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Sala JM, Mansilla FC, Miraglia MC, Caspe SG, Perez-Filgueira DM, Capozzo AV. Kinetics of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine-induced antibody responses in buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis): avidity ELISA as an alternative to the virus neutralization test. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1162477. [PMID: 38026657 PMCID: PMC10661941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1162477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of water buffaloes in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemiology as one of the major hosts of the virus that can develop persistent asymptomatic infection highlights the importance of sustaining surveillance on the antibody response elicited by vaccination in these animals. There is gap in the knowledge on how serological assays that measure antibodies against capsid proteins perform with buffalo samples and which would be the most reliable test to substitute the virus neutralization test (VNT) a cumbersome and low-throughput tool for field surveillance. Alternatively, the liquid-phase blocking sandwich ELISA (LPBE) is commonly used. Previous data from our laboratory demonstrated that the vaccine-induced antibodies assessed by the LPBE yielded low specificity with buffaloes' samples. In contrast, a single-dilution avidity ELISA (AE) aimed to detect high-avidity antibodies against exposed epitopes, combined with an indirect ELISA (IE) to assess IgG levels, produced more reliable results. Here we analyzed for the first time the kinetics of the antibodies induced by vaccination in two different buffalo herds (n = 91) over 120 days using AE, IE, LPBE, and the VNT. Kinetics were similar in the different assays, with an increase of antibodies between 0- and 14-days post-vaccination (dpv) which were maintained thereafter. VNT and AE results were concordant (Kappa value = 0.76), and both assays revealed a decay in the antibody response in calves with maternal antibodies at 90 and 120 dpv, which was not evidenced by the LPBE. These results show that kinetics of antibody responses to FMD vaccination are similar in buffalo and cattle, and support the use of indirect ELISA assays, in particular Avidity ELISA, as alternatives to the VNT for vaccine-immunity monitoring irrespectively of the animal's passive or active immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Sala
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mercedes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cruz Miraglia
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Gastón Caspe
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Mercedes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Daniel Mariano Perez-Filgueira
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), INTA-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Aslam M, Alkheraije KA. The prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in Asia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1201578. [PMID: 37456961 PMCID: PMC10347409 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1201578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is listed among the highly contagious diseases in animals and is endemic throughout the Asian continent. The disease is caused by the Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and affects a wide variety of domesticated animals as well as wild ungulates. Clinically, the disease is described as a vesicular lesion on the tongue, muzzle, lips, gum, dental pad, interdigital cleft, coronary band, and heel of the foot. Sometimes these lesions give rise to lameness. Mastitis is also caused due to teat lesions. A biochemical test reveals that during FMD infection, there are elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, lactoferrin, mannose-binding lectin, and monocytes chemo-attractant protein-1 in the serum of infected animals. There is no specific treatment for FMD although some antivirals are given as prophylaxis and antibiotics are given to prevent secondary bacterial infection. This review presents comprehensive data on the prevalence of FMD and serotypes of FMDV that are attributable to the cause of FMD from a regional point of view. It also explains the worldwide dynamics of the seven serotypes of FMD and tries to identify epidemiological clusters of FMD in various geographical areas. Furthermore, the pathology associated with the foot and mouth disease virus along with the pathophysiology is discussed. The continent-wide prevalence and diversity patterns of FMD suggest that there is a need for stringent policies and legislation implementation regarding research and development aimed at manufacturing strain-specific vaccination, infection prevention, and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid A. Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT1 Strains Purified from Coinfected Cape Buffalo in Kenya. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0058422. [PMID: 36094180 PMCID: PMC9584208 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00584-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly complete genomes of 49 novel foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) SAT1 strains acquired from oropharyngeal fluid samples from asymptomatic African Cape buffalo in Kenya in 2016 were determined. Sequences were from primary passage or plaque-purified dually SAT1/SAT2-infected samples. These sequences are important for elucidation of the molecular epidemiology of persistent and subclinical FMDV infections.
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Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype A and O Strains Obtained from Subclinically Infected Asian Buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis)
in Pakistan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0057522. [PMID: 35862920 PMCID: PMC9387223 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00575-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the nearly full genome sequences of 14 isolates of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus and 5 isolates of serotype O, which were obtained from subclinically infected Asian buffalo in Pakistan in 2011 to 2012. Sequences from subclinically infected animals are rare and complement the more commonly available sequences from clinical cases.
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Interserotypic Recombination in Superinfected Carrier Cattle. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060644. [PMID: 35745498 PMCID: PMC9231328 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral recombination contributes to the emergence of novel strains with the potential for altered host range, transmissibility, virulence, and immune evasion. For foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), cell culture experiments and phylogenetic analyses of field samples have demonstrated the occurrence of recombination. However, the frequency of recombination and associated virus–host interactions within an infected host have not been determined. We have previously reported the detection of interserotypic recombinant FMDVs in oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples of 42% (5/12) of heterologously superinfected FMDV carrier cattle. The present investigation consists of a detailed analysis of the virus populations in these samples including identification and characterization of additional interserotypic minority recombinants. In every animal in which recombination was detected, recombinant viruses were identified in the OPF at the earliest sampling point after superinfection. Some recombinants remained dominant until the end of the experiment, whereas others were outcompeted by parental strains. Genomic analysis of detected recombinants suggests host immune pressure as a major driver of recombinant emergence as all recombinants had capsid-coding regions derived from the superinfecting virus to which the animals did not have detectable antibodies at the time of infection. In vitro analysis of a plaque-purified recombinant virus demonstrated a growth rate comparable to its parental precursors, and measurement of its specific infectivity suggested that the recombinant virus incurred no penalty in packaging its new chimeric genome. These findings have important implications for the potential role of persistently infected carriers in FMDV ecology and the emergence of novel strains.
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Multiple Genomes of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype Asia-1 Obtained from Subclinically Infected Asian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Pakistan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0031122. [PMID: 35616404 PMCID: PMC9202389 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00311-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the near-full-genome sequences of 49 isolates of serotype Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus obtained from subclinically infected Asian buffalo in Islamabad Capital Region, Pakistan, in 2011 to 2012. Sequences from subclinically infected animals are exceedingly rare and complement the more commonly available sequences acquired from clinical cases.
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Multiple Genome Sequences of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Asia-1 Lineage Sindh-08 from Outbreaks in Pakistan, 2011 to 2012. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0031222. [PMID: 35546123 PMCID: PMC9202380 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00312-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the near-full-length genome sequences of 22 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia-1, lineage Sindh-08, obtained from foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Pakistan between 2011 and 2012. The scarcity of full-length FMDV sequences from this region enhances the importance of these new genomes for understanding the regional molecular epidemiology.
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Zia MA, Dobson SJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Shah MS, Habib M. Development of an ELISA to distinguish between foot-and-mouth disease virus infected and vaccinated animals utilising the viral non-structural protein 3ABC. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35384830 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia, including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes. Tests based on the detection of the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC are reliable indicators of virus replication in infected and vaccinated populations.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Diagnosis of FMD is expensive using commercial ELISA kits, yet is essential for controlling this economically-important disease.Aim. The development of a low-cost diagnostic ELISA, using protein made in Escherichia coli.Methodology. In this study, the viral precursor protein 3ABC (r3ABC) was expressed in E. coli, solubilised using detergent and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein contained an attenuating mutation in the protease and a SUMO tag. It was characterised by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, which revealed antigenicity against virus-specific polyclonal sera. Using r3ABC, an indirect ELISA was developed and evaluated using field sera from healthy/naïve, vaccinated and infected animals.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3ABC in-house ELISA were 95.3 and 96.3% respectively. The ELISA was validated through comparison with the commercially available ID Screen FMD NSP competition kit. Results indicated good concordance rates on tested samples and high agreement between the two tests.Conclusion. The ELISA described here can effectively differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals and represents an important low cost tool for sero-surveillance and control of FMD in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Parameterization of the durations of phases of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs. Prev Vet Med 2022; 202:105615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) field studies have suggested the occurrence of simultaneous infection of individual hosts by multiple virus strains; however, the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) coinfections is largely unknown. In the current study, cattle were experimentally exposed to two FMDV strains of different serotypes (O and A). One cohort was simultaneously infected with both viruses, while additional cohorts were initially infected with FMDV A and subsequently superinfected with FMDV O after 21 or 35 days. Coinfections were confirmed during acute infection, with both viruses concurrently detected in blood, lesions, and secretions. Staggered exposures resulted in overlapping infections as convalescent animals with persistent subclinical FMDV infection were superinfected with a heterologous virus. Staggering virus exposure by 21 days conferred clinical protection in six of eight cattle, which were subclinically infected following the heterologous virus exposure. This effect was transient, as all animals superinfected at 35 days post-initial infection developed fulminant FMD. The majority of cattle maintained persistent infection with one of the two viruses while clearing the other. Analysis of viral genomes confirmed interserotypic recombination events within 10 days in the upper respiratory tract of five superinfected animals from which the dominant genomes contained the capsid coding regions of the O virus and nonstructural coding regions of the A virus. In contrast, there were no dominant recombinant genomes detected in samples from simultaneously coinfected cattle. These findings inculpate persistently infected carriers as potential FMDV mixing vessels in which novel strains may rapidly emerge through superinfection and recombination. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a viral infection of livestock of critical socioeconomic importance. Field studies from areas of endemic FMD suggest that animals can be simultaneously infected by more than one distinct variant of FMD virus (FMDV), potentially resulting in emergence of novel viral strains through recombination. However, there has been limited investigation of the mechanisms of in vivo FMDV coinfections under controlled experimental conditions. Our findings confirmed that cattle could be simultaneously infected by two distinct serotypes of FMDV, with different outcomes associated with the timing of exposure to the two different viruses. Additionally, dominant interserotypic recombinant FMDVs were discovered in multiple samples from the upper respiratory tracts of five superinfected animals, emphasizing the potential importance of persistently infected FMDV carriers as sources of novel FMDV strains.
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Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112203. [PMID: 34835007 PMCID: PMC8624567 DOI: 10.3390/v13112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015-2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017-2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4-6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.
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12
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Buckle K, Bueno R, McFadden A, van Andel M, Spence R, Hamill C, Roe W, Vallee E, Castillo-Alcala F, Abila R, Verin B, Purevsuren B, Sutar A, Win HH, Thiha M, Lwin KO, Khounsy S, Phonthasy S, Souriya V, Keokhamphet C, Arzt J, Ludi A, Mioulet V. Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Absence of Clinical Disease in Cattle and Buffalo in South East Asia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:691308. [PMID: 34368278 PMCID: PMC8342991 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.691308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widespread throughout much of the world, including parts of South East Asia. Surveillance is often limited in endemic areas, relying predominantly on passive outbreak reporting. As part of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)'s South East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Project (SEACFMD), field sampling was performed to help understand evidence of widespread virus exposure observed in previous studies. Serum and dry mucosal swabs were collected to evaluate the presence of FMDV RNA on the nasal, oral, and dorsal nasopharyngeal mucosal surfaces of 262 healthy cattle (n = 84 in Laos; n = 125 in Myanmar) and buffalo (n = 48 in Laos; n = 5 in Myanmar) immediately following slaughter in three slaughterhouses. Swabs and serum were tested by the OIE/FAO World Reference Laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease (WRLFMD) using pan-serotypic real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) and serum was evaluated using the FMD PrioCHECK non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. In total, 7.3% of animals had detectable FMDV RNA in one or more of the three sites including 5.3% of nasopharyngeal swabs, 2.3% of oral swabs, and 1.5% of nasal swabs. No FMDV RNA was detected in serum. Overall, 37.8% of animals were positive for NSP antibodies, indicating likely past natural exposure to FMDV. Results were comparable for Laos and Myanmar, and for both cattle and buffalo, and were not significantly different between age groups. Detectable FMDV RNA present on the oral and nasal mucosa of clinically-healthy large ruminants in Laos and Myanmar demonstrates the importance of sampling asymptomatic animals as part of surveillance, and may indicate that subclinical infection plays a role in the epidemiology of FMD in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Buckle
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Rudolfo Bueno
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Mary van Andel
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Office of the Chief Departmental Scientist, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard Spence
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn Hamill
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Biosecurity New Zealand, Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Wallaceville, New Zealand
| | - Wendi Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emilie Vallee
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Ronel Abila
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Blesilda Verin
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Ashish Sutar
- OIE Sub-regional Representation for South East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Htun Htun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Myo Thiha
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Khin Ohnmar Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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An adventitious agent-free clonal cell line that is highly susceptible to foot -and-mouth disease virus. Biologicals 2021; 72:33-41. [PMID: 34092457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine LFBKαVβ6 cells have been successfully used for diagnostics and propagation of all FMDV serotypes/subtypes. Unfortunately, after initial characterization, these cells showed contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a non-cytopathic adventitious agent. Persistent infection with BVDV could interfere with diagnostic tests and, also prevent consideration for other uses, i.e., vaccine production. In this study, we developed a three-prong methodology to completely remove BVDV from LFBKαVβ6 cells. Combined treatment with siRNA against BVDV NS5A, porcine interferon alpha and ribavirin resulted in the elimination of BVDV, as determined by immunohistochemistry analysis, quantitative RT-PCR and RNA sequencing. Importantly, elimination of BVDV from LFBKαVβ6 did not affect FMDV growth and plaque phenotype from different serotypes isolated and propagated in the clean cell line, newly named MGPK αVβ6-C5. Additionally, isolation of FMDV from field oro-pharyngeal samples, was successful at the same sensitivity as in BVDV-contaminated LFBKαVβ6 cells. Our results identified a direct method to efficiently eliminate BVDV from porcine cells without altering FMDV permissiveness, diagnostic value, or potential for use in vaccine production. Furthermore, these cells may provide an improved platform for diagnostics and propagation of other viruses of interest in the veterinary field and the virology community at large.
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Zaheer MU, Salman MD, Steneroden KK, Magzamen SL, Weber SE, Case S, Rao S. Challenges to the Application of Spatially Explicit Stochastic Simulation Models for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Control in Endemic Settings: A Systematic Review. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7841941. [PMID: 33294003 PMCID: PMC7700052 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7841941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simulation modeling has become common for estimating the spread of highly contagious animal diseases. Several models have been developed to mimic the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in specific regions or countries, conduct risk assessment, analyze outbreaks using historical data or hypothetical scenarios, assist in policy decisions during epidemics, formulate preparedness plans, and evaluate economic impacts. Majority of the available FMD simulation models were designed for and applied in disease-free countries, while there has been limited use of such models in FMD endemic countries. This paper's objective was to report the findings from a study conducted to review the existing published original research literature on spatially explicit stochastic simulation (SESS) models of FMD spread, focusing on assessing these models for their potential use in endemic settings. The goal was to identify the specific components of endemic FMD needed to adapt these SESS models for their potential application in FMD endemic settings. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines, and three databases were searched, which resulted in 1176 citations. Eighty citations finally met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis, identifying nine unique SESS models. These SESS models were assessed for their potential application in endemic settings. The assessed SESS models can be adapted for use in FMD endemic countries by modifying the underlying code to include multiple cocirculating serotypes, routine prophylactic vaccination (RPV), and livestock population dynamics to more realistically mimic the endemic characteristics of FMD. The application of SESS models in endemic settings will help evaluate strategies for FMD control, which will improve livestock health, provide economic gains for producers, help alleviate poverty and hunger, and will complement efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman Zaheer
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
- FMD Project Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ASI Premises, NARC Gate # 2, Park Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mo D. Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
| | - Kay K. Steneroden
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
| | - Sheryl L. Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
| | - Stephen E. Weber
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
| | - Shaun Case
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Walter Scott, Jr. College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80521, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA
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Hardham JM, Krug P, Pacheco JM, Thompson J, Dominowski P, Moulin V, Gay CG, Rodriguez LL, Rieder E. Novel Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform: Formulations for Safe and DIVA-Compatible FMD Vaccines With Improved Potency. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:554305. [PMID: 33088833 PMCID: PMC7544895 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.554305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated, wild-type foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines are currently used to control FMD around the world. These traditional FMD vaccines are produced using large quantities of infectious, virulent, wild-type FMD viruses, with the associated risk of virus escape from manufacturing facilities or incomplete inactivation during the vaccine formulation process. While higher quality vaccines produced from wild-type FMDV are processed to reduce non-structural antigens, there is still a risk that small amounts of non-structural proteins may be present in the final product. A novel, antigenically marked FMD-LL3B3D vaccine platform under development by Zoetis, Inc. and the USDA-ARS, consists of a highly attenuated virus platform containing negative antigenic markers in the conserved non-structural proteins 3Dpol and 3B that render resultant vaccines fully DIVA compatible. This vaccine platform allows for the easy exchange of capsid coding sequences to create serotype-specific vaccines. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of the inactivated FMD-LL3B3D-A24 Cruzeiro vaccine in cattle against wild-type challenge with A24 Cruzerio. A proprietary adjuvant system was used to formulate the vaccines that conferred effective protection at low doses while maintaining the DIVA compatibility. In contrast to wild-type FMDV, the recombinant FMD-LL3B3D mutant viruses have been shown to induce no clinical signs of FMD and no shedding of virus in cattle or pigs when inoculated as a live virus. The FMD-LL3B3D vaccine platform, currently undergoing development in the US, provides opportunities for safer vaccine production with full DIVA compatibility in support of global FMDV control and eradication initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Krug
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Juan M Pacheco
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Cyril G Gay
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Services, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Services, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States
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16
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Omondi GP, Gakuya F, Arzt J, Sangula A, Hartwig E, Pauszek S, Smoliga G, Brito B, Perez A, Obanda V, VanderWaal K. The role of African buffalo in the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in sympatric cattle and buffalo populations in Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2206-2221. [PMID: 32303117 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative knowledge on the contribution of African buffalo to the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in East Africa is lacking, and this information is essential for the design of control programs in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of FMDV in buffalo, including the role of buffalo in the circulation of FMDV in livestock populations. We collected blood and oropharyngeal fluids from 92 wild buffalo and 98 sympatric cattle in central Kenya and sequenced the virus' VP1 coding region. We show that FMDV has a high seroprevalence in buffalo (~77%) and targeted cattle (~93%). In addition, we recovered 80 FMDV sequences from buffalo, all of which were serotype SAT1 and SAT2, and four serotype O and A sequences from sympatric cattle. Notably, six individual buffalo were co-infected with both SAT1 and SAT2. Amongst sympatric buffalo and cattle, the fact that no SAT1 or 2 sequences were found in cattle suggests that transmission of FMDV from buffalo to sympatric cattle is rare. Similarly, there was no evidence that serotype O and A sequences found in cattle were transmitted to buffalo. However, viruses from FMDV outbreaks in cattle elsewhere in Kenya were closely related to SAT1 and SAT2 viruses found in buffalo in this study, suggesting that FMDV in cattle and buffalo do not constitute independently evolving populations. We also show that fine-scale geographic features, such as rivers, influence the circulation of FMDV in buffalo and that social segregation amongst sympatric herds may limit between-herd transmission. These results significantly advance our understanding of the ecology and molecular epidemiology of FMDV at wildlife-livestock interfaces in East Africa and will help to inform the design of control and surveillance strategies for this disease in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Omondi
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Ahadi Veterinary Resource Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | | | - Ethan Hartwig
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Steven Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - George Smoliga
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Brito
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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17
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Chen Y, Hu Y, Chen H, Li X, Qian P. A ferritin nanoparticle vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus elicited partial protection in mice. Vaccine 2020; 38:5647-5652. [PMID: 32624251 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious infectious disease common in cloven-hoofed animals. Outbreaks and epidemics of FMD can result in major economic losses of livestock. Using ferritin nanoparticles as the scaffold for an antigen can enhance the immunogenicity of the subunit vaccine and provide possible protection against FMD. We used a baculovirus expression system to express four recombinant proteins (VP1, VP1-Ft, G-H loop-Ft, and ferritin) and the protective immunity of the FMD ferritin nanoparticle vaccines was evaluated in mice. The recombinant subunit vaccines containing VP1, VP1-Ft, and G-H loop-Ft proteins significantly increased FMDV-specific IgG and IgG subclass antibody titers compared with the PBS group, as well as enhancing splenocyte proliferation and the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ. The VP1 and VP1-Ft vaccines provided survival rates of 55.6% and 66.7%, respectively. The G-H loop-Ft vaccine provided a 77.8% survival rate compared with 100% survival in the inactivated vaccine group. The partial survival provided by the ferritin nanoparticle vaccines indicated that further study of the effects of the fused ferritin nanoparticle FMDV vaccines in animals is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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18
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Bertram MR, Yadav S, Stenfeldt C, Delgado A, Arzt J. Extinction Dynamics of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Carrier State Under Natural Conditions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:276. [PMID: 32509810 PMCID: PMC7249781 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically important livestock diseases worldwide. Following the clinical phase of FMD, a large proportion of ruminants remain persistently infected for extended periods. Although extinction of this carrier state occurs continuously at the animal and population levels, studies vary widely in their estimates of the duration of persistent infection. There is a need for robust statistical models to capture the dynamics of persistent infection for the sake of guiding FMD control and trade policies. The goal of the current study was to develop and assess statistical models to describe the extinction of FMD virus (FMDV) persistent infection using data from primary longitudinal studies of naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in Vietnam and India. Specifically, accelerated failure time (AFT) models and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were developed to predict the probability of persistent infection in seropositive animals and identified carriers at the individual animal level at sequential time points after outbreaks. The primary studies were analyzed by country and combined using an individual-participant data meta-analysis approach. The models estimated similar trends in the duration of persistent infection for the study/species groups included in the analyses, however the significance of the trends differed between the models. The overall probabilities of persistent infection were similar as predicted by the AFT and GLMM models: 6 months: 99% (AFT) /80% (GLMM), 12 months: 51% (AFT) /32% (GLMM), 18 months: 6% (AFT) /5% (GLMM), 24 months: 0.8% (AFT) /0.6% (GLMM). These models utilizing diverse and robust data sets predict higher probabilities of persistence than previously published, suggesting greater endurance of carriers subsequent to an outbreak. This study demonstrates the utility of statistical models to investigate the dynamics of persistent infection and the importance of large datasets, which can be achieved by combining data from several smaller studies in meta-analyses. Results of this study enhance current knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and may inform policy decisions regarding FMDV persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Shankar Yadav
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, APHIS, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Amy Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, APHIS, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
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19
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Fish I, Stenfeldt C, Palinski RM, Pauszek SJ, Arzt J. Into the Deep (Sequence) of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Gene Pool: Bottlenecks and Adaptation during Infection in Naïve and Vaccinated Cattle. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030208. [PMID: 32178297 PMCID: PMC7157448 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infects hosts as a population of closely related viruses referred to as a quasispecies. The behavior of this quasispecies has not been described in detail in natural host species. In this study, virus samples collected from vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle up to 35 days post-experimental infection with FMDV A24-Cruzeiro were analyzed by deep-sequencing. Vaccination induced significant differences compared to viruses from non-vaccinated cattle in substitution rates, entropy, and evidence for adaptation. Genomic variation detected during early infection reflected the diversity inherited from the source virus (inoculum), whereas by 12 days post infection, dominant viruses were defined by newly acquired mutations. Mutations conferring recognized fitness gain occurred and were associated with selective sweeps. Persistent infections always included multiple FMDV subpopulations, suggesting distinct foci of infection within the nasopharyngeal mucosa. Subclinical infection in vaccinated cattle included very early bottlenecks associated with reduced diversity within virus populations. Viruses from both animal cohorts contained putative antigenic escape mutations. However, these mutations occurred during later stages of infection, at which time transmission is less likely to occur. This study improves upon previously published work by analyzing deep sequences of samples, allowing for detailed characterization of FMDV populations over time within multiple hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (I.F.); (C.S.); (R.M.P.); (S.J.P.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (I.F.); (C.S.); (R.M.P.); (S.J.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Rachel M. Palinski
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (I.F.); (C.S.); (R.M.P.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (I.F.); (C.S.); (R.M.P.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (I.F.); (C.S.); (R.M.P.); (S.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. The Carrier Conundrum; A Review of Recent Advances and Persistent Gaps Regarding the Carrier State of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E167. [PMID: 32121072 PMCID: PMC7157498 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of a prolonged, subclinical phase of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in cattle was first recognized in the 1950s. Since then, the FMDV carrier state has been a subject of controversy amongst scientists and policymakers. A fundamental conundrum remains in the discordance between the detection of infectious FMDV in carriers and the apparent lack of contagiousness to in-contact animals. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the causal mechanisms of persistent FMDV infection, there are still critical knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in order to elucidate, predict, prevent, and model the risks associated with the carrier state. This is further complicated by the occurrence of a distinct form of neoteric subclinical infection, which is indistinguishable from the carrier state in field scenarios, but may have substantially different epidemiological properties. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the FMDV carrier state and identifies specific areas of research in need of further attention. Findings from experimental investigations of FMDV pathogenesis are discussed in relation to experience gained from field studies of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Plum Island animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA
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21
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Ehizibolo DO, Fish IH, Brito B, Bertram MR, Ardo A, Ularamu HG, Lazarus DD, Wungak YS, Nwosuh CI, Smoliga GR, Hartwig EJ, Pauszek SJ, Dickmu S, Abdoulkadiri S, Arzt J. Characterization of transboundary foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Nigeria and Cameroon during 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1257-1270. [PMID: 31880066 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Continuous surveillance for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in endemic settings such as West Africa is imperative to support improved local and regional control plans, with the long-term goal of regional eradication. This paper describes the genetic characterization of FMD viruses (FMDV) obtained from outbreaks in Nigeria (n = 45) and Cameroon (n = 15) during 2016 and from archival samples (n = 3) retrieved from a 2014 outbreak in Nigeria. These viruses were analysed in the context of previously published FMDV sequences from the region. Four FMDV serotypes: O, A, SAT1 and SAT2, were detected. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 coding sequences indicate the continuity of FMDV serotype O East Africa-3 (O/EA-3), serotype A AFRICA genotype G-IV (A/AFRICA/G-IV) and serotype South African Territories (SAT) 2 lineage VII (SAT2/VII). The FMDV SAT1 topotype X (SAT1/X), which emerged in Nigeria in 2015, continued to be associated with outbreaks in the region during 2016, and SAT1 is reported for the first time from Cameroon. Additionally, a re-emergence or re-introduction of the serotype O West Africa (O/WA) topotype in Nigeria is described herein. Our findings indicate a consistent, pan-serotypic relationship between FMDV strains detected in Cameroon and Nigeria. Additionally, FMDV strains from West Africa obtained in this study were genetically related to those occurring in East and North Africa. These phylogenetic relationships suggest that animal movements (pastoralism and/or trade) are important factors for virus spread across the African continent. These data provide critical baselines which are a necessary component of Stages 0 and 1 of the Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP-FMD). Specifically, characterizing the existing virus strains (risk) provides the basis for the comprehensive risk-based control plan which is the requisite criteria for Nigeria's transition to Stage 2 of PCP-FMD, and for coordinated regional control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian H Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Barbara Brito
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Abdullahi Ardo
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - David D Lazarus
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Yiltawe S Wungak
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Chika I Nwosuh
- Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Steven James Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - Simon Dickmu
- Laboratoire National Vétérinaire (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | | | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
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22
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Armson B, Gubbins S, Mioulet V, Qasim IA, King DP, Lyons NA. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Using Pooled Milk on a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in an Endemic Setting. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:264. [PMID: 32537458 PMCID: PMC7267466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled milk is used for the surveillance of several diseases of livestock. Previous studies demonstrated the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the milk of infected animals at high dilutions, and consequently, the collection of pooled milk samples could be used to enhance FMD surveillance. This study evaluated pooled milk for FMDV surveillance on a large-scale dairy farm that experienced two FMD outbreaks caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineages, despite regular vaccination and strict biosecurity practices. FMDV RNA was detected in 42 (5.7%) of the 732 pooled milk samples, and typing information was concordant with diagnostic reports of clinical disease. The FMDV positive milk samples were temporally clustered around reports of new clinical cases, but with a wider distribution. For further investigation, a model was established to predict real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) CT values using individual cattle movement data, clinical disease records and virus excretion data from previous experimental studies. The model explained some of the instances where there were positive results by rRT-PCR, but no new clinical cases and suggested that subclinical infection occurred during the study period. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of vaccination on FMDV excretion in milk, and to evaluate more representative sampling methods. However, the results from this pilot study indicate that testing pooled milk by rRT-PCR may be valuable for FMD surveillance and has provided evidence of subclinical virus infection in vaccinated herds that could be important in the epidemiology of FMD in endemic countries where vaccination is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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23
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Yadav S, Stenfeldt C, Branan MA, Moreno-Torres KI, Holmstrom LK, Delgado AH, Arzt J. Parameterization of the Durations of Phases of Foot-And-Mouth Disease in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:263. [PMID: 31448297 PMCID: PMC6696987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to update parameterization of mathematical simulation models for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) spread in cattle utilizing recent knowledge of FMD virus (FMDV) pathogenesis and infection dynamics to estimate the duration of distinct phases of FMD. Specifically, the durations of incubation, latent, and infectious periods were estimated for 3 serotypes (O, Asia1, and A) of FMDV, individually and collectively (pan-serotypic). Animal-level data were used in Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) models to estimate the duration of the defined phases of infection, while also investigating the influence of factors related to the experimental design (exposure methods) and virus serotype on disease progression. Substantial influences upon the estimated duration of distinct phases of FMD included the quantity of viral shedding used as a proxy for the onset of infectiousness, virus serotypes, and experimental exposure methods. The use of detection of any viral RNA in nasal secretions as a proxy of infectiousness lengthened the total infectious period compared to use of threshold-based detection. Additionally, the experimental system used to infect the animals also had significant effects on the duration of distinct phases of disease. Overall, the mean [95% Confidence Interval (CI)] durations of pan-serotype disease phases in cattle were estimated to be: incubation phase = 3.6 days (2.7–4.8), latent phase = 1.5 days (1.1–2.1), subclinical infectious phase = 2.2 days (1.5–3.5), clinical infectious phase = 8.5 days (6.2–11.6), and total infectious phase = 10.8 days (8.2–14.2). This study highlights the importance of identifying appropriate proxy measures to define the onset and duration of infectiousness in FMDV-infected cattle in the absence of actual transmission data. Additionally, it is demonstrated herein that factors associated with experimental design, such as virus exposure methods, may significantly affect disease progression in individual animals and should be considered when data is extrapolated from experimental studies. Given limitations in experimental data availability, pan-serotypic parameters which include all routes of exposure and a threshold-defined onset of infectiousness may be the most robust parameters for exploratory disease spread modeling approaches, when information on the specific virus of interest is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Yadav
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Matthew A Branan
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Karla I Moreno-Torres
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States.,Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Lindsey K Holmstrom
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Amy H Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
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24
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Patidar S, Sharma MK, Bertram MR, Brito B, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Genetic and antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in India. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214832. [PMID: 31226113 PMCID: PMC6588224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) persistently infected ruminants in initiating new outbreaks remains controversial, and the perceived threat posed by such animals hinders international trade in FMD-endemic countries. In this study we report longitudinal analyses of genetic and antigenic variations of FMDV serotype O/ME-SA/Ind2001d sublineage during naturally occurring, persistent infection in cattle and buffalo at an organised dairy farm in India. The proportion of animals from which FMDV RNA was recovered was not significantly different between convalescent (post-clinical) and sub-clinically infected animals or between cattle and buffalo across the sampling period. However, infectious virus was isolated from a higher proportion of buffalo samples and for a longer duration compared to cattle. Analysis of the P1 sequences from recovered viruses indicated fixation of mutations at the rate of 1.816 x 10-2substitution/site/year (s/s/y) (95% CI 1.362–2.31 x 10−2 s/s/y). However, the majority of point mutations were transitional substitutions. Within individual animals, the mean dN/dS (ω) value for the P1 region varied from 0.076 to 0.357, suggesting the selection pressure acting on viral genomes differed substantially across individual animals. Statistical parsimony analysis indicated that all of the virus isolates from carrier animals originated from the outbreak virus. The antigenic relationship value as determined by 2D-VNT assay revealed fluctuation of antigenic variants within and between carrier animals during the carrier state which suggested that some carrier viruses had diverged substantially from the protection provided by the vaccine strain. This study contributes to understanding the extent of within-host and within-herd evolution that occurs during the carrier state of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K. Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jajati K. Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | | | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- * E-mail: (JA); (BP)
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (BP)
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25
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Arzt J, Fish I, Pauszek SJ, Johnson SL, Chain PS, Rai DK, Rieder E, Goldberg TL, Rodriguez LL, Stenfeldt C. The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210847. [PMID: 31022193 PMCID: PMC6483180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. Overall, this work suggests that the establishment of the carrier state is not associated with specific viral genomic characteristics. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
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26
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Zhang K, Xu S, Shi X, Xu G, Shen C, Liu X, Zheng H. Exosomes-mediated transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo and in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:164-173. [PMID: 31176404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane-enclosed vesicles that participate in intercellular communication between cells. Numerous evidences suggested that exosomes derived from virus-infected cells can mediate virus transmission or/and regulate immune response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototype member of the Aphthovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. It can cause highly infectious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and significantly increase public awareness. However, the role of exosomes in the transmission of FMDV has still remained unknown. In this study, full length of FMDV genomic RNA and partial viral proteins were identified in purified exosomes isolated from FMDV-infected PK-15 cells with qRT-PCR and /MS. Exosomes from FMDV-infected cells were capable of transmitting infection to naive PK-15 cells and suckling mice. Furthermore, exosome-mediated infection cannot be fully blocked by FMDV-specific neutralizing antibodies. This finding highlights that FMDV transmission by exosomes as a potential immune evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Shouxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Guowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, China.
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27
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Hekal SHA, Al-Gaabary MH, El-Sayed MM, Sobhy HM, Fayed AAA. Seroprevalence of some Infectious transboundry diseases in cattle imported from Sudan to Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:92-99. [PMID: 31453177 PMCID: PMC6702927 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Animal trade has an important role in the economy but in contrast, it causes the spread of infectious diseases overall the world, in particular, the trans-boundary animal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to report the prevalence rate of some transboundary infectious diseases to assess the effectiveness of quarantine measure in the detection of exotic disease and clarify the role of live animal trade in infectious transboundary diseases spread. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was done on 176 serum samples obtained from cattle imported from Sudan in order to determine the prevalence of foot and mouth disease (FMD), Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR). Three serological tests were used; Serum neutralization test for FMD, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) for PPR, and Competitive ELISA for IBR. RESULTS The seroprevalence of FMD in tested sera was; 77.27% in the serotype A (A-Iran), 68.18% in the serotype A (A-Africa), 93.82% in the serotype O (O-Pan Asia), and 35.227% in the serotype South African Territories-2 (SAT-2) SAT-2. While the overall seroprevalence of PPR was 49.431% and the IBR was 93.75%. CONCLUSION The result indicates the serious role of live animal trade as "hubs" for infectious diseases spread. Subsequently, the common control measures must be taken to avoid the spread of the diseases through the animal trade; which include screening, surveillance, precautions at borders, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdy Mahmoud El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt and Middle East for Veterinary Vaccines, Second Industrial Area, El-Salhya El-Gedida, El-Sharqia, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed Sobhy
- Natural Resources Department, Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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28
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Arzt J, Fish I, Pauszek SJ, Johnson SL, Chain PS, Rai DK, Rieder E, Goldberg TL, Rodriguez LL, Stenfeldt C. The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210847. [PMID: 31022193 DOI: 10.1101/512178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. Overall, this work suggests that the establishment of the carrier state is not associated with specific viral genomic characteristics. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Ian Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Shannon L Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Patrick S Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States of America
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
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29
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Bertram MR, Vu LT, Pauszek SJ, Brito BP, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Hoang BH, Phuong NT, Stenfeldt C, Fish IH, Hung VV, Delgado A, VanderWaal K, Rodriguez LL, Long NT, Dung DH, Arzt J. Lack of Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus From Persistently Infected Cattle to Naïve Cattle Under Field Conditions in Vietnam. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:174. [PMID: 30101147 PMCID: PMC6072850 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by FMD virus (FMDV; Aphthovirus, Picornaviridae), is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed domestic livestock and wildlife species worldwide. Subsequent to the clinical phase of FMD, a large proportion of FMDV-infected ruminants become persistently infected carriers, defined by detection of FMDV in oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples 28 days or more post-infection. The goal of this prospective study was to characterize the FMD carrier state in cattle subsequent to natural infection under typical husbandry practices in Vietnam. Ten persistently infected cattle on eight farms in the Long An province in southern Vietnam were monitored by monthly screening of serum and oropharyngeal fluid samples for 12 months. To assess transmission from FMDV carriers, 16 naïve cattle were intentionally brought into direct contact with the persistently infected animals for 6 months, and were monitored by clinical and laboratory methods. The restricted mean duration of the FMD carrier state was 27.7 months, and the rate of decrease of the proportion of carrier animals was 0.03 per month. There was no evidence of transmission to naïve animals throughout the study period. Additionally, there was no detection of FMDV infection or seroconversion in three calves born to carrier animals during the study. The force of infection for carrier-to-contact transmission was 0 per month, with upper 95% confidence limit of 0.064 per month. Phylogenetic analysis of viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences obtained from carriers indicated that all viruses recovered in this study belonged to the O/ME-SA/PanAsia lineage, and grouped phylogenetically with temporally and geographically related viruses. Analysis of within-host evolution of FMDV, based upon full-length open reading frame sequences recovered from consecutive samples from one animal, indicated that most of the non-synonymous changes occurred in Lpro, VP2, and VP3 protein coding regions. This study suggests that the duration of FMDV persistent infection in cattle may be longer than previously recognized, but the risk of transmission is low. Additional novel insights are provided into within-host viral evolution under natural conditions in an endemic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Le T Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
| | - Barbara P Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
| | - Bui H Hoang
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen T Phuong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Ian H Fish
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Vo V Hung
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Amy Delgado
- Monitoring and Modeling, Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, APHIS, USDA, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kimberley VanderWaal
- STEMMA Laboratory, Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
| | - Ngo T Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do H Dung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Orient Point, NY, United States
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