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Li Y, Shi J, Yang J, Ge S, Zhang J, Jia R, Fan X. Uveal melanoma: progress in molecular biology and therapeutics. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920965852. [PMID: 33149769 PMCID: PMC7586035 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920965852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. So far, no systemic therapy or standard treatment exists to reduce the risk of metastasis and improve overall survival of patients. With the increased knowledge regarding the molecular pathways that underlie the oncogenesis of UM, it is expected that novel therapeutic approaches will be available to conquer this disease. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge of, and progress made in understanding, the pathogenesis, genetic mutations, epigenetics, and immunology of UM. With the advent of the omics era, multi-dimensional big data are publicly available, providing an innovation platform to develop effective targeted and personalized therapeutics for UM patients. Indeed, recently, a great number of therapies have been reported specifically for UM caused by oncogenic mutations, as well as other etiologies. In this review, special attention is directed to advancements in targeted therapies. In particular, we discuss the possibilities of targeting: GNAQ/GNA11, PLCβ, and CYSLTR2 mutants; regulators of G-protein signaling; the secondary messenger adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6); downstream pathways, such as those involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/MEK/extracellular signal-related kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Trio/Rho/Rac/Yes-associated protein, and inactivated BAP1; and immune-checkpoint proteins cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed cell-death protein 1/programmed cell-death ligand 1. Furthermore, we conducted a survey of completed and ongoing clinical trials applying targeted and immune therapies for UM. Although drug combination therapy based on the signaling pathways involved in UM has made great progress, targeted therapy is still an unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200001, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200001, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, 833 Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai 200001, China
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2
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Figueiredo CR, Kalirai H, Sacco JJ, Azevedo RA, Duckworth A, Slupsky JR, Coulson JM, Coupland SE. Loss of BAP1 expression is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment in uveal melanoma, with implications for immunotherapy development. J Pathol 2020; 250:420-439. [PMID: 31960425 PMCID: PMC7216965 DOI: 10.1002/path.5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induces durable responses in many metastatic cancers. Metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM), typically occurring in the liver, is one of the most refractory tumours to ICIs and has dismal outcomes. Monosomy 3 (M3), polysomy 8q, and BAP1 loss in primary uveal melanoma (pUM) are associated with poor prognoses. The presence of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within pUM and surrounding mUM – and some evidence of clinical responses to adoptive TIL transfer – strongly suggests that UMs are indeed immunogenic despite their low mutational burden. The mechanisms that suppress TILs in pUM and mUM are unknown. We show that BAP1 loss is correlated with upregulation of several genes associated with suppressive immune responses, some of which build an immune suppressive axis, including HLA‐DR, CD38, and CD74. Further, single‐cell analysis of pUM by mass cytometry confirmed the expression of these and other markers revealing important functions of infiltrating immune cells in UM, most being regulatory CD8+ T lymphocytes and tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Transcriptomic analysis of hepatic mUM revealed similar immune profiles to pUM with BAP1 loss, including the expression of IDO1. At the protein level, we observed TAMs and TILs entrapped within peritumoural fibrotic areas surrounding mUM, with increased expression of IDO1, PD‐L1, and β‐catenin (CTNNB1), suggesting tumour‐driven immune exclusion and hence the immunotherapy resistance. These findings aid the understanding of how the immune response is organised in BAP1− mUM, which will further enable functional validation of detected biomarkers and the development of focused immunotherapeutic approaches. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Figueiredo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of the Faculty of Medicine, MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph J Sacco
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Duckworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Judy M Coulson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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3
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Godfrey DI, Koay HF, McCluskey J, Gherardin NA. The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1110-1128. [PMID: 31406380 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a population of unconventional T cells called 'mucosal-associated invariant T cells' (MAIT cells) has captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians due to their abundance in humans, their involvement in a broad range of infectious and non-infectious diseases and their unusual specificity for microbial riboflavin-derivative antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein MR1. MAIT cells use a limited T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire with public antigen specificities that are conserved across species. They can be activated by TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms and exhibit rapid, innate-like effector responses. Here we review evidence showing that MAIT cells are a key component of the immune system and discuss their basic biology, development, role in disease and immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Gherardin NA, Souter MN, Koay HF, Mangas KM, Seemann T, Stinear TP, Eckle SB, Berzins SP, d'Udekem Y, Konstantinov IE, Fairlie DP, Ritchie DS, Neeson PJ, Pellicci DG, Uldrich AP, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI. Human blood MAIT cell subsets defined using MR1 tetramers. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:507-525. [PMID: 29437263 PMCID: PMC6446826 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent up to 10% of circulating human T cells. They are usually defined using combinations of non‐lineage‐specific (surrogate) markers such as anti‐TRAV1‐2, CD161, IL‐18Rα and CD26. The development of MR1‐Ag tetramers now permits the specific identification of MAIT cells based on T‐cell receptor specificity. Here, we compare these approaches for identifying MAIT cells and show that surrogate markers are not always accurate in identifying these cells, particularly the CD4+ fraction. Moreover, while all MAIT cell subsets produced comparable levels of IFNγ, TNF and IL‐17A, the CD4+ population produced more IL‐2 than the other subsets. In a human ontogeny study, we show that the frequencies of most MR1 tetramer+ MAIT cells, with the exception of CD4+ MAIT cells, increased from birth to about 25 years of age and declined thereafter. We also demonstrate a positive association between the frequency of MAIT cells and other unconventional T cells including Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Vδ2+ γδ T cells. Accordingly, this study demonstrates that MAIT cells are phenotypically and functionally diverse, that surrogate markers may not reliably identify all of these cells, and that their numbers are regulated in an age‐dependent manner and correlate with NKT and Vδ2+ γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Nt Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kirstie M Mangas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sidonia Bg Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stuart P Berzins
- Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia.,Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, 3350, Australia
| | - Yves d'Udekem
- Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry & Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David S Ritchie
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Daniel G Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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5
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Abstract
Antigens that may be involved in the immune response to uveal melanoma have not been identified. Cellular and humoral responses to melanoma differentiation antigens, as well as to BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) and α-enolase, alterations of which are associated with metastatic disease, were examined in patients with uveal melanoma. Blood was collected from 66 patients with primary and 13 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. These included 11 patients treated with immunotherapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with gp100, MART-1, tyrosinase, NY-ESO-1, BAP1, and α-enolase peptides and/or proteins, and cytokine production was assessed by bead array or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Autoantibodies to the protein were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A cellular or humoral response to one or more of the antigens was observed in 23% of the primary and 62% of the metastatic patients tested. Th1 and Th2 cellular and humoral responses to gp100, MART-1, and tyrosinase were observed in primary and metastatic patients. Cellular responses to NY-ESO-1 were not observed nor were Th17-associated responses. Cellular and humoral responses to BAP1 and α-enolase were also observed, predominantly in primary patients with tumor monosomy-3 and in metastatic patients. Individual patients treated with immunotherapy developed new reactivity to MART-1, tyrosinase, and/or α-enolase. Patients with primary and metastatic uveal melanomas manifest spontaneous immune responses to melanoma differentiation antigens, BAP1, and α-enolase. Both Th1-associated and Th2-associated responses are observed and can be modified by therapy. These results may help the development and monitoring of immunotherapy and studies of immune surveillance in uveal melanoma.
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6
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Kim DW, Anderson J, Patel SP. Immunotherapy for uveal melanoma. Melanoma Manag 2016; 3:125-135. [PMID: 30190881 DOI: 10.2217/mmt-2015-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare cancer with a high mortality rate. In comparison to cutaneous melanoma, UM has unique immunological features. Arising in the immune suppressive environment of the eye, it maintains immune resistance once metastatic. This is considered a major obstacle for successful immunotherapy in UM. However, a growing body of evidence suggests strategies that may abrogate resistance and enhance antitumor immunity in UM. Recently, three new immune agents have been approved for melanoma. While these drugs demonstrate durable clinical responses with long-term remissions in metastatic cutaneous melanoma, only limited data exist in metastatic UM. In this review, immunological aspects of UM and data from clinical studies of immunotherapeutic agents and regimens for UM will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jaime Anderson
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd Unit 0430, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd Unit 0430, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sapna P Patel
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd Unit 0430, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd Unit 0430, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Hadrup S, Donia M, Thor Straten P. Effector CD4 and CD8 T cells and their role in the tumor microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:123-33. [PMID: 23242673 PMCID: PMC3717059 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cells in tumors—the so-called tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been studied intensively over the past years. Compelling evidence point to a clinical relevance for high numbers of T cells at the tumor site with CD8 memory T cells as a key denominator for overall survival (OS) in patients with colo-rectal cancer (CRC), and also for others solid cancers. These data goes hand in hand with studies of clonality of TIL showing the T cells among TIL are expanded clonally, and also that tumor specific T cells of CD4 as well as CD8 type are enriched at the tumor site. The tumor microenvironment is hostile to T cell function e.g., due to expression of enzymes that depletes the amino acids tryptophan and arginine, high concentration of tumor secreted lactate, and presence innate cells or regulatory T cells both with suppressive activity. Analyses of the specificity of TILs in melanoma demonstrate that quite few known antigens are in fact recognized by these cultures underscoring patient unique and/or mutated antigens may represent important target for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Hadrup
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Herlev University Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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8
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Ito A, Yamaguchi M, Okamoto N, Sanematsu Y, Kawabe Y, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Honda H, Kobayashi T, Nakayama E, Tamura Y, Okura M, Yamashita T, Jimbow K, Kamihira M. T-cell receptor repertoires of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after hyperthermia using functionalized magnetite nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 8:891-902. [PMID: 23066648 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Accumulating evidence has indicated that hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles induces antitumor immunity. This study investigated the diversity of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after hyperthermia using magnetite nanoparticles. MATERIALS & METHODS Functionalized magnetite nanoparticles, N-propionyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol (NPrCAP)/magnetite, were synthesized by conjugating the melanogenesis substrate NPrCAP with magnetite nanoparticles. NPrCAP/magnetite nanoparticles were injected into B16 melanomas in C57BL/6 mice, which were subjected to an alternating magnetic field for hyperthermia treatment. RESULTS Enlargement of the tumor-draining lymph nodes was observed after hyperthermia. The TCR repertoire was restricted in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and expansion of Vβ11(+) T cells was preferentially found. DNA sequences of the third complementaritydetermining regions revealed the presence of clonally expanded T cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the T-cell response in B16 melanomas after hyperthermia is dominated by T cells directed toward a limited number of epitopes and that epitope-specific T cells frequently use a restricted TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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9
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Yoong KF, Adams DH. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes: insights into tumour immunology and potential therapeutic implications. Mol Pathol 2010; 49:M256-67. [PMID: 16696086 PMCID: PMC408070 DOI: 10.1136/mp.49.5.m256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K F Yoong
- Liver Research Laboratories, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH
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10
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Abstract
The notion that the immune system might control the growth of tumors was suggested over 100 years ago by the eminent microbiologist Paul Ehrlich. This concept was refined and expanded by Burnet and Thomas 50 years later with their articulation of the "immune surveillance" hypothesis. In its simplest form, the immune surveillance hypothesis suggests that neoplasms arise spontaneously and express novel antigens that are recognized by the immune system, which either eliminates the tumors or restrains their growth. Within the eye, immune responses are controlled and sometimes profoundly inhibited - a condition known as immune privilege. Immune privilege in the eye is the result of a complex array of anatomical, physiological, and immunoregulatory mechanisms that prevent the induction and expression of many immune responses. Tumors arising in the eye would seem to have an advantage in evading immune surveillance due to ocular immune privilege. Uveal melanoma, the most common and malignant intraocular tumor in adults, not only benefits from the immune privilege of the eye but also has adopted many of the mechanisms that contribute to ocular immune privilege as a strategy for protecting uveal melanoma cells once they leave the sanctuary of the eye and are disseminated systemically in the form of metastases. Although the immune system possesses a battery of effector mechanisms designed to rid the body of neoplasms, tumors are capable of rapidly evolving and countering even the most sophisticated immunological effector mechanisms. To date, tumors seem to be winning this arms race, but an increased understanding of these mechanisms should provide insights for designing immunotherapy that was envisioned over half a century ago, but has failed to materialize to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Much emphasis has been placed on the so-called "biologics" in the treatment of immune disorders within the last few years. Here we discuss the expanding horizon of potential strategies for immunotherapies targeting T lymphocytes as key effectors and regulators of autoimmunity. We review emerging reagents in a variety of animal models and human disorders that may offer new therapeutic options in current or modified iterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Kim-Schulze S, Kim HS, Fan Q, Kim DW, Kaufman HL. Local IL-21 promotes the therapeutic activity of effector T cells by decreasing regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment. Mol Ther 2008; 17:380-8. [PMID: 19034262 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The eradication of tumors by the immune system depends on the generation of antigen-specific T cells which can migrate to sites of tumor growth and maintain their effector functions despite local tumor-derived T-cell inhibitory factors. Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an IL-2-related cytokine that has shown limited evidence of antitumor activity in murine models and early phase clinical trials. Effect of local IL-21 on T-cell responses within the tumor microenvironment, however, has not been extensively evaluated. Thus, we developed a stably transfected IL-21-secreting B16 melanoma cell line to test the effects of local IL-21 on endogenous and adoptively transferred T-cell responses. Tumors expressing IL-21 exhibited delayed growth in vivo, which was associated with an increase in activated systemic effector and memory CD8(+) T-cell responses. Local IL-21 also enhanced the therapeutic effects of adoptively transferred gp100-specific T cells and was synergistic with IL-2. The effect was also associated with an increased proliferation of local CD8(+) T cells and decreased accumulation of regulatory CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T cells within the tumor microenvironment. These data suggest that local IL-21 enhances endogenous and adoptively transferred T-cell immunity through increased effector CD8(+) T cells and decreased CD4(+) regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- The Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Division of Surgical Oncology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Nishimura MI, Roszkowski JJ, Moore TV, Brasic N, McKee MD, Clay TM. Antigen recognition and T-cell biology. Cancer Treat Res 2007; 123:37-59. [PMID: 16211865 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-27545-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information that has been acquired regarding the way T cells recognize their targets, we are left with far more questions than answers regarding how to manipulate the immune response to better treat cancer patients. Clearly, most patients have a broad repertoire of T cells capable of recognizing their tumor cells. Despite the presence of these tumor reactive T cells and our ability to increase their frequency though vaccination or adoptive transfer, patients still progress. From the T cell side, defects in T cell signaling may account for much of our failure to achieve significant numbers of objective clinical responses. In spite of these negatives, the horizon does remain bright for T cell based immune therapy of cancer. The periodic objective clinical response tells us that immune therapy can work. Now that we know that cancer patients have the capacity to mount immune responses against their tumors, current and future investigations with agents which alter T cell function combined with vaccination or adoptive T cell transfer may help tip the balance towards effective immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Nishimura
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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14
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Clarêncio J, de Oliveira CI, Bomfim G, Pompeu MM, Teixeira MJ, Barbosa TC, Souza-Neto S, Carvalho EM, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Characterization of the T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire in the human immune response against Leishmania parasites. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4757-65. [PMID: 16861664 PMCID: PMC1539606 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00265-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore a possible presence of hyperreactive T-cell clones in human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), we have investigated, by flow cytometry, the expression of Vbeta chains of T-cell receptors (TCRs) in the following types of cells: (i) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CL patients, which were then compared to those from normal volunteers; (ii) unstimulated and soluble Leishmania antigen-stimulated draining lymph node cells from CL patients; (iii) PBMCs from volunteers before versus after Leishmania immunization; and (iv) PBMCs from healthy volunteers that were primed in vitro with live Leishmania parasites. Our results show a modulation in the TCR Vbeta repertoire during CL and after antigen stimulation of patients' cells. Vaccination, however, leads to a broad expansion of different Vbeta TCRs. We also observed an association between TCR Vbeta12 expression, T-cell activation, and gamma interferon production upon in vitro priming with Leishmania. Collectively, these results both indicate that infection with live parasites or exposure to parasite antigen can modulate the TCR Vbeta repertoire and suggest that TCR Vbeta12 may be implicated in the response to Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Clarêncio
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador, Bahia 40296-710, Brazil.
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15
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McKee MD, Roszkowski JJ, Nishimura MI. T cell avidity and tumor recognition: implications and therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med 2005; 3:35. [PMID: 16174302 PMCID: PMC1262785 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, great advances have been made studying the immune response to human tumors. The identification of protein antigens from cancer cells and better techniques for eliciting antigen specific T cell responses in vitro and in vivo have led to improved understanding of tumor recognition by T cells. Yet, much remains to be learned about the intricate details of T cell – tumor cell interactions. Though the strength of interaction between T cell and target is thought to be a key factor influencing the T cell response, investigations of T cell avidity, T cell receptor (TCR) affinity for peptide-MHC complex, and the recognition of peptide on antigen presenting targets or tumor cells reveal complex relationships. Coincident with these investigations, therapeutic strategies have been developed to enhance tumor recognition using antigens with altered peptide structures and T cells modified by the introduction of new antigen binding receptor molecules. The profound effects of these strategies on T cell – tumor interactions and the clinical implications of these effects are of interest to both scientists and clinicians. In recent years, the focus of much of our work has been the avidity and effector characteristics of tumor reactive T cells. Here we review concepts and current results in the field, and the implications of therapeutic strategies using altered antigens and altered effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D McKee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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thor Straten P, Schrama D, Andersen MH, Becker JC. T-cell clonotypes in cancer. J Transl Med 2004; 2:11. [PMID: 15072580 PMCID: PMC419379 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the immune system spontaneously recognize autologous tumor cells and T cells are believed to be the main effector cells for the immune surveillance of cancer. Recent advances in our understanding of basic and tumor immunology together with methodological developments implies that tumor specific T cells can now be studied functionally, phenotypically as well as molecularly. T cells recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC molecules through the clonally distributed T-cell receptor (TCR), thus, the clonal distribution of the TCR offers the means to detect and track specific T cells based upon detection of the unique TCR. In this review, we present and discuss available data on TCR utilization of tumor specific T cells in murine models as well as spontaneous and treatment induced anti-tumor T-cell responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per thor Straten
- Tumor Immunology Group, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Julius Maximilians-University, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- Tumor Immunology Group, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Julius Maximilians-University, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Zhang XY, Chan WY, Whitney BM, Fan DM, Chow JH, Liu Y, Ng EK, Chung SC. T cell receptor Vbeta repertoire expression reflects gastric carcinoma progression. Clin Immunol 2001; 101:3-7. [PMID: 11580220 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of TCR beta-chain complementarity-determining region size gives an indication of the T cell immune response. We examined CD4+ and CD8+ subgroups of T cells in the peripheral blood (PBL), benign gastric mucosa, and tumor (TIL) lymphocytes of 12 patients with primary gastric carcinomas of both intestinal and diffuse types. The average number of expanded clones in each compartment, expressed by the 24 families of the TCRVbeta repertoire, was analyzed according to tumor histological type, maximal invasive depth, and lymph node metastases. Fewer clones were expressed by the PBL in the cases with lymph node metastases than in those without (CD4+ P = 0.00017, CD8+ P = 0.016). Fewer CD8+ clones were expressed by the PBL in the cases with full thickness tumor infiltration than in those involving only the mucosa and submucosa (P = 0.05). The CD8+ TIL showed significantly fewer clones in the diffuse-type carcinoma than in the intestinal type (P = 0.046).
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/microbiology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adult
- Aged
- Clone Cells
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/immunology
- Stomach Neoplasms/microbiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, People's Republic of China
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18
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Albertini MR, King DM, Newton MA, Vacek PM. In vivo mutant frequency of thioguanine-resistant T-cells in the peripheral blood and lymph nodes of melanoma patients. Mutat Res 2001; 476:83-97. [PMID: 11336986 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation by malignant melanoma would be anticipated to stimulate T-cell proliferation, which in turn has been associated with increasing the likelihood of somatic gene mutation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that in vivo hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) mutant frequencies (MFs) are increased in peripheral blood T-cells from melanoma patients compared to normal controls. Assays were made of 48 peripheral blood samples from melanoma patients with stage 3 (13 patients) and stage 4 (35 patients) disease, 38 normal controls, and of nine tumor bearing lymph nodes. The mean hprt log(10)(MF) in patient peripheral blood was -4.77 (geometric mean hprt MF=17.0x10(-6)) compared to a mean hprt log(10)(MF) of -4.87 (geometric mean hprt MF=13.5x10(-6)) in controls. Although modest, this difference is statistically significant both by t-test (P=0.049) and after adjustment for covariates of age, gender, and cigarette smoking by regression analysis (P=0.001). Among the melanoma patients, the mean log(10)(MF) for the 17 patients who had received potentially genotoxic therapies was not significantly different from the mean log(10)(MF) for the 31 patients not receiving such therapies. The hprt MFs in the nine tumor bearing nodes were compared with MFs in peripheral blood from the same patients and revealed a non-significant (P=0.07) trend for increasing MFs in blood. Furthermore, analyses of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement patterns revealed hprt mutants originating from the same in vivo clone in both peripheral blood and a tumor-bearing node. The finding of elevated hprt MFs not entirely explained by genotoxic therapies in patients compared to controls can be explained either by hypermutability or in vivo T-cell activation. The similar MFs in peripheral blood and tumor bearing lymph nodes, as well as the finding of mutant representatives of the same in vivo T-cell clone in both locations, support monitoring peripheral blood to detect events in the nodes. If in vivo proliferation accounts for the current findings, the hprt deficient (hprt-) mutant fraction in blood may be enriched for T-cells that mediate the host immune response against malignant melanoma. Further studies will characterize the functional reactivity of hprt mutant isolates against melanoma-related antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Albertini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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19
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Muraro PA, Jacobsen M, Necker A, Nagle JW, Gaber R, Sommer N, Oertel WH, Martin R, Hemmer B. Rapid identification of local T cell expansion in inflammatory organ diseases by flow cytometric T cell receptor Vbeta analysis. J Immunol Methods 2000; 246:131-43. [PMID: 11121554 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oligoclonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells occurs frequently during inflammatory diseases. These cells may persist for a long time at high frequency in the body and be enriched in the affected tissues. As a screening test for expanded cell T cell populations at sites of inflammation, we developed an optimized methodology for flow-cytometry-based quantification of T cell receptor Vbeta (TCRBV) expression. We first validated the specificity of a TCRBV-specific monoclonal antibody set by direct comparison with PCR-based analysis of mono- and polyclonal T cell samples. This monoclonal antibody (mAb) panel recognized approximately two thirds of the T cell receptor alpha/beta repertoire in a group of 64 healthy donors and allowed defining TCR usage in the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. The reliable detection of expanded Vbeta gene families in T cell populations was confirmed in experiments on superantigen-stimulated T cells. Through differential TCR analysis on T cell subpopulations in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in patients with acute encephalitis, we were able to identify locally expanded CD8+ T cells. The power of this approach affords not only high-throughput comparative TCR analysis for immunological studies in vitro, but also rapid ex vivo identification of cell populations enriched in organ compartments during inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Clone Cells
- Encephalitis/blood
- Encephalitis/cerebrospinal fluid
- Encephalitis/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Muraro
- Neuroimmunology Branch, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Dembic Z, Schenck K, Bogen B. Dendritic cells purified from myeloma are primed with tumor-specific antigen (idiotype) and activate CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2697-702. [PMID: 10706628 PMCID: PMC15992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050579897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myelomas produce tumor-specific antigen (TSA) in the form of idiotype (Id) on monoclonal Ig. CD4(+) T cells can recognize Id-peptide on MHC class II molecules and protect against challenges with MOPC315 cells, which are, as common for myelomas, class II-negative. The present study explains these previous results by demonstrating that Id can be transferred from myeloma cells to antigen-presenting cells (APC), which present processed Id-peptide on their class II molecules to Id-specific T cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-TG) CD4(+) T cells. Id-primed tumor APC were heterogeneous, the majority being dendritic cells with class II(+), CD11b(+) CD11c(+) CD40(+) CD80(+) CD86(+) markers. The APC were localized beneath CD31(+) endothelial cells of tumor microvessels, and their frequency declined with tumor progression. The APC could stimulate Id-specific naive TCR-TG, short-term polarized TCR-TG, and cloned CD4(+) T cells to proliferate and produce cytokines in vitro. Furthermore, small MOPC315 tumors established in Id-specific TCR-TG mice contained clusters of activated (CD69(+)CD25(+)) and proliferating (BrdUrd(+)) Id-specific transgenic CD4(+) blasts. The activated Id-specific T cells were located adjacent to Id-primed dendritic cells in the tumor. Thus, a TSA can be transferred in vivo from myeloma, and possibly other types of cancer cells to APC for MHC class II presentation to CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dembic
- Institute of Immunology and the Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Abstract
Takayasu arteritis is an acute and sometimes chronic form of vasculitis involving the aorta, its main branches and pulmonary arteries. Although its etiology is still unknown, immunopathologic analyses revealed that the infiltrating cells mainly consisted of gammadelta T-cells as well as alphabeta T-cells and NK cells. The infiltrating gammadelta T-cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), and natural killer (NK) cells directly injured the vascular cells by releasing a cytolytic factor, perforin. Expression of heat-shock protein (HSP)-65 as well as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II was enhanced in Takayasu arteritis lesions, supporting the pathogenic role of gammadelta T-cells and alphabeta T-cells. T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta gene usage by the infiltrating cells was restricted, strongly suggesting that a specific antigen was targeted. TCR gammadelta gene usage by the infiltrating cells was also restricted. Furthermore, it has been reported that a strong association with a specific haplotype of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related (MIC), MICA gene with Takayasu arteritis, suggesting that the HLA-linked gene susceptible to the disease is mapped near the MICA gene. This also supports a pathogenic role of gammadelta T-cells in Takayasu arteritis because gammadelta T-cells were shown to recognize MICA molecule, which can be stress-induced. These findings suggest that unknown stress, such as infection, may trigger the autoimmune process of inflammation involved in Takayasu arteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Seko
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Sun Y, Möller P, Berking C, Schlüpen EM, Volkenandt M, Schadendorf D. In vivo selective expansion of a tumour-specific cytotoxic T-cell clone derived from peripheral blood of a melanoma patient after vaccination with gene-modified autologous tumour cells. Immunology 1999; 98:535-40. [PMID: 10594685 PMCID: PMC2326956 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can be generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by mixed lymphocyte-tumour cell cultures. Analysis of CTL precursor frequencies in peripheral blood of melanoma patients is generally used for immunomonitoring purposes to evaluate vaccination efficacy. At present, it is unclear whether PBL-derived CTL generated in vitro are indicative of an anti-tumour immune response in vivo. Three tumour-specific human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B/C-restricted CTL clones were derived from peripheral blood of a melanoma patient immunized with interleukin-7 (IL-7) gene-modified tumour cells. CTL clones differing in their T-cell receptor-gamma (TCRgamma) rearrangement produced interferon-gamma, IL-4 and/or IL-10. On the basis of their unique TCRgamma gene rearrangements clone-specific primers were generated for detection of clone-specific DNA by polymerase chain reaction. One CTL clone (E5) of the three was found to be selectively expanded in one of seven metastases obtained at autopsy, as determined by Southern blot hybridization. However, the presence of E5 in only one of seven metastases at death indicates that the in vivo accumulation of the specific CTL clone was not sufficient to contain tumour progression. Nevertheless, our data support the proposition that analysis of anti-tumour activity of PBL-derived CTLs may reflect an anti-tumour immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Co-operation Unit for Dermato-Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Halapi E, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Osterborg A, Mellstedt H. T cell receptor usage in malignant diseases. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1999; 21:19-35. [PMID: 10389230 DOI: 10.1007/bf00815176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Halapi
- deCODE Genetics Inc, Reykjavik, Island
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24
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Lake DF, Salgaller ML, van der Bruggen P, Bernstein RM, Marchalonis JJ. Construction and binding analysis of recombinant single-chain TCR derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone directed against MAGE-1. Int Immunol 1999; 11:745-51. [PMID: 10330280 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.5.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The TCR is responsible for the specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by recognizing peptides presented in the context of MHC. By producing recombinant soluble TCR, it is possible to study this interaction at the molecular level. We generated single-chain TCR (scTCR) from tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and one CTL clone directed against melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE)-1. Sixty-eight day anti-MAGE-1 TIL and one cloned anti-MAGE-1 CTL were analyzed by PCR for their Valpha and Vbeta gene usage. The TIL population showed a restriction in Valpha and Vbeta usage with only Valpha4 and Valpha9 and Vbeta2 and Vbeta7 expressed. The anti-MAGE-1 CTL clone demonstrated absolute restriction with only Valpha12 and Vbeta1 expressed. DNA sequence analysis was performed on all V regions. For the TIL, each possible Valpha-Vbeta combination (i.e. Valpha4-Vbeta2, Valpha9-Vbeta2, Valpha4-Vbeta7 and Valpha9-Vbeta7) was constructed as a distinct scTCR and the recombinant proteins expressed in bacteria. From the anti-MAGE-1 TIL, Valpha4-Vbeta2 scTCR demonstrated binding activity to HLA-A1(+) cells pulsed with MAGE-1 peptide. Results obtained from screening a panel of our scTCR constructs on HLA-A1(+) cells pulsed with MAGE-1 peptide or irrelevant peptide demonstrated that Vbeta2 plays a significant role in binding to the MAGE-1 peptide. Amino acid alignment analysis showed that each Vbeta sequence is distinctly different from the others. These findings demonstrate that soluble TCR in single-chain format have binding activity. Furthermore, the results indicate that in TCR, like antibodies, one chain may contribute a dominant portion of the binding activity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- HLA-A1 Antigen/physiology
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Melanoma-Specific Antigens
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Folding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Lake
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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25
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Hancock JC, Wells A, Halling KC, Tilashalski K, Conner MG, Johns C, Listinsky CM. Composite B-cell and T-cell lymphoma arising 24 years after nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease. Ann Diagn Pathol 1999; 3:23-34. [PMID: 9990110 DOI: 10.1016/s1092-9134(99)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four years after apparently successful treatment for nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease (nLPHD), a 41-year old male developed "B" symptoms and extensive adenopathy. A right axillary lymph node biopsy showed two distinct regions including (1) histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma and (2) diffuse small T-cell lymphoma. A clonal rearrangement of the gene for the T-cell receptor beta chain confirmed the presence of a T-cell neoplasm, and this was further confirmed by selective polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on this morphologic zone. PCR on the morphologic B-cell lymphoma confirmed the presence of an immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. These two regions were separated by a less-defined zone containing a mixture of small CD57 positive T lymphocytes, small B lymphocytes, and rare lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells, highly suggestive of recurrent LPHD. The development of composite B-cell and T-cell lymphoma in this patient raises the speculation that nLPHD may be a neoplasm of lymphoid cells, which can differentiate in both B- and T-cell directions, with the "L&H" cells constituting their B-cell progeny.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Biopsy
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Hodgkin Disease/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reed-Sternberg Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hancock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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26
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Abstract
1. The identification of cytokine genes expressed in the central nervous system is critical to understanding the immune network in various diseases of brain, such as infection, degeneration, and malignancy. 2. Expression of cytokine genes in human astrocytoma cell lines and in fresh brain specimens was studied by the reverse-transcribed/polymerase chain reaction method. 3. The correlation between clinical malignancy and cytokine gene expression within malignant glioma was examined, especially regarding the relevancy of inhibitory cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Many solid tumors are characterised by the infiltration of lymphocytes and their presence has been correlated with a more favourable prognosis. These tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), have been shown to possess specific cytolytic reactivity towards autologous tumours, thus suggesting that tumour cells may express antigens capable of eliciting an immune response. Expression of such tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in combination with appropriate accessory signals would lead to the in vivo accumulation of T cells with anti-tumour specificity. Analysis of the composition of the specific T-cell receptor (TCR) of TIL could thus provide information on the nature of the antigen(s) recognised by TIL. In this review, different aspects of the presence of clonal T cells in patients with cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Halapi
- deCODE Genetics Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
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28
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Obata F, Tsunoda-Iizuka M. Analysis of the T-cell receptors utilized for allogeneic HLA-DR recognition: comparison of different responder-cell donors possessing an identical HLA-DR allele. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:364-70. [PMID: 9790306 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether individuals with an identical HLA-DR type utilized the same T-cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize a given allogeneic HLA-DR molecule. CD4+ T cells from three responder-cell donors possessing the DRB*0901 allele were stimulated with HLA-DRB1*0406 molecules, subjected to the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and the TCRs of the activated CD4+ T cells were analysed using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and random cDNA clone sequencing. The responder cells of each donor yielded many dominant SSCP bands in several TCRAV and TCRBV segments, but none of these dominant SSCP bands derived from two or three responders. Random cDNA sequence analysis demonstrated that the alloreactive TCRs were diverse, but each of the three responder-cell donors showed some dominant cDNA clones. However, no amino acid sequence identities or similarities among the dominant cDNAs of these donors were detected. These results indicate that certain T-cell clones from each individual's TCR repertoire pool expand preferentially as a result of allogeneic HLA-DR recognition but these clones are not necessarily common to different individuals, even when their responder cells possess identical DR alleles and are stimulated with the same alloantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Obata
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
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29
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Luppi P, Rudert WA, Zanone MM, Stassi G, Trucco G, Finegold D, Boyle GJ, Del Nido P, McGowan FX, Trucco M. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a superantigen-driven autoimmune disease. Circulation 1998; 98:777-85. [PMID: 9727548 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.8.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cases of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) result from an inflammatory myocarditis. The specific immunological mechanisms are not yet defined. Various autoimmune diseases are associated with superantigen-triggered immune responses, resulting in massive T-cell activation and tissue damage. We studied 3 cases in a search for evidence that such a phenomenon is also implicated in IDC. METHODS AND RESULTS Myocardial, lymph node, and thymic tissue samples were obtained from IDC patients who were undergoing heart transplantation. Infiltrating immune-cell phenotypes and gene expression of T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha- and beta-chain variable (Valpha and Vbeta) regions were analyzed by immunostaining and polymerase chain reaction. Similar technical approaches were used to assay the tissues for the presence of coxsackievirus B (CVB). In all the specimens analyzed, an overexpression of the TCR Vbeta3, Vbeta7, and Vbeta13.1 gene families was detected among the infiltrating T cells. These tissues were also found to be CVB3-positive. In vitro exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to lysates of cells infected with CVB3 was capable of stimulating expansion of the same TCR Vbeta families. The TCR Valpha repertoire was never found to be skewed. CONCLUSIONS A superantigen-mediated immune response is involved in human heart disease. CVB3 may directly or indirectly trigger this response, suggesting a possible mechanistic link between CVB infection and myocarditis development progressing to IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Luppi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital, PA, USA
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30
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Müller-Ostermeyer F, Ebert M, Malfertheiner P, Schubert W. T-cell receptor Valpha gene expression of infiltrating T cells in pancreatic cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33:872-9. [PMID: 9754737 DOI: 10.1080/00365529850171558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T lymphocytes play a central role in the immune response to cancer, with specific T-cell reactivity provided by the T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta-chain heterodimer. Whereas human pancreatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by a massive infiltration of T lymphocytes, to date no analysis of the TCR Valpha-gene expression of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer has been performed. METHODS Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by dot blot hybridization, we determined the TCR alpha-chain repertoire at the mRNA level in pancreatic carcinoma and compared our findings with the TCR Valpha repertoire in the normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS A heterogeneous lowly restricted TCR Valpha repertoire was observed in pancreatic carcinomas, different from the TCR Valpha repertoire in chronic pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Pancreas-infiltrating T cells show a distinct TCR Valpha gene expression profile in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Müller-Ostermeyer
- Institute of Medical Neurobiology, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Germany
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31
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Reinhardt C, Melms A. Skewed TCRV beta repertoire in human thymus persists after thymic emigration: influence of genomic imposition, thymic maturation and environmental challenge on human TCRV beta usage in vivo. Immunobiology 1998; 199:74-86. [PMID: 9717669 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(98)80065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in originating a diverse TCR repertoire in human peripheral blood we analyzed TCRV beta surface expression in different T cell subsets of unrelated individuals. The relative frequencies of 11 distinct V beta chains were determined for immature double positive (DP) as well as for mature CD4 single positive (4SP) and CD8 single positive (8SP) thymocytes, respectively. By comparing these data with expression in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the same donors we were able to show that usage of TCRV beta in peripheral T cells is significantly (p < 0.001) depending on the pattern in mature SP thymocytes whereas the frequency of TCRV beta families in immature DP thymocytes has no impact (p > 0.2). No association with distinct HLA-haplotypes was observed. Preferential usage of V beta-families in either CD4- or CD8-positive peripheral T cells also correlates with the status in mature thymic precursors (p < 0.001). Altogether, this first combined study of TCR frequencies within different stages of human T cell ontogeny indicates that TCRV beta repertoire is determined mainly through selectional processes within the thymus. Since neither genomically imposed expression nor modulating events in the periphery seem to have strong influence on the relative expression of TCRV beta chains these findings have to be considered in future studies of human diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Lineage
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- HLA Antigens/immunology
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reinhardt
- Department of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Intraocular tumours reside within an organ that provides sanctuary from many immunological defence mechanisms. Antigens displayed on many intraocular tumours can elicit an aberrant systemic immune response in which systemic antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is actively downregulated, thus denying the host one potential effector mechanism for controlling its intraocular tumour. Constituents within the aqueous humour inhibit the expression of DTH and natural killer cell effector mechanisms within the eye and thus protect intraocular tumours from immune-mediated rejection. Some experimental intraocular tumours in mice express potent tumour-specific antigens that stimulate the expansion of tumour-specific robust cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations which enter the eye and mediate tumour rejection by piecemeal tumour necrosis. However, the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) within an intraocular tumour does not inevitably lead to tumour resolution. In some cases CTL precursors infiltrate the intraocular tumour but fail to differentiate into mature cytolytic effector cells. Although uveal melanomas express melanoma-specific and melanoma-associated antigens that are capable of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity, formidable barriers prevent the expression of tumour immunity. These barriers include: (a) anterior chamber-associated immune deviation; (b) in situ suppression of DTH effector cells; (c) suppression of natural killer cell activity in oculi; and (d) inactivation of the complement cascade by regulatory proteins expressed on uveal melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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34
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Stewart JJ, Lee CY, Ibrahim S, Watts P, Shlomchik M, Weigert M, Litwin S. A Shannon entropy analysis of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:1067-82. [PMID: 9519765 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 1970, before any antigen-bound immunoglobulin structure had been solved, Elvin Kabat proposed that regions of high amino acid diversity would be the antigen binding sites of immunoglobulin (Kabat, 1970). Conversely, sites of low variability were proposed to be structural, framework regions. This variability was defined by Wu and Kabat as the number of different amino acids found at a site divided by the relative frequency of the most common amino acid at that site (Wu and Kabat, 1970). Several groups have subsequently devised improvements of Kabat-Wu variability analysis (Litwin and Jores, 1992). While these methods are somewhat better than Kabat-Wu, they still suffer from Kabat-Wu's basic limitation: they account for only the most common one or two amino acids in estimating diversity. This leads to underestimates of low diversities and exaggerations of high diversities. Shannon information analysis eliminates serious bias and is more stable than Kabat-Wu and second generation measures of diversity (Jores et al. 1990; Wu and Kabat, 1970). Statistical reliability can be measured using Shannon analysis, and Shannon measurements can be provided with error estimates. Here we use Shannon's method to analyze the amino acid diversity at each site of T cell receptor Valpha and Vbeta to identify complementarity determining regions and framework sites. Our results reveal that the T cell receptor is significantly more diverse than immunoglobulin-suggesting T cell receptor has more than the previously-discovered four complementarity determining regions. These new complementarity determining regions may represent a larger antigen combining site, additional combining sites, or an evolutionary strategy to avoid inappropriate interaction with other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Stewart
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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35
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Kashii Y, Shimizu Y, Nambu S, Minemura M, Okada K, Higuchi K, Watanabe A. Analysis of T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire in liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 1997; 26:462-70. [PMID: 9075650 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To examine the T-cell repertoire which is involved in the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis, we analyzed the T-cell receptor Vbeta gene usage in liver-infiltrating lymphocytes by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical technique. METHODS Complementary DNA was synthesized from RNA which was extracted from 26 liver biopsy specimens and from peripheral blood lymphocytes from eight subjects, and amplified by RT-PCR. Radioactivity of each amplified product using 32P-labeled primers was measured and the percentage of each Vbeta expression was calculated. RESULTS The mean frequency of Vbeta5.1 (11.1%) in liver-infiltrating lymphocytes of chronic hepatitis C was highest among those of all Vbeta regions, and was significantly higher than that in both peripheral blood lymphocytes of chronic hepatitis C and liver-infiltrating lymphocytes of chronic hepatitis B. In the immunohistochemical analysis, Vbeta5.1-positive cells were mostly observed in portal areas where inflammatory reactions occurred. The sequences of the complementarity determining region (CDR)3 on T-cell receptor expressing Vbeta5.1 were examined in six patients with chronic hepatitis C. The sequences were similar to each other and all had one common amino acid (valine) irrespective of different HLA haplotype. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Vbeta5.1-positive cells are preferentially accumulated in the liver of chronic hepatitis C and are involved in the immunopathogenesis of the disease. Sequence analysis showed that Vbeta5.1-positive cells recognize a common conventional antigen and valine recognized at the same position of the CDR3 may be a key residue in determining an antigen/major histocompatibility complex contact point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kashii
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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36
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Hishii M, Andrews D, Boyle LA, Wong JT, Pandolfi F, van den Elsen PJ, Kurnick JT. In vivo accumulation of the same anti-melanoma T cell clone in two different metastatic sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:1378-83. [PMID: 9037061 PMCID: PMC19799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In a patient with progressing metastatic melanoma, we showed that the same autologous tumor-cytolytic CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) clone accumulated in two separate metastatic sites. This clone, which represented three of eight independently derived clones from a tumor deposit on the skin of the abdomen, also represented two of eight clones derived from a skin lesion on the shoulder. This clone could be identified by its use of a unique TCRBV2-nD1n-J1S6 sequence, and could also be detected by single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) as the dominant TCRBV2-expressing clone among CD8+ TILs propagated from both shoulder and abdominal lesions. Using SSCP analysis, we also demonstrated that this clone was dominant in the fresh tumor tissue and in all TILs in which CD8+ were strongly represented, including several separate but parallel cultures. The SSCP pattern for this clone was not apparent among CD4+ TILs or CD8+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The SSCP analysis of the tumor tissue prior to in vitro culture is an indication that the selection for this anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell clone was a reflection of its in vivo accumulation. Thus, we provide evidence that melanomas are immunogenic and able to select for cytotoxic antitumor-specific TIL clones that are expanded in vivo and can circulate to accumulate in different tumor sites. However, because these clones were isolated from progressing tumor metastases, the accumulation of these specific cytotoxic T cells was not sufficient to contain tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hishii
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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37
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Yokomizo H, Matsushita S, Fujisao S, Murakami S, Fujita H, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S, Ogawa M, Nishimura Y. Augmentation of immune response by an analog of the antigenic peptide in a human T-cell clone recognizing mutated Ras-derived peptides. Hum Immunol 1997; 52:22-32. [PMID: 9021406 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(96)00254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
T-cells that recognize mutated p21 Ras are relevant to immune surveillance systems against cancer. We report here evidence that immune responses of a T-cell clone recognizing mutated p21 Ras can be augmented by an analog peptide. Using spleen cells from a gastric cancer patient, we established the CD4+ alpha beta Th1-like clone C27 that recognizes wild-type (3EYKLVVVGAGGVGKS17) and mutated p21 Ras protein molecules and peptides, in an HLA-DR1-restricted manner. C27 responded prominently to mutated Ras peptides carrying Val or Ala at position 12, as compared to wild-type and other mutated peptides. C27 also exhibited a much stronger response to a mutated p21 Ras whole-protein molecule-carrying Val at position 12, as compared with the wild-type protein. The proliferative response and production of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma by C27 were further augmented by replacing the possible first DR anchor 4Tyr of the mutated Ras peptide with Trp, a more potent anchor residue for the DR1 molecule. Enhancement of peptide antigenicity by substituting the HLA anchor residue of an antigenic peptide recognized by tumor-reactive T-cells may prove to be a novel strategy for antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yokomizo
- Department of Neuroscience and Immunology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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38
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Seko Y, Yoshifumi E, Yagita H, Okumura K, Yazaki Y. Restricted usage of T-cell receptor V alpha genes in infiltrating cells in murine hearts with acute myocarditis caused by coxsackie virus B3. J Pathol 1996; 178:330-4. [PMID: 8778340 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199603)178:3<330::aid-path480>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In murine myocarditis, it has been shown that natural killer cells first infiltrate the heart, followed by activated T-cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the myocardial damage. In the same model of acute myocarditis, the repertoire of T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta genes in infiltrating cells in the heart has also been shown to be restricted. To study the nature of T-cell infiltration in more detail, the expression of TCR V alpha genes in infiltrating cells in the heart has been analysed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), confirmed by Southern blot hybridization with a C alpha cDNA probe. In contrast to spleen lymphocytes, the repertoire of V alpha gene transcripts in the heart was restricted. Infiltrating cells expressing V alpha 10 were found in five of eight hearts of mice with acute myocarditis and infiltrating cells expressing V alpha 7 and V alpha 3 were found in two of eight and one of eight hearts, respectively. Restricted TCR V alpha as well as V beta repertoires indicate that a specific antigen, in the heart was targeted, presented at the groove of major histocompatibility complex molecules. These findings raise the possibility of specific immunotherapy with synthetic TCR V alpha or V beta peptides to prevent T-cell-mediated myocardial damage in patients with viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Seko
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Quaratino S, Feldmann M, Dayan CM, Acuto O, Londei M. Human self-reactive T cell clones expressing identical T cell receptor beta chains differ in their ability to recognize a cryptic self-epitope. J Exp Med 1996; 183:349-58. [PMID: 8627148 PMCID: PMC2192455 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.2.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of self-antigens by T lymphocytes is a central event in autoimmunity. Understanding of the molecular interactions between T cell receptors (TCR) and self-epitopes may explain how T cells escape thymic education and initiate an autoimmune reaction. We have studied five human in vivo activated T cell clones specific for the region 535-551 of human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) established from a Graves' patient. Three clones (37, 72, and 73) expressed identical TCR beta and alpha chains rearranging V beta 1.1 and V alpha 15.1, and were considered sister clones. Clone 43 differed from clone 37 and its sisters in the J alpha region only. Clone NP-7 expressed V beta 6.5 but rearranged two in-frame TCR alpha chain, both using the V alpha 22.1 segment. Fine epitope mapping using nested peptides showed that clones using identical TCR beta chains, identical V alpha, but a different J alpha recognized distinct, nonoverlapping epitopes in the TPO 535-551 region. This finding shows that a different J alpha region alone leads to a heterogeneous pattern of recognition. This indicates that the "restricted" TCR V region usage sometimes found in autoimmune diseases may not always correspond to identical epitope recognition. To confirm that clones 37 (and its sisters) and 43 recognize different epitopes, the T cell clones were stimulated with a TPO-transfected autologous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cell line (TPO-EBV) that presents TPO epitopes afer endogenous processing. Only clone 37 and its sisters recognizes the TPO-EBV cell line, suggesting that the epitope recognized by clone 43 is not presented upon endogenous processing. We have shown that thyroid epithelial cells (TEC), the only cells that produce TPO, express HLA class II molecules in Graves' disease and can act as an antigen-presenting cells, presenting TPO after endogenous processing to autoantigen-reactive T cell clones. We tested, therefore, whether autologous TEC induced the same pattern of stimulation as TPO-EBV; T cell clone 37 recognizes the TEC, whereas it is stimulated poorly by the TPO loaded to autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Clone 43, which fails to recognize the TPO-EBV, also fails to recognize the TEC, but is activated by exogenous TPO presented by autologous PBMC. These results show that exogenous versus endogenous processing in vivo generates a different TPO epitope repertoire, producing a "cryptic" epitope (epitope not always available for recognition). Our findings define a route by which human self-reactive T cells may escape thymic selection and become activated in vivo, thus possibly leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quaratino
- Mathilda & Terence Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Sunley Division, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Abstract
A large number of alloantigenic determinants could be generated by both the direct and indirect alloantigen presentation pathways. Hence, a heterogeneous population of T cells expressing a wide variety of receptors would be expected to respond to this diverse array of alloantigenic determinants. However, T cells expressing highly restricted T cell receptor (TCR) variable genes have been reported in a variety of alloimmune responses. A similar phenomenon has been observed in a wide variety of other immune responses, from those induced by superantigens, to very specific responses induced by a single peptide presented by a single MHC molecule. Given this scenario, the limited number of T cell clones which dominate an allograft rejection response, or for that matter an autoimmune response or a tumor specific response, could be therapeutically targeted by virtue of the selected TCR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Finn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15206, USA
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41
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Elovaara I, Utz U, Smith S, Jacobson S. Limited T cell receptor usage by HTLV-I tax-specific, HLA class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease. J Neuroimmunol 1995; 63:47-53. [PMID: 8557824 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) V alpha and V beta chain usage of HTLV-I tax-specific, HLA class I restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) was determined from lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood of patients with HTLV-I associated neurological disease. To characterize TCR repertoire, CD8+ lymphocytes from peripheral blood were cloned in limiting dilution, and the resulting wells were screened for HTLV-I-specific precursor CTL activity. RNA was isolated from HLA-A2 restricted HTLV-I tax peptide-specific (tax 11-19; LLFGYPVYV) CD8+ CTL lines and cDNA was analyzed by PCR amplification using V alpha and V beta chain family-specific oligonucleotide primers. The results indicate that CD8+ cytotoxic T cell lines from HLA-A2 HAM/TSP patients express a limited repertoire of T cell receptor chains which may correlate with duration and severity of disease. The restricted use of TCR genes expressed by antigen-specific CTL may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP and may be of value in developing immunotherapeutic strategies that focus on eliminating these cells or inhibiting their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Elovaara
- Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland
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42
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Sensi M, Parmiani G. Analysis of TCR usage in human tumors: a new tool for assessing tumor-specific immune responses. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1995; 16:588-95. [PMID: 8579752 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), through displaying a T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire as heterogeneous as that of normal peripheral blood T cells, show overexpression of TCR variable-gene segments that include clonally expanded TCR sequences. Here, Marialuisa Sensi and Giorgio Parmiani analyze the available information on TCR usage by T cells present in the infiltrate of histologically different tumors and suggest that the analysis of TCR sequences represents a powerful new tool to assess the in vivo immune response to growing tumors. Ultimately, this strategy may lead to the identification and manipulation of T-cell populations endowed with antitumor reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sensi
- Division of Experimental Oncology D, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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43
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Imro MA, Castagneto C, Bosco O, Modena P, Lanza L, Puppo F, Filaci G, Indiveri F, Scudeletti M. CD4+ Th0 cell clones, isolated from a metastatic lymph node of a melanoma patient, possess cytolytic function. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 41:210-6. [PMID: 7489563 PMCID: PMC11037770 DOI: 10.1007/bf01516995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/1995] [Accepted: 07/17/1995] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the present study T lymphocytes isolated from a metastatic lymph node (T-LNL) of a melanoma patient have been cloned. In the attempt to verify whether T-LNL may acquire in vitro functional activities in the absence of tumour-associated antigens, they were cloned utilizing allogenic lymphocytes as feeder cells. Nineteen clones generated from T-LNL proved to be CD4+ and, among these, five were able to kill autologous and allogeneic human melanoma cells in HLA-class-II-restricted way. On the basis of their cytokine production, these CD4+ cytolytic T-LNL clones were shown to belong to the Th0 subset and three of them expressed the V beta 17 chain of the T cell receptor. These results suggest the presence of melanoma-specific but functionally inactive lymphocytes with T cell receptor oligoclonality in the lymph node environment. These specific T cells may acquire in vitro the capacity to kill autologous and allogeneic tumours without any induction by autologous melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Imro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
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44
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Seko Y, Ishiyama S, Nishikawa T, Kasajima T, Hiroe M, Kagawa N, Osada K, Suzuki S, Yagita H, Okumura K. Restricted usage of T cell receptor V alpha-V beta genes in infiltrating cells in the hearts of patients with acute myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:1035-41. [PMID: 7635939 PMCID: PMC286383 DOI: 10.1172/jci118089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged myocardial cell damage initiated by acute myocarditis is thought to be one of the most important etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. To investigate the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy, we analyzed the phenotypes of infiltrating cells and examined the expression of perforin in infiltrating cells in the hearts of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy as well as acute myocarditis. We also examined the expression of HLA and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in myocardial tissue of these patients. Furthermore, to evaluate the antigen specificity of infiltrating T cells and persistence of viral genomes in the myocardial tissue, we analyzed the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) V alpha and V beta genes as well as enterovirus genomes by PCR. We found infiltration of perforin-expressing killer cells and enhanced expression of HLA class I and ICAM-1 in the myocardial tissue. We also found that the repertoires of TCR V alpha as well as V beta gene transcripts were restricted, indicating that a specific antigen in the hearts was targeted. Because no enterovirus genomes were detected in all patients, it is strongly suggested that a cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism triggered by virus infection may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, we could not exclude the possibility that viruses other than enteroviruses could be pathogenic in these patients.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/virology
- Base Sequence
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/immunology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/virology
- Enterovirus/immunology
- Enterovirus/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus/pathogenicity
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genome, Viral
- HLA Antigens/analysis
- Heart/virology
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/analysis
- Killer Cells, Natural
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myocarditis/complications
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/pathology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Myocardium/pathology
- Perforin
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/chemistry
- Virus Diseases/immunology
- Virus Diseases/pathology
- Virus Diseases/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Seko
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Ueda D, Sato N, Matsuura A, Sasaki A, Takahashi S, Ikeda H, Wada Y, Kikuchi K. T-cell receptor gene structures of HLA-A26-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte lines against human autologous pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:691-7. [PMID: 7559088 PMCID: PMC5920893 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated two cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines, which were independently obtained by mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Both lines behaved identically in all the functional aspects tested and appeared to be HLA-A26-restricted. We analyzed their T cell receptor (TCR) gene structures, including V-(D)-J junctional sequences, which are unique to each T-cell clonotype and contribute to TCR diversity. Each line consisted of a clonal T-cell expressing V alpha 18 and V beta 7. The alpha chain gene was composed of V alpha 18/J alpha F/C alpha and the beta-chain gene, of V beta 7.1/D beta/J beta 1.4/C beta 2. The sequences were all in-frame and therefore should yield functional transcripts. The junctional sequences were identical between the two lines. These data suggested that the two CTL clones having the same CDR3 had descended from a common precursor lymphocyte. The clonal expansion of CTL lines with the identical CDR3 implies that they are directed against the same tumor antigen, which seemed to be immunologically dominant in the specific interaction between the CTL and the autologous pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ueda
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine
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46
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Chen Y, Chew CT, Chan SH. T-cell receptor gene expression in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1995; 72:117-22. [PMID: 7599039 PMCID: PMC2034145 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire expression of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from 19 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsies was compared with those of lymphocytes from 18 control nasopharyngeal biopsies. mRNA was extracted from these lymphocytes and the cDNA transcribed. A panel of 18 V alpha- and 21 V beta-specific primers was used to detect the TCR gene use from cDNA. The use of V alpha and V beta genes was restricted in TILs compared with lymphocytes from biopsies. The frequencies of V alpha 2, V alpha 3, V alpha 9, V alpha 10, V alpha 11, V alpha 13, V alpha 14, V alpha 15, V beta 11, V beta 15 and V beta 20 were decreased and the frequencies of V alpha 10 [Pc = 0.04; relative risk (RR) = 0.05], V alpha 11 (Pc = 0.02; RR = 0.07), V alpha 13 (Pc = 0.002; RR = 0), V alpha 14 (Pc = 0.04; RR = 0.05), V beta 14 (Pc = 0.001; RR = 0.03) and V beta 20 (Pc = 0.001; RR = 0.03) remained significantly reduced after correction for the number of families typed. The frequency of V alpha 17 was higher in NPC biopsies than in NPC PBLs (P = 0.05), and the frequency of V beta 15 was lower in NPC biopsies than in NPC PBLs (P = 0.02). The frequencies of V alpha 17 and V alpha 18 in HLA-B46+ patients were significantly lower (P = 0.009; P = 0.044) than in B46+ controls. The results suggest that the restriction of TCR gene use in NPC patients may be important in NPC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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47
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Schneeberger A, Koszik F, Stingl G. Immunologic host defense in melanoma: delineation of effector mechanisms involved and of strategies for the augmentation of their efficacy. J Invest Dermatol 1995; 105:110S-116S. [PMID: 7615988 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12316635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There exists substantial evidence that the immune system plays an important role in the prevention and control of cancer. This evidence includes 1) the occasional clinical observation of spontaneous tumor regression, 2) the correlation of this phenomenon with the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and 3) the in vitro demonstration of the specificity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for the autologous tumor. Because of the only weak immunogenicity of and the occurrence of active immunosuppression by the cancer, this response often does not suffice to combat the neoplasm successfully. One strategy for amplifying the anti-tumor immune response is vaccination of patients or experimental animals with cancer cells, the immunogenicity of which has been enhanced by the introduction of genes encoding immunostimulatory molecules. Several investigators have shown that transfection of certain types of cancer cells with the interleukin-2 gene reduces their tumorigenicity and that immunization with interleukin-2-transduced cancer cells protects animals from challenge with a tumorigenic dose of wild-type cancer cells. We have recently established a murine melanoma model (M-3) and have used it to elucidate the mechanism by which interleukin-2-transfected cancer cells can induce protective immunity. We will demonstrate the following: 1) that the mechanisms leading to the loss of tumorigenicity of interleukin-2-expressing cancer cells are somewhat different from those leading to the rejection of wild-type cancer cells in immunized animals, 2) that immunity resides within both CD4- and CD8-positive T cells, and 3) that host antigen-presenting cells are probably important in the induction of this protective anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schneeberger
- Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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Nitta T, Endo T, Tsunoda A, Kadota Y, Matsumoto T, Sato K. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: a molecular approach to diagnosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 1995; 83:145-8. [PMID: 7782833 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1995.83.1.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A case of melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy arising from the transverse sinus is presented. The tumor was located on the outer surface of the dura and extended extracranially through the occipitomastoid suture. Two cell populations were observed: pigmented melanocyte-like cells and small neuroblast-like cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed epithelial tumor cells and melanosomes at various stages. Expression of melanotransferrin messenger RNA transcripts within the tumor tissue was observed using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method in addition to immunohistological studies. The positive expression of melanotransferrin confirmed that this melanotic neuroectodermal tumor was derived from neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nitta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sensi M, Traversari C, Radrizzani M, Salvi S, Maccalli C, Mortarini R, Rivoltini L, Farina C, Nicolini G, Wölfel T. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones from different patients display limited T-cell-receptor variable-region gene usage in HLA-A2-restricted recognition of the melanoma antigen Melan-A/MART-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5674-8. [PMID: 7777568 PMCID: PMC41759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether T-cell-receptor (TCR) usage by T cells recognizing a defined human tumor antigen in the context of the same HLA molecule is conserved, we analyzed the TCR diversity of autologous HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones derived from five patients with metastatic melanoma and specific for the common melanoma antigen Melan-A/MART-1. These clones were first identified among HLA-A2-restricted anti-melanoma CTL clones by their ability to specifically release tumor necrosis factor in response to HLA-A2.1+ COS-7 cells expressing this tumor antigen. A PCR with variable (V)-region gene subfamily-specific primers was performed on cDNA from each clone followed by DNA sequencing. TCRAV2S1 was the predominant alpha-chain V region, being transcribed in 6 out of 9 Melan-A/MART-1-specific CTL clones obtained from the five patients. beta-chain V-region usage was also restricted, with either TCRBV14 or TCRBV7 expressed by all but one clone. In addition, a conserved TCRAV2S1/TCRBV14 combination was expressed in four CTL clones from three patients. None of these V-region genes was found in a group of four HLA-A2-restricted CTL clones recognizing different antigens (e.g., tyrosinase) on the autologous tumor. TCR joining regions were heterogeneous, although conserved structural features were observed in the complementarity-determining region 3 sequences. These results indicate that a selective repertoire of TCR genes is used in anti-melanoma responses when the response is narrowed to major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen-specific interactions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- DNA, Complementary
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Melanoma/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sensi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, D, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Chikamatsu K, Eura M, Nakano K, Masuyama K, Ishikawa T. Functional and T cell receptor gene usage analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in fresh tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human head and neck cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86:477-83. [PMID: 7790320 PMCID: PMC5920848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-one cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones or lines that killed autologous tumor cells, but not allogeneic tumor, K562, or Daudi cells, were established from fresh tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of two individuals (HP-1 and HP-2) with head and neck cancer by limiting dilution in the presence of recombinant interleukin-2. Sixteen (76%) of these 21 clones or lines comprised CD4+ CTLs and the other five comprised CD8+ CTLs. These observations suggest that autologous tumor cell-specific CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8+ CTLs are present in vivo at the tumor site in head and neck cancer. Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) gene arrangements in 20 of the 21 CTL isolates with reverse transcriptase and the polymerase chain reaction revealed that five of 12 and five of eight isolates from HP-1 and HP-2, respectively, were clones, the other isolates being lines comprised of two or more clones. Each CTL clone showed a different combination of V alpha and V beta gene expression, suggesting that more than five different tumor-associated antigens may be expressed on head and neck cancer cells. In spite of the diversity of TCR alpha beta combinations, TCR V alpha 1, V alpha 3, V alpha 8, V alpha 10, V beta 8, V beta 9, and V beta 17 were also frequently expressed in both patients. These data suggest that specific CTLs proliferate oligoclonally and contribute to the specific immune response against head and neck cancer in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Rearrangement
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/chemistry
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/chemistry
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chikamatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine
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