1
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Komatsu T, Uejima R, Sakamoto H. Investigation of a self-powered biosensor using a brush-based triboelectric nanogenerator and an enzymatic reaction. Bioelectrochemistry 2025; 163:108878. [PMID: 39657430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable devices have undergone remarkable developments. These can easily help us obtain useful information such as that related to our health. However, most devices require a power supply. This limits the utilization of portability and facilities. This can lead to dangerous situations for people who require immediate measurement of their condition. Therefore, novel wearable devices that do not need a power supply or generate power themselves are desirable. Therefore, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) have attracted considerable attention as renewable energy sources. In this study, we focused on using the TENG technique in wearable devices, particularly biosensors. An enzyme-modified TENG biosensor for glucose detection was constructed and evaluated. As a characteristic of our glucose biosensor, a fiber brush made nylon and fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer fibers was used to drive the TENG. Using chemical fibers, glucose can be detected from various contact directions. Glucose was detected sensitively by modifying the TENG with glucose oxidase (GOx) and polyaniline (PANI) that is an emeraldine base. The resulting biosensor showed better substrate specificity for glucose than for lactic acid. Overall, the proposed enzyme-modified B-TENG can be utilized as a wearable biosensor in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Komatsu
- Tsuchiya TSCO Co., Ltd., Technical Department, Chiryu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rino Uejima
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakamoto
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Bunkyo, Fukui, Japan.
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2
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Kong X, Wen W, Guan Y, Lin Z, Zheng J, Xie B, Li S, Xue J, Hu Q. Advances in Machine Learning-Driven Flexible Strain Sensors: Challenges, Innovations, and Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025. [PMID: 40418062 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c06453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have garnered significant attention due to their high sensitivity, rapid response, and flexibility. Recent innovations, particularly those incorporating machine learning, have significantly enhanced their stability, sensitivity, and adaptability, positioning these sensors as promising solutions in health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and smart home applications. However, challenges remain in optimizing sensor materials for enhanced responsiveness, durability, and stability. Moreover, the development of machine learning-based strain sensors faces obstacles, including algorithmic limitations, low noise tolerance in complex environments, and limited model interpretability. This review systematically evaluates the latest advancements in flexible strain sensors, emphasizing the critical role of machine learning in performance enhancement. It further explores the shift from traditional machine learning methods to deep learning approaches, elucidating the potential applications that these algorithms facilitate. Finally, we discuss future research trajectories, highlighting both opportunities and challenges that may guide the next wave of innovations in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzeng Kong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wangxiao Wen
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yujie Guan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Junwei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Banghao Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jinxia Xue
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qichang Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Sensor Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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3
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Elhassan MM, Mahmoud AM, Hegazy MA, Mowaka S, Bell JG. New trends in potentiometric sensors: From design to clinical and biomedical applications. Talanta 2025; 287:127623. [PMID: 39893726 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
Potentiometry, a well-established electrochemical technique, provides a powerful and versatile method for the sensitive and selective measurement of a variety of analytes by measuring the potential difference between two electrodes, allowing for a direct and rapid readout of ion concentrations. This makes it a valuable tool in a variety of applications including industry, agriculture, forensics, medical, environmental assessment, and pharmaceutical drug analysis, therefore it has received significant attention from the scientific community. Their broad implementation in sensing applications arises through their many benefits, including ease of design, fabrication, and modification; rapid response time; high selectivity; suitability for use with colored and/or turbid solutions; and potential for integration into embedded systems interfaces. Owing to these advantages and diverse applicability, sustained research and development in the field has resulted in the emergence of several notable trends in the field. 3D printing is the most recent technique used in potentiometry which offers many benefits such as improved flexibility and precision in the manufacturing of ion-selective electrodes and rapid prototyping decreases the time needed during optimization of important electrochemical parameters. Additionally, paper-based sensors are cost-effective and versatile platforms for in-field (point-of-care, POC) analysis, permitting rapid determination of a variety of analytes. One of the most interesting applications of potentiometry are wearable sensors which allow for the continuous monitoring of biomarkers, electrolytes and even pharmaceuticals, especially those with a narrow therapeutic index. Herein this review, we discuss several recent trends in potentiometric sensors since 2010, including 3D printing, paper-based devices, and other emerging techniques and the translation of potentiometric systems to wearable devices for the determination of ionic species or pharmaceuticals in biological fluids paving the way to various clinical and biomedical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M Elhassan
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, 11837, Egypt
| | - Amr M Mahmoud
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Maha A Hegazy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Mowaka
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk City, 11837, Egypt; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jeffrey G Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA.
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4
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Farahmandpour M, Kordrostami Z. Wearable MXene-enhanced organic Bio-FET paper patch for glucose detection in sweat with pH and temperature calibration. Sci Rep 2025; 15:16219. [PMID: 40346101 PMCID: PMC12064736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-00533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/11/2025] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes the design of organic Bio-FET sensors using paper as a substrate. Three different wearable biosensors have been engineered for the non-invasive monitoring of sweat biomarkers. The proposed sensors, which have a field-effect transistor (FET) structure, contribute to an array that is flexible, bendable, affordable, disposable, and biocompatible. The approach of drawing Organic FETs (OFETs) on paper using a paintbrush could successfully make cost-effective sweat biochemical sensors (glucose and pH Sensors) and biophysical sensors (temperature-sensor) which are versatile and sensors for real-time health monitoring. PDMS, PEDOT: PSS, and sensitive materials have been used as the oxide layer, source/drain electrodes, and the FET channel, respectively. The wearable glucose sensor utilizes a composite of copper oxide (CuO), carboxyl-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH), and Ti₃C₂ MXene (Ti₃C₂ MXene/CuO/MWCNT) as the channel material in its FET structure, enhancing its sensitivity and performance. Additionally, Ti3C2 MXene/MWCNT and Ti₃C₂ MXene/rGO/MWCNT composites were employed in the pH and temperature sensors, respectively, to enhance their functionality and performance. The proposed Bio-FETs are fabricated in three different designs: resistive, side-gated and back-gated structures, and their responses are compared and discussed. Continuous health monitoring is achieved through a fully integrated, disposable wireless device that combines glucose, pH, and temperature sensing. The fabricated Bio-FET exhibits high sensitivity and promising reproducibility, stability, and repeatability. To enhance precision, the proposed glucose sensor has been calibrated using real-time temperature and pH measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Farahmandpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zoheir Kordrostami
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran.
- Research Center for Design and Fabrication of Advanced Electronic Devices, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran.
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5
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Papamatthaiou S, Menelaou P, El Achab Oussallam B, Moschou D. Recent advances in bio-microsystem integration and Lab-on-PCB technology. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2025; 11:78. [PMID: 40335457 PMCID: PMC12059025 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-025-00940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
The concept of micro-total analysis systems (µTAS) introduced in the early 1990s revolutionized the development of lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technologies by miniaturizing and automating complex laboratory processes. Despite their potential in diagnostics, drug development, and environmental monitoring, the widespread adoption of LoC systems has been hindered by challenges in scalability, integration, and cost-effective mass production. Traditional substrates like silicon, glass, and polymers struggle to meet the multifunctional requirements of practical applications. Lab-on-Printed Circuit Board (Lab-on-PCB) technology has emerged as a transformative solution, leveraging the cost-efficiency, scalability, and precision of PCB fabrication techniques. This platform facilitates the seamless integration of microfluidics, sensors, and actuators within a single device, enabling complex, multifunctional systems suitable for real-world deployment. Recent advancements have demonstrated Lab-on-PCB's versatility across biomedical applications, such as point-of-care diagnostics, electrochemical biosensing, and molecular detection, as well as drug development and environmental monitoring. This review examines the evolution of Lab-on-PCB technology over the past eight years, focusing on its applications and impact within the research community. By analyzing recent progress in PCB-based microfluidics and biosensing, this work highlights how Lab-on-PCB systems address key technical barriers, paving the way for scalable and practical lab-on-chip solutions. The growing academic and industrial interest in Lab-on-PCB is underscored by a notable increase in publications and patents, signaling its potential for commercialization and broader adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Papamatthaiou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Pavlos Menelaou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Despina Moschou
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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6
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Cheng Z, Wang X, Lv X, Sun J, Chu Z, Zhou J, Dong S. A wearable, ultrasonically-actuated magnetic-dipole rotating resonator for mobile communication in cross-medium environment. Nat Commun 2025; 16:4137. [PMID: 40319027 PMCID: PMC12049418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Traditional MHz and GHz electromagnetic antennas face challenges of high attenuation rate in cross-medium communication; while mechanical antennas are hindered by their large size, high energy consumption and weak radiation capacity. Here, we report a centimeter-scale, wearable ultrasonically-actuated magnetic-dipole rotating resonator (UA-MDRR) for efficient extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic wave transmission in extreme environments. The UA-MDRR employs a small multilayer piezoelectric ceramic (0.11 cm³) to rotate a disc-type NdFeB magnet, generating ELF radiation through an electro-mechanical-magnetic (EMM) coupling effect. This device achieves a high emission capacity of 24,000 nT/cm³@1 m, outperforming the state-of-the-art resonators/antennas by one to two orders of magnitude. It can emit a magnetic field strength of 2.64 pT in air and 2.12 pT underwater at 100 m, respectively, while consuming only 0.61 W of power. This innovation represents a groundbreaking advancement in cross-medium communication, offering a mobile wearable device for emergency communication in seawater for life saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng
- College of Mechatronics, and Control Engineering and Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Wang
- College of Mechatronics, and Control Engineering and Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangmeng Lv
- College of Mechatronics, and Control Engineering and Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianming Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, and College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, and College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxiang Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Liu Y, De Mulatier S, Matsuhisa N. Unperceivable Designs of Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2502727. [PMID: 40317616 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202502727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Revised: 03/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
Wearable smart electronics are taking an increasing part of the consumer electronics market, with applications in advanced healthcare systems, entertainment, and Internet of Things. The advanced development of flexible, stretchable, and breathable electronic materials has paved the way to comfortable and long-term wearables. However, these devices can affect the wearer's appearance and draw attention during use, which may impact the wearer's confidence and social interactions, making them difficult to wear on a daily basis. Apart from comfort, one key condition for user acceptance is that these new technologies seamlessly integrate into our daily lives, remaining unperceivable to others. In this review, strategies to minimize the visual impact of wearable devices and make them more suitable for daily use are discussed. These new devices focus on being unperceivable when worn and comfortable enough that users almost forget their presence, reducing psychological discomfort while maintaining accuracy in signal collection. Materials selection is crucial for developing long-term and unperceivable wearable devices. Recent developments in these unperceivable electronic devices are also covered, including sensors, transistors, and displays, and mechanisms to achieve unperceivability are discussed. Finally, the potential applications are summarized and the remaining challenges and prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538904, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538505, Japan
| | - Séverine De Mulatier
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538904, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538505, Japan
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538904, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1538505, Japan
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8
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Mondal I, Haick H. Smart Dust for Chemical Mapping. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2419052. [PMID: 40130762 PMCID: PMC12075923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
This review article explores the transformative potential of smart dust systems by examining how existing chemical sensing technologies can be adapted and advanced to realize their full capabilities. Smart dust, characterized by submillimeter-scale autonomous sensing platforms, offers unparalleled opportunities for real-time, spatiotemporal chemical mapping across diverse environments. This article introduces the technological advancements underpinning these systems, critically evaluates current limitations, and outlines new avenues for development. Key challenges, including multi-compound detection, system control, environmental impact, and cost, are discussed alongside potential solutions. By leveraging innovations in miniaturization, wireless communication, AI-driven data analysis, and sustainable materials, this review highlights the promise of smart dust to address critical challenges in environmental monitoring, healthcare, agriculture, and defense sectors. Through this lens, the article provides a strategic roadmap for advancing smart dust from concept to practical application, emphasizing its role in transforming the understanding and management of complex chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
- Life Science Technology (LiST) GroupDanube Private UniversityFakultät Medizin/Zahnmedizin, Steiner Landstraße 124
, Krems‐SteinÖSTERREICH3500Austria
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9
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Lee YS, Shin S, Kang GR, Lee S, Kim DW, Park S, Cho Y, Lim D, Jeon SH, Cho SY, Pang C. Spatiotemporal molecular tracing of ultralow-volume biofluids via a soft skin-adaptive optical monolithic patch sensor. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3272. [PMID: 40188097 PMCID: PMC11972314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/07/2025] Open
Abstract
Molecular tracing of extremely low amounts of biofluids is vital for precise diagnostic analysis. Although optical nanosensors for real-time spatiotemporal molecular tracing exist, integrating them into simple devices that capture low-volume fluids on rough, dynamic surfaces remains challenging. We present a bioinspired 3D microstructured patch monolithically integrated with optical nanosensors (3D MIN) for real-time, multivariate molecular tracing of ultralow-volume fluids. Inspired by tree frog toe pads, the 3D MIN features soft, hexagonally aligned pillars and microchannels for conformal adhesion and targeted fluid management. Embedding near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube nanosensors in a hydrogel enables simultaneous fluid capture and detection. Softening the elastomer microarchitecture and optimizing water management promote stable adhesion on wet biosurfaces, allowing rapid collection of ultralow-volume fluids (~0.1 µL/min·cm²). We demonstrate real-time, remote sweat analysis with ≥75 nL volumes collected in 45 s, without exercise or iontophoresis, showcasing high biocompatibility and efficient spatiotemporal molecular tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Soo Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Ro Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyeon Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Wan Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongcheol Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwook Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Jeon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Meta-Touch, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Republic of Korea.
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Xu G, Wang H, Zhao G, Fu J, Yao K, Jia S, Shi R, Huang X, Wu P, Li J, Zhang B, Yiu CK, Zhou Z, Chen C, Li X, Peng Z, Zi Y, Zheng Z, Yu X. Self-powered electrotactile textile haptic glove for enhanced human-machine interface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eadt0318. [PMID: 40117358 PMCID: PMC11927614 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adt0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025]
Abstract
Human-machine interface (HMI) plays an important role in various fields, where haptic technologies provide crucial tactile feedback that greatly enhances user experience, especially in virtual reality/augmented reality, prosthetic control, and therapeutic applications. Through tactile feedback, users can interact with devices in a more realistic way, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of the experience. However, existing haptic devices are often bulky due to cumbersome instruments and power modules, limiting comfort and portability. Here, we introduce a concept of wearable haptic technology: a thin, soft, self-powered electrotactile textile haptic (SPETH) glove that uses the triboelectric effect and gas breakdown discharge for localized electrical stimulation. Daily hand movements generate sufficient mechanical energy to power the SPETH glove. Its features-softness, lightweight, self-sustainability, portability, and affordability-enable it to provide tactile feedback anytime and anywhere without external equipment. This makes the SPETH glove an enhanced, battery-free HMI suitable for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guangyao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingjing Fu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kuanming Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shengxin Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xingcan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihao Zhou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yunlong Zi
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Thrust of Sustainable Energy and Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518048, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems (RI-IWEAR), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy (RI-RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Center for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Digital Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China
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11
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Wang M, Jia L, Jia X, Li H, Feng X. Flexible circuit-free system via passive modulated ultrasound for wireless thoracic pressure monitoring. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eads5634. [PMID: 39970205 PMCID: PMC11837986 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ads5634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
Implantable medical devices (IMDs) provide effective medical solutions for diverse health care applications. Electrical circuits are crucial for implantable devices due to the requirement of intended functions, such as communication with external devices. Circuits have several risks, such as biocompatibility issues, power limitations, or size constraints. In this work, we propose a passive modulated ultrasound (PMU) principle for IMDs and develop a circuit-free ultrasonic system (CUS) for thoracic pressure monitoring. The PMU principle can passively modulate monitored physiological signals into ultrasound pulses without using electrical circuits or power supply. The size of the developed CUS is only 2.5 millimeters in radius and 850 micrometers in height. Animal experiments demonstrated that the CUS, with a high sensitivity (-22.96 millivolts per kilopascal), can monitor thoracic pressure to assist in diagnosing different heart diseases, including cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction. The PMU provides a human-friendly wireless sensing and communication strategy for IMDs, which promotes advancements in health care applications within the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyao Wang
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haicheng Li
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Liu T, Mao Y, Dou H, Zhang W, Yang J, Wu P, Li D, Mu X. Emerging Wearable Acoustic Sensing Technologies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025; 12:e2408653. [PMID: 39749384 PMCID: PMC11809411 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202408653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Sound signals not only serve as the primary communication medium but also find application in fields such as medical diagnosis and fault detection. With public healthcare resources increasingly under pressure, and challenges faced by disabled individuals on a daily basis, solutions that facilitate low-cost private healthcare hold considerable promise. Acoustic methods have been widely studied because of their lower technical complexity compared to other medical solutions, as well as the high safety threshold of the human body to acoustic energy. Furthermore, with the recent development of artificial intelligence technology applied to speech recognition, speech recognition devices, and systems capable of assisting disabled individuals in interacting with scenes are constantly being updated. This review meticulously summarizes the sensing mechanisms, materials, structural design, and multidisciplinary applications of wearable acoustic devices applied to human health and human-computer interaction. Further, the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches used in flexible acoustic devices in various fields are examined. Finally, the current challenges and a roadmap for future research are analyzed based on existing research progress to achieve more comprehensive and personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Yuchen Mao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Hanjie Dou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Wangyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Jiaqian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Pengfan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
| | - Xiaojing Mu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems of Ministry of EducationInternational R&D Center of Micro‐Nano Systems and New Materials TechnologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400044China
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13
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Hazra V, Saha S, Pati SK, Bhattacharyya S. Light-Triggered Reversible Assembly of Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2414170. [PMID: 39723711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202414170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in stimuli-driven nanoactuators necessitate the discovery of photo-switchable, self-contained semiconductor nanostructures capable of precise mechanical responses. The reversible assembly of 0D Cs3Bi2I9 halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) between stacked and scattered configurations are demonstrated under light and dark, respectively. This sunlight-triggered perpetual flipping of the NPLs, occurring in less than a minute, is associated with a color change between brown and red. The photomechanical response is driven by the formation and cleavage of sulfide linkages at the NPL surface. In the stacked configuration, various stacking modes create moiré superstructures, enhancing the interlayer charge distribution, and increasing the electronic conductivity and optical absorbance. This leads to a decrease in exciton binding energy from 247 meV for scattered NPLs to 162 meV for stacked NPLs, resulting in a 3.5-fold enhancement in dark current for the stacked NPL films. The switchable control over color and electric current is continuously reversible and retraceable, exhibiting a minor memory effect observed during extended cycling. The self-flipping NPL nanoactuators demonstrate reversible mechanical responses, with topographical oscillations ranging from 14 nm in scattered NPLs to 50 nm in the vertically stacked configuration. This seamless reversible nano-assembly with color interchangeability offers numerous possibilities for nanorobotics, nanoscale switches, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwadeepa Hazra
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sougata Saha
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Swapan K Pati
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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14
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Yang X, Huang T, Gao C, Wu P, Hu Z, Wu L, Jia H, Li Q, Li Q, Wang C, Zhao RC, Cao R. Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Films Integrated with Wavy Structured Design for Wearable Bioelectronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2409587. [PMID: 39865799 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202409587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Revised: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 01/28/2025]
Abstract
The integration of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) with flexible electronic technologies offers a promising strategy for monitoring detailed health information, owing to their inherent porosity, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable catalytic capabilities. However, their application in wearable and real-time health monitoring remains largely unexplored, primarily due to the mechanical mismatch between the traditionally fragile HOFs particles and the softness of human skin. Herein, this study demonstrates an epidermal biosensor that maintains reliable sensing capability even under extreme deformation and complex environmental conditions by integrating HOFs films with wavy bioelectrodes. This wearable biosensor demonstrates ultrasensitive detection capabilities, with a limit of detection of 49.64 nM, and accurately measures nutritional content in sweat while conforming to curved skin surfaces. The sensor's performance is comparable to those obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). More strikingly, scratched HOFs films can be regenerated through a simple solvent rinsing process, enabling their reuse in the fabrication of new biosensors and offering a significant advantage over conventional sensing materials. This work has the potential to inspire the development of more flexible electronic devices, leveraging the structural adaptability and diversity of HOFs for personalized healthcare applications and real-time health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry. Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Chang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Peiru Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Rong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry. Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
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15
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Zeng Q, Shi G, Tang J, Zhang M. Adaptive Phase-Locked E-Skin for Sports Physiology and Medicine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2025; 21:e2407143. [PMID: 39692184 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202407143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 12/11/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of creating materials that replicate the flexibility, stability, and advanced perceptual capabilities of human skin, attributes honed through natural evolution, represents a long-term objective in pioneering fields such as electronic skin (e-skin) research. However, conventional e-skin often struggles with stability and functionality in harsh sports environments, resulting in the degradation of the intimate interface over time. Inspired by the innate biphasic structure of human subcutaneous tissue, an adaptive phase-locked e-skin (APLE) is presented, designed to seamlessly conform to dynamic sports environments, offering robust applications in sports physiology and medical contexts without malfunctioning. The APLE allows one to laminate onto the skin with consistent homeostasis, providing a foundation for advancing data-driven sports physiology and creating personalized sports plans. Additionally, APLE offers immediate on-site medical treatment for common sports injuries, including hemostasis and sutureless wound closure. Ultimately, the reported multifunctional e-skin can provide significant value in managing sport-related burdens through digital and people-centered physiology monitoring, along with real-time sport healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, In Situ Devices Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, In Situ Devices Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jing Tang
- The Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, 419 Fangxie Road, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, In Situ Devices Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China
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16
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Liang L, Sheng P, Yao G, Huang Z, Lin Y, Jiang B. Integration of Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System for Self-Powered Sensor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:3656-3664. [PMID: 39757409 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
Flexible thermoelectric generators (FTEGs) can continuously harvest energy from the environment or the human body to supply wearable electronic devices, which should be a clean energy solution and provide an opportunity to satisfy the increasing power consumption of multimodal sensing and data transmission in wearable electronic devices. Here, the 64-pair FTEG was fabricated by introducing the plated through-hole and heterotypic electrode structures to optimize the thermal transport, showing the largely improved output power of 4.1 mW and record-high power density of 312 μW cm-2 at a given ambient temperature of 15 °C inside a measurement equipment. And a high power density of 79.8 μW cm-2 was also obtained in a FTEG worn on the wrist during working at a relative high atmosphere temperature of 16.5 °C. In addition, an intelligent real-time healthcare system is designed to continuously track various physiological parameters and transmit the processed data to a smart terminal, whose power consumption was around 0.1 mW can be solely supplied by body heat even at the static state of the human body. Overall, this work provides a viable method to increase the power density of FTEG and a global optimization scheme for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Liang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Pan Sheng
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zhenlong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Binbin Jiang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
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17
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Guan K, Wei R, Chen D, Jiang K, Kong X, Hua Q, Shen G. Power-Sustainable and Portable Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Complex Outdoor Environment Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:3644-3655. [PMID: 39748501 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Abstract
Portable sensor technologies are indispensable in personalized healthcare and environmental monitoring as they enable the continuous tracking of key analytes. Human sweat contains valuable physiological information, and previously developed noninvasive sweat-based sensors have effectively monitored single or multiple biomarkers. By successfully detecting biochemicals in sweat, portable sensors could also significantly broaden their application scope, encompassing non-biological fluids commonly encountered in daily life, such as mineral water. However, developing a portable electrochemical sensing system with sustainable power remains a challenge for real-time, on-site analysis in complex outdoor applications. Here, we present a power-sustainable and portable electrochemical sensing platform, composed of multiple electrochemical sensors, a multichannel data acquisition circuit, a microfluidic module, and a power supply module, that is designed to conform onto the human body for daily use. The device enables simultaneous and selective measurement of Na+, K+, and pH levels in sweat and outdoor environments wirelessly. Additionally, we utilize a dual power supply module composed of a lithium-ion battery and a solar cell, offering a sustainable power supply for various application scenarios. Looking forward, this novel platform can serve as a bridge between monitoring biological fluids and detecting nonbiological fluids in complex outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdi Guan
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruilai Wei
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Faculty of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese PLA and Key Laboratory of Digital Hepetobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangpeng Kong
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qilin Hua
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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18
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Kim MS, Almuslem AS, Babatain W, Bahabry RR, Das UK, El-Atab N, Ghoneim M, Hussain AM, Kutbee AT, Nassar J, Qaiser N, Rojas JP, Shaikh SF, Torres Sevilla GA, Hussain MM. Beyond Flexible: Unveiling the Next Era of Flexible Electronic Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406424. [PMID: 39390819 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics are integral in numerous domains such as wearables, healthcare, physiological monitoring, human-machine interface, and environmental sensing, owing to their inherent flexibility, stretchability, lightweight construction, and low profile. These systems seamlessly conform to curvilinear surfaces, including skin, organs, plants, robots, and marine species, facilitating optimal contact. This capability enables flexible electronic systems to enhance or even supplant the utilization of cumbersome instrumentation across a broad range of monitoring and actuation tasks. Consequently, significant progress has been realized in the development of flexible electronic systems. This study begins by examining the key components of standalone flexible electronic systems-sensors, front-end circuitry, data management, power management and actuators. The next section explores different integration strategies for flexible electronic systems as well as their recent advancements. Flexible hybrid electronics, which is currently the most widely used strategy, is first reviewed to assess their characteristics and applications. Subsequently, transformational electronics, which achieves compact and high-density system integration by leveraging heterogeneous integration of bare-die components, is highlighted as the next era of flexible electronic systems. Finally, the study concludes by suggesting future research directions and outlining critical considerations and challenges for developing and miniaturizing fully integrated standalone flexible electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Kim
- mmh Labs (DREAM), Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Amani S Almuslem
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Prince Faisal bin Fahd bin Abdulaziz Street, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedyan Babatain
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rabab R Bahabry
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uttam K Das
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazek El-Atab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ghoneim
- Logic Technology Development Quality and Reliability, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Aftab M Hussain
- International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500 032, India
| | - Arwa T Kutbee
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna Nassar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jhonathan P Rojas
- Electrical Engineering Department & Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Academic Belt Road, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Galo A Torres Sevilla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Electrical Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs (DREAM), Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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19
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Zhang X, Hu L, Zhou K, Zhang L, Zeng X, Shi Y, Cai W, Wu J, Lin Y. Fully Printed and Sweat-Activated Micro-Batteries with Lattice-Match Zn/MoS 2 Anode for Long-Duration Wearables. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2412844. [PMID: 39404810 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202412844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries with superior operational safety have great promise to serve as wearable energy storage devices. However, the poor cycling stability and low output voltage limited their practical applications. Here, fully printable Zn/MoS2-MnO2 micro-batteries are developed and demonstrated significantly enhanced cycling stability with sweat activation. 2D MoS2 is utilized to enable lattice-matching with Zn powders to realize printed Zn anodes with desirable stability and promote electron/ion transfer. Interestingly, the mild acid epidermal sweat also contributed to eliminating the MnO2 cathode by-products and compensating for the hydrogel electrolytes' water loss. The Zn/MoS2-MnO2 micro-batteries achieve a high specific capacity of 318.9 µAh cm-2 at the current density of 0.16 mA cm-2, and an energy density of 424.6 µWh cm-2, with remarkable cycle stability of ≈90% after 250 cycles. In-battery electrochromic display of capacity level and feasible electronics charging are demonstrated. The as-printed micro-batteries with innovative sweat activation would inspire the advances of sustainable power supply for wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Linyu Hu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kemeng Zhou
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Linqing Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaolong Zeng
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuqing Shi
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 99088, China
| | - Weizheng Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiazhen Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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20
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Gao N, Xu G, Chang G, Wu Y. From Lab to Life: Self-Powered Sweat Sensors and Their Future in Personal Health Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2409178. [PMID: 39467262 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202409178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/30/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of wearable sweat sensors has demonstrated their potential for continuous, non-invasive disease diagnosis and health monitoring. Emerging energy harvesters capable of converting various environmental energy sources-biomechanical, thermal, biochemical, and solar-into electrical energy are revolutionizing power solutions for wearable devices. Based on self-powered technology, the integration of the energy harvesters with wearable sweat sensors can drive the device for biosensing, signal processing, and data transmission. As a result, self-powered sweat sensors are able to operate continuously without external power or charging, greatly facilitating the development of wearable electronics and personalized healthcare. This review focuses on the recent advances in self-powered sweat sensors for personalized healthcare, covering sweat sensors, energy harvesters, energy management, and applications. The review begins with the foundations of wearable sweat sensors, providing an overview of their detection methods, materials, and wearable devices. Then, the working mechanism, structure, and a characteristic of different types of energy harvesters are discussed. The features and challenges of different energy harvesters in energy supply and energy management of sweat sensors are emphasized. The review concludes with a look at the future prospects of self-powered sweat sensors, outlining the trajectory of the field and its potential to flourish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Institute of Intelligent Sport and Proactive Health, Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Guodong Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Sport and Proactive Health, Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Gang Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, No.368 Youyi Avenue, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- Institute of Intelligent Sport and Proactive Health, Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
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21
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Cinca-Morros S, Garcia-Rey S, Álvarez-Herms J, Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-Lopez F. A physiological perspective of the relevance of sweat biomarkers and their detection by wearable microfluidic technology: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1327:342988. [PMID: 39266058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The great majority of published microfluidic wearable platforms for sweat sensing focus on the development of the technology to fabricate the device, the integration of sensing materials and actuators and the fluidics of sweat within the device. However, very few papers have discussed the physiological relevance of the metabolites measured using these novel approaches. In fact, some of the analytes present in sweat, which serve as biomarkers in blood, do not show a correlation with blood levels. This discrepancy can be attributed to factors such as contamination during measurements, the metabolism of sweat glands, or challenges in obtaining significant samples. The objective of this review is to present a critical and meaningful insight into the real applicability and potential use of wearable technology for improving health and sport performance. It also discusses the current limitations and future challenges of microfluidics, aiming to provide accurate information about the actual needs in this field. This work is expected to contribute to the future development of more suitable wearable microfluidic technology for health and sports science monitoring, using sweat as the biofluid for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cinca-Morros
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Sandra Garcia-Rey
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain; Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jesús Álvarez-Herms
- Research Group in Sports Genomics, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain; PHYMOlab Research & Exercise Performance, Segovia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
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22
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Chen Y, Xiao H, Fan Q, Tu W, Zhang S, Li X, Hu T. Fully Integrated Biosensing System for Dynamic Monitoring of Sweat Glucose and Real-Time pH Adjustment Based on 3D Graphene MXene Aerogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39365144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of noninvasive glucose sensors capable of continuous monitoring without restricting user mobility is crucial, particularly for managing diabetes, which demands consistent and long-term observation. Traditional sensors often face challenges with accuracy and stability that curtail their practical applications. To address these issues, we have innovatively applied a three-dimensional porous aerogel composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene and reduced graphene oxide (MX-rGO) in electrochemical sensing. It significantly reduces the electron-transfer distance between the enzyme's redox center and the electrode surface while firmly anchoring the enzyme layer to effectively prevent any leakage. Another pivotal advancement in our study is the integration of the sensor with a real-time adaptive calibration mechanism tailored specifically for analyzing sweat glucose. This sensor not only measures glucose levels but also dynamically monitors and adjusts to pH fluctuations in sweat. Such capabilities ensure the precise delivery of physiological data during physical activities, providing strong support for personalized health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Haoyu Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qiaolin Fan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Weilong Tu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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23
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Ren H, Zhang S, Li D, Tang Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Liu G, Li F, Liu L, Huang Q, Xing L, Chen X, Wang J, Zhu B. Wearable and Multiplexed Biosensors based on Oxide Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2400781. [PMID: 38970541 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Wearable sensors designed for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of physicochemical signals are important for portable healthcare. Oxide field-effect transistor (FET)-type biosensors provide high sensitivity and scalability. However, they face challenges in mechanical flexibility, multiplexed sensing of different modules, and the absence of integrated on-site signal processing and wireless transmission functionalities for wearable sensing. In this work, a fully integrated wearable oxide FET-based biosensor array is developed to facilitate the multiplexed and simultaneous measurement of ion concentrations (H+, Na+, K+) and temperature. The FET-sensor array is achieved by utilizing a solution-processed ultrathin (≈6 nm thick) In2O3 active channel layer, exhibiting high compatibility with standard semiconductor technology, good mechanical flexibility, high uniformity, and low operational voltage of 0.005 V. This work provides an effective method to enable oxide FET-based biosensors for the fusion of multiplexed physicochemical information and wearable health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Ren
- School of Materials and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Hangzhou, 311421, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingjie Tang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- School of Materials and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Fanfan Li
- School of Materials and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Hangzhou, 311421, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Hangzhou, 311421, China
| | - Lixiang Xing
- Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Hangzhou, 311421, China
| | - Xiaopeng Chen
- Enovated3D (Hangzhou) Technology Development Co., LTD., Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Westlake Institute for Optoelectronics, Hangzhou, 311421, China
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24
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Li D, Cui T, Xu Z, Xu S, Dong Z, Tao L, Liu H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Designs and Applications for the Multimodal Flexible Hybrid Epidermal Electronic Systems. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0424. [PMID: 39130493 PMCID: PMC11310101 DOI: 10.34133/research.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Research on the flexible hybrid epidermal electronic system (FHEES) has attracted considerable attention due to its potential applications in human-machine interaction and healthcare. Through material and structural innovations, FHEES combines the advantages of traditional stiff electronic devices and flexible electronic technology, enabling it to be worn conformally on the skin while retaining complex system functionality. FHEESs use multimodal sensing to enhance the identification accuracy of the wearer's motion modes, intentions, or health status, thus realizing more comprehensive physiological signal acquisition. However, the heterogeneous integration of soft and stiff components makes balancing comfort and performance in designing and implementing multimodal FHEESs challenging. Herein, multimodal FHEESs are first introduced in 2 types based on their different system structure: all-in-one and assembled, reflecting totally different heterogeneous integration strategies. Characteristics and the key design issues (such as interconnect design, interface strategy, substrate selection, etc.) of the 2 multimodal FHEESs are emphasized. Besides, the applications and advantages of the 2 multimodal FHEESs in recent research have been presented, with a focus on the control and medical fields. Finally, the prospects and challenges of the multimodal FHEES are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zigan Xu
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuoyan Xu
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zirui Dong
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Tao
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Houfang Liu
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist),
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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25
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Lin TH, Su W, Cui Y, Bahr R, Tentzeris MM. Battery-less long-range wireless fluidic sensing system using flexible additive manufacturing ambient energy harvester and microfluidics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17787. [PMID: 39090193 PMCID: PMC11294458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluid sensing has been an important but missing part of the massive Internet-of-Things sensor networks due to challenges including excessive manufacturing time/cost, finite wireless interrogation range, limited immunity to ambient clutter, and excessive required power for autonomous microfluidics operability. Here, we proposed an additive manufacturing flexible system as a solution to those challenges while enabling fluid analysis from controlled labs to virtually everywhere. Energy harvesting provides all required power for the actuation of the micro-pump enabling battery-less liquid sample acquisition. Energy sources including ultra-high-frequency radio frequency identification and hand-held devices like two-way talk radio are harvested simultaneously to support energy requirements for periodic monitoring every 6.6 min and on-demand monitoring within 4.63 s. Backscattering topologies are used to significantly extend the reading range while increasing the immunity to interferences and reducing the cost to the reader. A new additive manufacturing process is proposed to reduce fabrication time and cost while enabling massive scalability of flexible microfluidics. The good flexibility makes the system suitable for working toward future wearable applications. Prototypes of a sweat sensing system are demonstrated and successfully interrogated at 3 m with more than 15 dB signal-to-noise ratio using only a 14 dBm transmitter equivalent isotropic radiated power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Hong Lin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-250, USA.
| | - Wenjing Su
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-250, USA
| | - Yepu Cui
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-250, USA
| | - Ryan Bahr
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-250, USA
| | - Manos M Tentzeris
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332-250, USA
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26
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Promphet N, Thanawattano C, Buekban C, Laochai T, Lormaneenopparat P, Sukmas W, Rattanawaleedirojn P, Puthongkham P, Potiyaraj P, Leewattanakit W, Rodthongkum N. Smartphone based wearable sweat glucose sensing device correlated with machine learning for real-time diabetes screening. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1312:342761. [PMID: 38834276 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a significant health threat, with its prevalence and burden increasing worldwide indicating its challenge for global healthcare management. To decrease the disease severity, the diabetic patients are recommended to regularly check their blood glucose levels. The conventional finger-pricking test possesses some drawbacks, including painfulness and infection risk. Nowadays, smartphone has become a part of our lives offering an important benefit in self-health monitoring. Thus, non-invasive wearable sweat glucose sensor connected with a smartphone readout is of interest for real-time glucose detection. RESULTS Wearable sweat glucose sensing device is fabricated for self-monitoring of diabetes. This device is designed as a body strap consisting of a sensing strip and a portable potentiostat connected with a smartphone readout via Bluetooth. The sensing strip is modified by carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), followed by electrodeposition of Prussian blue. To preserve the activity of glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized on the modified sensing strip, chitosan is coated on the top layer of the electrode strip. Herein, machine learning is implemented to correlate between the electrochemical results and the nanomaterial content along with deposition cycle of prussian blue, which provide the highest current response signal. The optimized regression models provide an insight, establishing a robust framework for design of high-performance glucose sensor. SIGNIFICANCE This wearable glucose sensing device connected with a smartphone readout offers a user-friendly platform for real-time sweat glucose monitoring. This device provides a linear range of 0.1-1.5 mM with a detection limit of 0.1 mM that is sufficient enough for distinguishing between normal and diabetes patient with a cut-off level of 0.3 mM. This platform might be an alternative tool for improving health management for diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadtinan Promphet
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chusak Thanawattano
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Buekban
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Laochai
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panlop Lormaneenopparat
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wiwittawin Sukmas
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Extreme Conditions Physics Research Laboratory and Center of Excellence in Physics of Energy Materials (CE:PEM), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranee Rattanawaleedirojn
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pumidech Puthongkham
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Nadnudda Rodthongkum
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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27
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Chaturvedi V, Falk M, Björklund S, Gonzalez-Martinez JF, Shleev S. Monoolein-Based Wireless Capacitive Sensor for Probing Skin Hydration. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4449. [PMID: 39065849 PMCID: PMC11280606 DOI: 10.3390/s24144449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Capacitive humidity sensors typically consist of interdigitated electrodes coated with a dielectric layer sensitive to varying relative humidity levels. Previous studies have investigated different polymeric materials that exhibit changes in conductivity in response to water vapor to design capacitive humidity sensors. However, lipid films like monoolein have not yet been integrated with humidity sensors, nor has the potential use of capacitive sensors for skin hydration measurements been fully explored. This study explores the application of monoolein-coated wireless capacitive sensors for assessing relative humidity and skin hydration, utilizing the sensitive dielectric properties of the monoolein-water system. This sensitivity hinges on the water absorption and release from the surrounding environment. Tested across various humidity levels and temperatures, these novel double functional sensors feature interdigitated electrodes covered with monoolein and show promising potential for wireless detection of skin hydration. The water uptake and rheological behavior of monoolein in response to humidity were evaluated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. The findings from these experiments suggest that the capacitance of the system is primarily influenced by the amount of water in the monoolein system, with the lyotropic or physical state of monoolein playing a secondary role. A proof-of-principle demonstration compared the sensor's performance under varying conditions to that of other commercially available skin hydration meters, affirming its effectiveness, reliability, and commercial viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Chaturvedi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (V.C.); (S.B.); (J.F.G.-M.)
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (V.C.); (S.B.); (J.F.G.-M.)
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Björklund
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (V.C.); (S.B.); (J.F.G.-M.)
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Juan F. Gonzalez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (V.C.); (S.B.); (J.F.G.-M.)
- Department of Applied Physics and Naval Technology, Polytechnical University of Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Sergey Shleev
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden; (V.C.); (S.B.); (J.F.G.-M.)
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
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28
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Li J, Chu H, Chen Z, Yiu CK, Qu Q, Li Z, Yu X. Recent Advances in Materials, Devices and Algorithms Toward Wearable Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17407-17438. [PMID: 38923501 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Continuous blood pressure (BP) tracking provides valuable insights into the health condition and functionality of the heart, arteries, and overall circulatory system of humans. The rapid development in flexible and wearable electronics has significantly accelerated the advancement of wearable BP monitoring technologies. However, several persistent challenges, including limited sensing capabilities and stability of flexible sensors, poor interfacial stability between sensors and skin, and low accuracy in BP estimation, have hindered the progress in wearable BP monitoring. To address these challenges, comprehensive innovations in materials design, device development, system optimization, and modeling have been pursued to improve the overall performance of wearable BP monitoring systems. In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in flexible and wearable systems toward continuous noninvasive BP tracking with a primary focus on materials development, device design, system integration, and theoretical algorithms. Existing challenges, potential solutions, and further research directions are also discussed to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the development of future wearable systems in continuous ambulatory BP measurement with enhanced sensing capability, robustness, and long-term accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwei Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenlin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing'ao Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Hu Z, Hu Y, Huang L, Zhong W, Zhang J, Lei D, Chen Y, Ni Y, Liu Y. Recent Progress in Organic Electrochemical Transistor-Structured Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:330. [PMID: 39056606 PMCID: PMC11274720 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The continued advancement of organic electronic technology will establish organic electrochemical transistors as pivotal instruments in the field of biological detection. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art technology and advancements in the use of organic electrochemical transistors as biosensors. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the diverse modification materials, methods, and mechanisms utilized in organic electrochemical transistor-structured biosensors (OETBs) for the selective detection of a wide range of target analyte encompassing electroactive species, electro-inactive species, and cancer cells. Recent advances in OETBs for use in sensing systems and wearable and implantable applications are also briefly introduced. Finally, challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuotao Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingchao Hu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Wei Zhong
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Dengyun Lei
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yayi Chen
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yao Ni
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.)
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30
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Kang M, Yeo WH. Advances in Energy Harvesting Technologies for Wearable Devices. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:884. [PMID: 39064395 PMCID: PMC11279352 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of wearable electronics is revolutionizing human health monitoring, intelligent robotics, and informatics. Yet the reliance on traditional batteries limits their wearability, user comfort, and continuous use. Energy harvesting technologies offer a promising power solution by converting ambient energy from the human body or surrounding environment into electrical power. Despite their potential, current studies often focus on individual modules under specific conditions, which limits practical applicability in diverse real-world environments. Here, this review highlights the recent progress, potential, and technological challenges in energy harvesting technology and accompanying technologies to construct a practical powering module, including power management and energy storage devices for wearable device developments. Also, this paper offers perspectives on designing next-generation wearable soft electronics that enhance quality of life and foster broader adoption in various aspects of daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minki Kang
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center), Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center), Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Machines, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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Pan Y, Su X, Liu Y, Fan P, Li X, Ying Y, Ping J. A laser-Engraved Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Patch for Heat Stress Precise Individual Management of Horse. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310069. [PMID: 38728620 PMCID: PMC11267262 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
In point-of-care diagnostics, the continuous monitoring of sweat constituents provides a window into individual's physiological state. For species like horses, with abundant sweat glands, sweat composition can serve as an early health indicator. Considering the salience of such metrics in the domain of high-value animal breeding, a sophisticated wearable sensor patch tailored is introduced for the dynamic assessment of equine sweat, offering insights into pH, potassium ion (K+), and temperature profiles during episodes of heat stress and under normal physiological conditions. The device integrates a laser-engraved graphene (LEG) sensing electrode array, a non-invasive iontophoretic module for stimulated sweat secretion, an adaptable signal processing unit, and an embedded wireless communication framework. Profiting from an admirable Truth Table capable of logical evaluation, the integrated system enabled the early and timely assessment for heat stress, with high accuracy, stability, and reproducibility. The sensor patch has been calibrated to align with the unique dermal and physiological contours of equine anatomy, thereby augmenting its applicability in practical settings. This real-time analysis tool for equine perspiration stands to revolutionize personalized health management approaches for high-value animals, marking a significant stride in the integration of smart technologies within the agricultural sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Pan
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311215P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Su
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311215P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311215P. R. China
| | - Peidi Fan
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Xunjia Li
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311215P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311215P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent SensingCollege of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- ZJU‐Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhou311215P. R. China
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Mahmud S, Biswas EU, Hossain S, Anderson C, Nishida T, Hassan SS, Khalifa A. Bi-Metal Metamaterial Absorber for Wearable Sweat Sensing and Energy Harvesting Applications. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2024; 2024:1-4. [PMID: 40039294 DOI: 10.1109/embc53108.2024.10782957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
The design and implementation of sensing and power mechanisms in microdevices for biomedical applications present significant challenges. In this context, we introduce a new three-layer bi-metallic metamaterial absorber. This absorber exhibits better performance characteristics, including broadband absorption above 90% in the optical wavelength range (300nm to 700nm) and narrow-band absorption above 99% in the infrared spectrum (700nm to 1800nm), facilitated by the integration of two distinct metals, aluminum, and copper. Comprehensive numerical and theoretical analyses have been conducted to validate the absorber's efficiency. These analyses include an examination of the electric and magnetic dipole interactions, as well as the electric and magnetic field distributions within the unit cell of the metamaterial. This metamaterial absorber emerges as a promising candidate for integration into wristband or armband health monitoring sensors using narrow-band absorption, particularly in applications involving solar energy harvesting utilizing the optical wavelength.
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Qian M, Wu F, Zhang J, Wang J, Song T, Tan G. Healable and Conductive Two-Dimensional Sulfur Iodide for High-Rate Sodium Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:32291-32297. [PMID: 38872393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Self-healing functional materials can repair cracks and damage inside the battery, ensuring the stability of the battery material structure. This feature minimizes performance degradation during the charging and discharging processes, improving the efficiency and stability of the battery. Here, we have developed a novel healing conductive two-dimensional sulfur iodide (SI4) composite cathode. This process integrates both sulfur and iodine compounds into carbon nanocages, forming a SI4@C core-shell structure. This cathode design improves electrical conductivity and repairability, facilitates rapid activation, and ensures structural integrity, resulting in a typical Na-SI4 battery with high capacity and an exceptionally long cycle life. At 10.0 A g-1, the capacity of the Na-SI4 battery can still reach 217.4 mAh g-1 after more than 500 cycles, and the capacity decay rate per cycle is only 0.06%. In addition, the cathode exhibits a cascade redox reaction involving S and I, contributing to its high capacity. The in situ growth of a carbon shell further enhances the conductivity and structural robustness of the entire cathode. The flexibility and bendability of SI4@C-carbon cloth make it applicable for flexible electronic devices, providing more possibilities for battery design. The strategy of engineering a two-dimensional self-healing structure to construct a superior cathode is expected to be widely applied to other electrode materials. This study provides a new pathway for designing novel binary-conversion-type sodium-ion batteries with excellent long-term cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Qian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Junfan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Tinglu Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoqiang Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
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Iranmanesh E, Liang Z, Li W, Liao C, Jin S, Liu C, Wang K, Zhang S, Doumanidis C, Amaratunga GAJ, Zhou H. Organic-inorganic hybrid piezotronic bipolar junction transistor for pressure sensing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:80. [PMID: 38911342 PMCID: PMC11189938 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoTs), wearable sensors are playing an increasingly important role in daily monitoring of personal health and wellness. The signal-to-noise-ratio has become the most critical performance factor to consider. To enhance it, on the one hand, good sensing materials/devices have been employed; on the other hand, signal amplification and noise reduction circuits have been used. However, most of these devices and circuits work in an active sampling mode, requiring frequent data acquisition and hence, entailing high-power consumption. In this scenario, a flexible and wearable event-triggered sensor with embedded signal amplification without an external power supply is of great interest. Here, we report a flexible two-terminal piezotronic n-p-n bipolar junction transistor (PBJT) that acts as an autonomous and highly sensitive, current- and/or voltage-mediated pressure sensor. The PBJT is formed by two back-to-back piezotronic diodes which are defined as emitter-base and collector-base diodes. Upon force exertion on the emitter side, as a result of the piezoelectric effect, the emitter-base diode is forward biased while the collector-base diode is reverse biased. Due to the inherent BJT amplification effect, the PBJT achieves record-high sensitivities of 139.7 kPa-1 (current-based) and 88.66 kPa-1 (voltage-based) in sensing mode. The PBJT also has a fast response time of <110 ms under exertion of dynamic stimuli ranging from a flying butterfly to a gentle finger touch. Therefore, the PBJT advances the state of the art not only in terms of sensitivity but also in regard to being self-driven and autonomous, making it promising for pressure sensing and other IoT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Iranmanesh
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 P. R. China
| | - Zihao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microelectronics Device and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029 P. R. China
| | - Congwei Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Shunyu Jin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 23000 PR China
| | - Chuan Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou, 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shengdong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Charalampos Doumanidis
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Alabama, Shelby Hall, 3128, Mobile, AL 36688 USA
| | - Gehan A. J. Amaratunga
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA United Kingdom
- Zhejiang University, International Campus, Haining, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of In-Memory Computing Chips, School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
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Lin J, Chen X, Zhang P, Xue Y, Feng Y, Ni Z, Tao Y, Wang Y, Liu J. Wireless Bioelectronics for In Vivo Pressure Monitoring with Mechanically-Compliant Hydrogel Biointerfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400181. [PMID: 38419474 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent electronics-tissues biointefacing technology has offered unprecedented opportunities for long-term disease diagnosis and treatment. It remains a grand challenge to robustly anchor the pressure sensing bioelectronics onto specific organs, since the periodically-varying stress generated by normal biological processes may pose high risk of interfacial failures. Here, a general yet reliable approach is reported to achieve the robust hydrogel interface between wireless pressure sensor and biological tissues/organs, featuring highly desirable mechanical compliance and swelling resistance, despite the direct contact with biofluids and dynamic conditions. The sensor is operated wirelessly through inductive coupling, characterizing minimal hysteresis, fast response times, excellent stability, and robustness, thus allowing for easy handling and eliminating the necessity for surgical extraction after a functional period. The operation of the wireless sensor has been demonstrated with a custom-made pressure sensing model and in vivo intracranial pressure monitoring in rats. This technology may be advantageous in real-time post-operative monitoring of various biological inner pressures after the reconstructive surgery, thus guaranteeing the timely treatment of lethal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsen Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xingmei Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yinghui Feng
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhipeng Ni
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yue Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics and Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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37
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Gong S, Wang X, Tang B, Xiong Z, Qi S, Chen J, Yu P, Guo H. Achieving Self-Reinforcing Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerator by Magnetocaloric and Magnetization Effects of Gadolinium. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402824. [PMID: 38588011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHG) has emerged as a promising technology for distributed energy harvesting. However, currently reported hybrid generators are straightforward combinations of two functional components. Moreover, inevitable heat from friction intensifies material abrasion and degrades the performance of polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Here, a self-reinforcing TEHG (SR-TEHG) that harnesses the magnetocaloric and magnetization effects of gadolinium (Gd), is proposed. The synergy between TENG and electromagnetic generator (EMG) renders them an indivisible unit. Leveraging Gd's magnetocaloric effect, an efficient heat transfer mechanism is constructed to cool the tribolayer and strengthen the device's electrical stability. After 80 h of continuous operation, the optimized TENG occupies a charge decay rate of only 0.32% per hour, significantly outperforming most existing TENGs. Additionally, Gd's magnetization effect boosts the power of EMG by ≈80.84%. This work provides a universal solution in hybrid generators where internal components reinforce each other, achieving a synergistic effect of 1 + 1 > 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokun Gong
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xingwei Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Benzhen Tang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ziyang Xiong
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Song Qi
- Key Lab for Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Peng Yu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Hengyu Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Zhao Z, Ke X, Huang J, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Huang G, Tan J, Liu X, Mei Y, Chu J. Design and Synthesis of Transferrable Macro-Sized Continuous Free-Standing Metal-Organic Framework Films for Biosensor Device. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310189. [PMID: 38468446 PMCID: PMC11187891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Metal organic framework (MOF) films have attracted abundant attention due to their unique characters compared with MOF particles. But the high-temperature reaction and solvent corrosion limit the preparation of MOF films on fragile substrates, hindering further applications. Fabricating macro-sized continuous free-standing MOF films and transferring them onto fragile substrates are a promising alternative but still challenging. Here, a universal strategy to prepare transferrable macro-sized continuous free-standing MOF films with the assistance of oxide nanomembranes prepared by atomic layer deposition and studied the growth mechanism is developed. The oxide nanomembranes serve not only as reactant, but also as interfacial layer to maintain the integrality of the free-standing structure as the stacked MOF particles are supported by the oxide nanomembrane. The centimeter-scale free-standing MOF films can be transferred onto fragile substrates, and all in one device for glucose sensing is assembled. Due to the strong adsorption toward glucose molecules, the obtained devices exhibit outstanding performance in terms of high sensitivity, low limit of detection, and long durability. This work opens a new window toward the preparation of MOF films and MOF film-based biosensor chip for advantageous applications in post-Moore law period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- College of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Ke
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Jiayuan Huang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Gaoshan Huang
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Ji Tan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- College of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringDonghua UniversityShanghai201620P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of CeramicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200050P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan UniversityYiwuZhejiang322000P. R. China
- International Institute of Intelligent Nanorobots and NanosystemsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
| | - Junhao Chu
- Department of Materials Science & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of OptoelectronicsFudan UniversityShanghai200438P. R. China
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Zhang Z, Li Z, Wei K, Cao Z, Zhu Z, Chen R. Sweat as a source of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis: An overview. Talanta 2024; 273:125865. [PMID: 38452593 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sweat has excellent potential as one of the sources of non-invasive biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. It is relatively easy to collect and process and may contain different disease-specific markers and drug metabolites, making it ideal for various clinical applications. This article discusses the anatomy of sweat glands and their role in sweat production, as well as the history and development of multiple sweat sample collection and analysis techniques. Another primary focus of this article is the application of sweat detection in clinical disease diagnosis and other life scenarios. Finally, the limitations and prospects of sweat analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ningbo Hangzhou Bay Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanhong Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Kunchen Wei
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zehui Cao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Lu P, Liao X, Guo X, Cai C, Liu Y, Chi M, Du G, Wei Z, Meng X, Nie S. Gel-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible Sensing: Principles, Properties, and Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:206. [PMID: 38819527 PMCID: PMC11143175 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The rapid development of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence technologies has increased the need for wearable, portable, and self-powered flexible sensing devices. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) based on gel materials (with excellent conductivity, mechanical tunability, environmental adaptability, and biocompatibility) are considered an advanced approach for developing a new generation of flexible sensors. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in gel-based TENGs for flexible sensors, covering their principles, properties, and applications. Based on the development requirements for flexible sensors, the working mechanism of gel-based TENGs and the characteristic advantages of gels are introduced. Design strategies for the performance optimization of hydrogel-, organogel-, and aerogel-based TENGs are systematically summarized. In addition, the applications of gel-based TENGs in human motion sensing, tactile sensing, health monitoring, environmental monitoring, human-machine interaction, and other related fields are summarized. Finally, the challenges of gel-based TENGs for flexible sensing are discussed, and feasible strategies are proposed to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Liao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyao Guo
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Cai
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchao Chi
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Du
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiting Wei
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjiang Meng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Cai X, Xia RZ, Liu ZH, Dai HH, Zhao YH, Chen SH, Yang M, Li PH, Huang XJ. Fully Integrated Multiplexed Wristwatch for Real-Time Monitoring of Electrolyte Ions in Sweat. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12808-12819. [PMID: 38717026 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Considerable progress has already been made in sweat sensors based on electrochemical methods to realize real-time monitoring of biomarkers. However, realizing long-term monitoring of multiple targets at the atomic level remains extremely challenging, in terms of designing stable solid contact (SC) interfaces and fully integrating multiple modules for large-scale applications of sweat sensors. Herein, a fully integrated wristwatch was designed using mass-manufactured sensor arrays based on hierarchical multilayer-pore cross-linked N-doped porous carbon coated by reduced graphene oxide (NPCs@rGO-950) microspheres with high hydrophobicity as core SC, and highly selective monitoring simultaneously for K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions in human sweat was achieved, exhibiting near-Nernst responses almost without forming an interfacial water layer. Combined with computed tomography, solid-solid interface potential diffusion simulation results reveal extremely low interface diffusion potential and high interface capacitance (598 μF), ensuring the excellent potential stability, reversibility, repeatability, and selectivity of sensor arrays. The developed highly integrated-multiplexed wristwatch with multiple modules, including SC, sensor array, microfluidic chip, signal transduction, signal processing, and data visualization, achieved reliable real-time monitoring for K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ion concentrations in sweat. Ingenious material design, scalable sensor fabrication, and electrical integration of multimodule wearables lay the foundation for developing reliable sweat-sensing systems for health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
- Institute of Environmental Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Rui-Ze Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Zi-Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hai-Hua Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yong-Huan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Institute of Environmental Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Pei-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Xing-Jiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
- Institute of Environmental Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, PR China
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Zhu Q, Sun E, Zhao Z, Wu T, Meng S, Ma Z, Shoaib M, Ur Rehman H, Cao X, Wang N. Biopolymer Materials in Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1304. [PMID: 38794497 PMCID: PMC11125245 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In advancing the transition of the energy sector toward heightened sustainability and environmental friendliness, biopolymers have emerged as key elements in the construction of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) due to their renewable sources and excellent biodegradability. The development of these TENG devices is of significant importance to the next generation of renewable and sustainable energy technologies based on carbon-neutral materials. This paper introduces the working principles, material sources, and wide-ranging applications of biopolymer-based triboelectric nanogenerators (BP-TENGs). It focuses on the various categories of biopolymers, ranging from natural sources to microbial and chemical synthesis, showcasing their significant potential in enhancing TENG performance and expanding their application scope, while emphasizing their notable advantages in biocompatibility and environmental sustainability. To gain deeper insights into future trends, we discuss the practical applications of BP-TENG in different fields, categorizing them into energy harvesting, healthcare, and environmental monitoring. Finally, the paper reveals the shortcomings, challenges, and possible solutions of BP-TENG, aiming to promote the advancement and application of biopolymer-based TENG technology. We hope this review will inspire the further development of BP-TENG towards more efficient energy conversion and broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Zhu
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Enqi Sun
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Zequan Zhao
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Tong Wu
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Shuchang Meng
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Zimeng Ma
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Hafeez Ur Rehman
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
| | - Xia Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Center for Green Innovation, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (E.S.); (Z.Z.); (S.M.); (Z.M.); (M.S.); (H.U.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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43
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Gogoi N, Zhu Y, Kirchner J, Fischer G. Choice of Piezoelectric Element over Accelerometer for an Energy-Autonomous Shoe-Based System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2549. [PMID: 38676166 PMCID: PMC11055156 DOI: 10.3390/s24082549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Shoe-based wearable sensor systems are a growing research area in health monitoring, disease diagnosis, rehabilitation, and sports training. These systems-equipped with one or more sensors, either of the same or different types-capture information related to foot movement or pressure maps beneath the foot. This captured information offers an overview of the subject's overall movement, known as the human gait. Beyond sensing, these systems also provide a platform for hosting ambient energy harvesters. They hold the potential to harvest energy from foot movements and operate related low-power devices sustainably. This article proposes two types of strategies (Strategy 1 and Strategy 2) for an energy-autonomous shoe-based system. Strategy 1 uses an accelerometer as a sensor for gait acquisition, which reflects the classical choice. Strategy 2 uses a piezoelectric element for the same, which opens up a new perspective in its implementation. In both strategies, the piezoelectric elements are used to harvest energy from foot activities and operate the system. The article presents a fair comparison between both strategies in terms of power consumption, accuracy, and the extent to which piezoelectric energy harvesters can contribute to overall power management. Moreover, Strategy 2, which uses piezoelectric elements for simultaneous sensing and energy harvesting, is a power-optimized method for an energy-autonomous shoe system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Gogoi
- Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Upper Mountjoy Campus, Stockton Road, Durham DH13LE, UK;
- Institute of Technical Electronics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Yuanjia Zhu
- Institute of Technical Electronics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jens Kirchner
- Institute of Technical Electronics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.Z.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georg Fischer
- Institute of Technical Electronics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (Y.Z.); (J.K.)
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44
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Wang W, Shang Y, Han K, Shi X, Jiang T, Mai W, Luo J, Wang ZL. Self-Powered Agricultural Product Preservation and Wireless Monitoring Based on Dual-Functional Triboelectric Nanogenerator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38593466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The global annual vegetable and fruit waste accounts for more than one-fifth of food waste, mainly due to deterioration. In addition, agricultural product spoilage can produce foodborne illnesses and threaten public health. Eco-friendly preservation technologies for extending the shelf life of agricultural products are of great significance to socio-economic development. Here, we report a dual-functional TENG (DF-TENG) that can simultaneously prolong the storage period of vegetables and realize wireless storage condition monitoring by harvesting the rotational energy. Under the illumination of the self-powered high-voltage electric field, the deterioration of vegetables can be effectively slowed down. It can not only decrease the respiration rate and weight loss of pakchoi but also increase the chlorophyll levels (∼33.1%) and superoxide dismutase activity (∼11.1%) after preservation for 4 days. Meanwhile, by harvesting the rotational energy, the DF-TENG can be used to drive wireless sensors for monitoring the storage conditions and location information of vegetables during transportation in real time. This work provides a new direction for self-powered systems in cost-effective and eco-friendly agricultural product preservation, which may have far-reaching significance to the construction of a sustainable society for reducing food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yurui Shang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
| | - Kai Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xue Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Mai
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- Siyuan Laboratory, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P. R. China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
- Guangzhou Institute of Blue Energy, Knowledge City, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510555, China
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Lee JH, Cho K, Kim JK. Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310505. [PMID: 38258951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
With the commercialization of first-generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next-generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast-emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Zhang C, Liu C, Li B, Ma C, Li X, Niu S, Song H, Fan J, Zhang T, Han Z, Ren L. Flexible Multimodal Sensing System Based on a Vertical Stacking Strategy for Efficiently Decoupling Multiple Signals. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3186-3195. [PMID: 38411393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Multisensory integration enables the simultaneous perception of multiple environmental stimuli while minimizing size and energy consumption. However, conventional multifunctional integration in flexible electronics typically requires large-scale horizontal sensing arrays (such as flexible printed circuit boards), posing decoupling complexities, tensile strain limitation, and spatial constraints. Herein, a fully flexible multimodal sensing system (FMSS) is developed by coupling biomimetic stretchable conductive films (BSCFs) and strain-insensitive communication interfaces using a vertical stacking integration strategy. The FMSS achieves vertical integration without additional adhesives, and it can incorporate individual sensing layers and stretchable interconnects without any essential constraint on their deformations. Accordingly, the temperature and pressure are precisely decoupled simultaneously, and tensile stress can be accurately discerned in different directions. This vertical stacking integration strategy is expected to offer a new approach to significantly streamline the design and fabrication of multimodal sensing systems and enhance their decoupling capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglie Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, Liaoning 110167, People's Republic of China
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Liu X, Ye Y, Ge Y, Qu J, Liedberg B, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Smart Contact Lenses for Healthcare Monitoring and Therapy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6817-6844. [PMID: 38407063 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The eye contains a wealth of physiological information and offers a suitable environment for noninvasive monitoring of diseases via smart contact lens sensors. Although extensive research efforts recently have been undertaken to develop smart contact lens sensors, they are still in an early stage of being utilized as an intelligent wearable sensing platform for monitoring various biophysical/chemical conditions. In this review, we provide a general introduction to smart contact lenses that have been developed for disease monitoring and therapy. First, different disease biomarkers available from the ocular environment are summarized, including both physical and chemical biomarkers, followed by the commonly used materials, manufacturing processes, and characteristics of contact lenses. Smart contact lenses for eye-drug delivery with advancing technologies to achieve more efficient treatments are then introduced as well as the latest developments for disease diagnosis. Finally, sensor communication technologies and smart contact lenses for antimicrobial and other emerging bioapplications are also discussed as well as the challenges and prospects of the future development of smart contact lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Ying Ye
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yuancai Ge
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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48
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Li T, Jiang W, Tong Y, Jiang W, Yin L, Chen B, Shi Y, Zhang L, Liu H. Thermoelectric Generator Through Dual-Direction Thermal Regulation by Thermal Diodes for Waste Heat Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304308. [PMID: 37936314 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal energy harvesting provides an opportunity for multi-node systems to achieve self-power autonomy. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs), either by thermocouple arrangement with higher-aspect-ratios or thermoelectric films overlay, are limited by the small temperature difference and its short-duration (less than dozens of minutes), hindering the harvesting efficiency. Here, by introducing thermal diodes with dual-direction thermal regulation ability to optimize the heat flux path, the proposed TEGs exhibit enhanced power-supply capability with unprecedented long-duration (more than hours). In contrast with conventional TEGs with fixed-leg dimensions enabled single output, these compact-TEGs can supply up to fourteen output-channels for selection, the produced power ranges from 1.11 to 921.99 µW, open circuit voltage ranges from 8.07 to 51.32 mV, when the natural temperature difference is 53.84 °C. Compared to the most recent TEGs, the proposed TEGs in this study indicate higher power (more than hundreds times) and much longer output duration (2.4-120 times) in a compact manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Weitao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of trans-scale standard measurement, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yufeng Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lei Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of trans-scale standard measurement, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bangdao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yongsheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Shaanxi Joint Key Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of trans-scale standard measurement, Xi'an, 710049, China
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49
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Peng Z, Guo W, Liu T, Wang X, Shen D, Zhu Y, Zhou X, Yan J, Zhang H. Flexible Copper-Based Thermistors Fabricated by Laser Direct Writing for Low-Temperature Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10496-10507. [PMID: 38377380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
With the flexibilization tendency of traditional electronics, developing sensing devices for the low-temperature field is demanding. Here, we fabricated a flexible copper-based thermistor by a laser direct writing process with Cu ion precursors. The copper-based thermistor performs with excellent temperature sensing ability and high stability under different environments. We discussed the effect of laser power on the temperature sensitivity of the copper-based thermistor, explained the sensing mechanism of the as-written copper-based films, and fabricated a temperature sensor array for realizing temperature management in a specific zone. All of the investigations have demonstrated that such copper-based thermistors can be used as candidate devices for low-temperature sensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Jiangxi Research Institute, Beihang University, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuewei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Daozhi Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingwen Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jianfeng Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongqiang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Jiangxi Research Institute, Beihang University, Nanchang 330096, China
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50
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Zhang Z, Shi Z, Ahmed D. SonoTransformers: Transformable acoustically activated wireless microscale machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314661121. [PMID: 38289954 PMCID: PMC10861920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314661121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape transformation, a key mechanism for organismal survival and adaptation, has gained importance in developing synthetic shape-shifting systems with diverse applications ranging from robotics to bioengineering. However, designing and controlling microscale shape-shifting materials remains a fundamental challenge in various actuation modalities. As materials and structures are scaled down to the microscale, they often exhibit size-dependent characteristics, and the underlying physical mechanisms can be significantly affected or rendered ineffective. Additionally, surface forces such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces become dominant at the microscale, resulting in stiction and adhesion between small structures, making them fracture and more difficult to deform. Furthermore, despite various actuation approaches, acoustics have received limited attention despite their potential advantages. Here, we introduce "SonoTransformer," the acoustically activated micromachine that delivers shape transformability using preprogrammed soft hinges with different stiffnesses. When exposed to an acoustic field, these hinges concentrate sound energy through intensified oscillation and provide the necessary force and torque for the transformation of the entire micromachine within milliseconds. We have created machine designs to predetermine the folding state, enabling precise programming and customization of the acoustic transformation. Additionally, we have shown selective shape transformable microrobots by adjusting acoustic power, realizing high degrees of control and functional versatility. Our findings open new research avenues in acoustics, physics, and soft matter, offering new design paradigms and development opportunities in robotics, metamaterials, adaptive optics, flexible electronics, and microtechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Shi
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
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