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Guabiraba R, Rodrigues DR, Manna PT, Chollot M, Saint-Martin V, Trapp S, Oliveira M, Bryant CE, Ferguson BJ. Mechanisms of type I interferon production by chicken TLR21. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:105093. [PMID: 37951324 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response relies on the ability of host cells to rapidly detect and respond to microbial nucleic acids. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), play a fundamental role in distinguishing self from non-self at the molecular level. In this study, we focused on TLR21, an avian TLR that recognizes DNA motifs commonly found in bacterial genomic DNA, specifically unmethylated CpG motifs. TLR21 is believed to act as a functional homologue to mammalian TLR9. By analysing TLR21 signalling in chickens, we sought to elucidate avian TLR21 activation outputs in parallel to that of other nucleic acid species. Our analyses revealed that chicken TLR21 (chTLR21) triggers the activation of NF-κB and induces a potent type-I interferon response in chicken macrophages, similar to the signalling cascades observed in mammalian TLR9 activation. Notably, the transcription of interferon beta (IFNB) by chTLR21 was found to be dependent on both NF-κB and IRF7 signalling, but independent of the TBK1 kinase, a distinctive feature of mammalian TLR9 signalling. These findings highlight the conservation of critical signalling components and downstream responses between avian TLR21 and mammalian TLR9, despite their divergent evolutionary origins. These insights into the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of nucleic acid sensing contribute to the broader understanding of host-pathogen interactions across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul T Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sascha Trapp
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marisa Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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2
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Prevention of the foreign body response to implantable medical devices by inflammasome inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115857119. [PMID: 35298334 PMCID: PMC8944905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115857119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceImplantable electronic medical devices (IEMDs) are used for some clinical applications, representing an exciting prospect for the transformative treatment of intractable conditions such Parkinson's disease, deafness, and paralysis. The use of IEMDs is limited at the moment because, over time, a foreign body reaction (FBR) develops at the device-neural interface such that ultimately the IEMD fails and needs to be removed. Here, we show that macrophage nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity drives the FBR in a nerve injury model yet integration of an NLRP3 inhibitor into the device prevents FBR while allowing full healing of damaged neural tissue to occur.
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3
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Maharana J, Maharana D, Bej A, Sahoo BR, Panda D, Wadavrao SB, Vats A, Pradhan SK, De S. Structural Elucidation of Inter-CARD Interfaces involved in NOD2 Tandem CARD Association and RIP2 Recognition. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13349-13365. [PMID: 34860029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) recognizes the muramyl dipeptide and activates the NF-κB signaling cascade following its interaction with receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) via caspase recruitment domains (CARDs). The NOD2-RIP2 interaction is not understood well due to inadequate structural information. Using comparative modeling and multimicrosecond timescale molecular dynamics simulations, we have demonstrated the association of NOD2-CARDs (CARDa-CARDb) and their interaction with RIP2CARD. Our results suggest that a negatively charged interface of NOD2CARDa and positively charged type-Ia interface of NOD2CARDb are crucial for CARDa-CARDb association and the type-Ia interface of NOD2CARDa and type-Ib interface of RIP2CARD predicted to be involved in 1:1 CARD-CARD interaction. Moreover, the direct interaction of NOD2CARDb with RIP2CARD signifies the importance of both CARDs of NOD2 in RIP2-mediated CARD-CARD interaction. Altogether, the structural results could help in understanding the underlying molecular details of the NOD2-RIP2 association in higher and lower eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751001, India
| | - Diptimayee Maharana
- AEBN Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal 700120, India
| | - Aritra Bej
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Bikash R Sahoo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Debashis Panda
- DBT-APSCS&T, Centre of Excellence for Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Kimin, Arunachal Pradesh 791121, India
| | - Sachin B Wadavrao
- OBC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- Animal Genomics Lab., Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Sukanta K Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751001, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Genomics Lab., Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
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4
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Toll-Like Receptors as Drug Targets in the Intestinal Epithelium. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 276:291-314. [PMID: 34783909 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) receptors are responsible for initiation of inflammatory responses by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses or fungi) or in molecules released following tissue damage in disease states. Expressed in the intestinal epithelium, they initiate an intracellular signalling cascade in response to molecular patterns resulting in the activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines, chemokines and vasoactive molecules. Intestinal epithelial cells are exposed to microorganisms on a daily basis and form part of the primary defence against pathogens by using TLRs. TLRs and their accessory molecules are subject to tight regulation in these cells so as to not overreact or react in unnecessary circumstances. TLRs have more recently been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases as a result of inappropriate regulation, this can be damaging and lead to chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Targeting Toll-like receptors offers a potential therapeutic approach for IBD. In this review, the current knowledge on the TLRs is reviewed along with their association with intestinal diseases. Finally, compounds that target TLRs in animal models of IBD, clinic trials and their future merit as targets are discussed.
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5
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Functionalized niosomes as a smart delivery device in cancer and fungal infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106052. [PMID: 34740786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various diseases remain untreated due to lack of suitable therapeutic moiety or a suitable drug delivery device, especially where toxicities and side effects are the primary reason for concern. Cancer and fungal infections are diseases where treatment schedules are not completed due to severe side effects or lengthy treatment protocols. Advanced treatment approaches such as active targeting and inhibition of angiogenesis may be preferred method for the treatment for malignancy over the conventional method. Niosomes may be a better alternative drug delivery carrier for various therapeutic moieties (either hydrophilic or hydrophobic) and also due to ease of surface modification, non-immunogenicity and economical. Active targeting approach may be done by targeting the receptors through coupling of suitable ligand on niosomal surface. Moreover, various receptors (CD44, folate, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) & Vascular growth factor receptor (VGFR)) expressed by malignant cells have also been reviewed. The preparation of suitable niosomal formulation also requires considerable attention, and its formulation depends upon various factors such as selection of non-ionic surfactant, method of fabrication, and fabrication parameters. A combination therapy (dual drug and immunotherapy) has been proposed for the treatment of fungal infection with special consideration for surface modification with suitable ligand on niosomal surface to sensitize the receptors (C-type lectin receptors, Toll-like receptors & Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors) present on immune cells involved in fungal immunity. Certain gene silencing concept has also been discussed as an advanced alternative treatment for cancer by silencing the mRNA at molecular level using short interfering RNA (si-RNA).
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6
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Inflammasome activation by Salmonella. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:27-32. [PMID: 34563937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Host recognition of bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires multiple host detection systems to generate complex inflammatory responses which can be cell type specific and has the potential for bacterial subversion of the host. Host detection of Salmonella requires Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) sensing Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). These bacteria possess a diverse array of PAMPs including lipopolysaccharide, flagellin, proteins, lipoproteins, DNA, RNA and metabolites which can potentially activate multiple PRRs concurrently in different cell types. Salmonella is sensed by the inflammasome forming cytosolic nucleotide oligomerisation domain leucine rich repeat-like receptor (NLR) PRRs NLRC4 and NLRP3 as well as by the non canonical inflammasome formed by caspase 11 in mice, caspase 4 and 5 in humans. This review will discuss the different inflammasomes and how their activity regulates the host response to Salmonella infection.
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Hennessy C, McKernan DP. Anti-Viral Pattern Recognition Receptors as Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092258. [PMID: 34571909 PMCID: PMC8466445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the inflammation that ensues following microbial infection by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms but also following tissue damage by recognising molecules released during disease states. Such receptors are expressed in a variety of cells and in various compartments of these cells. PRR binding of molecular patterns results in an intracellular signalling cascade and the eventual activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines, chemokines, and vasoactive molecules. PRRs and their accessory molecules are subject to tight regulation in these cells so as to not overreact or react in unnecessary circumstances. They are also key to reacting to infection and in stimulating the immune system when needed. Therefore, targeting PRRs offers a potential therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory disease, infections and as vaccine adjuvants. In this review, the current knowledge on anti-viral PRRs and their signalling pathways is reviewed. Finally, compounds that target PRRs and that have been tested in clinical trials for chronic infections and as adjuvants in vaccine trials are discussed.
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8
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Campos-Múzquiz LG, Méndez-Olvera ET, Martínez MP, Martínez-Gómez D. Campylobacter fetus Induced Proinflammatory Response in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Pol J Microbiol 2021; 70:99-106. [PMID: 33815531 PMCID: PMC8008763 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus is the causal agent of sporadic abortion in bovines and infertility that produces economic losses in livestock. In many infectious diseases, the immune response has an important role in limiting the invasion and proliferation of bacterial pathogens. Innate immune sensing of microorganisms is mediated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and induces the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines, like IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8. In this study, the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ in bovine endometrial epithelial cells infected with C. fetus and Salmonella Typhimurium (a bacterial invasion control) was analyzed. The results showed that expression levels of IL-1β and IL-8 were high at the beginning of the infection and decreased throughout the intracellular period. Unlike in this same assay, the expression levels of IFN-γ increased through time and reached the highest peak at 4 hours post infection. In cells infected with S. Typhimurium, the results showed that IL8 expression levels were highly induced by infection but not IFN-γ. In cells infected with S. Typhimurium or C. fetus subsp. fetus, the results showed that TNF-α expression did not show any change during infection. A cytoskeleton inhibition assay was performed to determine if cytokine expression was modified by C. fetus subsp. fetus intracellular invasion. IL-1β and IL-8 expression were downregulated when an intracellular invasion was avoided. The results obtained in this study suggest that bovine endometrial epithelial cells could recognize C. fetus subsp. fetus resulting in early proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela Teresita Méndez-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, México
| | - Monika Palacios Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, México
| | - Daniel Martínez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Agropecuaria, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, México
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9
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Oliveira M, Rodrigues DR, Guillory V, Kut E, Giotis ES, Skinner MA, Guabiraba R, Bryant CE, Ferguson BJ. Chicken cGAS Senses Fowlpox Virus Infection and Regulates Macrophage Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613079. [PMID: 33633733 PMCID: PMC7901977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-viral immune response is dependent on the ability of infected cells to sense foreign nucleic acids. In multiple species, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses viral DNA as an essential component of the innate response. cGAS initiates a range of signaling outputs that are dependent on generation of the second messenger cGAMP that binds to the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Here we show that in chicken macrophages, the cGAS/STING pathway is essential not only for the production of type-I interferons in response to intracellular DNA stimulation, but also for regulation of macrophage effector functions including the expression of MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules. In the context of fowlpox, an avian DNA virus infection, the cGAS/STING pathway was found to be responsible for type-I interferon production and MHC-II transcription. The sensing of fowlpox virus DNA is therefore essential for mounting an anti-viral response in chicken cells and for regulation of a specific set of macrophage effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Kut
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Efstathios S Giotis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Skinner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Alexander SP, Armstrong JF, Davenport AP, Davies JA, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Levi‐Schaffer F, Maguire JJ, Pawson AJ, Southan C, Spedding M. A rational roadmap for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pharmacotherapeutic research and development: IUPHAR Review 29. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4942-4966. [PMID: 32358833 PMCID: PMC7267163 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we identify opportunities for drug discovery in the treatment of COVID-19 and, in so doing, provide a rational roadmap whereby pharmacology and pharmacologists can mitigate against the global pandemic. We assess the scope for targeting key host and viral targets in the mid-term, by first screening these targets against drugs already licensed, an agenda for drug repurposing, which should allow rapid translation to clinical trials. A simultaneous, multi-pronged approach using conventional drug discovery methods aimed at discovering novel chemical and biological means of targeting a short list of host and viral entities which should extend the arsenal of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. This longer term strategy would provide a deeper pool of drug choices for future-proofing against acquired drug resistance. Second, there will be further viral threats, which will inevitably evade existing vaccines. This will require a coherent therapeutic strategy which pharmacology and pharmacologists are best placed to provide. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve P.H. Alexander
- Chair, Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC‐IUPHAR), School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jane F. Armstrong
- Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Jamie A. Davies
- Principal Investigator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Executive Committee, NC‐IUPHAR, Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Simon D. Harding
- Database Developer, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francesca Levi‐Schaffer
- First Vice‐President and Chair of Immunopharmacology Section, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Adam J. Pawson
- Senior Curator, Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb), Executive Committee, NC‐IUPHAR, Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Christopher Southan
- Deanery of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- TW2Informatics LtdGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Spedding
- Secretary‐General, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and Spedding Research Solutions SASLe VesinetFrance
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11
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Kahremany S, Hofmann L, Gruzman A, Cohen G. Advances in Understanding the Initial Steps of Pruritoceptive Itch: How the Itch Hits the Switch. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144883. [PMID: 32664385 PMCID: PMC7402353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pruritoceptive (dermal) itch was long considered an accompanying symptom of diseases, a side effect of drug applications, or a temporary sensation induced by invading pruritogens, as produced by the stinging nettle. Due to extensive research in recent years, it was possible to provide detailed insights into the mechanism of itch mediation and modulation. Hence, it became apparent that pruritus is a complex symptom or disease in itself, which requires particular attention to improve patients’ health. Here, we summarize recent findings in pruritoceptive itch, including how this sensation is triggered and modulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous pruritogens and their receptors. A differentiation between mediating pruritogen and modulating pruritogen seems to be of great advantage to understand and decipher the molecular mechanism of itch perception. Only a comprehensive view on itch sensation will provide a solid basis for targeting this long-neglected adverse sensation accompanying numerous diseases and many drug side effects. Finally, we identify critical aspects of itch perception that require future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Kahremany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (A.G.)
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada 86910, Israel;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (A.G.)
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Masada 86910, Israel;
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat Campus, Eilat 8855630, Israel
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12
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Ao D, Li S, Jiang S, Luo J, Chen N, Meurens F, Zhu J. Inter-relation analysis of signaling adaptors of porcine innate immune pathways. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:20-27. [PMID: 32142955 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To study the interrelationship between the signaling adaptors of innate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways including toll-like receptor (TLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and cytoplasmic DNA recognition receptors (CDR) pathways. The coding genes of porcine TRIF, MAVS, STING, MyD88, RIPK2, and ASC were isolated from PK15 cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the six adaptor proteins in pig, cattle, goat, horse, human, mouse, chicken, and duck performed by MEGA 5.05 showed that these adaptors have slightly different similarity across species. The expression of these proteins in transfected cells were detected by both Western blotting and confocal microscopy. All six adaptors were visualized in cytoplasm but with different distribution patterns. The activities of the six adaptors triggering NF-κB and ISRE signaling and downstream gene productions were examined by dual-luciferase reporter assay and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. The results showed that STING has an ability to activate ISRE signaling, MyD88, RIPK2 and ASC possess NF-κB signal activity, while TRIF and MAVS can activate both. Furthermore, the mutual signaling effects were assessed by NF-κB and ISRE dual-luciferase reporter assay in the co-expression experiments. STING was shown to enhance MAVS activated NF-κB signaling and MyD88 could heighten STING activated ISRE signaling. However, all other adaptors inhibited each other to varying degrees. The work provides a global insight of porcine innate immune signaling pathways and their interaction network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ao
- Cohmparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Cohmparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- Cohmparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Cohmparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- Cohmparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | | | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cohmparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, China; College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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13
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Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Pawson AJ, Southan C, Sharman JL, Campo B, Cavanagh DR, Alexander SPH, Davenport AP, Spedding M, Davies JA. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2020: extending immunopharmacology content and introducing the IUPHAR/MMV Guide to MALARIA PHARMACOLOGY. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D1006-D1021. [PMID: 31691834 PMCID: PMC7145572 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (www.guidetopharmacology.org) is an open-access, expert-curated database of molecular interactions between ligands and their targets. We describe significant updates made over the seven releases during the last two years. The database is notably enhanced through the continued linking of relevant pharmacology with key immunological data types as part of the IUPHAR Guide to IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (www.guidetoimmunopharmacology.org) and by a major new extension, the IUPHAR/MMV Guide to Malaria PHARMACOLOGY (www.guidetomalariapharmacology.org). The latter has been constructed in partnership with the Medicines for Malaria Venture, an organization dedicated to identifying, developing and delivering new antimalarial therapies that are both effective and affordable. This is in response to the global challenge of over 200 million cases of malaria and 400 000 deaths worldwide, with the majority in the WHO Africa Region. It provides new pharmacological content, including molecular targets in the malaria parasite, interaction data for ligands with antimalarial activity, and establishes curation of data from screening assays, used routinely in antimalarial drug discovery, against the whole organism. A dedicated portal has been developed to provide quick and focused access to these new data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Armstrong
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Simon D Harding
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Christopher Southan
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Post Box 1826, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - David R Cavanagh
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Jamie A Davies
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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14
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Padilla-Salinas R, Sun L, Anderson R, Yang X, Zhang S, Chen ZJ, Yin H. Discovery of Small-Molecule Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1579-1600. [PMID: 31829590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) (cGAS), a cytosolic DNA sensor, plays an important role in the type I interferon response. DNA from either invading microbes or self-origin triggers the enzymatic activity of cGAS. Aberrant activation of cGAS is associated with various autoimmune disorders. Only one selective probe exists for inhibiting cGAS in cells, while others are limited by their poor cellular activity or specificity, which underscores the urgency for discovering new cGAS inhibitors. Here, we describe the development of new small-molecule human cGAS (hcGAS) inhibitors (80 compounds synthesized) with high binding affinity in vitro and cellular activity. Our studies show CU-32 and CU-76 selectively inhibit the DNA pathway in human cells but have no effect on the RIG-I-MAVS or Toll-like receptor pathways. CU-32 and CU-76 represent a new class of hcGAS inhibitors with activity in cells and provide a new chemical scaffold for designing probes to study cGAS function and development of autoimmune therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Padilla-Salinas
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder 80309 , Colorado , United States
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology , Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Department of Immunology , and Animal Resource Center , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas 75390-9148 , Texas , United States
| | - Rachel Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder 80309 , Colorado , United States
| | - Xikang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center of Life Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100082 , China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center of Life Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100082 , China
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology , Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Department of Immunology , and Animal Resource Center , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas 75390-9148 , Texas , United States
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute , University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder 80309 , Colorado , United States.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center of Life Science , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100082 , China
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15
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McKernan DP. Pattern recognition receptors as potential drug targets in inflammatory disorders. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:65-109. [PMID: 31997773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a key part of the innate immune system, the body's first line of defense against infection and tissue damage. This superfamily of receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) and RIG-like receptors (RLRs) are responsible for initiation of the inflammatory response by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses or fungi) during infection or in molecules released following tissue damage during acute or chronic disease states (such as sepsis or arthritis). These receptors are widely expressed and located on the cell surface, in intracellular compartments or in the cytoplasm can detect a single or subset of molecules including lipoproteins, carbohydrates or nucleic acids. In response, they initiate an intracellular signaling cascade that culminates in the synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines and vasoactive molecules. These steps are necessary to maintain tissue homeostasis and remove potentially dangerous pathogens. However, during extreme or acute responses or during chronic disease, this can be damaging and even lead to death. Therefore, it is thought that targeting such receptors may offer a therapeutic approach in chronic inflammatory diseases or in cases of acute infection leading to sepsis. Herein, the current knowledge on the molecular biology of PRRs is reviewed along with their association with inflammatory and infectious diseases. Finally, the testing of therapeutic compounds and their future merit as targets is discussed.
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16
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Abstract
Fungal bioactive polysaccharides are well known and have been widely used in Asia as a part of the traditional diet and medicine. In fact, some biopolymers (mainly β-glucans or glycoconjugate) have already made their way to the market as antitumor or immunostimulating drugs. In the last decades, the relationship between structure and activity of polysaccharides and their detailed mode of action have been the core of intense research to understand and utilize their medicinal properties. Most of the antitumor polysaccharides belong to conserved β-glucans, with a linear β-(1→3)-glucan backbone and attached β-(1→6) branch. Structurally different β-glucans appear to have different affinities toward their receptors and thus generate markedly different host responses. However, their antitumor activities are mainly influenced by molecular mass, degree of branching, conformation, and structure modification of the polysaccharides. β-Glucans act on several immune receptors including Dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3) and TLR-2/6, then trigger both innate and adaptive response and enhance opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis. Various receptor interactions explain the possible mode of actions of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China.
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17
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Zhang K, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang X, Hu X, Liang Z, Li J. Toll-like receptors and high mobility group box 1 in granulosa cells during bovine follicle maturation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3447-3462. [PMID: 31544976 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are present in the ovaries and reproductive tract of various mammals. The biological function of TLR during ovulation is one of the main contents in the research of reproductive immunology. In this study, we found that messenger RNA levels of TLR1-TLR10 in granulosa cells were different, and TLRs and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in granulosa cells of large follicles were significantly higher than those of small and middle follicles. Coimmunoprecipitation results showed that HMGB1 interacts with TLR2 in granulosa cells, especially large follicles. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that TLRs and HMGB1 were present in granulosa cell layer of ovarian follicles. We also found 25 mIU/ml follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) significantly upregulated the expression of TLRs and HMGB1. These results suggest that TLR2/4 and HMGB1 in granulosa cells may be involved in the ovarian innate immune and ovarian follicular maturation, regulated by FSH. However, further research of the function and mechanisms of TLRs and HMGB1 in granulosa cells are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xie
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xurong Wang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuequan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zijing Liang
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Engineering & Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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18
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Abstract
The inflammasome is a multi-molecular platform crucial to the induction of an inflammatory response to cellular danger. Recognition in the cytoplasm of endogenously and exogenously derived ligands initiates conformational change in sensor proteins, such as NLRP3, that permits the subsequent rapid recruitment of adaptor proteins, like ASC, and the resulting assembly of a large-scale inflammatory signalling platform. The assembly process is driven by sensor-sensor interactions as well as sensor-adaptor and adaptor-adaptor interactions. The resulting complex, which can reach diameters of around 1 micron, has a variable composition and stoichiometry. The inflammasome complex functions as a platform for the proximity induced activation of effector caspases, such as caspase-1 and caspase-8. This ultimately leads to the processing of the inflammatory cytokines pro-IL1β and pro-IL18 into their active forms, along with the cleavage of Gasdermin D, a key activator of cell death via pyroptosis.
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19
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Hansen M, Peltier J, Killy B, Amin B, Bodendorfer B, Härtlova A, Uebel S, Bosmann M, Hofmann J, Büttner C, Ekici AB, Kuttke M, Franzyk H, Foged C, Beer-Hammer S, Schabbauer G, Trost M, Lang R. Macrophage Phosphoproteome Analysis Reveals MINCLE-dependent and -independent Mycobacterial Cord Factor Signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:669-685. [PMID: 30635358 PMCID: PMC6442366 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis relies on recognition by macrophages. Mycobacterial cord factor, trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (TDM), is the most abundant cell wall glycolipid and binds to the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) MINCLE. To explore the kinase signaling linking the TDM-MINCLE interaction to gene expression, we employed quantitative phosphoproteome analysis. TDM caused upregulation of 6.7% and suppressed 3.8% of the 14,000 phospho-sites identified on 3727 proteins. MINCLE-dependent phosphorylation was observed for canonical players of CLR signaling (e.g. PLCγ, PKCδ), and was enriched for PKCδ and GSK3 kinase motifs. MINCLE-dependent activation of the PI3K-AKT-GSK3 pathway contributed to inflammatory gene expression and required the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α. Unexpectedly, a substantial fraction of TDM-induced phosphorylation was MINCLE-independent, a finding paralleled by transcriptome data. Bioinformatics analysis of both data sets concurred in the requirement for MINCLE for innate immune response pathways and processes. In contrast, MINCLE-independent phosphorylation and transcriptome responses were linked to cell cycle regulation. Collectively, our global analyses show substantial reprogramming of macrophages by TDM and reveal a dichotomy of MINCLE-dependent and -independent signaling linked to distinct biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Hansen
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Peltier
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Barbara Killy
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bushra Amin
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Bodendorfer
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Sebastian Uebel
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Büttner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Mario Kuttke
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Unversity of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Unversity of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research, University of Tübingen
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Trost
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Roland Lang
- From the ‡Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany;.
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20
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Liberti A, Cannon JP, Litman GW, Dishaw LJ. A Soluble Immune Effector Binds Both Fungi and Bacteria via Separate Functional Domains. Front Immunol 2019; 10:369. [PMID: 30894858 PMCID: PMC6414549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of animals consists of diverse microorganisms that include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Complex interactions occur among these inhabitants, as well as with the immune system of the host, and profoundly influence the overall health of both the host and its microbial symbionts. Despite the enormous importance for the host to regulate its gut microbiome, the extent to which animals generate immune-related molecules with the capacity to directly influence polymicrobial interactions remains unclear. The urochordate, Ciona robusta, is a model organism that has been adapted to experimental studies of host/microbiome interactions. Ciona variable-region containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) are innate immune effectors, composed of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable regions and a chitin-binding domain (CBD) and are expressed in high abundance in the gut. It was previously shown that VCBP-C binds bacteria and influences both phagocytosis by granular amoebocytes and biofilm formation via its Ig domains. We show here that the CBD of VCBP-C independently recognizes chitin molecules present in the cell walls, sporangia (spore-forming bodies), and spores of a diverse set of filamentous fungi isolated from the gut of Ciona. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a secreted Ig-containing immune molecule with the capacity to directly promote transkingdom interactions through simultaneous binding by independent structural domains and could have broad implications in modulating the establishment, succession, and homeostasis of gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John P. Cannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gary W. Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Larry J. Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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21
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Garretti F, Agalliu D, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Sulzer D. Autoimmunity in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of α-Synuclein-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:303. [PMID: 30858851 PMCID: PMC6397885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from a variety of studies implicates a role for the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Similar to multiple sclerosis (MS) patients who display a high number of T cells in the brain attacking oligodendrocytes, PD patients show higher numbers of T cells in the ventral midbrain than healthy, age-matched controls. Mouse models of the disease also show the presence of T cells in the brain. The role of these infiltrating T cells in the propagation of disease is controversial; however, recent studies indicate that they may be autoreactive in nature, recognizing disease-altered self-proteins as foreign antigens. T cells of PD patients can generate an autoimmune response to α-synuclein, a protein that is aggregated in PD. α-Synuclein and other proteins are post-translationally modified in an environment in which protein processing is altered, possibly leading to the generation of neo-epitopes, or self-peptides that have not been identified by the host immune system as non-foreign. Infiltrating T cells may also be responding to such modified proteins. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown associations of PD with haplotypes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes, and a polymorphism in a non-coding region that may increase MHC class II in PD patients. We speculate that the inflammation observed in PD may play both pathogenic and protective roles. Future studies on the adaptive immune system in neurodegenerative disorders may elucidate steps in disease pathogenesis and assist with the development of both biomarkers and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Garretti
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Jiang X, Bao H, Merzendorfer H, Yang Q. Immune Responses of Mammals and Plants to Chitin-Containing Pathogens. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:61-81. [PMID: 31102242 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin-containing organisms, such as fungi and arthropods, use chitin as a structural component to protect themselves from harsh environmental conditions. Hosts such as mammals and plants, however, sense chitin to initiate innate and adaptive immunity and exclude chitin-containing organisms. A number of protein factors are then expressed, and several signaling pathways are triggered. In this chapter, we focus on the responses and signal transduction pathways that are activated in mammals and plants upon invasion by chitin-containing organisms. As host chitinases play important roles in the glycolytic processing of chitin, which is then recognized by pattern-recognition receptors, we also pay special attention to the chitinases that are involved in immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Han Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Chemistry and Biology - Molecular Biology, University of Siegen, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023, China. .,State Laboratory of Biology for Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection at Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
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23
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Picomolar concentrations of oligomeric alpha-synuclein sensitizes TLR4 to play an initiating role in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:103-120. [PMID: 30225556 PMCID: PMC6338693 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of genomic and transcriptomic data in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the initial molecular events are unknown. Using LD score regression analysis, we show significant enrichment in PD heritability within regulatory sites for LPS-activated monocytes and that TLR4 expression is highest within human substantia nigra, the most affected brain region, suggesting a role for TLR4 inflammatory responses. We then performed extended incubation of cells with physiological concentrations of small alpha-synuclein oligomers observing the development of a TLR4-dependent sensitized inflammatory response with time, including TNF-α production. ROS and cell death in primary neuronal cultures were significantly reduced by TLR4 antagonists revealing that an indirect inflammatory mechanism involving cytokines produced by glial cells makes a major contribution to neuronal death. Prolonged exposure to low levels of alpha-synuclein oligomers sensitizes TLR4 responsiveness in astrocytes and microglial, explaining how they become pro-inflammatory, and may be an early causative event in PD.
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24
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Maharana J, Panda D, De S. Deciphering the ATP-binding mechanism(s) in NLRP-NACHT 3D models using structural bioinformatics approaches. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209420. [PMID: 30571723 PMCID: PMC6301626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), the first line of defense, are the cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that regulate the inflammatory activity in response to invading pathogens. NLRs are the members of AAA+ ATPase superfamily that comprises of N-terminal EBD(s), a centrally positioned NOD/NACHT and varying range of LRRs towards the C-terminal end. Due to the lack of structural data, the functional aspects of NLRP-signaling mechanism, which includes pathogen recognition, nucleotide-binding, and sensor-adaptor-effector interactions, are not fully understood. In this study, we implemented structural bioinformatics approaches including protein modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to explore the structural-dynamic features of ADP-/ATP-Mg2+ binding in NLRPNACHT models. Our results indicate a similar mode of ATP-Mg2+ binding in all NLRPNACHT models and the interacting residues are found consistent with reported mutagenesis data. Accompanied by the key amino acids (proposed to be crucial for ATP-Mg2+ coordination), we further have noticed that some additional conserved residues (including 'Trp' of the PhhCW motif, and 'Phe' and 'Tyr' of the GFxxxxRxxYF motif) are potentially interacting with ATP during dynamics; which require further experimentation for legitimacy. Overall, this study will help in understanding the ADP-/ATP-Mg2+ binding mechanisms in NLRPs in a broader perspective and the proposed ATP-binding pocket will aid in designing novel inhibitors for the regulation of inflammasome activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (JM); (SD)
| | - Debashis Panda
- Distributed Information Centre (DIC), Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Genomics Lab., Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- * E-mail: (JM); (SD)
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25
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Soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) enhances poly(I:C)-induced RIPK1-mediated necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1084. [PMID: 30349023 PMCID: PMC6197222 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) sensitize for poly(I:C)-induced cell death. Notably, although CHX preferentially enhanced poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis, TWEAK enhanced primarily poly(I:C)-induced necroptosis. Both sensitizers of poly(I:C)-induced cell death, however, showed no major effect on proinflammatory poly(I:C) signaling. Analysis of a panel of HeLa-RIPK3 variants lacking TRADD, RIPK1, FADD, or caspase-8 expression revealed furthermore similarities and differences in the way how poly(I:C)/TWEAK, TNF, and TRAIL utilize these molecules for signaling. RIPK1 turned out to be essential for poly(I:C)/TWEAK-induced caspase-8-mediated apoptosis but was dispensable for this response in TNF and TRAIL signaling. TRADD-RIPK1-double deficiency differentially affected poly(I:C)-triggered gene induction but abrogated gene induction by TNF completely. FADD deficiency abrogated TRAIL- but not TNF- and poly(I:C)-induced necroptosis, whereas TRADD elicited protective activity against all three death inducers. A general protective activity against poly(I:C)-, TRAIL-, and TNF-induced cell death was also observed in FLIPL and FLIPS transfectrants.
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26
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Suzuki JI, Kodera Y, Miki S, Ushijima M, Takashima M, Matsutomo T, Morihara N. Anti-inflammatory action of cysteine derivative S-1-propenylcysteine by inducing MyD88 degradation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14148. [PMID: 30237533 PMCID: PMC6148218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of target proteins by small molecules utilizing the cellular proteolytic system is featured as a treatment strategy of several diseases. We found that S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) among several cysteine derivatives in aged garlic extract inhibited TLR-mediated IL-6 production by inducing the degradation of adaptor protein MyD88. We showed that S1PC directly denatured MyD88 and induced the formation of protein aggregates. Consequently, MyD88 was degraded by aggresome-autophagy pathway. On the other hand, S-allylcysteine, a structural analog of S1PC, failed to induce the degradation of MyD88 because of its inability to denature MyD88 although it also activated autophagy. Our findings suggest that S1PC induces MyD88 degradation through the denaturation of MyD88 and the activation of autophagy. Thus, S1PC may serve as the base to develop a therapeutic means for immune diseases associated with aberrant TLR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Kodera
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satomi Miki
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Ushijima
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Takashima
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Matsutomo
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Central research laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Over the last decade, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health worldwide and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this context, investigations into host-pathogen interactions represent an important and promising field of research. Antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are strategically located at the frontline of defence against potential invaders. Importantly, these cells express germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved entities from pathogens and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, we review the latest findings regarding the biology and functions of the different classes of PRRs involved in pathogenic fungal recognition. We also discuss recent literature on PRR collaboration/crosstalk and the mechanisms involved in inhibiting/regulating PRR signalling. Finally, we discuss how the accumulated knowledge on PRR biology, especially Dectin-1, has been used for the design of new immunotherapies against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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28
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Chen N, Xia P, Li S, Zhang T, Wang TT, Zhu J. RNA sensors of the innate immune system and their detection of pathogens. IUBMB Life 2017; 69:297-304. [PMID: 28374903 PMCID: PMC7165898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system plays a critical role in pathogen recognition and initiation of protective immune response through the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Nucleic acids including RNA and DNA have been recognized as very important PAMPs of pathogens especially for viruses. RNA are the major PAMPs of RNA viruses, to which most severe disease causing viruses belong thus posing a tougher challenge to human and animal health. Therefore, the understanding of the immune biology of RNA PRRs is critical for control of pathogen infections especially for RNA virus infections. RNA PRRs are comprised of TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, RIG-I, MDA5, NLRP3, NOD2, and some other minorities. This review introduces these RNA PRRs by describing the cellular localizations, ligand recognitions, activation mechanisms, cell signaling pathways, and recognition of pathogens; the cross-talks between various RNA PRRs are also reviewed. The deep insights of these RNA PRRs can be utilized to improve anti-viral immune response. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):297-304, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony T Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Harrisonburg, VA, 22802
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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29
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Maharana J, Vats A, Gautam S, Nayak BP, Kumar S, Sendha J, De S. POP1 might be recruiting its type-Ia interface for NLRP3-mediated PYD-PYD interaction: Insights from MD simulation. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [PMID: 28370480 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein caspase-activating complexes that enhance the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-18) in response to the invading pathogen and/or host-derived cellular stress. These are assembled by the sensory proteins (viz NLRC4, NLRP1, NLRP3, and AIM-2), adaptor protein (ASC), and effector molecule procaspase-1. In NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation, ASC acts as a mediator between NLRP3 and procaspase-1 for the transmission of signals. A series of homotypic protein-protein interactions (NLRP3PYD :ASCPYD and ASCCARD :CASP1CARD ) propagates the downstream signaling for the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Pyrin-only protein 1 (POP1) is known to act as the regulator of inflammasome. It modulates the ASC-mediated inflammasome assembly by interacting with pyrin domain (PYD) of ASC. However, despite similar electrostatic surface potential, the interaction of POP1 with NLRP3PYD is obscured till date. Herein, to explore the possible PYD-PYD interactions between NLRP3PYD and POP1, a combined approach of protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation was adapted. The current study revealed that POP1's type-Ia interface and type-Ib interface of NLRP3PYD might be crucial for 1:1 PYD-PYD interaction. In addition to type-I mode of interaction, we also observed type-II and type-III interaction modes in two different dynamically stable heterotrimeric complexes (POP1-NLRP3-NLRP3 and POP1-NLRP3-POP1). The inter-residual/atomic distance calculation exposed several critical residues that possibly govern the said interaction, which need further investigation. Overall, the findings of this study will shed new light on hitherto concealed molecular mechanisms underlying NLRP3-mediated inflammasome, which will have strong future therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, -751003, Odisha, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 751003, Haryana, India
| | - Santwana Gautam
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, -751003, Odisha, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Nayak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, -751003, Odisha, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 751003, Haryana, India
| | - Jasobanta Sendha
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, -751003, Odisha, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Genomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 751003, Haryana, India
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30
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The Correlation of CD206, CD209, and Disease Severity in Behçet's Disease with Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7539529. [PMID: 28377641 PMCID: PMC5362722 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7539529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of pattern recognition receptors in Behçet's disease (BD). The frequencies of several pattern recognition receptors (CD11b, CD11c, CD32, CD206, CD209, and dectin-1) were analyzed in patients with BD by flow cytometry, and cytokine levels, interleukin- (IL-) 18, IL-23, and IL-17A, were compared in plasma. The analysis was performed in active (n = 13) and inactive (n = 13) stages of BD patients. Rheumatoid arthritis patients (n = 19), as a disease control, and healthy control (HC) (n = 19) were enrolled. The frequencies of CD11b+ and CD32+ cells were significantly increased in active BD patients compared to HC. Disease severity score was correlated to CD11c+, CD206+, and CD209+ in whole leukocytes and CD11b+, CD11c+, CD206+, CD209+, and Dectin-1+ in granulocytes. The plasma levels of IL-17A were significantly different between HC and active BD. IL-18 showed significant difference between active and inactive BD patients. From this study, we concluded the expressions of several pattern recognition receptors were correlated to the joint symptoms of BD.
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31
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Maharana J, Pradhan SK, De S. NOD1CARD Might Be Using Multiple Interfaces for RIP2-Mediated CARD-CARD Interaction: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170232. [PMID: 28114344 PMCID: PMC5256935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-containing protein 1 (NOD1) plays the pivotal role in host-pathogen interface of innate immunity and triggers immune signalling pathways for the maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Upon the recognition of iE-DAP, NOD1 self-oligomerizes in an ATP-dependent fashion and interacts with adaptor molecule receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) for the propagation of innate immune signalling and initiation of pro-inflammatory immune responses. This interaction (mediated by NOD1 and RIP2) helps in transmitting the downstream signals for the activation of NF-κB signalling pathway, and has been arbitrated by respective caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs). The so-called CARD-CARD interaction still remained contradictory due to inconsistent results. Henceforth, to understand the mode and the nature of the interaction, structural bioinformatics approaches were employed. MD simulation of modelled 1:1 heterodimeric complexes revealed that the type-Ia interface of NOD1CARD and the type-Ib interface of RIP2CARD might be the suitable interfaces for the said interaction. Moreover, we perceived three dynamically stable heterotrimeric complexes with an NOD1:RIP2 ratio of 1:2 (two numbers) and 2:1. Out of which, in the first trimeric complex, a type-I NOD1-RIP2 heterodimer was found interacting with an RIP2CARD using their type-IIa and IIIa interfaces. However, in the second and third heterotrimer, we observed type-I homodimers of NOD1 and RIP2 CARDs were interacting individually with RIP2CARD and NOD1CARD (in type-II and type-III interface), respectively. Overall, this study provides structural and dynamic insights into the NOD1-RIP2 oligomer formation, which will be crucial in understanding the molecular basis of NOD1-mediated CARD-CARD interaction in higher and lower eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Maharana
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail: (JM); (SD)
| | - Sukanta Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Genomics Lab., Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
- * E-mail: (JM); (SD)
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32
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Kim HA, Choi B, Suh CH, Han MH, Jung JY, Sayeed HM, Kim YW, Sohn S. Highly Expression of CD11b and CD32 on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with Adult-Onset Still's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010202. [PMID: 28106835 PMCID: PMC5297832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the potential role of several pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs; CD11b, CD11c, CD32, CD206, CD209, and dectin-1) in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). METHODS The study included 13 untreated AOSD patients, 19 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients (as a disease control), and 19 healthy controls (HCs). The PRRs were quantified in peripheral blood using flow cytometry. The serum levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-18, and IL-23 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Significantly higher mean frequencies of cells presenting CD11b and CD32 from whole blood were observed in patients with AOSD than in patients with RA or HC. The levels of IL-17, IL-18, and IL-23 were elevated in AOSD patients compared to HCs. CD11b frequencies from whole cells correlated with systemic scores, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, aspartate transaminase levels, interleukin-23 (IL-23) levels, and IL-18. Frequencies of CD209 from granulocytes were significantly correlated with systemic scores, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and levels of C-reactive protein, ferritin, LDH, IL-23, and interleukin-18 (IL-18). CONCLUSIONS Elevated frequencies of circulating CD11b-positive cells and positive correlations with disease activity markers suggest that circulating CD11b-positive cells contribute to the pathogenesis of AOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Bunsoon Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Mi Hwa Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Hasan M Sayeed
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Ye Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
| | - Seonghyang Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-380, Korea.
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33
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Structural basis for the recognition and degradation of host TRIM proteins by Salmonella effector SopA. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14004. [PMID: 28084320 PMCID: PMC5241803 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of Salmonella Typhimurium infection is an acute intestinal inflammatory response, which is mediated through the action of secreted bacterial effector proteins. The pro-inflammatory Salmonella effector SopA is a HECT-like E3 ligase, which was previously proposed to activate host RING ligases TRIM56 and TRIM65. Here we elucidate an inhibitory mechanism of TRIM56 and TRIM65 targeting by SopA. We present the crystal structure of SopA in complex with the RING domain of human TRIM56, revealing the atomic details of their interaction and the basis for SopA selectivity towards TRIM56 and TRIM65. Structure-guided biochemical analysis shows that SopA inhibits TRIM56 E3 ligase activity by occluding the E2-interacting surface of TRIM56. We further demonstrate that SopA ubiquitinates TRIM56 and TRIM65, resulting in their proteasomal degradation during infection. Our results provide the basis for how a bacterial HECT ligase blocks host RING ligases and exemplifies the multivalent power of bacterial effectors during infection.
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34
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Trowsdale J. Host response: Sensing microbial sabotage. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16071. [PMID: 27572843 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Trowsdale
- Pathology Department, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB21QP, UK
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35
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Tiligada E, Ishii M, Riccardi C, Spedding M, Simon HU, Teixeira MM, Landys Chovel Cuervo M, Holgate ST, Levi-Schaffer F. The expanding role of immunopharmacology: IUPHAR Review 16. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4217-27. [PMID: 26173913 PMCID: PMC4556463 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting the immune system such as corticosteroids, antihistamines and immunosuppressants have been widely exploited in the treatment of inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune disorders during the second half of the 20th century. The recent advances in immunopharmacological research have made available new classes of clinically relevant drugs. These comprise protein kinase inhibitors and biologics, such as monoclonal antibodies, that selectively modulate the immune response not only in cancer and autoimmunity but also in a number of other human pathologies. Likewise, more effective vaccines utilizing novel antigens and adjuvants are valuable tools for the prevention of transmissible infectious diseases and for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Consequently, immunopharmacology is presently considered as one of the expanding fields of pharmacology. Immunopharmacology addresses the selective regulation of immune responses and aims to uncover and exploit beneficial therapeutic options for typical and non-typical immune system-driven unmet clinical needs. While in the near future a number of new agents will be introduced, improving the effectiveness and safety of those currently in use is imperative for all researchers and clinicians working in the fields of immunology, pharmacology and drug discovery. The newly formed ImmuPhar (http://iuphar.us/index.php/sections-subcoms/immunopharmacology) is the Immunopharmacology Section of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR, http://iuphar.us/). ImmuPhar provides a unique international expert-lead platform that aims to dissect and promote the growing understanding of immune (patho)physiology. Moreover, it challenges the identification and validation of drug targets and lead candidates for the treatment of many forms of debilitating disorders, including, among others, cancer, allergies, autoimmune and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of AthensAthens, Greece
- Allergy Unit ‘D. Kalogeromitros’, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, ‘Attikon’ General University Hospital, Medical School, University of AthensAthens, Greece
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | | | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of BernBern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
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