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Roiz D, Pontifes PA, Jourdain F, Diagne C, Leroy B, Vaissière AC, Tolsá-García MJ, Salles JM, Simard F, Courchamp F. The rising global economic costs of invasive Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173054. [PMID: 38729373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Invasive Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes transmit viruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, posing a huge public health burden as well as having a less well understood economic impact. We present a comprehensive, global-scale synthesis of studies reporting these economic costs, spanning 166 countries and territories over 45 years. The minimum cumulative reported cost estimate expressed in 2022 US$ was 94.7 billion, although this figure reflects considerable underreporting and underestimation. The analysis suggests a 14-fold increase in costs, with an average annual expenditure of US$ 3.1 billion, and a maximum of US$ 20.3 billion in 2013. Damage and losses were an order of magnitude higher than investment in management, with only a modest portion allocated to prevention. Effective control measures are urgently needed to safeguard global health and well-being, and to reduce the economic burden on human societies. This study fills a critical gap by addressing the increasing economic costs of Aedes and Aedes-borne diseases and offers insights to inform evidence-based policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roiz
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mexico.
| | - Paulina A Pontifes
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mexico
| | - Fréderic Jourdain
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Santé Publique France (French National Public Health Agency), Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Diagne
- CBGP, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Boris Leroy
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA, UMR 7208), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, IRD, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Vaissière
- CNRS, AgroParisTech, Écologie Systématique et Évolution, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France; ECOBIO (écosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) - UMR 6553, CNRS, Université de Rennes, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - María José Tolsá-García
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mexico
| | - Jean-Michel Salles
- CEE-M, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Franck Courchamp
- CNRS, AgroParisTech, Écologie Systématique et Évolution, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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2
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Ahmed W, Liu Y, Smith W, Ingall W, Belby M, Bivins A, Bertsch P, Williams DT, Richards K, Simpson S. Leveraging wastewater surveillance to detect viral diseases in livestock settings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172593. [PMID: 38642765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance has evolved into a powerful tool for monitoring public health-relevant analytes. Recent applications in tracking severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection highlight its potential. Beyond humans, it can be extended to livestock settings where there is increasing demand for livestock products, posing risks of disease emergence. Wastewater surveillance may offer non-invasive, cost-effective means to detect potential outbreaks among animals. This approach aligns with the "One Health" paradigm, emphasizing the interconnectedness of animal, human, and ecosystem health. By monitoring viruses in livestock wastewater, early detection, prevention, and control strategies can be employed, safeguarding both animal and human health, economic stability, and international trade. This integrated "One Health" approach enhances collaboration and a comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics, supporting proactive measures in the Anthropocene era where animal and human diseases are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Yawen Liu
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wendy Smith
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Wayne Ingall
- Wide Bay Public Health Unit, 14 Branyan Street, Bundaberg, West Qld 4670, Australia
| | - Michael Belby
- Wide Bay Public Health Unit, 14 Branyan Street, Bundaberg, West Qld 4670, Australia
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Paul Bertsch
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Kirsty Richards
- SunPork Group, 1/6 Eagleview Place, Eagle Farm, QLD 4009, Australia
| | - Stuart Simpson
- CSIRO Environment, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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3
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Golchin M, Di Marco M, Horwood PF, Paini DR, Hoskins AJ, Hickson R. Prediction of viral spillover risk based on the mass action principle. One Health 2024; 18:100737. [PMID: 38694617 PMCID: PMC11061335 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious zoonotic disease emergence, through spillover events, is of global concern and has the potential to cause significant harm to society, as recently demonstrated by COVID-19. More than 70% of the 400 infectious diseases that emerged in the past five decades have a zoonotic origin, including all recent pandemics. There have been several approaches used to predict the risk of spillover through some of the known or suspected infectious disease emergence drivers, largely using correlative approaches. Here, we predict the spatial distribution of spillover risk by approximating general transmission through animal and human interactions. These mass action interactions are approximated through the multiplication of the spatial distribution of zoonotic virus diversity and human population density. Although our results indicate higher risk in regions along the equator and in Southeast Asia where both virus diversity and human population density are high, it should be noted that this is primarily a conceptual exercise. We compared our spillover risk map to key factors, including the model inputs of zoonotic virus diversity estimate map, human population density map, and the spatial distribution of species richness. Despite the limitations of this approach, this viral spillover map is a step towards developing a more comprehensive spillover risk prediction system to inform global monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golchin
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, RM, Italy
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Dean R. Paini
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Hoskins
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - R.I. Hickson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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4
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Auplish A, Raj E, Booijink Y, de Balogh K, Peyre M, Taylor K, Sumption K, Häsler B. Current evidence of the economic value of One Health initiatives: A systematic literature review. One Health 2024; 18:100755. [PMID: 38770400 PMCID: PMC11103946 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Funding and financing for One Health initiatives at country level remain challenging as investments commonly require demonstrated evidence of economic value or returns. The objectives of this review were to i) identify, critically analyse and summarise quantitative evidence of the net economic value of One Health initiatives; ii) document methodologies commonly used in the scientific literature; and iii) describe common challenges and any evidence gaps. Scientific databases were searched for published literature following the PRISMA guidelines and an online survey and workshop with subject matter experts were used to identify relevant grey literature. Studies were included if they reported on quantitative costs and benefits (monetary and non-monetary) and were measured across at least two sectors. Relevant publications were analysed and plotted against the six action tracks of the Quadripartite One Health Joint Plan of Action to help classify the initiatives. Ninety-seven studies were included. Eighty studies involved only two sectors and 78 reported a positive economic value or return. Of those studies that reported a positive return, 49 did not compare with a sectoral counterfactual, 28 studies demonstrated an added value of using a cross-sectoral approach, and 6 studies demonstrated an added value of One Health communication, collaboration, coordination, and capacity building. Included studies most frequently related to endemic zoonotic, neglected tropical and vector-borne diseases, followed by health of the environment and food safety. However, diversity in economic analysis methodology between studies included resulted in difficulty to compare or combine findings. While there is a growing body of evidence of the value of One Health initiatives, a substantial part of the evidence still focuses on "traditional" One Health topics, particularly zoonoses. Developing a standardised and practical approach for One Health economic evaluation will facilitate assessment of the added value and gather evidence for One Health to be invested in and endorsed by multiple sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashima Auplish
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleanor Raj
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Yoeri Booijink
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France
| | - Katinka de Balogh
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Peyre
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France
| | - Katrin Taylor
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Keith Sumption
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Häsler
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
- Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
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5
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Pöllänen E, Yeung TYC, Arroyo J, Park HW, Formella C, Osika W. Uncovering associations between interest in One Health and pre-existing conditions and behaviours: Evidence from a UK survey. One Health 2024; 18:100732. [PMID: 38699436 PMCID: PMC11064595 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper endeavours to unveil individual characteristics associated with an interest in One Health. Through the distribution of an online survey randomly distributed among the United Kingdom population, we discovered significant correlations between pre-existing attitudes towards and relationships with nature and animals and interest in One Health, which is quantified by the number of additional pages of One Health information participants agreed to view at the survey's conclusion. Additionally, individuals with poorer mental health demonstrated a higher level of interest in One Health. The findings suggest that interest in One Health and people's connections with nature and animals are driven by the same personal preferences. These insights point towards the potential for more targeted communication strategies to specific groups, facilitating more effective promotion of the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane Arroyo
- Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Haq Z, Nazir J, Manzoor T, Saleem A, Hamadani H, Khan AA, Saleem Bhat S, Jha P, Ahmad SM. Zoonotic spillover and viral mutations from low and middle-income countries: improving prevention strategies and bridging policy gaps. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17394. [PMID: 38827296 PMCID: PMC11144393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of zoonotic spillover events and viral mutations in low and middle-income countries presents a critical global health challenge. Contributing factors encompass cultural practices like bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade for traditional medicine, habitat disruption, and the encroachment of impoverished settlements onto natural habitats. The existing "vaccine gap" in many developing countries exacerbates the situation by allowing unchecked viral replication and the emergence of novel mutant viruses. Despite global health policies addressing the root causes of zoonotic disease emergence, there is a significant absence of concrete prevention-oriented initiatives, posing a potential risk to vulnerable populations. This article is targeted at policymakers, public health professionals, researchers, and global health stakeholders, particularly those engaged in zoonotic disease prevention and control in low and middle-income countries. The article underscores the importance of assessing potential zoonotic diseases at the animal-human interface and comprehending historical factors contributing to spillover events. To bridge policy gaps, comprehensive strategies are proposed that include education, collaborations, specialized task forces, environmental sampling, and the establishment of integrated diagnostic laboratories. These strategies advocate simplicity and unity, breaking down barriers, and placing humanity at the forefront of addressing global health challenges. Such a strategic and mental shift is crucial for constructing a more resilient and equitable world in the face of emerging zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfqarul Haq
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Junaid Nazir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tasaduq Manzoor
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Afnan Saleem
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - H. Hamadani
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Azmat Alam Khan
- ICMR project, Division of Livestock Production and Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sahar Saleem Bhat
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of veterinary Sciences, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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7
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Granata G, Astorri R, Broens EM, Callaby H, Cunha F, Di Caro A, Fusco FM, Greub G, Grobusch MP, Koopmans M, Pereira do Vale A, Pisapia R, Rovers CP, Tostmann A, Tunali V, de Valdoleiros SR, Petersen E. The World Health Organization Pandemic Agreement draft: Considerations by the ESCMID Emerging Infections Task Force (EITaF). Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00253-2. [PMID: 38821176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Granata
- Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infection Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", IRCCS, 00149 Roma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Astorri
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Els M Broens
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Helen Callaby
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Flávia Cunha
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Don Calabria Sacred Heart Hospital, Infectious, Tropical Diseases, and Microbiology; Unicamilus Medical University of Rome, Microbiology
| | - Francesco Maria Fusco
- UOC Infezioni Sistemiche e dell'Immunodepresso, P.O. "D. Cotugno", Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Pereira do Vale
- UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Chantal P Rovers
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alma Tostmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Varol Tunali
- Izmir University of Economics Faculty of Medicine Department of Microbiology, Izmir, Türkiye; Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sofia R de Valdoleiros
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Saldaña F, Stollenwerk N, Van Dierdonck JB, Aguiar M. Modeling spillover dynamics: understanding emerging pathogens of public health concern. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9823. [PMID: 38684927 PMCID: PMC11058258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases with pandemic potential is a major public health threat worldwide. The World Health Organization reports that about 60% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonoses, originating from spillover events. Although the mechanisms behind spillover events remain unclear, mathematical modeling offers a way to understand the intricate interactions among pathogens, wildlife, humans, and their shared environment. Aiming at gaining insights into the dynamics of spillover events and the outcome of an eventual disease outbreak in a population, we propose a continuous time stochastic modeling framework. This framework links the dynamics of animal reservoirs and human hosts to simulate cross-species disease transmission. We conduct a thorough analysis of the model followed by numerical experiments that explore various spillover scenarios. The results suggest that although most epidemic outbreaks caused by novel zoonotic pathogens do not persist in the human population, the rising number of spillover events can avoid long-lasting extinction and lead to unexpected large outbreaks. Hence, global efforts to reduce the impacts of emerging diseases should not only address post-emergence outbreak control but also need to prevent pandemics before they are established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nico Stollenwerk
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Bilbao, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Maíra Aguiar
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Bilbao, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy.
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9
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Fedurek P, Asiimwe C, Rice GK, Akankwasa WJ, Reynolds V, Hobaiter C, Kityo R, Muhanguzi G, Zuberbühler K, Crockford C, Cer RZ, Bennett AJ, Rothman JM, Bishop-Lilly KA, Goldberg TL. Selective deforestation and exposure of African wildlife to bat-borne viruses. Commun Biol 2024; 7:470. [PMID: 38649441 PMCID: PMC11035629 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proposed mechanisms of zoonotic virus spillover often posit that wildlife transmission and amplification precede human outbreaks. Between 2006 and 2012, the palm Raphia farinifera, a rich source of dietary minerals for wildlife, was nearly extirpated from Budongo Forest, Uganda. Since then, chimpanzees, black-and-white colobus, and red duiker were observed feeding on bat guano, a behavior not previously observed. Here we show that guano consumption may be a response to dietary mineral scarcity and may expose wildlife to bat-borne viruses. Videos from 2017-2019 recorded 839 instances of guano consumption by the aforementioned species. Nutritional analysis of the guano revealed high concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus. Metagenomic analyses of the guano identified 27 eukaryotic viruses, including a novel betacoronavirus. Our findings illustrate how "upstream" drivers such as socioeconomics and resource extraction can initiate elaborate chains of causation, ultimately increasing virus spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Fedurek
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
| | | | - Gregory K Rice
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- Leidos, 1750 Presidents St, Reston, VA, 20190, USA
| | | | - Vernon Reynolds
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
- School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, 51/53 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PE, UK
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews; St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Robert Kityo
- Department of Zoology, Entomology & Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Budongo Conservation Field Station, PO Box 362, Masindi, Uganda
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews; St Mary's Quad, South Street, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Crockford
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, 67 Bd Pinel, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Regina Z Cer
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andrew J Bennett
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
- Leidos, 1750 Presidents St, Reston, VA, 20190, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Barnes AP, Sparks N, Helgesen IS, Soliman T. Financial impacts of a housing order on commercial free range egg layers in response to highly pathogenic avian influenza. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106209. [PMID: 38714017 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent annual outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) have led to mandatory housing orders on commercial free-range flocks. Indefinite periods of housing, after poultry have had access to range, could have production and financial consequences for free range egg producers. The impact of these housing orders on the performance of commercial flocks is seldom explored at a business level, predominantly due to the paucity of commercially sensitive data. The aim of this paper is to assess the financial and production impacts of a housing order on commercial free-range egg layers. We use a unique data set showing week by week performance of layers gathered from 9 UK based farms over the period 2020-2022. These data cover an average of 100,000 laying hens and include two imposed housing orders, in 2020/2021 and in 2021/22. We applied a random intercept linear regression to assess impacts on physical outputs and inputs, bird mortality and the impacts on revenue, feed costs and margin over feed cost. Feed use and feed costs per bird increased during the housing order which is a consequence of increased control over diet intake in housed compared to ranged birds. An increase in revenue was also found, ostensibly due to a higher proportion of large eggs produced, leading to a higher margin over feed cost. Overall, these large commercial poultry sheds were able to mitigate some of the potential adverse economic effects of housing orders. Potential negative impacts may occur dependant on the duration of the housing order and those farms with less control over their input costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Barnes
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - Nick Sparks
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Irmelin S Helgesen
- Department of Economics, NTNU, Postboks 8900, Trondheim, Torgarden 7491, Norway
| | - Tarek Soliman
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK
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11
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Lina A, Keith H, Jenny H, Mariana M, Gregorio T, Laure WV, Paolo T. Facing SARS-CoV-2 emergence on the animal health perspective: The role of the World Organisation for Animal Health in preparedness and official reporting of disease occurrence. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38584342 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged from an animal source. However, to date, there is insufficient scientific evidence to identify the source of SARS-CoV-2 or to explain the original route of transmission to humans. A wide range of mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to the virus through experimental infection, and in natural environments when in contact with infected humans. The main objective of this work was to provide a summary of the official data shared by countries on SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), to highlight the role of WOAH as an international organization in coordinating scientific information actions and to discuss the implications and impact of these activities. METHODS AND RESULTS Between January 2020 and December 2022, 36 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa officially reported SARS-CoV-2 identification in 26 animal species. Affected countries were generally responsive in confirming the pathogen (median of 5 days after onset) and reporting to WOAH (median of 7 days after confirmation). CONCLUSIONS During the pandemic, WOAH, supported by its network of experts, played a crucial role in collecting, analysing and disseminating veterinary scientific information, acting as the reference organization on these issues, thus avoiding misinformation and disinformation. Future perspectives to avoid new emerging threats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awada Lina
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | - Hamilton Keith
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Tizzani Paolo
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
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12
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Pfenning-Butterworth A, Buckley LB, Drake JM, Farner JE, Farrell MJ, Gehman ALM, Mordecai EA, Stephens PR, Gittleman JL, Davies TJ. Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases. Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8:e270-e283. [PMID: 38580428 PMCID: PMC11090248 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The concurrent pressures of rising global temperatures, rates and incidence of species decline, and emergence of infectious diseases represent an unprecedented planetary crisis. Intergovernmental reports have drawn focus to the escalating climate and biodiversity crises and the connections between them, but interactions among all three pressures have been largely overlooked. Non-linearities and dampening and reinforcing interactions among pressures make considering interconnections essential to anticipating planetary challenges. In this Review, we define and exemplify the causal pathways that link the three global pressures of climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious disease. A literature assessment and case studies show that the mechanisms between certain pairs of pressures are better understood than others and that the full triad of interactions is rarely considered. Although challenges to evaluating these interactions-including a mismatch in scales, data availability, and methods-are substantial, current approaches would benefit from expanding scientific cultures to embrace interdisciplinarity and from integrating animal, human, and environmental perspectives. Considering the full suite of connections would be transformative for planetary health by identifying potential for co-benefits and mutually beneficial scenarios, and highlighting where a narrow focus on solutions to one pressure might aggravate another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John M Drake
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alyssa-Lois M Gehman
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hakai Institute, Calvert, BC, Canada
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick R Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - John L Gittleman
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Nicholas School for the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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13
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Rocha-Ortega M, Nava-Bolaños A, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Merging socioecological variables to predict risk of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107098. [PMID: 38215899 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
How far are we from predicting the occurrence of zoonotic diseases? In this paper we have made use of both socioecological and ecological variables to predict Chagas disease occurrence. Chagas disease involves, Trypanosoma cruzi, a complex life-cycle parasite which requires two hosts: blood-feeding triatomine insects and vertebrate hosts including humans. We have used a common risk assessment method combined with datasets that imply critical environmental and socioeconomic drivers of Chagas dynamics to predict the occurrence of this disease. We also carried out a network analysis to assess the interactions among triatomines and mammal host species given their human contact via whether hunted, domesticated or associated with anthropogenic landscapes in Mexico. We found that social backwardness variation, lack of health services and altitude had the largest relative influence Chagas events. Triatoma pallidipennis made use of the largest host diversity. Host species shared by the highest number of different triatomines were a woodrat, the highly appreciated bushmeat, and racoon. These results indicate both the predominance of socio-economic factors over ecological ones, and how close we are from predicting zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Angela Nava-Bolaños
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76230, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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14
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Olejarz JW, Roster KIO, Kissler SM, Lipsitch M, Grad YH. Optimal environmental testing frequency for outbreak surveillance. Epidemics 2024; 46:100750. [PMID: 38394927 PMCID: PMC10979539 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Public health surveillance for pathogens presents an optimization problem: we require enough sampling to identify intervention-triggering shifts in pathogen epidemiology, such as new introductions or sudden increases in prevalence, but not so much that costs due to surveillance itself outweigh those from pathogen-associated illness. To determine this optimal sampling frequency, we developed a general mathematical model for the introduction of a new pathogen that, once introduced, increases in prevalence exponentially. Given the relative cost of infection vs. sampling, we derived equations for the expected combined cost per unit time of disease burden and surveillance for a specified sampling frequency, and thus the sampling frequency for which the expected total cost per unit time is lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Olejarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kirstin I Oliveira Roster
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen M Kissler
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Vora NM, Hassan L, Plowright RK, Horton R, Cook S, Sizer N, Bernstein A. The Lancet-PPATS Commission on Prevention of Viral Spillover: reducing the risk of pandemics through primary prevention. Lancet 2024; 403:597-599. [PMID: 37837991 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil M Vora
- Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sonila Cook
- Preventing Pandemics at the Source, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nigel Sizer
- Preventing Pandemics at the Source, Washington, DC, USA
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16
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Mettenleiter TC, Winkler AS. Draft of WHO Pandemic Agreement plays down primary prevention. Lancet 2024; 403:525-526. [PMID: 38341244 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andrea S Winkler
- Center for Global Health, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Wesselmann KM, Postigo-Hidalgo I, Pezzi L, de Oliveira-Filho EF, Fischer C, de Lamballerie X, Drexler JF. Emergence of Oropouche fever in Latin America: a narrative review. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024:S1473-3099(23)00740-5. [PMID: 38281494 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1955, the incidence and geographical spread of reported Oropouche virus (OROV) infections have increased. Oropouche fever has been suggested to be one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Latin America. However, both literature on OROV and genomic sequence availability are scarce, with few contributing laboratories worldwide. Three reassortant OROV glycoprotein gene variants termed Iquitos, Madre de Dios, and Perdões virus have been described from humans and non-human primates. OROV predominantly causes acute febrile illness, but severe neurological disease such as meningoencephalitis can occur. Due to unspecific symptoms, laboratory diagnostics are crucial. Several laboratory tests have been developed but robust commercial tests are hardly available. Although OROV is mainly transmitted by biting midges, it has also been detected in several mosquito species and a wide range of vertebrate hosts, which likely facilitates its widespread emergence. However, potential non-human vertebrate reservoirs have not been systematically studied. Robust animal models to investigate pathogenesis and immune responses are not available. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission cycle, cross-protection from infections with OROV reassortants, and the natural history of infection remain unclear. This Review identifies Oropouche fever as a neglected disease and offers recommendations to address existing knowledge gaps, enable risk assessments, and ensure effective public health responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad M Wesselmann
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Ignacio Postigo-Hidalgo
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Pezzi
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Arbovirus, Marseille, France
| | - Edmilson F de Oliveira-Filho
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Fischer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France; Centre National de Référence (CNR) des Arbovirus, Marseille, France
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Lu L, Zhang F, Brierley L, Robertson G, Chase-Topping M, Lycett S, Woolhouse M. Temporal Dynamics, Discovery, and Emergence of Human-Transmissible RNA Viruses. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msad272. [PMID: 38241079 PMCID: PMC10797954 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmissibility, the ability to spread within host populations, is a prerequisite for a pathogen to have epidemic or pandemic potential. Here, we estimate the phylogenies of human infectivity and transmissibility using 1,408 genome sequences from 743 distinct RNA virus species/types in 59 genera. By repeating this analysis using data sets censored by virus discovery date, we explore how temporal changes in the known diversity of RNA viruses-especially recent increases in recognized nonhuman viruses-have altered these phylogenies. Over time, we find significant increases in the proportion of RNA virus genera estimated to have a nonhuman-infective ancestral state, in the fraction of distinct human virus lineages that are purely human-transmissible or strictly zoonotic (compared to mixed lineages), and in the number of human viruses with nearest relatives known not to infect humans. Our results are consistent with viruses that are capable of spreading in human populations commonly emerging from a nonhuman reservoir. This is more likely in lineages that already contain human-transmissible viruses but is rare in lineages that contain only strictly zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Data Science at Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liam Brierley
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Unitied Kingdom
| | - Gail Robertson
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samantha Lycett
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Woolhouse
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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19
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Hulst M, Kant A, Harders-Westerveen J, Hoffmann M, Xie Y, Laheij C, Murk JL, Van der Poel WHM. Cross-Reactivity of Human, Wild Boar, and Farm Animal Sera from Pre- and Post-Pandemic Periods with Alpha- and Βeta-Coronaviruses (CoV), including SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38257734 PMCID: PMC10821012 DOI: 10.3390/v16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panels of pre- and post-pandemic farm animals, wild boar and human sera, including human sera able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, were tested in serological tests to determine their cross-reactivity with β- and α-CoV originating from farm animals. Sera were tested in neutralization assays with high ascending concentrations (up to 1 × 104 TCID50 units/well) of β-CoV Bovine coronavirus (BCV), SARS-CoV-2, and porcine α-CoV-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). In addition, sera were tested for immunostaining of cells infected with β-CoV porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (PHEV). Testing revealed a significantly higher percentage of BCV neutralization (78%) for sera of humans that had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera) than was observed for human pre-pandemic sera (37%). Also, 46% of these human SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera neutralized the highest concentration of BCV (5 × 103 TCID50/well) tested, whereas only 9.6% of the pre-pandemic sera did. Largely similar percentages were observed for staining of PHEV-infected cells by these panels of human sera. Furthermore, post-pandemic sera collected from wild boars living near a densely populated area in The Netherlands also showed a higher percentage (43%) and stronger BCV neutralization than was observed for pre-pandemic sera from this area (21%) and for pre- (28%) and post-pandemic (20%) sera collected from wild boars living in a nature reserve park with limited access for the public. High percentages of BCV neutralization were observed for pre- and post-pandemic sera of cows (100%), pigs (up to 45%), sheep (36%) and rabbits (60%). However, this cross-neutralization was restricted to sera collected from specific herds or farms. TGEV was neutralized only by sera of pigs (68%) and a few wild boar sera (4.6%). None of the BCV and PHEV cross-reacting human pre-pandemic, wild boar and farm animal sera effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Preexisting antibodies in human sera effectively neutralized the animal β-CoV BCV in vitro. This cross-neutralization was boosted after humans had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 activated a "memory" antibody response against structurally related epitopes expressed on the surface of a broad range of heterologous CoV, including β-CoV isolated from farm animals. Further research is needed to elucidate if a symptomless infection or environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or another β-CoV also triggers such a "memory" antibody response in wild boars and other free-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - Arie Kant
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - José Harders-Westerveen
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yajing Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | | | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Microvida, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. Van der Poel
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
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Rivas AL, Smith SD, Basiladze V, Chaligava T, Malania L, Burjanadze I, Chichinadze T, Suknidze N, Bolashvili N, Hoogesteijn AL, Gilbertson K, Bertram JH, Fair JM, Webb CT, Imnadze P, Kosoy M. Geo-temporal patterns to design cost-effective interventions for zoonotic diseases -the case of brucellosis in the country of Georgia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1270505. [PMID: 38179332 PMCID: PMC10765567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Control of zoonosis can benefit from geo-referenced procedures. Focusing on brucellosis, here the ability of two methods to distinguish disease dissemination patterns and promote cost-effective interventions was compared. Method Geographical data on bovine, ovine and human brucellosis reported in the country of Georgia between 2014 and 2019 were investigated with (i) the Hot Spot (HS) analysis and (ii) a bio-geographical (BG) alternative. Results More than one fourth of all sites reported cases affecting two or more species. While ruminant cases displayed different patterns over time, most human cases described similar geo-temporal features, which were associated with the route used by migrant shepherds. Other human cases showed heterogeneous patterns. The BG approach identified small areas with a case density twice as high as the HS method. The BG method also identified, in 2018, a 2.6-2.99 higher case density in zoonotic (human and non-human) sites than in non-zoonotic sites (which only reported cases affecting a single species) -a finding that, if corroborated, could support cost-effective policy-making. Discussion Three dissemination hypotheses were supported by the data: (i) human cases induced by sheep-related contacts; (ii) human cases probably mediated by contaminated milk or meat; and (iii) cattle and sheep that infected one another. This proof-of-concept provided a preliminary validation for a method that may support cost-effective interventions oriented to control zoonoses. To expand these findings, additional studies on zoonosis-related decision-making are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L. Rivas
- Center for Global Health, Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - V. Basiladze
- National Food Agency, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tengiz Chaligava
- National Food Agency, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lile Malania
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irma Burjanadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tamar Chichinadze
- Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikoloz Suknidze
- Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Bolashvili
- Vakhushti Bagrationi Institute of Geography, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Kendra Gilbertson
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Bertram
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jeanne Marie Fair
- Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Colleen T. Webb
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
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21
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Galaz V, Rocha J, Sánchez-García PA, Dauriach A, Roukny T, S Gaard J Rgensen P. Financial influence on global risks of zoonotic emerging and re-emerging diseases: an integrative analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e951-e962. [PMID: 38056966 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), such as Ebola virus disease and highly pathogenic influenza, are serious threats to human health and wellbeing worldwide. The financial sector has an important, yet often ignored, influence as owners and investors in industries that are associated with anthropogenic land-use changes in ecosystems linked to increased EIDs risks. We aimed to analyse financial influence associated with EIDs risks that are affected by anthropogenic land-use changes. We also aimed to provide empirical assessments of such influence to help guide engagements by governments, private organisations, and non-governmental organisations with the financial sector to advance a planetary health agenda. METHODS For this integrative analysis, we identified regions in the world where there was evidence of a connection between EIDs and anthropogenic land-use changes between Nov 9, 1999, and Oct 25, 2021, through a targeted literature review of academic literature and grey literature to identify evidence of drivers of anthropogenic land-use change and their association with commodity production in these regions. We only included publications in English that showed a connection between deforestation and the production of one or more commodities. Publications merely describing spatial or temporal land-use change dynamics (eg, a reduction of forest or an increase of palm-oil plantations) were excluded. As we were assessing financial influence on corporate activities through ownership specifically, we focused our analysis on publicly listed companies. Equity data and data about ownership structure were extracted from Orbis, a company information database. We assessed financial influence by identifying financial entities with the largest equity ownership, descriptively mapping transboundary connections between investors and publicly listed companies. FINDINGS 227 public and private companies operating in five economic sectors (ie, production of palm oil, pulp and wood products, cocoa, soybeans, and beef) between Dec 15, 2020, and March 8, 2021, were identified. Of these 227, 99 (44%) were publicly listed companies, with 2310 unique shareholders. These publicly listed companies operated in six geographical regions, resulting in nine case-study regions. 54 (55%) companies with complete geographical information were included in the countries network. Four financial entities (ie, Dimensional, Vanguard, BlackRock, and Norway's sovereign wealth fund) each had ownership in 39 companies or more in three of the case-study regions (ie, north America, east Asia, and Europe). Four large US-based asset managers (ie, Vanguard, BlackRock, T Rowe Price, and State Street) were the largest owners of publicly listed companies in terms of total equity size, with ownership amounts for these four entities ranging from US$8 billion to $21 billion. The specific patterns of cross-national ownership depended on the region of interest; for example, financial influence on EIDs risks that was associated with commodity production in southeast and east Asia came from not only global asset managers but also Malaysian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean financial entities. India, Brazil, the USA, Mexico, and Argentina were the countries towards which investments were most directed. INTERPRETATION Although commodity supply chains and financial markets are highly globalised, a small number of investors and countries could be viewed as disproportionally influential in sectors that increase EIDs risks. Such financial influence could be used to develop and implement effective policies to reduce ecological degradation and mitigate EIDs risks and their effects on population health. FUNDING Formas and Networks of Financial Rupture-how cascading changes in the climate and ecosystems could impact on the financial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Galaz
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Juan Rocha
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Andrea Sánchez-García
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Alice Dauriach
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarik Roukny
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter S Gaard J Rgensen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Tetuh KM, Salyer SJ, Aliddeki D, Tibebu B, Osman F, Amabo FC, Warren LK, Buba MI, Kebede Y. Evaluating event-based surveillance capacity in Africa: Use of the Africa CDC scorecard, 2022-2023. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102398. [PMID: 37719793 PMCID: PMC10502352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Event-based surveillance (EBS) is a critical component of Early Warning, Alert and Response (EWAR) capacity needed for outbreak prevention and control. To better understand existing EBS and monitor the progress of capacity-building efforts over time, Africa CDC developed an EBS scorecard as part of a revision to the EBS Framework. Methods We distributed the scorecard to African Union (AU) Member States (MSs). Survey responses from the MSs' human health sector were aggregated, cleaned, and analysed. MS, regional, and continental EBS capacity was assessed. Results Between 21 July 2022 and 4 April 2023, a total of 63 respondents representing 49 (89%) of 55 MSs completed the survey. Given Africa CDC's public health mandate, we acknowledged the importance of One Health collaboration in MSs but focused on and analysed only the human health sector responses. Thirty-four (71%) MSs stated having EBS in place; hotline was the most common type of EBS implemented (76%). Seventeen (50%) MSs reported multisectoral, One Health collaboration as part of EBS implementation. Scorecard outcomes showed a minimal (score of <60%) to average (score between 60-80%) level of EBS capacity in 29 and five (5) MSs respectively. Discussion Current EBS capacity levels need to be strengthened in Africa to ensure the continent remains prepared for future public health threats. The Africa CDC EBS scorecard provides a useful way to measure and track this capacity over time. Results can be used to advocate for and target resources for capacity building to foster public health emergency preparedness efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeng Mercy Tetuh
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stephanie J. Salyer
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Global Health Protection, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dativa Aliddeki
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bethelhem Tibebu
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fatma Osman
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Franck Chi Amabo
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Leocadia Kwagonza Warren
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maryam Ibrahim Buba
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yenew Kebede
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Surveillance and Disease Intelligence, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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23
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Adnyana IMDM, Utomo B, Eljatin DS, Sudaryati NLG. One Health approach and zoonotic diseases in Indonesia: Urgency of implementation and challenges. NARRA J 2023; 3:e257. [PMID: 38455621 PMCID: PMC10919696 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v3i3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The urgency of implementing the One Health approach to overcome zoonotic diseases cannot be overstated. By recognizing the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment, we can effectively prevent and respond to emerging infectious disease threats. This review article provides information on the importance of generating research on zoonotic diseases, especially in Indonesia, where research is still relatively scarce. The Indonesian government has taken steps to implement the One Health by establishing the One Health Coordinating Unit and the National Zoonosis Committee; however, implementation has not been optimal. The urgency and challenges are focused on critical implementation aspects in the community. The urgency of implementing One Health includes that Indonesia has experienced several outbreaks of zoonotic diseases; high environmental degradation; and the antimicrobial resistance issue in Indonesia has increased. The challenges faced in implementing One Health are overcoming fragmentation due to incohesive communication between important sectors, securing funding and resource investment, aligning policies to eliminate regulation barriers, capacity building to increase awareness and professionals, and addressing critical socioeconomic factors. By prioritizing implementing the One Health approach and addressing existing challenges, Indonesia can build a more resilient and integrated system to protect the well-being of all species, protect ecosystems, and prevent the devastating effects of zoonotic diseases on global health. In this review, we present the urgency of One Health implementation and its challenges comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- I MDM. Adnyana
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Information, Technology and Science, Universitas Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Budi Utomo
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Dwinka S. Eljatin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ni LG. Sudaryati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Information, Technology and Science, Universitas Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar, Indonesia
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24
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Hayman DT, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Khaitsa M, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L, Koopmans M. Developing One Health surveillance systems. One Health 2023; 17:100617. [PMID: 38024258 PMCID: PMC10665171 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the environment are inter-dependent. Global anthropogenic change is a key driver of disease emergence and spread and leads to biodiversity loss and ecosystem function degradation, which are themselves drivers of disease emergence. Pathogen spill-over events and subsequent disease outbreaks, including pandemics, in humans, animals and plants may arise when factors driving disease emergence and spread converge. One Health is an integrated approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize human, animal and ecosystem health. Conventional disease surveillance has been siloed by sectors, with separate systems addressing the health of humans, domestic animals, cultivated plants, wildlife and the environment. One Health surveillance should include integrated surveillance for known and unknown pathogens, but combined with this more traditional disease-based surveillance, it also must include surveillance of drivers of disease emergence to improve prevention and mitigation of spill-over events. Here, we outline such an approach, including the characteristics and components required to overcome barriers and to optimize an integrated One Health surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP)
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- University of Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- One Health, Bangladesh
- Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David T.S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique F. Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India
| | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- One Health, Bangladesh
| | | | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | | | - John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Serge Morand
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Mor N. Organising for One Health in a developing country. One Health 2023; 17:100611. [PMID: 37588424 PMCID: PMC10425406 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, zoonotic diseases pose an enormous and growing public health challenge, and developing countries like India are at the epicentre of it. Although there is general recognition of this reality, governments around the world have struggled to organise appropriately to respond to it. The widely held view is that organising for One Health requires effective cross-sectoral collaboration, but the prerequisites to enable such collaboration appear almost unattainable. Perhaps an entirely different approach is needed, which is over and above effective collaborations between competing government ministries. The approach would have to recognise that while any organisational response will need to be able to address identified zoonotic diseases and respond effectively to them in times of crises, it would also be required to have the ability to shape the response to megatrends such as climate change, deforestation, and the underlying development models of the country. The paper analyses the success and failures associated with the way in which India, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Rwanda have organised for One Health. It also studies the underlying pathways through which zoonotic spillovers take place, and epidemics gather momentum. Based on these critical analyses, the paper concludes that attempts to build single overarching units to address these challenges have only been partially effective. Given the scale and complexity of the challenge, it recommends that, even at the risk of duplication and the very real possibility that unaddressed gaps will remain, an approach, which builds multiple sharply focused units, would have a greater chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Mor
- Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, India
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26
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Layman NC, Basinski AJ, Zhang B, Eskew EA, Bird BH, Ghersi BM, Bangura J, Fichet-Calvet E, Remien CH, Vandi M, Bah M, Nuismer SL. Predicting the fine-scale spatial distribution of zoonotic reservoirs using computer vision. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1974-1986. [PMID: 37737493 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases threaten human health worldwide and are often associated with anthropogenic disturbance. Predicting how disturbance influences spillover risk is critical for effective disease intervention but difficult to achieve at fine spatial scales. Here, we develop a method that learns the spatial distribution of a reservoir species from aerial imagery. Our approach uses neural networks to extract features of known or hypothesized importance from images. The spatial distribution of these features is then summarized and linked to spatially explicit reservoir presence/absence data using boosted regression trees. We demonstrate the utility of our method by applying it to the reservoir of Lassa virus, Mastomys natalensis, within the West African nations of Sierra Leone and Guinea. We show that, when trained using reservoir trapping data and publicly available aerial imagery, our framework learns relationships between environmental features and reservoir occurrence and accurately ranks areas according to the likelihood of reservoir presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Layman
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Andrew J Basinski
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Brian H Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Bruno M Ghersi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Bangura
- University of Makeni and University of California, Davis One Health Program, Makeni, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Christopher H Remien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Mohamed Vandi
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Bah
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Scott L Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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27
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Maia LJ, de Oliveira CH, Silva AB, Souza PAA, Müller NFD, Cardoso JDC, Ribeiro BM, de Abreu FVS, Campos FS. Arbovirus surveillance in mosquitoes: Historical methods, emerging technologies, and challenges ahead. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2072-2082. [PMID: 38183286 PMCID: PMC10800135 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231209415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses cause millions of infections each year; however, only limited options are available for treatment and pharmacological prevention. Mosquitoes are among the most important vectors for the transmission of several pathogens to humans. Despite advances, the sampling, viral detection, and control methods for these insects remain ineffective. Challenges arise with the increase in mosquito populations due to climate change, insecticide resistance, and human interference affecting natural habitats, which contribute to the increasing difficulty in controlling the spread of arboviruses. Therefore, prioritizing arbovirus surveillance is essential for effective epidemic preparedness. In this review, we offer a concise historical account of the discovery and monitoring of arboviruses in mosquitoes, from mosquito capture to viral detection. We then analyzed the advantages and limitations of these traditional methods. Furthermore, we investigated the potential of emerging technologies to address these limitations, including the implementation of next-generation sequencing, paper-based devices, spectroscopic detectors, and synthetic biosensors. We also provide perspectives on recurring issues and areas of interest such as insect-specific viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Janssen Maia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Baculovírus, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brasil
| | - Cirilo Henrique de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Comportamento de Insetos, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, Brasil
| | - Arthur Batista Silva
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, Brasil
| | - Pedro Augusto Almeida Souza
- Laboratório de Comportamento de Insetos, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, Brasil
| | - Nicolas Felipe Drumm Müller
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brasil
| | - Jader da Cruz Cardoso
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Bergmann Morais Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Baculovírus, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brasil
| | | | - Fabrício Souza Campos
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brasil
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28
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Tschritter CM, V. C. de Groot P, Branigan M, Dyck M, Sun Z, Lougheed SC. A new multiplexed magnetic capture-Droplet digital PCR tool for monitoring wildlife population health and pathogen surveillance. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10655. [PMID: 37915804 PMCID: PMC10616740 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors are exacerbating the emergence and spread of pathogens worldwide. In regions like the Arctic, where ecosystems are particularly susceptible, marked changes are predicted in regional diversity, intensity, and patterns of infectious diseases. To understand such rapidly changing host-pathogen dynamics and mitigate the impacts of novel pathogens, we need sensitive disease surveillance tools. We developed and validated a novel multiplexed, magnetic capture, and ddPCR tool for the surveillance of multiple pathogens in polar bears, a sentinel species that is considered susceptible to climate change and other stressors with a pan-Arctic distribution. Through sequence-specific magnetic capture, we concentrated five target template sequences from three zoonotic bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Francisella tularensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex) and two parasitic (Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp.) pathogens from large quantities (<100 g) of host tissue. We then designed and validated two multiplexed probe-based ddPCR assays for the amplification and detection of the low-concentration target DNA. Validations used 48 polar bear tissues (muscle and liver). We detected 14, 1, 3, 4, and 22 tissue positives for E. rhusiopathiae, F. tularensis, M. tuberculosis complex, T. gondii, and Trichinella spp., respectively. These multiplexed assays offer a rapid, specific tool for quantifying and monitoring the changing geographical and host distributions of pathogens relevant to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marsha Branigan
- Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesGovernment of the Northwest TerritoriesInuvikNorthwest TerritoriesCanada
| | - Markus Dyck
- Department of EnvironmentGovernment of NunavutIgloolikNunavutCanada
| | - Zhengxin Sun
- Department of BiologyQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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29
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Tseng KK, Koehler H, Becker DJ, Gibb R, Carlson CJ, Fernandez MDP, Seifert SN. Viral genomic features predict orthopoxvirus reservoir hosts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564211. [PMID: 37961540 PMCID: PMC10634857 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPVs), including the causative agents of smallpox and mpox have led to devastating outbreaks in human populations worldwide. However, the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, which also provides cross-protection against related OPVs, has diminished global immunity to OPVs more broadly. We apply machine learning models incorporating both host ecological and viral genomic features to predict likely reservoirs of OPVs. We demonstrate that incorporating viral genomic features in addition to host ecological traits enhanced the accuracy of potential OPV host predictions, highlighting the importance of host-virus molecular interactions in predicting potential host species. We identify hotspots for geographic regions rich with potential OPV hosts in parts of southeast Asia, equatorial Africa, and the Amazon, revealing high overlap between regions predicted to have a high number of potential OPV host species and those with the lowest smallpox vaccination coverage, indicating a heightened risk for the emergence or establishment of zoonotic OPVs. Our findings can be used to target wildlife surveillance, particularly related to concerns about mpox establishment beyond its historical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie K. Tseng
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Heather Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Becker
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Rory Gibb
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- People & Nature Lab, UCL East, University College London, Stratford, London, UK
| | - Colin J. Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Stephanie N. Seifert
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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30
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Muylaert RL, Wilkinson DA, Kingston T, D'Odorico P, Rulli MC, Galli N, John RS, Alviola P, Hayman DTS. Using drivers and transmission pathways to identify SARS-like coronavirus spillover risk hotspots. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6854. [PMID: 37891177 PMCID: PMC10611769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-like coronaviruses is a multi-stage process from wildlife reservoirs to people. Here we characterize multiple drivers-landscape change, host distribution, and human exposure-associated with the risk of spillover of zoonotic SARS-like coronaviruses to help inform surveillance and mitigation activities. We consider direct and indirect transmission pathways by modeling four scenarios with livestock and mammalian wildlife as potential and known reservoirs before examining how access to healthcare varies within clusters and scenarios. We found 19 clusters with differing risk factor contributions within a single country (N = 9) or transboundary (N = 10). High-risk areas were mainly closer (11-20%) rather than far ( < 1%) from healthcare. Areas far from healthcare reveal healthcare access inequalities, especially Scenario 3, which includes wild mammals and not livestock as secondary hosts. China (N = 2) and Indonesia (N = 1) had clusters with the highest risk. Our findings can help stakeholders in land use planning, integrating healthcare implementation and One Health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata L Muylaert
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - David A Wilkinson
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paolo D'Odorico
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Rulli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolas Galli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Reju Sam John
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Alviola
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines- Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - David T S Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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31
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Jackson JA, Bajer A, Behnke-Borowczyk J, Gilbert FS, Grzybek M, Alsarraf M, Behnke JM. Remotely sensed localised primary production anomalies predict the burden and community structure of infection in long-term rodent datasets. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5568-5581. [PMID: 37548403 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency and cost of zoonotic disease emergence due to global change have led to calls for the primary surveillance of wildlife. This should be facilitated by the ready availability of remotely sensed environmental data, given the importance of the environment in determining infectious disease dynamics. However, there has been little evaluation of the temporal predictiveness of remotely sensed environmental data for infection reservoirs in vertebrate hosts due to a deficit of corresponding high-quality long-term infection datasets. Here we employ two unique decade-spanning datasets for assemblages of infectious agents, including zoonotic agents, in rodents in stable habitats. Such stable habitats are important, as they provide the baseline sets of pathogens for the interactions within degrading habitats that have been identified as hotspots for zoonotic emergence. We focus on the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), a measure of vegetation greening that equates to primary productivity, reasoning that this would modulate infectious agent populations via trophic cascades determining host population density or immunocompetence. We found that EVI, in analyses with data standardised by site, inversely predicted more than one-third of the variation in an index of infectious agent total abundance. Moreover, in bipartite host occupancy networks, weighted network statistics (connectance and modularity) were linked to total abundance and were also predicted by EVI. Infectious agent abundance and, perhaps, community structure are likely to influence infection risk and, in turn, the probability of transboundary emergence. Thus, the present results, which were consistent in disparate forest and desert systems, provide proof-of-principle that within-site fluctuations in satellite-derived greenness indices can furnish useful forecasting that could focus primary surveillance. In relation to the well-documented global greening trend of recent decades, the present results predict declining infection burden in wild vertebrates in stable habitats; but if greening trends were to be reversed, this might magnify the already upwards trend in zoonotic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Jackson
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Bajer
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk
- Department of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Francis S Gilbert
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Mohammed Alsarraf
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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Dodkins R, Delaney JR, Overton T, Scholle F, Frias-De-Diego A, Crisci E, Huq N, Jordan I, Kimata JT, Findley T, Goldberg IG. A rapid, high-throughput, viral infectivity assay using automated brightfield microscopy with machine learning. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:324-333. [PMID: 37451651 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectivity assays are essential for the development of viral vaccines, antiviral therapies, and the manufacture of biologicals. Traditionally, these assays take 2-7 days and require several manual processing steps after infection. We describe an automated viral infectivity assay (AVIATM), using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and high-throughput brightfield microscopy on 96-well plates that can quantify infection phenotypes within hours, before they are manually visible, and without sample preparation. CNN models were trained on HIV, influenza A virus, coronavirus 229E, vaccinia viruses, poliovirus, and adenoviruses, which together span the four major categories of virus (DNA, RNA, enveloped, and non-enveloped). A sigmoidal function, fit between virus dilution curves and CNN predictions, results in sensitivity ranges comparable to or better than conventional plaque or TCID50 assays, and a precision of ∼10%, which is considerably better than conventional infectivity assays. Because this technology is based on sensitizing CNNs to specific phenotypes of infection, it has potential as a rapid, broad-spectrum tool for virus characterization, and potentially identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tess Overton
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Elisa Crisci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Nafisa Huq
- Melbec Microbiology Ltd, Rossendale, Lancashire, BB4 4QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestr. 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Barton Behravesh C, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Hayman DTS, Khaitsa M, Koopmans MPG, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L. Prevention of zoonotic spillover: From relying on response to reducing the risk at source. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011504. [PMID: 37796834 PMCID: PMC10553309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique F. Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India
| | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia/SC, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Baptiste Dungu
- Onderstepoort Biological Products SOC (OBP), Afrivet, B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Divison, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Serge Morand
- IRL HealthDEEP, CNRS - Kasetsart University - Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
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Owusu I, Adu C, Aboagye RG, Mpangah RA, Acheampong GK, Akyereko E, Bonsu EO, Peprah P. Preparing for future outbreaks in Ghana: An overview of current COVID-19, monkeypox, and Marburg disease outbreaks. Health Promot Perspect 2023; 13:202-211. [PMID: 37808942 PMCID: PMC10558975 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2023.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Ghana is currently grappling with simultaneous outbreaks of Marburg virus disease and human monkeypox virus. The coexistence of these outbreaks emphasizes the imperative for a collaborative and global approach to enhance surveillance and expedite case detection. While Ghana has made efforts to respond to these outbreaks, this paper outlines the lessons learned and proposes recommendations in this regard. It is crucial to intensify response efforts at the local, regional, and national levels to effectively contain the spread of these infectious diseases. Therefore, this paper suggests prioritizing the following recommendations as crucial for assisting Ghana in adequately preparing for future outbreaks and safeguarding global public health: strengthening surveillance system through digitization, rapid and effective response; risk communication and community engagement; healthcare system readiness; and research and collaboration. Also, prioritizing building healthy public policies and developing personal skills of health personnel across the country is key for future outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Owusu
- Ghana Health Service, Headquarters, Accra, Ghana
| | - Collins Adu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Richard Gyan Aboagye
- Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health, and Allied Sciences, Hohoe, Ghana
| | | | | | - Ernest Akyereko
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Osei Bonsu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Prince Peprah
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity/Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Branda F, Mazzoli S. The importance of rapid and robust availability of epidemiological data for real-time mapping of the risk of avian influenza A (H5N1) spread. Pathog Glob Health 2023; 117:521-524. [PMID: 37340625 PMCID: PMC10392239 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2228055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Department of Computer Science, Modeling, Electronics and Systems Engineering (DIMES), University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Sandra Mazzoli
- STDs Centre, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Rifkin ME. Nutrition policy critical to optimize response to climate, public health crises. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1118753. [PMID: 37662592 PMCID: PMC10469017 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1118753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of unanticipated crises on health care and first-responder systems are reflected in climate-fueled environmental emergencies, to which human resilience is diminished by our chronic disease epidemic. For example, people who depend on specialized medications, like refrigerated insulin for diabetes, will likely face additional challenges in receiving treatment and care during extreme heat, floods, disasters, and other adverse events. These circumstances may be compounded by staff and equipment shortages, lack of access to fresh food, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure in the wake of a disaster. Simply put, our health care and first-response systems struggle to meet the demands of chronic disease without such crises and may be fundamentally unable to adequately function with such crises present. However, nutrition's primacy in preventing and controlling chronic disease directly enhances individual and public resilience in the face of existential threats. Highlighting the shared diet-related etiology clearly demonstrates the need for a national policy response to reduce the disease burden and potentiate mitigation of the sequelae of climate risks and capacity limits in our food and health care systems. Accordingly, this article proposes four criteria for nutrition policy in the Anthropocene: objective government nutrition recommendations, healthy dietary patterns, adequate nutrition security, and effective nutrition education. Application of such criteria shows strong potential to improve our resiliency despite the climate and public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Rifkin
- Center for Biological Diversity, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Alimi Y, Wabacha J. Strengthening coordination and collaboration of one health approach for zoonotic diseases in Africa. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2023; 5:10. [PMID: 37533113 PMCID: PMC10394936 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the One Health progress made in some African countries in addressing zoonotic disease outbreaks, many still lack formal and funded One Health programs. Countries lack diagnostic capacity for zoonotic diseases, coordinated surveillance mechanisms, multisectoral response strategies and skilled workforce. With the devasting impacts of zoonotic disease outbreaks, recent epidemics have caused a loss of lives and negatively impacted the economy. Strengthening One Health approach across African Union (AU) Member States will improve the continent's ability and capacity to efficiently prevent, detect, and respond to emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases. The policy and practice changes needed to address zoonotic diseases require strong political commitment, financial investments, and institutionalised national One Health programs. The African Union endorses a One Health approach in which multiple sectors work jointly to raise awareness, gather credible data, implement programs, and promote evidence-based policy and practice in improve human, animal, and environmental health. The African Union working through its technical agencies set up an interagency multidisciplinary group "the One Health Coordinating Group on Zoonotic Diseases" to strengthen coordinated surveillance, prevention and control of zoonotic diseases on the continent. There is an urgent need to strengthen the coordination of One Health activities across the African continent. The African Union will leverage its unique political position on the continent to raise awareness, secure commitments, and influence policy at the head of state level. This manuscript highlights the opportunity to improve and strengthen One Health coordination and harmonisation of efforts through a continental strategy for zoonotic disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewande Alimi
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - James Wabacha
- African Union InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi, Kenya
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38
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Dreyer S, Dreier M, Dietze K. Demystifying a buzzword: Use of the term "human-animal-interface" in One Health oriented research based on a literature review and expert interviews. One Health 2023; 16:100560. [PMID: 37363207 PMCID: PMC10288080 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As of today, 75% of infectious human diseases are caused by zoonotic pathogens, which use the interface between humans and animal species to cross. Due to this ability, zoonoses affect more than just one health sector and the effective control is a matter of the One Health concept. One defining feature of this concept is the "human-animal-interface". However, even though the term is ubiquitously used in the field of infectious disease research, a clear definition of the term is lacking, leading to a rather nebulous understanding of what this interface really encompasses. Based on this observation, this study aimed to analyze the use of the term "human-animal-interface" in scientific literature to identify patterns and categories facilitating a scientific categorization. A systematic literature search of two electronic databases was performed complemented by interviews with health experts in the field of zoonoses/One Health conducted between March 2019 and May 2021. From identified publications, keywords and interface descriptions were extracted and categorized. Interviews followed a questioning route, were audio recorded, transcribed, and qualitative content was inductively categorized. Findings are based on 208 publications and 27 expert interviews. "Transmission" and "zoonosis" were the most frequent literature-based keywords, while the interviewees clearly favored "interface" followed by "contact". Seven categories of contact interfaces were inductively derived: direct contact (physical contact), consumption of animal products, use of animal products (blood transfusion, skin), contact with animal products (blood, secretion, meat), indirect contact (dust, inhalation, droplets), environmental contact (same surface or food), vector contact). Precise descriptions of the interfaces varied greatly depending on the pathogen domain (bacterial, viral, fungal). Specific patterns could be identified that were consistent between the literature and experts. The study results showed a general concordance in defining and describing the human-animal-interface indicating a general understanding of the term. However, studies on a larger scale are recommended (e.g. systematic review) to allow a more thorough view of the understanding and definition of the human-animal-interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Dreyer
- Friedrich- Loeffler-Institut, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maren Dreier
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Friedrich- Loeffler-Institut, Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Greifswald, Germany
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Osofsky SA, Lieberman S, Walzer C, Lee HL, Neme LA. An immediate way to lower pandemic risk: (not) seizing the low-hanging fruit (bat). Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e518-e526. [PMID: 37286248 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
What is the least that humanity can do to mitigate the risks of future pandemics, to prevent worldwide surges in human deaths, illness, and suffering-and more waves of multitrillion US dollar impacts on the global economy? The issues around our consumption and trading of wildlife are diverse and complex, with many rural communities being dependent on wild meat for their nutritional needs. But bats might be one taxonomic group that can be successfully eliminated from the human diet and other uses, with minimal costs or inconvenience to the vast majority of the 8 billion people on Earth. The order Chiroptera merits genuine respect given all that these species contribute to human food supplies through pollination services provided by the frugivores and to disease risk mitigation delivered by insectivorous species. The global community missed its chance to stop SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from emerging-how many more times will humanity allow this cycle to repeat? How long will governments ignore the science that is in front of them? It's past time for humans to do the least that can be done. A global taboo is needed whereby humanity agrees to leave bats alone, not fear them or try to chase them away or cull them, but to let them have the habitats they need and live undisturbed by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Osofsky
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Cornell Wildlife Health Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Cornell Atkinson Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Susan Lieberman
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christian Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY, USA; Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helen L Lee
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Cornell Wildlife Health Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laurel A Neme
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Caceres-Escobar H, Maiorano L, Rondinini C, Cimatti M, Morand S, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Peyre M, Roche B, Di Marco M. Operationalizing One Health: Environmental Solutions for Pandemic Prevention. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:156-164. [PMID: 37477763 PMCID: PMC10613135 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Human pressure on the environment is increasing the frequency, diversity, and spatial extent of disease outbreaks. Despite international recognition, the interconnection between the health of the environment, animals, and humans has been historically overlooked. Past and current initiatives have often neglected prevention under the One Health preparedness cycle, largely focusing on post-spillover stages. We argue that pandemic prevention initiatives have yet to produce actionable targets and indicators, connected to overarching goals, like it has been done for biodiversity loss and climate change. We show how the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework, already employed by the Convention on Biological Diversity, can be repurposed to operationalize pandemic prevention. Global responses for pandemic prevention should strive for complementarity and synergies among initiatives, better articulating prevention under One Health. Without agreed-upon goals underpinning specific targets and interventions, current global efforts are unlikely to function at the speed and scale necessary to decrease the risk of disease outbreaks that might lead to pandemics. Threats to the environment are not always abatable, but decreasing the likelihood that environmental pressure leads to pandemics, and developing strategies to mitigate these impacts, are both attainable goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Caceres-Escobar
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Avenida Manuel Montt 948, edificio A, piso 2, Santiago, Providencia, Chile
- IUCN Species Survival Commission, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Luigi Maiorano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Cimatti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Serge Morand
- UMR MIVEGEC, CNRS - IRD, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Marisa Peyre
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- UMR MIVEGEC, CNRS - IRD, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Dobson A, Ricci C, Boucekkine R, Gozzi F, Fabbri G, Loch-Temzelides T, Pascual M. Balancing economic and epidemiological interventions in the early stages of pathogen emergence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade6169. [PMID: 37224240 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has underlined the need for more coordinated responses to emergent pathogens. These responses need to balance epidemic control in ways that concomitantly minimize hospitalizations and economic damages. We develop a hybrid economic-epidemiological modeling framework that allows us to examine the interaction between economic and health impacts over the first period of pathogen emergence when lockdown, testing, and isolation are the only means of containing the epidemic. This operational mathematical setting allows us to determine the optimal policy interventions under a variety of scenarios that might prevail in the first period of a large-scale epidemic outbreak. Combining testing with isolation emerges as a more effective policy than lockdowns, substantially reducing deaths and the number of infected hosts, at lower economic cost. If a lockdown is put in place early in the course of the epidemic, it always dominates the "laissez-faire" policy of doing nothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Cristiano Ricci
- Department of Economics and Management, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raouf Boucekkine
- Centre for Unframed Thinking, Rennes School of Business, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fausto Gozzi
- Department of Economics and Finance, Luiss University, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fabbri
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, GAEL, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ted Loch-Temzelides
- Department of Economics and Baker Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Mercedes Pascual
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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42
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Garg KM, Lamba V, Sanyal A, Dovih P, Chattopadhyay B. Next Generation Sequencing Revolutionizes Organismal Biology Research in Bats. J Mol Evol 2023:10.1007/s00239-023-10107-2. [PMID: 37154841 PMCID: PMC10166039 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing technologies (NGS) has greatly accelerated our understanding of critical aspects of organismal biology from non-model organisms. Bats form a particularly interesting group in this regard, as genomic data have helped unearth a vast spectrum of idiosyncrasies in bat genomes associated with bat biology, physiology, and evolution. Bats are important bioindicators and are keystone species to many eco-systems. They often live in proximity to humans and are frequently associated with emerging infectious diseases, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly four dozen bat genomes have been published to date, ranging from drafts to chromosomal level assemblies. Genomic investigations in bats have also become critical towards our understanding of disease biology and host-pathogen coevolution. In addition to whole genome sequencing, low coverage genomic data like reduced representation libraries, resequencing data, etc. have contributed significantly towards our understanding of the evolution of natural populations, and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic perturbations. In this review, we discuss how genomic data have enhanced our understanding of physiological adaptations in bats (particularly related to ageing, immunity, diet, etc.), pathogen discovery, and host pathogen co-evolution. In comparison, the application of NGS towards population genomics, conservation, biodiversity assessment, and functional genomics has been appreciably slower. We reviewed the current areas of focus, identifying emerging topical research directions and providing a roadmap for future genomic studies in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika M Garg
- Centre for Interdisciplinay Archaeological Research, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
- Department of Biology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
- Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability (3CS), Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
| | - Vinita Lamba
- Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
- J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701, USA
| | - Avirup Sanyal
- Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
- Ecology and Evolution, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Pilot Dovih
- Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability (3CS), Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India
- Ecology and Evolution, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
- School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Balaji Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability (3CS), Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
- Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, 131029, India.
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Pierson L, Verguet S. When should global health actors prioritise more uncertain interventions? Lancet Glob Health 2023; 11:e615-e622. [PMID: 36925181 PMCID: PMC10060118 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Global health actors use economic evaluations, including cost-effectiveness analyses, to estimate the effect of different interventions they might fund. However, producing reliable cost-effectiveness estimates is difficult, meaning organisations must often choose between funding interventions for which reliable predictions of efficacy exist and those for which they do not. In practice, many organisations appear to be risk-averse, favouring more certain interventions simply because they are more certain. We argue that this practice is not justifiable. Prioritising projects backed by greater evidence might often produce greater health benefits. However, a general tendency to prefer more certain interventions will cause global health actors to overlook opportunities to help less well-studied populations, support promising but complex interventions, address the upstream causes of illness, and conduct the most important impact evaluations. We argue that global health actors should instead adopt nuanced attitudes towards uncertainty and be willing to fund highly uncertain interventions in some cases. We further describe the considerations they should take into account in rendering these judgements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Pierson
- Harvard/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Stéphane Verguet
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Fanelli A, Schnitzler JC, De Nardi M, Donachie A, Capua I, Lanave G, Buonavoglia D, Caceres-Soto P, Tizzani P. Epidemic intelligence data of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, European Region, 2012 to 2022: a new opportunity for risk mapping of neglected diseases. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200542. [PMID: 37078883 PMCID: PMC10283452 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.16.2200542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) system, jointly developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission and various partners, is a web-based platform that facilitate the monitoring of information on public health threats in near real-time from thousands of online sources.AimsTo assess the capacity of the EIOS system to strengthen data collection for neglected diseases of public health importance, and to evaluate the use of EIOS data for improving the understanding of the geographic extents of diseases and their level of risk.MethodsA Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) model was implemented to map the risk of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) occurrence in 52 countries and territories within the European Region between January 2012 and March 2022 using data on CCHF occurrence retrieved from the EIOS system.ResultsThe model found a positive association between all temperature-related variables and the probability of CCHF occurrence, with an increased risk in warmer and drier areas. The highest risk of CCHF was found in the Mediterranean basin and in areas bordering the Black Sea. There was a general decreasing risk trend from south to north across the entire European Region.ConclusionThe study highlights that the information gathered by public health intelligence can be used to build a disease risk map. Internet-based sources could aid in the assessment of new or changing risks and planning effective actions in target areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | | | | | - Alastair Donachie
- Intelligence Innovation and Integration unit, World Health Organization, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilaria Capua
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Paula Caceres-Soto
- World Animal Health Information and Analysis Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- World Animal Health Information and Analysis Department, World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
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Pruvot M, Denstedt E, Latinne A, Porco A, Montecino-Latorre D, Khammavong K, Milavong P, Phouangsouvanh S, Sisavanh M, Nga NTT, Ngoc PTB, Thanh VD, Chea S, Sours S, Phommachanh P, Theppangna W, Phiphakhavong S, Vanna C, Masphal K, Sothyra T, San S, Chamnan H, Long PT, Diep NT, Duoc VT, Zimmer P, Brown K, Olson SH, Fine AE. WildHealthNet: Supporting the development of sustainable wildlife health surveillance networks in Southeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160748. [PMID: 36513230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife and wildlife interfaces with people and livestock are essential surveillance targets to monitor emergent or endemic pathogens or new threats affecting wildlife, livestock, and human health. However, limitations of previous investments in scope and duration have resulted in a neglect of wildlife health surveillance (WHS) systems at national and global scales, particularly in lower and middle income countries (LMICs). Building on decades of wildlife health activities in LMICs, we demonstrate the implementation of a locally-driven multi-pronged One Health approach to establishing WHS in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam under the WildHealthNet initiative. WildHealthNet utilizes existing local capacity in the animal, public health, and environmental sectors for event based or targeted surveillance and disease detection. To scale up surveillance systems to the national level, WildHealthNet relies on iterative field implementation and policy development, capacity bridging, improving data collection and management systems, and implementing context specific responses to wildlife health intelligence. National WHS systems piloted in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam engaged protected area rangers, wildlife rescue centers, community members, and livestock and human health sector staff and laboratories. Surveillance activities detected outbreaks of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds, African swine fever in wild boar (Sus scrofa), Lumpy skin disease in banteng (Bos javanicus), and other endemic zoonotic pathogens identified as surveillance priorities by local stakeholders. In Cambodia and Lao PDR, national plans for wildlife disease surveillance are being signed into legislation. Cross-sectoral and trans-disciplinary approaches are needed to implement effective WHS systems. Long-term commitment, and paralleled implementation and policy development are key to sustainable WHS networks. WildHealthNet offers a roadmap to aid in the development of locally-relevant and locally-led WHS systems that support the global objectives of the World Organization for Animal Health's Wildlife Health Framework and other international agendas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Pruvot
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA; University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Emily Denstedt
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Country Program, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Alice Latinne
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Alice Porco
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Country Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Kongsy Khammavong
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Country Program, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | | | - Manoly Sisavanh
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Lao PDR Country Program, Vientiane, Laos
| | | | - Pham Thi Bich Ngoc
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Vo Duy Thanh
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sokha Chea
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Country Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sreyem Sours
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Cambodia Country Program, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Sithong Phiphakhavong
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Chhuon Vanna
- Department of Wildlife and Biodiversity, Forestry Administration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kry Masphal
- Department of Wildlife and Biodiversity, Forestry Administration, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tum Sothyra
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sorn San
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hong Chamnan
- General Directorate of Natural Protected Areas, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pham Thanh Long
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Diep
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Trong Duoc
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Patrick Zimmer
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kevin Brown
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amanda E Fine
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
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Lefrançois T, Malvy D, Atlani-Duault L, Benamouzig D, Druais PL, Yazdanpanah Y, Delfraissy JF, Lina B. After 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, translating One Health into action is urgent. Lancet 2023; 401:789-794. [PMID: 36302392 PMCID: PMC9595398 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Malvy
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Hospital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France; National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Atlani-Duault
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Ceped, Paris, France; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Delfraissy
- Comité Consultatif National d'Ethique, National Ethical Consultative Committee for Life Sciences and Health, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- HCL, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Centre National de Référence de virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe), Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France; CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Inserm U1111, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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47
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Glaubrecht M. On the end of evolution – Humankind and the annihilation of species. ZOOL SCR 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Glaubrecht
- Department of Biodiversity of Animals Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB) Zoological Museum Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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48
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Vora NM, Hannah L, Walzer C, Vale MM, Lieberman S, Emerson A, Jennings J, Alders R, Bonds MH, Evans J, Chilukuri B, Cook S, Sizer NC, Epstein JH. Interventions to Reduce Risk for Pathogen Spillover and Early Disease Spread to Prevent Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1-9. [PMID: 36823026 PMCID: PMC9973692 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogens that cause most emerging infectious diseases in humans originate in animals, particularly wildlife, and then spill over into humans. The accelerating frequency with which humans and domestic animals encounter wildlife because of activities such as land-use change, animal husbandry, and markets and trade in live wildlife has created growing opportunities for pathogen spillover. The risk of pathogen spillover and early disease spread among domestic animals and humans, however, can be reduced by stopping the clearing and degradation of tropical and subtropical forests, improving health and economic security of communities living in emerging infectious disease hotspots, enhancing biosecurity in animal husbandry, shutting down or strictly regulating wildlife markets and trade, and expanding pathogen surveillance. We summarize expert opinions on how to implement these goals to prevent outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics.
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49
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MacIntyre CR, Chen X, Kunasekaran M, Quigley A, Lim S, Stone H, Paik HY, Yao L, Heslop D, Wei W, Sarmiento I, Gurdasani D. Artificial intelligence in public health: the potential of epidemic early warning systems. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231159335. [PMID: 36967669 PMCID: PMC10052500 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231159335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) to generate automated early warnings in epidemic surveillance by harnessing vast open-source data with minimal human intervention has the potential to be both revolutionary and highly sustainable. AI can overcome the challenges faced by weak health systems by detecting epidemic signals much earlier than traditional surveillance. AI-based digital surveillance is an adjunct to-not a replacement of-traditional surveillance and can trigger early investigation, diagnostics and responses at the regional level. This narrative review focuses on the role of AI in epidemic surveillance and summarises several current epidemic intelligence systems including ProMED-mail, HealthMap, Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources, BlueDot, Metabiota, the Global Biosurveillance Portal, Epitweetr and EPIWATCH. Not all of these systems are AI-based, and some are only accessible to paid users. Most systems have large volumes of unfiltered data; only a few can sort and filter data to provide users with curated intelligence. However, uptake of these systems by public health authorities, who have been slower to embrace AI than their clinical counterparts, is low. The widespread adoption of digital open-source surveillance and AI technology is needed for the prevention of serious epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandini Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- College of Public Service & Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohana Kunasekaran
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashley Quigley
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Samsung Lim
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Haley Stone
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hye-Young Paik
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faulty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lina Yao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faulty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Heslop
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wenzhao Wei
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ines Sarmiento
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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50
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Enichen E, Harvey C, Demmig-Adams B. COVID-19 Spotlights Connections between Disease and Multiple Lifestyle Factors. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:231-257. [PMID: 36883129 PMCID: PMC9445631 DOI: 10.1177/15598276221123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), and the disease it causes (COVID-19), have had a profound impact on global human society and threaten to continue to have such an impact with newly emerging variants. Because of the widespread effects of SARS-CoV-2, understanding how lifestyle choices impact the severity of disease is imperative. This review summarizes evidence for an involvement of chronic, non-resolving inflammation, gut microbiome disruption (dysbiosis with loss of beneficial microorganisms), and impaired viral defenses, all of which are associated with an imbalanced lifestyle, in severe disease manifestations and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Humans' physiological propensity for uncontrolled inflammation and severe COVID-19 are briefly contrasted with bats' low propensity for inflammation and their resistance to viral disease. This insight is used to identify positive lifestyle factors with the potential to act in synergy for restoring balance to the immune response and gut microbiome, and thereby protect individuals against severe COVID-19 and PASC. It is proposed that clinicians should consider recommending lifestyle factors, such as stress management, balanced nutrition and physical activity, as preventative measures against severe viral disease and PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Enichen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA (EE, CH, BDA)
| | - Caitlyn Harvey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA (EE, CH, BDA)
| | - Barbara Demmig-Adams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA (EE, CH, BDA)
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