hebei province and revealed the positive detection of BKV at a ratio of 19.34% (47/243). Sequencing of partial 3D genes from 13 positive samples and the following phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the reliability of the assay. In conclusion, the newly developed TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR could be used for the screening and epidemic monitoring of BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Liu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Hebei Mountain Agricultural Technology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoxia Sun
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ruiwen Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiwen Li
| | - Jianchang Wang
- Department of Animal and Plant Quarantine, Technology Center of Shijiazhuang Customs District, Shijiazhuang, China
- Jianchang Wang
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Viral Population Diversity during Co-Infection of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Serotypes SAT1 and SAT2 in African Buffalo in Kenya. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050897. [PMID: 35632639 PMCID: PMC9145140 DOI: 10.3390/v14050897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African buffalo are the natural reservoirs of the SAT serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Most buffalo are exposed to multiple FMDV serotypes early in life, and a proportion of them become persistently infected carriers. Understanding the genetic diversity and evolution of FMDV in carrier animals is critical to elucidate how FMDV persists in buffalo populations. In this study, we obtained oropharyngeal (OPF) fluid from naturally infected African buffalo, and characterized the genetic diversity of FMDV. Out of 54 FMDV-positive OPF, 5 were co-infected with SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes. From the five co-infected buffalo, we obtained eighty-nine plaque-purified isolates. Isolates obtained directly from OPF and plaque purification were sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained from recombination-free protein-coding regions revealed a discrepancy in the topology of capsid proteins and non-structural proteins. Despite the high divergence in the capsid phylogeny between SAT1 and SAT2 serotypes, viruses from different serotypes that were collected from the same host had a high genetic similarity in non-structural protein-coding regions P2 and P3, suggesting interserotypic recombination. In two of the SAT1 and SAT2 co-infected buffalo identified at the first passage of viral isolation, the plaque-derived SAT2 genomes were distinctly grouped in two different genotypes. These genotypes were not initially detected with the NGS from the first passage (non-purified) virus isolation sample. In one animal with two SAT2 haplotypes, one plaque-derived chimeric sequence was found. These findings demonstrate within-host evolution through recombination and point mutation contributing to broad viral diversity in the wildlife reservoir. These mechanisms may be critical to FMDV persistence at the individual animal and population levels, and may contribute to the emergence of new viruses that have the ability to spill-over to livestock and other wildlife species.
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El Bagoury GF, Elhabashy R, Mahmoud AH, Hagag NM, El Zowalaty ME. Development and evaluation of one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for improved detection of foot-and-mouth-disease virus serotypes circulating in Egypt. J Virol Methods 2022; 306:114525. [PMID: 35337855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and economically important viral disease affecting livestock. Rapid and precise diagnosis of FMD is critical for efficient control and surveillance strategies of the disease. In this study, one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays using newly designed primers/probe sets in the conserved regions within the VP1 coding sequence were developed for specific detection of FMDV serotypes SAT 2 and O with their different lineage circulating in Egypt. The assays were validated for the efficacy to detect different lineages of these endemic serotypes in Egypt; the detection limit was 10 genomic copies for serotype SAT 2 and one genomic copy for serotype O, with no cross-reactivity observed. These findings were confirmed by the specific and sensitive detection of FMDV in clinical samples obtained from different regions in Egypt and representing a range of subtypes within the SAT 2 and O serotypes. The results illustrate the potential of tailored RT-qPCR tools for the rapid detection and serotyping of FMDV belonging to different lineages of serotypes SAT 2 and O circulating in Egypt with high sensitivity and specificity. The developed assays could be easily deployed for routine surveillance and hence improving the disease control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabr F El Bagoury
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Rawan Elhabashy
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ayman H Mahmoud
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida, 44813, Ash Sharqia, Egypt; Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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A/Raouf Y, Ibrahim I. Diversity of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus in Sudan: implication for diagnosis and control. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:789-798. [PMID: 35233700 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Like other East African countries, Sudan experienced circulation of more than one topotype of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). In Sudan, topotype XIII of SAT2 virus was recorded in 1977 and 2008 and topotype VII in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2017. This work evaluated the impact of such diversity on diagnosis and control. After one or three doses of a vaccine derived from a Sudanese SAT2 virus of topotype VII originated in 2010, heterologous neutralizing antibody titres with Sudanese SAT2 viruses in 2008 were ≤ 1.2 log 10, not consistent with likely protection. Simultaneously, homologous titres were 1.65 (after one dose) or 1.95 and 2.55 log10 (after 3 doses). When r1 values between the vaccine virus and the SAT2 viruses isolated in 2008, whilst topotype XIII was circulating, were derived, values (≈ 0.00) suggested similarly poor antigenic relationship and unlikely cross protection. Concurrently, SAT2 positive field sera from Sudan in 2016 were not unvaryingly identified by virus neutralization tests (VNT) employing SAT2 viruses from 2010 and 2008. Proportions of positive sera by SAT2 virus from 2010 were always higher than those by viruses from 2008; consistent with the more frequent and recent circulation of topotype VII prior to 2016. Proportions by SAT2 virus from 2010 were 0.68 (± 0.1) in one location (n = 72), 0.39 (± 0.1) in another one (n = 94) and 0.52 (± 0.1) in the whole test group (n = 166). Corresponding values by viruses of 2008 were 0.53 (± 0.1), 0.27 (± 0.1) and 0.38 (± 0.1). In the whole test group, differences were statistically significant (p = .02339). Like post-vaccination sera, field sera (natural immunity) showed no considerable cross neutralization between topotype VII and presumably XIII; almost 45% (43/96) of SAT2 positive field sera were positive to one topotype but not to the other. Experimental and surveillance findings emphasized the implication of SAT2 diversity in Sudan. It is concluded that it is difficult to control SAT2 infection in Sudan using a monovalent vaccine. Beside a prophylactic vaccine from topotype VII, stockpiling of antigens from topotype XIII and enhanced virological surveillance with rapid genotyping and matching studies are necessary approaches. When more frequent circulation of more than one SAT2 topotype occurs, retrospective diagnosis by serological surveys could be problematic or imprecise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazeed A/Raouf
- Department of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Inas Ibrahim
- Department of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Soba, P.O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan
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Fana EM, Mpoloka SW, Leteane M, Seoke L, Masoba K, Mokopasetso M, Rapharing A, Kabelo T, Made P, Hyera J. A Five-Year Retrospective Study of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Southern Africa, 2014 to 2018. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:7438809. [PMID: 35003620 PMCID: PMC8741390 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7438809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDv), like other ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome viruses, has a tendency to mutate rapidly. As such, available vaccines may not confer enough cross-protection against incursion of new lineages and sublineages. This paper is a retrospective study to determine the topotypes/lineages that caused previous FMD outbreaks in 6 southern African countries and the efficacy of the current vaccines to protect cattle against them. A total of 453 bovine epithelial tissue samples from 33 FMD outbreaks that occurred in these countries from 2014 to 2018 were investigated for the presence of FMDv. The genetic diversity of the identified Southern African Type (SAT)-FMD viruses was determined by comparing sequences from outbreaks and historical prototype sequences. Of the 453 samples investigated, 176 were positive for four FMDv serotypes. Out of the 176 FMD positive cases there were 105 SAT2 samples, 32 SAT1 samples, 21 SAT3 samples, and 18 serotype O samples. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the SATs VP1 gene sequences into previously observed topotypes in southern Africa. SAT1 viruses were from topotypes I and III, SAT2 viruses belonged to topotypes I, II, III, and IV, and SAT3 viruses were of topotypes I and II. Vaccine matching studies on the field FMDv isolates produced r 1-values greater than or equal to 0.3 for the three SAT serotypes. This suggests that there is no significant antigenic difference between current SAT FMD vaccine strains and the circulating SAT serotypes. Therefore, the vaccines are still fit-purpose for the control FMD in the region. The study did not identify incursion of any new lineages/topotypes of FMD into the sampled southern African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Mpolokang Fana
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Melvin Leteane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Botswana, Private Bag 00704, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - LaToya Seoke
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kelebogile Masoba
- National Veterinary Laboratory, OIE-SSARRLFMD, Botswana Vaccine, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mokganedi Mokopasetso
- Veterinary Department, Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Aobakwe Rapharing
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tshephang Kabelo
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Patricia Made
- National Veterinary Laboratory, OIE-SSARRLFMD, Botswana Vaccine, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Joseph Hyera
- OIE Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (OIE-SSARRLFMD), Botswana Vaccine Institute, Private Bag 0031, Gaborone, Botswana
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Hassan AM, El-Mayet FS, El-Habbaa AS, Shahein MA, Zowalaty MEE, Hagag NM, Sharawi SSA. Molecular Characterization of newly emerging Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 of Lib-12 Lineage Isolated from Egypt. Virus Res 2021; 311:198651. [PMID: 34879242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT2 occurred in Egypt in 2018, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding structural proteins that determine the FMDV serotype. Still, none of them have analyzed the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage. The present study aimed to analyze and identify the ORF genome sequence of Lib-12 lineage that belongs to FMDV SAT2 topotype VII in Egypt. The protocol workflow was optimized and tested using a representative field isolate of FMDV/SAT2/Lib-12 from a bovine tongue sample collected in 2018 from Ismailia governorate (SAT2/EGY/Ismailia/2018). The protocol was based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with multiple overlapping primers, amplicons sequencing, and assembly to complete the ORF consensus sequence. Alignments of the sequence fragments formed consensus genome sequence of 7219 nucleotides in length. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Egyptian isolate was related to Ethiopian, Nigerian, and Ghanaian strains, with identity not exceeding 95%. The divergence in the genetic identity of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage from other Egyptian strains and the neighboring Libyan isolates reached 7%, and this may be attributed to the absence of the Lib-12 lineage ORF sequence from Egypt and Libya in the database. The present study significantly advances the knowledge of the molecular analysis of FMDV SAT2 and the design of vaccine selection for FMDV SAT2 in Egypt. The study protocol could be applied to other FMDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Fouad S El-Mayet
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Ayman S El-Habbaa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Saad S A Sharawi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
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Foglia EA, Lembo T, Kazwala R, Ekwem D, Shirima G, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Pezzoni G. Combining Multiple Assays Improves Detection and Serotyping of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. A Practical Example with Field Samples from East Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081583. [PMID: 34452448 PMCID: PMC8412026 DOI: 10.3390/v13081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple serotypes and topotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) circulate in endemic areas, posing considerable impacts locally. In addition, introductions into new areas are of great concern. Indeed, in recent years, multiple FMDV outbreaks, caused by topotypes that have escaped from their original areas, have been recorded in various parts of the world. In both cases, rapid and accurate diagnosis, including the identification of the serotype and topotype causing the given outbreaks, plays an important role in the implementation of the most effective and appropriate measures to control the spread of the disease. In the present study, we describe the performance of a range of diagnostic and typing tools for FMDV on a panel of vesicular samples collected in northern Tanzania (East Africa, EA) during 2012–2018. Specifically, we tested these samples with a real-time RT-PCR targeting 3D sequence for pan-FMDV detection; an FMDV monoclonal antibody-based antigen (Ag) detection and serotyping ELISA kit; virus isolation (VI) on LFBKαVβ6 cell line; and a panel of four topotype-specific real-time RT-PCRs, specifically tailored for circulating strains in EA. The 3D real-time RT-PCR showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity, but it lacked typing capacity. Ag-ELISA detected and typed FMDV in 71% of sample homogenates, while VI combined with Ag-ELISA for typing showed an efficiency of 82%. The panel of topotype-specific real-time RT-PCRs identified and typed FMDV in 93% of samples. However, the SAT1 real-time RT-PCR had the highest (20%) failure rate. Briefly, topotype-specific real-time RT-PCRs had the highest serotyping capacity for EA FMDVs, although four assays were required, while the Ag-ELISA, which was less sensitive, was the most user-friendly, hence suitable for any laboratory level. In conclusion, when the four compared tests were used in combination, both the diagnostic and serotyping performances approached 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrem Alessandro Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.B.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (T.L.); (D.E.)
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha 23306, Tanzania; (R.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Divine Ekwem
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK; (T.L.); (D.E.)
| | - Gabriel Shirima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha 23306, Tanzania; (R.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.B.); (G.P.)
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Awel SM, Dilba GM, Abraha B, Zewde D, Wakjira BS, Aliy A. Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Dairy Cattle Around Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:187-197. [PMID: 34285888 PMCID: PMC8285296 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s317103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Foot and mouth disease is a debilitating and highly contagious transboundary disease of cattle that can cause a huge economical loss globally. It is a notifiable disease in Ethiopia, and it is thought to be causing a decrease in cattle productivity and production. Methods A cross-sectional study and outbreak investigation were performed to estimate seroprevalence, identify associated factors and serotypes of FMDV in dairy cattle around Addis Ababa. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed for the selection of sampling units for the seroprevalence study. A total of 383 blood samples were collected using plain vacutainer tubes and the obtained sera were tested by 3ABC-Ab ELISA at the NAHDIC lab. Also, from outbreak cases, 20 epithelial tissue samples were collected purposively for the molecular detection of FMDV serotypes. Results The overall seroprevalence of FMD in dairy cattle was 72.1% (95% CI=67.27-76.50). The seroprevalence in dairy cattle of Ada Berga, Holeta, and Sululta districts was 97.2%, 71.4%, and 57.6%, respectively. Up on Chi-square analysis, age, body condition, and management system were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). Besides, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that district, age, body condition, and management were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). The odds of being seropositive to FMD were 6.9 (95% CI=1.8-24.9; p=0.005) and 2.3 (95% CI=1.2-4.7; p=0.01) times higher in cattle found in Ada Berga and Holeta Woreda. From outbreak cases, 18 (90.0%) were identified positive for FMDV serotype O. Conclusion The current study revealed higher seroprevalence was recorded in the study area and associated risk factors identified statically, serotype O of FMDV was identified from outbreak cases. Therefore, it is critical to design and implement feasible control and prevention mechanisms based on the type of circulating virus serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazali Mohammed Awel
- Jigjiga University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.,Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Mulatu Dilba
- Ambo University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Bruk Abraha
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Zewde
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Hussein HA, El Nashar RM, El-Sherbiny IM, Hassan RYA. High selectivity detection of FMDV- SAT-2 using a newly-developed electrochemical nanosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113435. [PMID: 34175651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype South-Africa territories-2 (FMDV-SAT-2) is the most fastidious known type in Aphthovirus which is subsequently reflected in the diagnosis regime. Rapid and early diagnostic actions are usually taken in response to the FMDV outbreak to prevent the dramatic spread of the disease. Virus imprinted sensor (VIP sensor) is gathering huge attention for the selective detection of pathogens. Thus, the whole virus particles of SAT-2 together with an electropolymerized film of poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) on gold-copper modified screen-printed electrode were applied to fabricate SAT-2-virus imprinted polymer (SAT-2-VIP). The SAT-2-VIPs were fully characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. Excellent selective binding affinity towards the targeted virus particle was achieved with limits of detection and quantification of 0.1 ng/mL and 0.4 ng/mL, respectively. In terms of viral interference, the sensor did not show cross-reactivity towards other animal viruses including FMDV serotype A, O, or even SAT-2 subtype Libya and the un-related virus Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). This high selectivity provides a sensible platform with 70 folds more sensitivity than the reference RT-PCR as revealed from the application of SAT-2-VIP sensor for rapid analysis of clinical samples with no need for treatment or equipped labs. Thus, as diagnostic and surveillance technologies, on-site point of care diagnostics for SAT-2 virus are supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Hussein
- Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt; Virology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | | | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Center for Materials Science, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 6th October City, 12578, Giza, Egypt; Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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Characterization of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT-2 in Swamp Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) under the Egyptian Smallholder Production System. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061697. [PMID: 34200281 PMCID: PMC8228956 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Continuous mutations of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) result in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contribute to an occasional vaccination failure. Thus, molecular characterization of the circulating FMDV strains associated with a recent outbreak in Egyptian water buffaloes is essential for the control strategies. The results revealed that the circulating virus was SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with a similarity of 98.9%. The new incursions reported in this study explain the considerable high morbidity of FMDV outbreaks in Egypt in early 2019. Abstract Spontaneous mutations are a common characteristic of the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), leading to wide antigenic variations resulting in the emergence of new topotypes and lineages of FMDV, which contributes to occasional vaccination failures. The objectives of the present study were to genetically characterize FMDV isolated from water buffaloes and study the biochemical and histopathological indicators of infected animals. Fifty-four water buffaloes of both sexes and different ages suffered from acute symptoms of FMD were clinically examined and randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Oral desquamated epithelial and oropharyngeal fluid samples have been tested for FMDV by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Tissue and serum samples were also collected from the diseased buffaloes and subjected to histopathological and biochemical analysis. Our findings showed that all examined samples were confirmed to be positive to FMDV serotype SAT-2 and were adjusted to be responsible for the recent disease outbreak in this study. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the circulating viruses were of the SAT-2 serotype, closely related to the lineage of lib12, topotype VII, with 98.9% identity. The new lineage of SAT-2 showed a high virulence resulting in the deaths of water buffaloes due to heart failure, confirmed by high serum levels of inflammatory and cardiac markers, including haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, cardiac troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-MB, indicating an unfavorable FMD-infection prognosis. In conclusion, we document the presence of new incursions circulating in water buffalo populations in Egypt in early 2019, explaining the high morbidity rate of FMD outbreak in early 2019. Furthermore, the newly identified serotype SAT-2 lib12 lineage, topotype VII, showed an aggressive pattern in water buffaloes of the smallholder production system.
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Meta-analysis of Genetic Diversity of the VP1 Gene Among the Circulating O, A, and SAT2 Serotypes and Vaccine Strains of FMD Virus in Egypt. J Vet Res 2020; 64:487-493. [PMID: 33367136 PMCID: PMC7734679 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Three strains of the FMD virus (A, O, and SAT 2) were recognised as causes of the FMD circulating in Egypt. The aims of this study were to trace the FMDV isolates from outbreaks in Egypt to understand their epidemiology and evolution and to understand the situation of the vaccine strains compared with the circulating serotypes. Material and Methods A meta-analysis was carried out by using the data available for FMD outbreaks in Egypt from GenBank and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD); a comparison was done with both data sets for the three serotypes. MEGA-X was used for the evolution analysis, through constructions of phylogenetic trees for all sequences recorded in GenBank for each serotype in different Egyptian outbreaks in different years and also within the same year. Additionally, nucleotide substitution rate, molecular clock, and mean evolutionary rates were estimated for the three serotypes to understand and compare their evolution. Results Absence of some records of certain serotype outbreaks from the WRLFMD database was noted as were subsequent missing appropriate vaccine programmes. Genetic variation was recorded among the virus isolates within the same years and also the vaccine strain was associated with up to 26 amino acid substitutions. The evolution rate of the SAT2 strain was the highest of the circulating strains. SAT2 had high amino acid substitution per year at an important immunogenic site (130–170), serotype A had less, and serotype O the least. Conclusion The need for different strategies for vaccine serotype selection is indicated.
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Gizaw D, Tesfaye Y, Wood BA, Di Nardo A, Shegu D, Muluneh A, Bilata T, Belayneh R, Fentie A, Asgdome H, Sombo M, Rufael T, Tadesse Woldemariyam F, Khan F, Yami M, Gelaye E, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Ethiopia between 2008 and 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2983-2992. [PMID: 32574400 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the constraints to controlling foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in East Africa is the incomplete knowledge of the specific FMD virus (FMDV) strains circulating and the way in which these viruses move across countries in the region. This retrospective study focuses on Ethiopia, which has one of the largest FMD-susceptible livestock populations in Africa. Analyses of FMDV positive samples collected between 2008 and 2019 demonstrate that serotypes O (n = 175), A (n = 51) and SAT 2 (n = 33) were present in the country. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 sequences for these viruses showed that there were at least seven different FMD viral clades circulating during this period: O/EA-3, O/EA-4, A/AFRICA/G-I, A/AFRICA/G-IV, A/AFRICA/G-VII, SAT2/VII and SAT2/XIII. Although these results only represent a snapshot and might not reflect all FMDV lineages that were present, they highlight the importance of serotype O, as well as the complexity and co-existence of FMDV serotypes in Ethiopia and surrounding countries. These sequence data also support the idea that there are two FMDV ecosystems existing in East Africa. Data from retrospective studies, such as these presented here, will be beneficial for vaccine selection and vaccination campaigns to control FMDV within Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayelech Muluneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tsion Bilata
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Belayneh
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenalem Fentie
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Hagose Asgdome
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse Woldemariyam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Ularamu HG, Lefebvre DJ, Haegeman A, Wungak YS, Ehizibolo DO, Lazarus DD, De Vleeschauwer AR, De Clercq K. Complex Circulation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle in Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:466. [PMID: 32974391 PMCID: PMC7468398 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigeria is a large densely populated country in West Africa. Most of its livestock is raised in a pastoralist production system with typical long distance migration in search of water and feed. As the demand for animal products largely exceeds the domestic production, large numbers of livestock are imported from neighboring countries without sanitary restrictions. In Nigeria, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT)2 are endemic for a long time. Clinical outbreaks of FMD due to serotype SAT1 are described again since 2015, after an absence of more than 30 years. Historically, outbreaks of FMD due to serotypes O, A, SAT1, and SAT2 were each time associated with trade of cattle entering Nigeria from neighboring countries. In the present study, tissue samples from 27 outbreaks of FMD were collected in Nigerian cattle from 2012 until 2017 in six different States and in the Federal Capital Territory. FMDV was isolated and serotyped and further characterized by VP1 sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to gain more knowledge on FMDV circulation in Nigeria. Half of the outbreaks were characterized as FMDV topotype O/EA-3, while outbreaks with other serotypes and topotypes were—in descending order—less prevalent: A/Africa/G-IV, SAT1/X, SAT2/VII, and O/WA. The high dynamics and omnipresence of FMD in Nigeria were illustrated in Plateau State where FMDV serotypes O, SAT1, and SAT2 were isolated during the course of the study, while at some point in the study, outbreaks due to FMDV serotype A were observed in three remote States. The genetic and phylogenetic analysis suggests a mixed origin of FMD outbreaks. Some outbreaks seem to be caused by sustained local transmission of FMDV strains present in Nigeria since a number of years, while other outbreaks seem to be related to recent incursions with new FMDV strains. The role of African buffaloes in the etiology of FMD in Nigeria is unclear, and sampling of wildlife is needed. The results of the present study suggest that systematic sample collection is essential to understand the complex concomitance of FMDV strains in Nigeria and essential to support the implementation of a vaccination-based control plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussaini G Ularamu
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yiltawe S Wungak
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - David O Ehizibolo
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - David D Lazarus
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Annebel R De Vleeschauwer
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
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Grazioli S, Ferris NP, Dho G, Pezzoni G, Morris AS, Mioulet V, Brocchi E. Development and validation of a simplified serotyping ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O, A, C and Asia 1. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:3005-3015. [PMID: 32530134 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development and validation of a simplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and discrimination of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A, C and Asia 1. The multiplex ELISA was designed using selected, type-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) coated onto ELISA plates as catching antibodies and a unique pan-FMDV MAb (1F10) as detector conjugate. Capture MAbs with the broadest intratypic reactivity were selected for each of the four FMDV serotypes by screening large panels of candidate MAbs with a wide spectrum of representative FMDV isolates. An additional pan-FMDV ELISA using 1F10 MAb for both capture and detection was used to complement the specific typing ELISAs to detect virus isolates, which might escape binding to the selected serotype-specific MAbs. This multiplex ELISA was prepared in a stabilized format, with immunoplates pre-coated with six MAbs and positive antigen controls already trapped by the relevant MAb, with the view to make available a diagnostic kit. Diagnostic performance of the MAbs-multiplex ELISA was analysed using 299 FMDV-positive epithelial suspensions representative of the antigenic and genomic variability within each serotype. Overall, the results provided evidence that the diagnostic performance of this assay platform is improved compared to the more complex polyclonal-based antigen detection ELISA; combining data from different serotypes and referring to the gold standard tests (i.e. virus isolation and/or RT-PCR), the MAbs-multiplex ELISA showed a sensitivity of 79% for the serotype-specific ELISA, compared to 72% for the polyclonal ELISA. The absence of reactivity of a minority of FMDV strains using the MAbs-multiplex ELISA can largely be attributed to deteriorated or low antigen concentration in the sample. This multiplex ELISA is simple, rapid and stable. FMDV antigenic diversity was adequately covered by the selected MAbs. Therefore, it can be used to replace existing polyclonal ELISAs for FMDV detection and serotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Dho
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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22
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Ramulongo TD, Maree FF, Scott K, Opperman P, Mutowembwa P, Theron J. Pathogenesis, biophysical stability and phenotypic variance of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108614. [PMID: 32273026 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which severely decreases livestock productivity. FMD virus (FMDV), the causative agent, initiates infection by interaction with integrin cellular receptors on pharyngeal epithelium cells, causing clinical signs one to four days after transmission to a susceptible host. However, some Southern African Territories (SAT) viruses have been reported to cause mild or subclinical infections that may go undiagnosed in field conditions and are likely to be more common than previously expected. The studies presented here demonstrate that not all SAT2 viruses are equally virulent in cattle. The two SAT2 viruses, ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83, were both highly attenuated in cattle, as evidenced by the mild clinical signs observed after needle challenge, while two incongruent SAT2 viruses showed significantly different clinical signs in challenged cattle. We then explored the ability of the SAT2 viruses to infect different cell types with defined receptors that are utilised by FMDV and found differences in their ability to lyse cells in culture and to compete in a controlled cell culture environment. The population sequence variation between ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83 revealed multiple sites of single nucleotide variants of low frequency between the predominant virus populations, as could be expected from the genome of an RNA virus. An assessment of the biophysical stability of SAT2 virions during acidification indicated that the SAT2 virus EGY/09/12 was more resilient to acidification than the ZIM/5/83 and ZIM/7/83 viruses; however, whether this difference relates to differences in virulence in vivo is unclear. This study is a consolidated view of the key findings of SAT2 viruses studied over a 14-year period involving many different experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovhowani D Ramulongo
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
| | - Katherine Scott
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Pamela Opperman
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine and Diagnostic Development Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; Department Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Jacques Theron
- Department Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
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23
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Blignaut B, van Heerden J, Reininghaus B, Fosgate GT, Heath L. Characterization of SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease 2013/2014 outbreak viruses at the wildlife-livestock interface in South Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1595-1606. [PMID: 31984622 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Southern African Territories (SAT)-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) are endemic to the greater Kruger National Park (KNP) area in South Africa, where they are maintained through persistent infections in African buffalo. The occurrence of FMDV within the Greater KNP area constitutes a continual threat to the livestock industry. To expand on knowledge of FMDV diversity, the genetic and antigenic relatedness of SAT2-type viruses isolated from cattle during a FMD outbreak in Mpumalanga Province in 2013 and 2014 were investigated. Cattle from twelve diptanks tested positive on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and molecular epidemiological relationships of the viruses were determined by VP1 sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the SAT2 viruses from the FMD outbreak in Mpumalanga in 2013/2014 revealed their genetic relatedness to other SAT2 isolates from topotype I (South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique), albeit genetically distinct from previous South African outbreak viruses (2011 and 2012) from the same topotype. The fifteen SAT2 field isolates clustered into a novel genotype with ≥98.7% nucleotide identity. High neutralization antibody titres were observed for four 2013/2014 outbreak viruses tested against the SAT2 reference antisera representative of viruses isolated from cattle and buffalo from South Africa (topotype I) and Zimbabwe (topotype II). Comparison of the antigenic relationship (r1 values) of the outbreak viruses with reference antisera indicated a good vaccine match with 90% of r1 values > 0.3. The r1 values for the 2013/2014 outbreak viruses were 0.4 and above for the three South African vaccine/reference strains. These results confirm the presence of genetic and antigenic variability in SAT2 viruses and suggest the emergence of new variants at the wildlife-livestock interface in South Africa. Continuous characterization of field viruses should be performed to identify new virus strains as epidemiological surveillance to improve vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Blignaut
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Thulamahashe, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Björn Reininghaus
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey T Fosgate
- Mpumalanga Veterinary Services, Department of Agriculture, Rural Development, Land and Environmental Affairs, Thulamahashe, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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24
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Gray AR, Wood BA, Henry E, Azhar M, King DP, Mioulet V. Evaluation of Cell Lines for the Isolation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Other Viruses Causing Vesicular Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:426. [PMID: 32851014 PMCID: PMC7401924 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most sensitive cell culture system for the isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is primary bovine thyroid (BTY) cells. However, BTY cells are seldom used because of the challenges associated with sourcing thyroids from FMDV-negative calves (particularly in FMD endemic countries), and the costs and time required to regularly prepare batches of cells. Two continuous cell lines, a fetal goat tongue cell line (ZZ-R 127) and a fetal porcine kidney cell line (LFBK-αVβ6), have been shown to be highly sensitive to FMDV. Here, we assessed the sensitivity of ZZ-R 127 and LFBK-αVβ6 cells relative to primary BTY cells by titrating a range of FMDV original samples and isolates. Both the ZZ-R 127 and LFBK-αVβ6 cells were susceptible to FMDV for >100 passages, and there were no significant differences in sensitivity relative to primary BTY cells. Notably, the LFBK-αVβ6 cell line was highly sensitive to the O/CATHAY porcine-adapted FMDV strain. These results support the use of ZZ-R 127 and LFBK-αVβ6 as sensitive alternatives to BTY cells for the isolation of FMDV, and highlight the use of LFBK-αVβ6 cells as an additional tool for the isolation of porcinophilic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Gray
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Britta A Wood
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Henry
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mehreen Azhar
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
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25
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El-Rhman MMA, Abo El-Hassan DG, Awad WS, Salem SAH. Serological evaluation for the current epidemic situation of foot and mouth disease among cattle and buffaloes in Egypt. Vet World 2020; 13:1-9. [PMID: 32158144 PMCID: PMC7020118 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was aimed to investigate the epidemic situation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Egypt from 2016 to 2018 based on the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) in carrier or previously infected animals, by determination of antibodies against non-structural protein (NSP), implementation a pilot study on circulating FMDV serotypes and assure the efficacy of locally produced inactivated trivalent vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1500 sera were collected from apparent healthy vaccinated cattle and buffaloes from three Egyptian geographical sectors, representing ten governorates. Determination of FMD antibodies against NSP was carried out using 3ABC enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Serotyping of the circulating FMDV and assure the vaccine efficacy was performed using solid-phase competitive ELISA. RESULTS The 3ABC ELISA test revealed 26.4% and 23.7% positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies in cattle and buffalo sera, respectively. The highest positivity was in Delta Sector among both cattle 42.3% and buffaloes 28.8%. Serotyping of FMDV-positive NSP sera in El-Qalyubia Governorate for the circulating FMDV serotypes O, A, and Southern African Territories (SAT) 2 was 52.2%, 17.4%, and 30.4% in cattle and 31.8%, 27.3%, and 40.9% in buffaloes, respectively. The overall protection level due to the vaccination program was 62.1 and 60.9% in cattle and buffaloes, respectively, while the protective level of the FMDV serotypes O, A, and SAT2 included in the inactivated trivalent vaccine was 73.9, 84.6, and 63.8% in cattle and 72.3, 82.3, and 63.5% in buffaloes, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study recommended full determination for the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strains and the field strains to attain maximum protection against the circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam M. Abd El-Rhman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Diea G. Abo El-Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walid S. Awad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sayed A. H. Salem
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Nguyen QT, Yang J, Byun JW, Pyo HM, Park MY, Ku BK, Nah J, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Choi KS, Poo H. Development of Monoclonal Antibody Specific to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A for Serodiagnosis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040301. [PMID: 31861046 PMCID: PMC6963590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting cloven-hoofed livestock worldwide. FMD virus (FMDV) type A is one of the most common causes of FMD outbreaks among the seven FMDV serotypes, and its serological diagnosis is therefore important to confirm FMDV type A infection and to determine FMD vaccine efficacy. Here, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to FMDV type A via hybridoma systems using an inactivated FMDV type A (A22/Iraq/1964) and found 4 monoclones (#29, #106, #108, and #109) with high binding reactivity to FMDV type A among 594 primary clones. In particular, the #106 mAb had a higher binding reactivity to the inactivated FMDV type A than the other mAbs and a commercial mAb. Moreover, the #106 mAb showed no cross-reactivity to inactivated FMDV type South African territories 1, 2, and 3, and low reactivity to inactivated FMDV type O (O1 Manisa). Importantly, the solid-phase competitive ELISA (SPCE) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated #106 mAb detected FMDV type A-specific Abs in sera from FMD type A-vaccinated cattle more effectively than a commercial SPCE. These results suggest that the newly developed FMDV type A-specific mAb might be useful for diagnostic approaches for detecting Abs against FMDV type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Thi Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jae-Won Byun
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Hyun Mi Pyo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Jinju Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-4157
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27
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Ehizibolo DO, De Vleeschauwer AR, Haegeman A, Lefebvre D, Nwosuh CI, Umoh JU, Okolocha EC, Kazeem HM, Van Borm S, De Clercq K. Serological and molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in agro-pastoralist livestock herds in the kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1575-1586. [PMID: 30901506 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) is located in Kaduna state in north-western Nigeria and consists of 6 contiguous blocks housing 744 defined households (HH), all engaged in livestock keeping. It is considered as a homogenous epidemiological unit and a defined study area. In 2012, all cattle and sheep of 40 selected HH were sampled to determine sero-prevalence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and of FMDV. The overall sero-prevalence of antibodies to the non-structural 3ABC protein (NSP-3ABC ELISA) was 28.9% (380/1,315) (30.6% cattle; 16.3% sheep), and in 4.5% (62/1,380) (5% cattle; 0.6% sheep) of the examined sera FMD viral RNA could be detected by real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Additionally, in 2012 and 2014 serum, epithelium and probang samples were collected from cattle in reported FMD outbreaks and the causative FMDVs were molecularly characterized. Approximately half (28/59) of the outbreak sera reacted positive in NSP-3ABC ELISA, and 88% (52/59) of the outbreak sera contained detectable viral RNA. Overall, antibodies against five FMDV serotypes (O, A, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) were detected by solid phase competitive ELISA with combinations of two or more serotypes being common. Of the 21 FMDVs that could be isolated 19 were sequenced and 18 were confirmed as SAT2 (lineage VII) while one was characterized as serotype O (EA-3 topotype). Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between Nigerian FMDV strains and strains in this region and even with strains in North-Africa. Our findings indicate that FMD constitutes an endemic health problem to cattle rearing in the agro-pastoralist community in the KGR and that the KGR is not a closed epidemiological unit. Insight into the local FMDV epidemiology and in the circulating FMDV serotypes/strains is of support to the relevant authorities in Nigeria when considering the need for an FMD control policy to improve animal production in grazing reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Odion Ehizibolo
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - Andy Haegeman
- Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Lefebvre
- Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chika I Nwosuh
- FMD Laboratory, Viral Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom, Nigeria
| | - Jarlath U Umoh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel C Okolocha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Haruna M Kazeem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Steven Van Borm
- Molecular Platform, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Vesicular and Exotic Diseases Unit, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium
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Soltan MA, Dohreig RMA, Abbas H, Ellawa M, Yousif I, Aly AE, Wasfy M, El-Sayed MM. Emergence of foot and mouth disease virus, Lib-12 lineage of topotype VII, serotype SAT2 in Egypt, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1105-1106. [PMID: 30779326 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Soltan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Momtaz Wasfy
- Middle East for Veterinary vaccines (MEVAC), Salhea, Egypt
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Hekal SHA, Al-Gaabary MH, El-Sayed MM, Sobhy HM, Fayed AAA. Seroprevalence of some Infectious transboundry diseases in cattle imported from Sudan to Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:92-99. [PMID: 31453177 PMCID: PMC6702927 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal trade has an important role in the economy but in contrast, it causes the spread of infectious diseases overall the world, in particular, the trans-boundary animal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the prevalence rate of some transboundary infectious diseases to assess the effectiveness of quarantine measure in the detection of exotic disease and clarify the role of live animal trade in infectious transboundary diseases spread. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was done on 176 serum samples obtained from cattle imported from Sudan in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Three serological tests were used; Serum neutralization test for FMD, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for PPR, and Competitive ELISA for IBR. RESULTS The seroprevalence of FMD in tested sera was; 77.27% in the serotype A (A-Iran), 68.18% in the serotype A (A-Africa), 93.82% in the serotype O (O-Pan Asia), and 35.227% in the serotype South African Territories-2 (SAT-2) SAT-2. While the overall seroprevalence of PPR was 49.431% and the IBR was 93.75%. CONCLUSION The result indicates the serious role of live animal trade as "hubs" for infectious diseases spread. Subsequently, the common control measures must be taken to avoid the spread of the diseases through the animal trade; which include screening, surveillance, precautions at borders, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdy Mahmoud El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt and Middle East for Veterinary Vaccines, Second Industrial Area, El-Salhya El-Gedida, El-Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed Sobhy
- Natural Resources Department, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Diab E, Bazid AHI, Fawzy M, El-Ashmawy WR, Fayed AA, El-Sayed MM. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt during 2013-2014: Molecular characterization of serotypes A, O, and SAT2. Vet World 2019; 12:190-197. [PMID: 31040557 PMCID: PMC6460869 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.190-197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes A, O and South African Territories (SAT2) are endemic in Egypt; each is presented by a number of partially related topotypes and lineages, depending on their geographical origin. Continuous mutations and the emergence of new topotypes that lead to occasional vaccination failures were frequently recorded, so this study aimed to genetically characterize the circulating FMD virus strains in Egypt during 2013 and 2014 outbreaks, focusing on amino acids variations in VP1 region. Materials and Methods A total of 51 oral tissue samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes in 13 farms, and 38 individual cases showed clinical signs suspected to be FMD in six Egyptian Governorates (Cairo, Giza, Qaliubia, Fayoum, Sharquia, and Assiut). FMDV in collected samples was characterized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of full VP1 region, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Results Out of 51 samples, 44 (86.27%) were positive by RT-PCR using universal primers. Serotype O was predominant and detected in 31 samples (70.45%), serotype A was detected in 9 samples (20.45%), and then serotype SAT2 was identified in 4 samples (9.10%). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 demonstrated clustering of serotype O, A, and SAT2 in EA-3 topotype, ASIA topotype, and topotype VII, respectively. Serotype O is closely related to O/SUD/8/2008 with 94.6% identity but showed 14.6% differences from vaccine strain (O/PanAsia-2) of ME-SA topotype. Furthermore, Serotype A and SAT2 were closely related to recent circulating Egyptian isolates and vaccine strains type A/EGY/1/2012 (Asia topotype, lineage Iran-05) with identity 96.4% and vaccine strain of SAT2/EGY/A/2012 (topotype VII, lineage SAT2/VII/ALX-12) with identity 95.3%, respectively. Conclusion The present study recommended further studies of serotype O to determine the immunogenic relationship between the vaccine strain and the new strains to attain maximum protection against circulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Diab
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Hamid I Bazid
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menoufia 32958, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Wagdy R El-Ashmawy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Adel A Fayed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Magdy M El-Sayed
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
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Development of a New RT-PCR with Multiple Primers for Detecting Southern African Territories Foot-and-mouth Disease Viruses. J Vet Res 2018; 62:431-437. [PMID: 30729199 PMCID: PMC6364153 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The extremely high genetic variation and the continuously emerging variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of Southern African Territory (SAT) serotypes including SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3 make it necessary to develop a new RT-PCR for general use for monitoring viruses based on the updated genome information. Material and Methods A FMDV SAT-D8 one-step RT-PCR was established based on the 1D2A2B genes of the SAT serotype viruses with a multiplex primer set. FMDV A, O, C, and Asia 1 serotypes, other vesicular disease viruses, inactivated SAT viruses, and 125 bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine tissue samples collected from the Chinese mainland were included for evaluating the assay. Results The new RT-PCR was proven to be specific without cross-reactions with Eurasian FMDV, swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), Seneca valley virus (SVV), or other common viral pathogens of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig. An around 257 bp-sized amplicon clearly appeared when the inactivated SAT viruses were detected. However, all 125 samples collected from FMDV-susceptible animals from the Chinese mainland which has not known SAT epidemics showed negative results. Conclusions A FMDV SAT-D8 one-step RT-PCR is a promising method for primary screening for FMDV SAT serotypes.
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Mahmoud MAEF, Ghazy AA, Shaapan RM. Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Dairy Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2018; 14:45-52. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2019.45.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Bertram MR, Bravo de Rueda C, Garabed R, Dickmu Jumbo S, Moritz M, Pauszek S, Abdoulkadiri S, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Context of Transboundary Animal Movement in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:320. [PMID: 30619901 PMCID: PMC6301994 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary movement of animals is an important mechanism for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) spread in endemic regions, such as Cameroon. Several transboundary animal trade routes cross the Far North Region of Cameroon, and cattle moved on foot along these routes often come in contact with native (sedentary and transhumant) herds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of transboundary trade cattle in the epidemiology of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon. A total of 582 oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples were collected from asymptomatic transboundary trade cattle at official border check points and 57 vesicle epithelial tissues were collected from clinically affected native cattle in the Far North Region of Cameroon during 2010-2014. Viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences were obtained from 6 OPF samples from transboundary cattle (4 serotype O, 2 serotype SAT2) and 19 epithelial tissue samples from native cattle (7 serotype O, 3 serotype SAT2, 9 serotype A). FMDV serotype O viruses belonged to two topotypes (East Africa-3 and West Africa), and phylogenetic analyses suggested a pattern of continuous transmission in the region. Serotype SAT2 viruses belonged to a single topotype (VII), and phylogenetic analysis suggested a pattern of repeated introductions of different SAT2 lineages in the region. Serotype A viruses belonged to topotype AFRICA/G-IV, and the pattern of transmission was unclear. Spearman rank correlation analysis of VP1 coding sequences obtained in this study from transboundary and native cattle showed a positive correlation between genetic distance and time for serotype O (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.003) and between genetic distance and geographic distance for serotype SAT2 (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.1). These data suggest that transboundary trade cattle participate in the transmission of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon, however the dynamics and direction of transmission could not be determined in this study. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of transboundary FMDV epidemiology in Central Africa and will help to inform control programs in Cameroon and in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
- Research Participation Program, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carla Bravo de Rueda
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
- Research Participation Program, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Steven Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
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Versatility of the adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine platform across multiple foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes and topotypes using a vaccine dose representative of the AdtA24 conditionally licensed vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:7345-7352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pezzoni G, Bregoli A, Grazioli S, Barbieri I, Madani H, Omani A, Sadaoui H, Bouayed N, Wadsworth J, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles NJ, King DP, Brocchi E. Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks due to an exotic virus serotype A lineage (A/AFRICA/G-IV) in Algeria in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:7-13. [PMID: 30222914 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the genetic characterization of serotype A viruses collected during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) that occurred in Algeria in 2017. These are the first reports of clinical cases due to this serotype in the country since 1977. One complete genomic sequence (comprising 8,119 nucleotides) and three additional near-complete genomic sequences were generated. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these viruses were classified within the A/AFRICA/G-IV lineage, most closely related to viruses circulating in Nigeria between 2009 and 2015. These unexpected results motivate further studies to define the precise pathways by which this viral lineage has been introduced into North Africa in order to understand risks of future disease incursions into the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Santina Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hassiba Sadaoui
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nadera Bouayed
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute (TPI), Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
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Lasecka-Dykes L, Wright CF, Di Nardo A, Logan G, Mioulet V, Jackson T, Tuthill TJ, Knowles NJ, King DP. Full Genome Sequencing Reveals New Southern African Territories Genotypes Bringing Us Closer to Understanding True Variability of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Africa. Viruses 2018; 10:E192. [PMID: 29652800 PMCID: PMC5923486 DOI: 10.3390/v10040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious disease of cloven-hooved animals that poses a constant burden on farmers in endemic regions and threatens the livestock industries in disease-free countries. Despite the increased number of publicly available whole genome sequences, FMDV data are biased by the opportunistic nature of sampling. Since whole genomic sequences of Southern African Territories (SAT) are particularly underrepresented, this study sequenced 34 isolates from eastern and southern Africa. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two novel genotypes (that comprised 8/34 of these SAT isolates) which contained unusual 5′ untranslated and non-structural encoding regions. While recombination has occurred between these sequences, phylogeny violation analyses indicated that the high degree of sequence diversity for the novel SAT genotypes has not solely arisen from recombination events. Based on estimates of the timing of ancestral divergence, these data are interpreted as being representative of un-sampled FMDV isolates that have been subjected to geographical isolation within Africa by the effects of the Great African Rinderpest Pandemic (1887–1897), which caused a mass die-out of FMDV-susceptible hosts. These findings demonstrate that further sequencing of African FMDV isolates is likely to reveal more unusual genotypes and will allow for better understanding of natural variability and evolution of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline F Wright
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Grace Logan
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Tobias J Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Sulayeman M, Dawo F, Mammo B, Gizaw D, Shegu D. Isolation, molecular characterization and sero-prevalence study of foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in central Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:110. [PMID: 29587741 PMCID: PMC5870258 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethiopian livestock production and productivity is still very low due to widespread of diseases. Among the diseases, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious and acute viral disease that causes significant economic problems in the country. A cross sectional study design was conducted from September 2015 to May 2016 to isolate and characterize FMD virus from outbreak cases; determine the sero-prevalence of antibodies against FMD virus (FMDV), and assess potential risk factors associated with sero-prevalence of the disease in selected areas of central Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select the study animals. Isolated viruses were characterized by antigen ELISA (IZLER, Brescia, Italy) and by genetic analysis of the sequence of the viral protein 1 (VP1). Sero-prevalence was determined using an ELISA for antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV based on the 3ABC proteins (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, ID-VET, Grabels, France). Risk factors for sero-prevalence of antibodies against FMD virus was investigated using logistic regression analysis. RESULT From outbreak investigation, 28.8% (n = 378) cattle showed signs and lesions suggestive of FMD and 34 samples were subjected to virus isolation. Twenty eight of these cultures exhibited cytopathic effect (CPE) and were serotyped as O, A and SAT 2 FMD viruses. One A and two SAT 2 isolates named A-ETH-19-2015, SAT 2-ETH-18-2015 and SAT 2-ETH-20-2015 were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis. The overall sero-prevalence of antibodies against non-structural proteins of FMDV was 24.2% (n = 574). Cattle herds with crossbreed cattle, with older cattle (> 2 years), and kept together with small ruminants had higher sero-prevalences of antibodies against FMDV (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study showed that FMD was present in the study areas. Among the associated risk factors, breed, age and herd composition were significantly associated with presence of antibodies against FMD virus. Three different serotypes (A, O and SAT 2) were responsible for the outbreaks of the disease. Genetic analysis indicated that the isolated viruses clustered differently from previous outbreaks. Thus, further molecular analyses coupled with protection potential of the existing vaccines against the isolates should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishamo Sulayeman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Fufa Dawo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Debre Zeyit, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O.Box 34, Debre Zeyit, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostics and Investigation Center, P.O.Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Shegu
- National Animal Health Diagnostics and Investigation Center, P.O.Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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Mouton L, Dekker A, Bleijenberg M, Blanchet M, Coco-Martin J, Hudelet P, Goutebroze S. A foot-and-mouth disease SAT2 vaccine protects swine against experimental challenge with a homologous virus strain, irrespective of mild pathogenicity in this species. Vaccine 2018; 36:2020-2024. [PMID: 29510916 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
FMDV serotype SAT2 is most frequently associated with outbreaks in ruminants. However, the risk of it spreading from cattle to pigs cannot be excluded. To assess the efficacy of an SAT2-type FMD inactivated vaccine against homologous challenge in pigs, a suitable challenge strain adapted to pigs was produced. After two passages in two pigs each, a FMDV stock of SAT2 challenge strain was produced. This material was used to infect two groups of five pigs. The first group being vaccinated 28 days before challenge and the other one left as an unvaccinated control. Clinical signs were recorded, virus shedding was assessed on mouth swabs, and neutralising antibody titres were determined. At least 80% of the vaccinated pigs were protected against clinical disease. Furthermore, no virus shedding was observed in any of the vaccinated pigs. This study shows that experimentally inoculated pigs can become infected with a SAT2 serotype. Furthermore, vaccination offers protection against generalisation and viral excretion, confirming the potential of vaccination as an important tool in the control of FMD in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mouton
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michel Blanchet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jose Coco-Martin
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Hudelet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Goutebroze
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:84-98. [PMID: 29412184 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock. The virus spreads very easily and continues to affect many countries (mainly in Africa and Asia). The risks associated with the introduction of FMDV result in major barriers to trade in animals and their products. Seven antigenically distinct forms of the virus are known, called serotypes, but serotype C has not been detected anywhere for many years and may now be extinct. The serotypes have been further divided into topotypes (except for serotype Asia-1 viruses, which comprise a single topotype), genotypes, lineages and sub-lineages, which are usually restricted to specific geographical regions. However, sometimes, trans-regional spread of some strains occurs. Due to the error-prone replication of the RNA genome, the virus continuously evolves and new strains frequently arise (e.g. with modified antigenicity). Using nucleotide sequencing technologies, this rapid evolution of the viral genome can be followed. This allows the tracing of virus transmission pathways within an outbreak of disease if (near) full-length genome sequences can be generated. Furthermore, the movement of distinct virus lineages, from one country to another can be analyzed. Some important examples of the spread of new strains of FMD virus are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
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Howson ELA, Armson B, Lyons NA, Chepkwony E, Kasanga CJ, Kandusi S, Ndusilo N, Yamazaki W, Gizaw D, Cleaveland S, Lembo T, Rauh R, Nelson WM, Wood BA, Mioulet V, King DP, Fowler VL. Direct detection and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus in East Africa using a field-ready real-time PCR platform. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:221-231. [PMID: 28758346 PMCID: PMC5811823 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective control and monitoring of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) relies upon rapid and accurate disease confirmation. Currently, clinical samples are usually tested in reference laboratories using standardized assays recommended by The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). However, the requirements for prompt and serotype-specific diagnosis during FMD outbreaks, and the need to establish robust laboratory testing capacity in FMD-endemic countries have motivated the development of simple diagnostic platforms to support local decision-making. Using a portable thermocycler, the T-COR™ 8, this study describes the laboratory and field evaluation of a commercially available, lyophilized pan-serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assay and a newly available FMD virus (FMDV) typing assay (East Africa-specific for serotypes: O, A, Southern African Territories [SAT] 1 and 2). Analytical sensitivity, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the pan-serotype-specific lyophilized assay were comparable to that of an OIE-recommended laboratory-based rRT-PCR (determined using a panel of 57 FMDV-positive samples and six non-FMDV vesicular disease samples for differential diagnosis). The FMDV-typing assay was able to correctly identify the serotype of 33/36 FMDV-positive samples (no cross-reactivity between serotypes was evident). Furthermore, the assays were able to accurately detect and type FMDV RNA in multiple sample types, including epithelial tissue suspensions, serum, oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid and oral swabs, both with and without the use of nucleic acid extraction. When deployed in laboratory and field settings in Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia, both assays reliably detected and serotyped FMDV RNA in samples (n = 144) collected from pre-clinical, clinical and clinically recovered cattle. These data support the use of field-ready rRT-PCR platforms in endemic settings for simple, highly sensitive and rapid detection and/or characterization of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. A. Howson
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - B. Armson
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - N. A. Lyons
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
- European Commission for the Control of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (EuFMD)Animal Production and Health DivisionFAORomeItaly
| | - E. Chepkwony
- Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease Laboratory, EmbakasiMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Blue EconomyNairobiKenya
| | - C. J. Kasanga
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary and Medical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - S. Kandusi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary and Medical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - N. Ndusilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary and Medical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo KikuuMorogoroTanzania
| | - W. Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary ScienceFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of MiyazakiMiyazakiJapan
| | - D. Gizaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic & Investigation CentreSebetaOromiaEthiopia
| | - S. Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - T. Lembo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineCollege of Medical Veterinary & Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | | | - B. A. Wood
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
| | - V. Mioulet
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
| | - D. P. King
- The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightSurreyUK
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41
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Saduakassova MA, Sultanov AA, Kutumbetov LB, Wadsworth J, A Wood B, Knowles NJ, King DP, Bachanek-Bankowska K. Development and evaluation of a novel real-time RT-PCR to detect foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. J Virol Methods 2018; 252:37-41. [PMID: 29113733 PMCID: PMC5764150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), called A/ASIA/G-VII, emerged from the Indian subcontinent in 2015 and continues to spread in Western Asia. Currently, the distribution of viruses belonging to this lineage is defined using sequencing approaches, but other cheaper and faster diagnostic methods are urgently needed. Thus, this study describes the development and validation of a novel A/ASIA/G-VII lineage-specific real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were evaluated using representative field specimens and isolates from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, as well as samples comprising other FMDV lineages that co-circulate in Asia (n=54). This lineage-specific assay accurately detected all A/ASIA/G-VII samples tested (n=29), and no detection was observed for samples belonging to other FMDV lineages (n=25), namely A/ASIA/Sea-97, A/ASIA/Iran-05SIS-10, A/ASIA/Iran-05FAR-11, Asia1/ASIA/Sindh-08, O/CATHAY, O/ME-SA/PanAsia-2ANT-10, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d, O/SEA/Mya-98. Additionally, the limit of detection was found to be at least equivalent to a pan-serotypic rRT-PCR assay. Therefore, these data indicate that this newly developed rRT-PCR assay can be applied to characterise field isolates in countries where the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage is endemic, as well as to monitor new incursions and outbreaks due to this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert A Saduakassova
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Akhmetzhan A Sultanov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Lespek B Kutumbetov
- Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, 223 Raimbek Avenue, Almaty, 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Britta A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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42
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Epidemiological situation of transboundary animal diseases in North African countries-proposition of a regional control strategy. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:459-467. [PMID: 29302776 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defined transboundary animal diseases (TADs) as those that are of significant economic, trade, and food security importance for a considerable number of countries. TADs can easily spread to other countries, reach epidemic proportions, and where control, management, or exclusion is required cooperation between several countries. The North African countries are vulnerable to several TADs by virtue of its geographical location, its borders with the Sahel region, and peculiar control constraints on the budgets of the national veterinary services of each country and on the livelihoods of livestock owners across the region. In a narrative approach, we comprehensively described the epidemiology of TADs in North African countries, eradication constraints and control measures adopted to conclude with a proposition of a regional control strategy. Our review uncovered foot-and-mouth disease, peste des petites ruminants, bluetongue, sheep/goats pox, brucellosis, West Nile and Rift Valley fever, as the major TADs in this region, while the major constraints identified were illegal animal movement, communal clashes, unreported outbreaks, poor vaccination coverage, and other factors peculiar to each etiology. Therefore, the establishment of early warning systems and proper implementation of control measures at regional level are highly recommended to the relevant stakeholders involved in TADs control in the region.
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43
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Ularamu HG, Ibu JO, Wood BA, Abenga JN, Lazarus DD, Wungak YS, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, King DP, Shamaki D, Adah MI. Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected in Nigeria Between 2007 and 2014: Evidence for Epidemiological Links Between West and East Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:1867-1876. [PMID: 27718336 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the molecular characterization of 47 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses recovered from field outbreaks in Nigeria between 2007 and 2014. Antigen ELISA of viral isolates was used to identify FMD virus serotypes O, A and SAT 2. Phylogenetic analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences provide evidence for the presence of multiple sublineages of serotype SAT 2, and O/EAST AFRICA 3 (EA-3) and O/WEST AFRICA topotypes in the country. In contrast, for serotype A, a single monophyletic cluster of viruses has persisted within Nigeria (2009-2013). These results demonstrate the close genetic relatedness of viruses in Nigeria to those from other African countries, including the first formal characterization of serotype O/EA-3 viruses in Nigeria. The introductions and persistence of certain viral lineages in Nigeria may reflect transmission patterns via nomadic pastoralism and animal trade. Continuous monitoring of field outbreaks is necessary to dissect the complexity of FMD epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Ularamu
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - J O Ibu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - B A Wood
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - J N Abenga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - D D Lazarus
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Y S Wungak
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | | | - V Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D Shamaki
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - M I Adah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
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44
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Soltan MA, Negmaldin AH, El-Diasty MM, Mansour SMG, Elbadry MA, Wilkes RP. Molecular characterization of circulating Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O topotype EA-3 and serotype A (African topotype) genotype IV in Egypt, 2016. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:89-93. [PMID: 28888656 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In January-April 2016, cattle and buffalo farm owners and veterinarians reported clinical signs suggestive of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks among non-vaccinated cattle and buffalo herds in Egypt. The clinical disease observed was either mild (small oral lesions and speedy recovery) or severe (extensive oral lesions and/or mortalities), and the form of the disease (either mild or severe) segregated by farm. This study aimed to confirm the presence of FMDV and to characterize the circulating strains associated with the outbreaks. Vesicular epithelia were collected from 41 animals representing 15 affected cattle and buffalo farms in five governorates (Behira, Cairo, Daqahlia, Giza and Ismailia), and tested by real time (rt) RT-PCR. Consequently, 92% (38/41) of examined samples were positive. Furthermore, the VP1 coding region of 60% (23/38) of positive specimens were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis identified two distinct strains characterized as serotype O topotype EA-3 and serotype A (African topotype) of genotype IV in the severe and mild disease forms, respectively. The newly identified strains clustered in distinct clades in the phylogenetic trees, indicating the likelihood of new incursions into Egypt. Those strains were most closely related to previously described Sudanese strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Soltan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohamed M El-Diasty
- Mansoura Provincial Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shimaa M G Mansour
- Department of Virology, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha A Elbadry
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 43 Brighton Road, Tifton, GA, USA
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45
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Scott KA, Kotecha A, Seago J, Ren J, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Charleston B, Maree FF. SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structurally Modified for Increased Thermostability. J Virol 2017; 91:e02312-16. [PMID: 28298597 PMCID: PMC5411616 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02312-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), particularly strains of the O and SAT serotypes, is notoriously unstable. Consequently, vaccines derived from heat-labile SAT viruses have been linked to the induction of immunity with a poor duration and hence require more frequent vaccinations to ensure protection. In silico calculations predicted residue substitutions that would increase interactions at the interpentamer interface, supporting increased stability. We assessed the stability of the 18 recombinant mutant viruses in regard to their growth kinetics, antigenicity, plaque morphology, genetic stability, and temperature, ionic, and pH stability by using Thermofluor and inactivation assays in order to evaluate potential SAT2 vaccine candidates with improved stability. The most stable mutant for temperature and pH stability was the S2093Y single mutant, while other promising mutants were the E3198A, L2094V, and S2093H single mutants and the F2062Y-H2087M-H3143V triple mutant. Although the S2093Y mutant had the greatest stability, it exhibited smaller plaques, a reduced growth rate, a change in monoclonal antibody footprint, and poor genetic stability properties compared to those of the wild-type virus. However, these factors affecting production can be overcome. The addition of 1 M NaCl was found to further increase the stability of the SAT2 panel of viruses. The S2093Y and S2093H mutants were selected for future use in stabilizing SAT2 vaccines.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious acute vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. The control of the disease by vaccination is essential, especially at livestock-wildlife interfaces. The instability of some serotypes, such as SAT2, affects the quality of vaccines and therefore the duration of immunity. We have shown that we can improve the stability of SAT2 viruses by mutating residues at the capsid interface through predictive modeling. This is an important finding for the potential use of such mutants in improving the stability of SAT2 vaccines in countries where FMD is endemic, which rely heavily on the maintenance of the cold chain, with potential improvement to the duration of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Scott
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Jingshan Ren
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth E Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David I Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Life Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Disease Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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46
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Robinson L, Knight-Jones TJD, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 7 - Pathogenesis and Molecular Biology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 63 Suppl 1:63-71. [PMID: 27320168 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We assessed research knowledge gaps in the fields of FMDV (foot-and-mouth disease virus) pathogenesis and molecular biology by performing a literature review (2011-15) and collecting research updates (2014) from 33 institutes from across the world. Findings were used to identify priority areas for future research. There have been important advances in FMDV pathogenesis; FMDV remains in lymph nodes of many recovered animals that otherwise do not appear persistently infected, even in species previously not associated with the carrier state. Whether virus retention helps maintain host immunity and/or virus survival is not known. Studies of FMDV pathogenesis in wildlife have provided insights into disease epidemiology, in endemic and epidemic settings. Many aspects of FMDV infection and virus entry remain unknown; however, at the cellular level, we know that expression level and availability of integrins (that permit viral entry), rate of clearance of infected cells and strength of anti-viral type I IFN (interferon) response are key determinants of tissue tropism. Extending findings to improved understanding of transmission requires a standardized approach and adoption of natural routes of infection during experimental study. There has been recognition of the importance of autophagosomes for FMDV entry into the cytoplasm following cell surface receptor binding, and that distinct internal cellular membranes are exploited for viral replication and immune evasion. New roles for viral proteins in blocking type I IFN production and downstream signalling have been identified facilitating research in anti-viral therapeutics. We know more about how infection affects cell protein expression, and research into molecular determinants of capsid stability has aided the development of stable vaccines. We have an expanding knowledge of viral and host molecular determinates of virulence and infectiousness, and of how phylogenetics may be used to estimate vaccine match and strain distribution. With ongoing advances, these areas could translate into significantly improved disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - C G Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, USDA, National Program 103-Animal Health, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - K J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD), FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - W Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Vic., Australia
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47
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Bachanek-Bankowska K, Mero HR, Wadsworth J, Mioulet V, Sallu R, Belsham GJ, Kasanga CJ, Knowles NJ, King DP. Development and evaluation of tailored specific real-time RT-PCR assays for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes circulating in East Africa. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:114-120. [PMID: 27575682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, reliable and accurate diagnostic methods provide essential support to programmes that monitor and control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). While pan-specific molecular tests for FMD virus (FMDV) detection are well established and widely used in endemic and FMD-free countries, current serotyping methods mainly rely either on antigen detection ELISAs or nucleotide sequencing approaches. This report describes the development of a panel of serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR assays (rRT-PCR) tailored to detect FMDV lineages currently circulating in East Africa. These assays target sequences within the VP1-coding region that share high intra-lineage identity, but do not cross-react with FMD viruses from other serotypes that circulate in the region. These serotype-specific assays operate with the same thermal profile as the pan-diagnostic tests making it possible to run them in parallel to produce CT values comparable to the pan-diagnostic test detecting the 3D-coding region. These assays were evaluated alongside the established pan-specific molecular test using field samples and virus isolates collected from Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia that had been previously characterised by nucleotide sequencing. Samples (n=71) representing serotype A (topotype AFRICA, lineage G-I), serotype O (topotypes EA-2 and EA-4), serotype SAT 1 (topotype I (NWZ)) and serotype SAT2 (topotype IV) were correctly identified with these rRT-PCR assays. Furthermore, FMDV RNA from samples that did not contain infectious virus could still be serotyped using these assays. These serotype-specific real-time RT-PCR assays can detect and characterise FMDVs currently circulating in East Africa and hence improve disease control in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herieth R Mero
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology & Southern African Centre for Infectious diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Raphael Sallu
- Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, P. O. Box 9252, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave DK-4771, Denmark
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology & Southern African Centre for Infectious diseases Surveillance, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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48
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Maghreb and its threat to southern European countries. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 49:423-425. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Knight-Jones TJD, Robinson L, Charleston B, Rodriguez LL, Gay CG, Sumption KJ, Vosloo W. Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 2 - Epidemiology, Wildlife and Economics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63 Suppl 1:14-29. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center; ARS; USDA; Greenport New York USA
| | - C. G. Gay
- Agricultural Research Service; USDA; National Program 103-Animal Health; Beltsville MD USA
| | - K. J. Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of FMD (EuFMD); FAO; Rome Italy
| | - W. Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory; CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship; Geelong Vic Australia
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50
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Ludi A, Ahmed Z, Pomeroy LW, Pauszek SJ, Smoliga GR, Moritz M, Dickmu S, Abdoulkadiri S, Arzt J, Garabed R, Rodriguez LL. Serotype Diversity of Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus in Livestock without History of Vaccination in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:e27-38. [PMID: 24735162 PMCID: PMC4499489 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available about the natural cycle of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the absence of control measures such as vaccination. Cameroon presents a unique opportunity for epidemiological studies because FMD vaccination is not practiced. We carried out a prospective study including serological, antigenic and genetic aspects of FMD virus (FMDV) infections among different livestock production systems in the Far North of Cameroon to gain insight into the natural ecology of the virus. We found serological evidence of FMDV infection in over 75% of the animals sampled with no significant differences of prevalence observed among the sampled groups (i.e. market, sedentary, transboundary trade and mobile). We also found antibodies reactive to five of the seven FMDV serotypes (A, O, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3) among the animals sampled. Finally, we were able to genetically characterize viruses obtained from clinical and subclinical FMD infections in Cameroon. Serotype O viruses grouped into two topotypes (West and East Africa). SAT2 viruses grouped with viruses from Central and Northern Africa, notably within the sublineage causing the large epidemic in Northern Africa in 2012, suggesting a common origin for these viruses. This research will guide future interventions for the control of FMD such as improved diagnostics, guidance for vaccine formulation and epidemiological understanding in support of the progressive control of FMD in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ludi
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Z. Ahmed
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - L. W. Pomeroy
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S. J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - G. R. Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - M. Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S. Dickmu
- Laboratoire National Veterinaire, Lanavet, Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | - J. Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - R. Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Public Health Preparedness for Infectious Disease Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, USA
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