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Montesano PM, Frost M, Li J, Carroll M, Neigh CSR, Macander MJ, Sexton JO, Frost GV. A shift in transitional forests of the North American boreal will persist through 2100. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 5:290. [PMID: 38826489 PMCID: PMC11142915 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
High northern latitude changes with Arctic amplification across a latitudinal forest gradient suggest a shift towards an increased presence of trees and shrubs. The persistence of change may depend on the future scenarios of climate and on the current state, and site history, of forest structure. Here, we explore the persistence of a gradient-based shift in the boreal by connecting current forest patterns to recent tree cover trends and future modeled estimates of canopy height through 2100. Results show variation in the predicted potential height changes across the structural gradient from the boreal forest through the taiga-tundra ecotone. Positive potential changes in height are concentrated in transitional forests, where recent positive changes in cover prevail, while potential change in boreal forest is highly variable. Results are consistent across climate scenarios, revealing a persistent biome shift through 2100 in North America concentrated in transitional landscapes regardless of climate scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Montesano
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- ADNET Systems, Inc., Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Melanie Frost
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- ASRC Federal InuTeq, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Jian Li
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
- ASRC Federal InuTeq, Beltsville, MD USA
| | - Mark Carroll
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
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2
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Li W, Jiang Y, Lin Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Ma W. Warming-driven increased synchrony of tree growth across the southernmost part of the Asian boreal forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173389. [PMID: 38810743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Climate change has profoundly affected the synchrony of tree growth at multiple scales, thereby altering the structure and function of forest ecosystems. The Asian boreal forests extend southward to the Greater Khingan Range in northeast China. Given the ecological importance and susceptibility to climate change, the impacts of warming on this marginal forest community have been extensively investigated. Nonetheless, how tree growth synchrony changes across this region remains less understood. Focusing on this knowledge gap, we compiled a contiguously-distributed tree-ring network, containing 18 sampling populations and 475 individual larch trees, to explore the changes in multiple-scale growth synchrony across this region. We found increasing growth synchrony at both the individual and population levels over the past decades. The increasing trend of the regional inter-population growth synchrony was well in line with the increasing temperature and PDSI. Furthermore, 11 of the 18 sampling populations showed significant increases in their intra-population growth synchrony. We further associated the sliding intra-population growth synchrony with local climates. Intra-population growth synchrony of 13 and 11 sampling populations were significantly positively correlated with local temperature, and negatively correlated with local PDSI, respectively, demonstrating the driving role of warming-induced drought on growth synchrony. The linear regression model quantifying this relationship suggested that an increase of 1 °C in annual mean temperature would drive the intra-population growth synchrony to increase by 0.047. As warming trends in the study area are projected to continue over this century, our study warns of the further consequences of the increasing growth synchrony may have on the functioning, resilience, and persistence of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Technical Innovation Center of Mine Geological Environmental Restoration Engineering in Southern Karst Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China; Natural Resources Ecological Restoration Center of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530029, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Wenqiu Ma
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Hisano M, Ghazoul J, Chen X, Chen HYH. Functional diversity enhances dryland forest productivity under long-term climate change. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn4152. [PMID: 38657059 PMCID: PMC11042740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn4152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Short-term experimental studies provided evidence that plant diversity increases ecosystem resilience and resistance to drought events, suggesting diversity to serve as a nature-based solution to address climate change. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of diversity are momentary or still hold over the long term in natural forests to ensure that the sustainability of carbon sinks. By analyzing 57 years of inventory data from dryland forests in Canada, we show that productivity of dryland forests decreased at an average rate of 1.3% per decade, in concert with the temporally increasing temperature and decreasing water availability. Increasing functional trait diversity from its minimum (monocultures) to maximum value increased productivity by 13%. Our results demonstrate the potential role of tree functional trait diversity in alleviating climate change impacts on dryland forests. While recognizing that nature-based climate mitigation (e.g., planting trees) can only be partial solutions, their long-term (decadal) efficacy can be improved by enhancing functional trait diversity across the forest community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Ecosystem Management, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Ecosystem Management, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xinli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
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4
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Xia H, Xu X, Xu J, Huang Y, Jiang H, Xu X, Zhang T. Warming, rather than drought, remains the primary factor limiting carbon sequestration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167755. [PMID: 37832680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Steppe ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions are particularly sensitive to climate change and strongly regulate the global carbon balance. However, carbon fluxes respond differently to climate change in different growing seasons, and the mechanism of this control is not yet clear. Therefore, we (i) obtained carbon flux data observed by a field eddy station in Inner Mongolia from 2006 to 2021; (ii) investigated the constraint effects of climatic factors on carbon fluxes; (iii) explored the response mechanisms of carbon fluxes to coupled changes in temperature and moisture; (iv) investigated the adaptation of steppe ecosystem to changes in temperature and drought. The results showed that (i) the steppe ecosystem was a carbon sink, with an average annual carbon fixation of 73.55 g C m-2 yr-1 and a roughly N-shaped carbon sink accumulation process within one year. (ii) The constraint effect of temperature and Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) on Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) and Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) was parabolic, with a clear optimum point. (iii) Temperature and moisture in the soil played a greater role in ecosystem carbon sequestration. Soil Water Content (SWC) could alleviate the inhibitory effect of temperature changes on the carbon sequestration of ecosystem. (iv) This ecosystem was capable of adapting well to changes in temperature and drought. However, warming, rather than drought, remains the primary factor limiting carbon sequestration. Specifically, it was GPP that drives the adaptation of ecosystem carbon sequestration to changes in temperature and drought, rather than Ecosystem Respiration (RECO). Although the steppe ecosystem has a good adaptation to changes in temperature and drought, it is still in the boundary region of warming. We hope that our study will deepen our comprehensive understanding of the relationship between temperature and moisture and ecosystem carbon fluxes and provide evidence for steppe ecosystem adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiayu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Jiang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Centre of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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5
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Tumajer J, Altman J, Lehejček J. Linkage between growth phenology and climate-growth responses along landscape gradients in boreal forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167153. [PMID: 37730045 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests represent an important carbon sink and, therefore, significantly contribute to climate change mitigation. Tree-ring width series of boreal species reflect climate variation at the moment of tree-ring formation but also lagged climatic effects from dormancy preceding tree-ring formation and antecedent growing seasons. However, little is known about how the growth sensitivity to climate in specific intra-annual periods varies across the landscape. Here, we assessed growth responses to climate variation during the 45 months preceding the tree-ring formation for nine boreal stands of Picea glauca and Picea mariana distributed along the gradients of elevation and slope aspect. We combined process-based modeling of wood formation and remote sensing data to determine growth phenology at each site. Next, we classified intra-annual seasons with significant climate-growth correlations based on the timing of dormancy and growth periods. Both the phenology and the climate-growth relationships systematically shifted with elevation and, to a lower extent, also with slope orientation at the treeline. The mean duration of the growing season varied between 100 days at treelines above 900 m and 160 days at lowlands below 500 m. The growth at treelines was stimulated by temperature in the summer of the tree-ring formation year and two years before tree-ring formation. The period of significant climate-growth correlations during the current summer did not exceed three months in agreement with the local duration of the growing season. The growth of trees in lower elevations was instead stimulated by high temperature during the dormancy periods but restricted by high temperature in antecedent summer seasons. In conclusion, our study highlights the linkage between the timing of climate-growth sensitivity and growth phenology, primarily determined by proximity to the treeline. Consequently, accounting for landscape gradients in growth phenology is crucial for upscaling the climatic limits of boreal stands' growth as climate change progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tumajer
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lehejček
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Pasteurova 15, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Security, Faculty of Logistics and Crisis Management, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Studentské nám. 1532, 686 01 Uherské Hradiště, Czech Republic
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6
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Wang J, D'Orangeville L, Taylor AR. Tree species growth response to climate warming varies by forest canopy position in boreal and temperate forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5397-5414. [PMID: 37395653 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Reports of forest sensitivity to climate change are based largely on the study of overstory trees, which contribute significantly to forest growth and wood supply. However, juveniles in the understory are also critical to predict future forest dynamics and demographics, but their sensitivity to climate remains less known. In this study, we applied boosted regression tree analysis to compare the sensitivity of understory and overstory trees for the 10 most common tree species in eastern North America using growth information from an unprecedented network of nearly 1.5 million tree records from 20,174 widely distributed, permanent sample plots across Canada and the United States. Fitted models were then used to project the near-term (2041-2070) growth for each canopy and tree species. We observed an overall positive effect of warming on tree growth for both canopies and most species, leading to an average of 7.8%-12.2% projected growth gains with climate change under RCP 4.5 and 8.5. The magnitude of these gains peaked in colder, northern areas for both canopies, while growth declines are projected for overstory trees in warmer, southern regions. Relative to overstory trees, understory tree growth was less positively affected by warming in northern regions, while displaying more positive responses in southern areas, likely driven by the buffering effect of the canopy from warming and climate extremes. Observed differences in climatic sensitivity between canopy positions underscore the importance of accounting for differential growth responses to climate between forest strata in future studies to improve ecological forecasts. Furthermore, latitudinal variation in the differential sensitivity of forest strata to climate reported here may help refine our comprehension of species range shift and changes in suitable habitat under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Wang
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Loïc D'Orangeville
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Anthony R Taylor
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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7
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Li W, Manzanedo RD, Jiang Y, Ma W, Du E, Zhao S, Rademacher T, Dong M, Xu H, Kang X, Wang J, Wu F, Cui X, Pederson N. Reassessment of growth-climate relations indicates the potential for decline across Eurasian boreal larch forests. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3358. [PMID: 37291110 PMCID: PMC10250375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Larch, a widely distributed tree in boreal Eurasia, is experiencing rapid warming across much of its distribution. A comprehensive assessment of growth on warming is needed to comprehend the potential impact of climate change. Most studies, relying on rigid calendar-based temperature series, have detected monotonic responses at the margins of boreal Eurasia, but not across the region. Here, we developed a method for constructing temporally flexible and physiologically relevant temperature series to reassess growth-temperature relations of larch across boreal Eurasia. Our method appears more effective in assessing the impact of warming on growth than previous methods. Our approach indicates widespread and spatially heterogeneous growth-temperature responses that are driven by local climate. Models quantifying these results project that the negative responses of growth to temperature will spread northward and upward throughout this century. If true, the risks of warming to boreal Eurasia could be more widespread than conveyed from previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, Zhuhai, 519087, China
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Rubén D Manzanedo
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, D-USYS, ETH Zürich, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wenqiu Ma
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Enzai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shoudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tim Rademacher
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Ripon, J0V 1V0, QC, Canada
| | - Manyu Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, Zhuhai, 519087, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Xinyu Kang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 111 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, Zhuhai, 519087, China
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xuefeng Cui
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, 01366, USA
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8
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Dong J, Anderson LJ. Predicted impacts of global change on bottom-up trophic interactions in the plant-ungulate-wolf food chain in boreal forests. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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The velocity of postglacial migration of fire-adapted boreal tree species in eastern North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210496119. [PMID: 36252032 PMCID: PMC9618057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210496119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Earth's climate has been warming rapidly since the beginning of the industrial era, forcing terrestrial organisms to adapt. Migration constitutes one of the most effective processes for surviving and thriving, although the speed at which tree species migrate as a function of climate change is unknown. One way to predict latitudinal movement of trees under the climate of the twenty-first century is to examine past migration since the Last Glacial Maximum. In this study, radiocarbon-dated macrofossils were used to calculate the velocity of past migration of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana), two important fire-adapted conifers of the North American boreal forest. Jack pine migrated at a mean rate of 19 km per century (km-cent) from unglaciated sites in the central and southeastern United States to the northern limit of the species in subarctic Canada. However, the velocity increased between unglaciated and early deglaciated sites in southern Quebec and slowed from early to mid-Holocene in central and eastern Quebec. Migration was at its lowest speed in late-Holocene times, when it stopped about 3,000 y ago. Compared with jack pine, black spruce migrated at a faster mean rate of 25 km-cent from the ice border at the last interstadial (Bølling/Allerød) to the species tree limit. The modern range of both species was nearly occupied about 6,000 y ago. The factors modulating the changing velocity of jack pine migration were closely associated with the warm-dry climate of the late Pleistocene-Holocene transition and the more humid climate of the mid- and late-Holocene.
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10
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Tracking 21 st century anthropogenic and natural carbon fluxes through model-data integration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5516. [PMID: 36163167 PMCID: PMC9512848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the implementation of emission commitments under the Paris agreement relies on accurate estimates of terrestrial carbon fluxes. Here, we assimilate a 21st century observation-based time series of woody vegetation carbon densities into a bookkeeping model (BKM). This approach allows us to disentangle the observation-based carbon fluxes by terrestrial woody vegetation into anthropogenic and environmental contributions. Estimated emissions (from land-use and land cover changes) between 2000 and 2019 amount to 1.4 PgC yr−1, reducing the difference to other carbon cycle model estimates by up to 88% compared to previous estimates with the BKM (without the data assimilation). Our estimates suggest that the global woody vegetation carbon sink due to environmental processes (1.5 PgC yr−1) is weaker and more susceptible to interannual variations and extreme events than estimated by state-of-the-art process-based carbon cycle models. These findings highlight the need to advance model-data integration to improve estimates of the terrestrial carbon cycle under the Global Stocktake. Accurate estimates of carbon fluxes are important to our understanding of the carbon cycle. Here, via model-data integration, the authors disentangle anthropogenic and environmental carbon flux contributions of terrestrial woody vegetation, and find that environmental processes are weaker and more susceptible to interannual variations and extreme events in the 21st century than previously estimated.
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11
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Wu F, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Wen Y, Li W, Kang M. Applying space-for-time substitution to infer the growth response to climate may lead to overestimation of tree maladaptation: Evidence from the North American White Spruce Network. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5172-5184. [PMID: 35714046 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Under climate change circumstances, increasing studies have reported the temporal instability of tree growth responses to climate, which poses a major challenge to linearly extrapolating past climate and future growth dynamics using tree-ring data. Space-for-time substitution (SFTS) is a potential solution to this problem that is widely used in the dendrochronology field to project past or future temporal growth response trajectories from contemporary spatial patterns. However, the projected accuracy of the SFTS in the climate effects on tree growth remains uncertain. Here, we empirically test the SFTS method by comparing the effect of spatial and temporal climate variations on climate responses of white spruce (Picea glauca), which has a transcontinental range in North America. We first applied a response surface regression model to capture the variations in growth responses along the spatial climate gradients. The results showed that the relationships between growth and June temperature varied along spatial climate gradients in a predictable way. And their relationships varied mainly along with local temperate condition. Then, the projected correlation coefficients between growth and climate using SFTS were compared against the observed. We found that the growth response changes caused by spatial versus temporal climate variations showed opposite trends. Moreover, the projected correlation coefficients using the SFTS were significantly lower than the observed. This finding suggests that applying the SFTS to project the growth response of white spruce might lead to an overestimation of the degree of tree maladaptation in future climate scenarios. And the overestimation is likely to get weaker from Alaska and Yukon Territory in the west to Quebec in the east. Although this is only a case study of the SFTS method for projecting tree growth response, our findings suggest that direct application of the SFTS method may not be applicable to all regions and all tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shoudong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Kang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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12
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Pau M, Gauthier S, Chavardès RD, Girardin MP, Marchand W, Bergeron Y. Site index as a predictor of the effect of climate warming on boreal tree growth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1903-1918. [PMID: 34873797 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The boreal forest represents the terrestrial biome most heavily affected by climate change. However, no consensus exists regarding the impacts of these changes on the growth of tree species therein. Moreover, assessments of young tree responses in metrics transposable to forest management remain scarce. Here, we assessed the impacts of climate change on black spruce (Picea mariana [Miller] BSP) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) growth, two dominant tree species in boreal forests of North America. Starting with a retrospective analysis including data from 2591 black spruces and 890 jack pines, we forecasted trends in 30-year height growth at the transitions from closed to open boreal coniferous forests in Québec, Canada. We considered three variables: (1) height growth, rarely used, but better-reflecting site potential than other growth proxies, (2) climate normals corresponding to the growth period of each stem, and (3) site type (as a function of texture, stoniness, and drainage), which can modify the effects of climate on tree growth. We found a positive effect of vapor pressure deficit on the growth of both species, although the effect on black spruce leveled off. For black spruce, temperatures had a positive effect on the height at 30 years, which was attenuated when and where climatic conditions became drier. Conversely, drought had a positive effect on height under cold conditions and a negative effect under warm conditions. Spruce growth was also better on mesic than on rocky and sub-hydric sites. For portions of the study areas with projected future climate within the calibration range, median height-change varied from 10 to 31% for black spruce and from 5 to 31% for jack pine, depending on the period and climate scenario. As projected increases are relatively small, they may not be sufficient to compensate for potential increases in future disturbances like forest fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Pau
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Raphaël D Chavardès
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - William Marchand
- Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Québec, Canada
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13
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Boulanger Y, Pascual J, Bouchard M, D'Orangeville L, Périé C, Girardin MP. Multi-model projections of tree species performance in Quebec, Canada under future climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1884-1902. [PMID: 34854165 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many modelling approaches have been developed to project climate change impacts on forests. By analysing 'comparable' yet distinct variables (e.g. productivity, growth, dominance, biomass, etc.) through different structures, parameterizations and assumptions, models can yield different outcomes to rather similar initial questions. This variability can lead to some confusion for forest managers when developing strategies to adapt forest management to climate change. In this study, we standardized results from seven different models (Habitat suitability, trGam, StandLEAP, Quebec Landscape Dynamics, PICUS, LANDIS-II and LPJ-LMfire) to provide a simple and comprehensive assessment of the uncertainty and consensus in future performance (decline, status quo, improvement) for six tree species in Quebec under two radiative forcing scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Despite a large diversity of model types, we found a high level of agreement (73.1%) in projected species' performance across species, regions, scenarios and time periods. Low agreements in model outcomes resulted from small dissensions among models. Model agreement was much higher for cold-tolerant species (up to 99.9%), especially in southernmost forest regions and under RCP 8.5, indicating that these species are especially sensitive to increased climate forcing in the southern part of their distribution range. Lower agreement was found for thermophilous species (sugar maple, yellow birch) in boreal regions under RCP 8.5 mostly as a result of the way the different models are handling natural disturbances (e.g. wildfires) and lags in the response of populations (forest inertia or migration capability) to climate change. Agreement was slightly higher under high anthropogenic climate forcing, suggesting that important thresholds in species-specific performance might be crossed if radiative forcing reach values as high as those projected under RCP 8.5. We expect that strong agreement among models despite their different assumptions, predictors and structure should inspire the development of forest management strategies to be better adapted to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Boulanger
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Jesus Pascual
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bouchard
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Loïc D'Orangeville
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Catherine Périé
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Service canadien des forêts, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Québec, Canada
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14
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Evans MEK, DeRose RJ, Klesse S, Girardin MP, Heilman KA, Alexander MR, Arsenault A, Babst F, Bouchard M, Cahoon SMP, Campbell EM, Dietze M, Duchesne L, Frank DC, Giebink CL, Gómez-Guerrero A, García GG, Hogg EH, Metsaranta J, Ols C, Rayback SA, Reid A, Ricker M, Schaberg PG, Shaw JD, Sullivan PF, GaytÁn SAV. Adding Tree Rings to North America's National Forest Inventories: An Essential Tool to Guide Drawdown of Atmospheric CO2. Bioscience 2021; 72:233-246. [PMID: 35241971 PMCID: PMC8888126 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree-ring time series provide long-term, annually resolved information on the growth of trees. When sampled in a systematic context, tree-ring data can be scaled to estimate the forest carbon capture and storage of landscapes, biomes, and—ultimately—the globe. A systematic effort to sample tree rings in national forest inventories would yield unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution of forest carbon dynamics and help resolve key scientific uncertainties, which we highlight in terms of evidence for forest greening (enhanced growth) versus browning (reduced growth, increased mortality). We describe jump-starting a tree-ring collection across the continent of North America, given the commitments of Canada, the United States, and Mexico to visit forest inventory plots, along with existing legacy collections. Failing to do so would be a missed opportunity to help chart an evidence-based path toward meeting national commitments to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, urgently needed for climate stabilization and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E K Evans
- Assistant professor, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - R Justin DeRose
- Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States
| | - Stefan Klesse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Kelly A Heilman
- Postdoctoral researcher, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - André Arsenault
- Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Corner Brook, Labrador, Canada
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources, Environment at University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Mathieu Bouchard
- Department of Wood Science and Forestry, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sean M P Cahoon
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Anchorage, Alaska, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Campbell
- Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune, et des Parcs du Québec, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - David C Frank
- Professor and the director, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Courtney L Giebink
- Graduate student, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - Genaro Gutiérrez García
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edward H Hogg
- Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juha Metsaranta
- Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clémentine Ols
- Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière, Nancy, France
| | - Shelly A Rayback
- Department of Geography, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Anya Reid
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Ricker
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Paul G Schaberg
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - John D Shaw
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, United States
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15
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Cao J, Liu H, Zhao B, Li Z, Liang B, Shi L, Wu L, Cressey EL, Quine TA. High forest stand density exacerbates growth decline of conifers driven by warming but not broad-leaved trees in temperate mixed forest in northeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148875. [PMID: 34247087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperature over recent decades is expected to positively impact tree growth in humid regions. However, high stand density could increase the negative effects of warming-induced drought through inter-tree competition. How neighborhood competition impacts tree growth responding to climate change remains unclear. Here, we utilized the Changbai Mountain region in northeastern Asia as our study area. We quantified individual tree growth using tree-ring samples collected from three dominant tree species growing in three forest stand density levels. We estimated the effects of climate warming and forest stand density on growth processes and tested for a species-specific response to climate. Our results demonstrated that overall 25% of Korean pine, but only ~3% of Mongolian oak and ~ 4% of Manchurian ash experienced growth reduction. Increased forest density can also exacerbate growth reduction. We identified a climate turning point in 1984, where warming rapidly increased, and defined two groups, "enhance group" (EG) and "decline group" (DG), according to the individual tree growth trend after 1984. For the EG, climate warming increased temperature sensitivity, but the temperature sensitivity declined with increasing stand density for the whole study period. For the DG, tree growth sensitivity shifted from temperature to precipitation after 1984, driven by increased competition pressure under climate warming. Our study concludes that growth decline from warming-induced drought might be amplified by high forest stand density, was especially pronounced in conifer trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zongshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boyi Liang
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China; Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Elizabeth L Cressey
- Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy A Quine
- Geography, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
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16
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Increasing fire and the decline of fire adapted black spruce in the boreal forest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2024872118. [PMID: 34697246 PMCID: PMC8609439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024872118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Black spruce is the dominant tree species in boreal North America and has shaped forest flammability, carbon storage, and other landscape processes over the last several thousand years. However, climate warming and increases in wildfire activity may be undermining its ability to maintain dominance, shifting forests toward alternative forested and nonforested states. Using data from across North America, we evaluate whether loss of black spruce resilience is already widespread. Resilience was the most common outcome, but drier climatic conditions and more severe fires consistently undermine resilience, often resulting in complete regeneration failure. Although black spruce forests are currently moderately resilient, ongoing warming and drying may alter this trajectory, with large potential consequences for the functioning of this globally important biome. Intensifying wildfire activity and climate change can drive rapid forest compositional shifts. In boreal North America, black spruce shapes forest flammability and depends on fire for regeneration. This relationship has helped black spruce maintain its dominance through much of the Holocene. However, with climate change and more frequent and severe fires, shifts away from black spruce dominance to broadleaf or pine species are emerging, with implications for ecosystem functions including carbon sequestration, water and energy fluxes, and wildlife habitat. Here, we predict that such reductions in black spruce after fire may already be widespread given current trends in climate and fire. To test this, we synthesize data from 1,538 field sites across boreal North America to evaluate compositional changes in tree species following 58 recent fires (1989 to 2014). While black spruce was resilient following most fires (62%), loss of resilience was common, and spruce regeneration failed completely in 18% of 1,140 black spruce sites. In contrast, postfire regeneration never failed in forests dominated by jack pine, which also possesses an aerial seed bank, or broad-leaved trees. More complete combustion of the soil organic layer, which often occurs in better-drained landscape positions and in dryer duff, promoted compositional changes throughout boreal North America. Forests in western North America, however, were more vulnerable to change due to greater long-term climate moisture deficits. While we find considerable remaining resilience in black spruce forests, predicted increases in climate moisture deficits and fire activity will erode this resilience, pushing the system toward a tipping point that has not been crossed in several thousand years.
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17
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Song Y, Sass-Klaassen U, Sterck F, Goudzwaard L, Akhmetzyanov L, Poorter L. Growth of 19 conifer species is highly sensitive to winter warming, spring frost and summer drought. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:545-557. [PMID: 34216460 PMCID: PMC8422889 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Conifers are key components of many temperate and boreal forests and are important for forestry, but species differences in stem growth responses to climate are still poorly understood and may hinder effective management of these forests in a warmer and drier future. METHODS We studied 19 Northern Hemisphere conifer species planted in a 50-year-old common garden experiment in the Netherlands to (1) assess the effect of temporal dynamics in climate on stem growth, (2) test for a possible positive relationship between the growth potential and climatic growth sensitivity across species, and (3) evaluate the extent to which stem growth is controlled by phylogeny. KEY RESULTS Eighty-nine per cent of the species showed a significant reduction in stem growth to summer drought, 37 % responded negatively to spring frost and 32 % responded positively to higher winter temperatures. Species differed largely in their growth sensitivity to climatic variation and showed, for example, a four-fold difference in growth reduction to summer drought. Remarkably, we did not find a positive relationship between productivity and climatic sensitivity, but instead observed that some species combined a low growth sensitivity to summer drought with high growth potential. Both growth sensitivity to climate and growth potential were partly phylogenetically controlled. CONCLUSIONS A warmer and drier future climate is likely to reduce the productivity of most conifer species. We did not find a relationship between growth potential and growth sensitivity to climate; instead, some species combined high growth potential with low sensitivity to summer drought. This may help forest managers to select productive species that are able to cope with a warmer and drier future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Song
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Ute Sass-Klaassen
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Goudzwaard
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Linar Akhmetzyanov
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Hisano M, Ryo M, Chen X, Chen HYH. Rapid functional shifts across high latitude forests over the last 65 years. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3846-3858. [PMID: 33993581 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental changes have strongly affected forest demographic rates, particularly amplified tree mortality in high latitude forests (e.g., two to five times greater mortality probability over the half-century). Although forest functional composition is critical for multitrophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, it remains unclear how functional composition has changed over time across large high latitude regions, which have been warming twice the rate of the globe as a whole. Using extensive spatial and long-term forest inventory data (17,107 plots monitored 1951-2016) across Canada, we found that after accounting for stand age-dependent functional shifts, functional composition shifted toward fast-growing deciduous broadleaved trees and higher drought tolerance over time. The temporal shift toward deciduous broadleaved trees was consistent across the baseline climate. However, over the study period, drought tolerance increased (or shade tolerance decreased) by 300% in colder boreal regions, while drought tolerance did not shift significantly in warmer temperate climates. A further analysis accounting for temporal changes in atmospheric CO2 , temperature, and water availability indicated that the functional composition of colder regions shifted toward drought tolerance more rapidly with rising CO2 than warmer regions, suggesting the greater vulnerability of boreal forests than temperate forests under ongoing global environmental changes. Future ecosystem management practices should consider spatial differences in functional responses to global environmental change, focusing on high latitude forests experiencing higher rates of warming and compositional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ryo
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Muencheberg, Germany
| | - Xinli Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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19
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Nadal-Sala D, Grote R, Birami B, Lintunen A, Mammarella I, Preisler Y, Rotenberg E, Salmon Y, Tatarinov F, Yakir D, Ruehr NK. Assessing model performance via the most limiting environmental driver in two differently stressed pine stands. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02312. [PMID: 33630380 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will impact forest productivity worldwide. Forecasting the magnitude of such impact, with multiple environmental stressors changing simultaneously, is only possible with the help of process-based models. In order to assess their performance, such models require careful evaluation against measurements. However, direct comparison of model outputs against observational data is often not reliable, as models may provide the right answers due to the wrong reasons. This would severely hinder forecasting abilities under unprecedented climate conditions. Here, we present a methodology for model assessment, which supplements the traditional output-to-observation model validation. It evaluates model performance through its ability to reproduce observed seasonal changes of the most limiting environmental driver (MLED) for a given process, here daily gross primary productivity (GPP). We analyzed seasonal changes of the MLED for GPP in two contrasting pine forests, the Mediterranean Pinus halepensis Mill. Yatir (Israel) and the boreal Pinus sylvestris L. Hyytiälä (Finland) from three years of eddy-covariance flux data. Then, we simulated the same period with a state-of-the-art process-based simulation model (LandscapeDNDC). Finally, we assessed if the model was able to reproduce both GPP observations and MLED seasonality. We found that the model reproduced the seasonality of GPP in both stands, but it was slightly overestimated without site-specific fine-tuning. Interestingly, although LandscapeDNDC properly captured the main MLED in Hyytiälä (temperature) and in Yatir (soil water availability), it failed to reproduce high-temperature and high-vapor pressure limitations of GPP in Yatir during spring and summer. We deduced that the most likely reason for this divergence is an incomplete description of stomatal behavior. In summary, this study validates the MLED approach as a model evaluation tool, and opens up new possibilities for model improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Benjamin Birami
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki,, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, Helsinki,, 00014, Finland
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki,, 00014, Finland
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Eyal Rotenberg
- Deptartment of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yann Salmon
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki,, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, Helsinki,, 00014, Finland
| | - Fedor Tatarinov
- Deptartment of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dan Yakir
- Deptartment of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
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20
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Chavardès RD, Gennaretti F, Grondin P, Cavard X, Morin H, Bergeron Y. Role of Mixed-Species Stands in Attenuating the Vulnerability of Boreal Forests to Climate Change and Insect Epidemics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658880. [PMID: 33995456 PMCID: PMC8117013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether stand species mixture can attenuate the vulnerability of eastern Canada's boreal forests to climate change and insect epidemics. For this, we focused on two dominant boreal species, black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in stands dominated by black spruce or trembling aspen ("pure stands"), and mixed stands (M) composed of both species within a 36 km2 study area in the Nord-du-Québec region. For each species in each stand composition type, we tested climate-growth relations and assessed the impacts on growth by recorded insect epidemics of a black spruce defoliator, the spruce budworm (SBW) [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)], and a trembling aspen defoliator, the forest tent caterpillar (FTC; Malacosoma disstria Hübn.). We implemented linear models in a Bayesian framework to explain baseline and long-term trends in tree growth for each species according to stand composition type and to differentiate the influences of climate and insect epidemics on tree growth. Overall, we found climate vulnerability was lower for black spruce in mixed stands than in pure stands, while trembling aspen was less sensitive to climate than spruce, and aspen did not present differences in responses based on stand mixture. We did not find any reduction of vulnerability for mixed stands to insect epidemics in the host species, but the non-host species in mixed stands could respond positively to epidemics affecting the host species, thus contributing to stabilize ecosystem-scale growth over time. Our findings partially support boreal forest management strategies including stand species mixture to foster forests that are resilient to climate change and insect epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël D. Chavardès
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie de la MRC-Abitibi, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC, Canada
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie de la MRC-Abitibi, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Grondin
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Cavard
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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21
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Girardin MP, Isabel N, Guo XJ, Lamothe M, Duchesne I, Lenz P. Annual aboveground carbon uptake enhancements from assisted gene flow in boreal black spruce forests are not long-lasting. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1169. [PMID: 33608515 PMCID: PMC7895975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted gene flow between populations has been proposed as an adaptive forest management strategy that could contribute to the sequestration of carbon. Here we provide an assessment of the mitigation potential of assisted gene flow in 46 populations of the widespread boreal conifer Picea mariana, grown in two 42-year-old common garden experiments and established in contrasting Canadian boreal regions. We use a dendroecological approach taking into account phylogeographic structure to retrospectively analyse population phenotypic variability in annual aboveground net primary productivity (NPP). We compare population NPP phenotypes to detect signals of adaptive variation and/or the presence of phenotypic clines across tree lifespans, and assess genotype-by-environment interactions by evaluating climate and NPP relationships. Our results show a positive effect of assisted gene flow for a period of approximately 15 years following planting, after which there was little to no effect. Although not long lasting, well-informed assisted gene flow could accelerate the transition from carbon source to carbon sink after disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Girardin
- grid.146611.50000 0001 0775 5922Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC Canada ,grid.38678.320000 0001 2181 0211Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Nathalie Isabel
- grid.146611.50000 0001 0775 5922Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Xiao Jing Guo
- grid.146611.50000 0001 0775 5922Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Manuel Lamothe
- grid.146611.50000 0001 0775 5922Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Isabelle Duchesne
- grid.202033.00000 0001 2295 5236Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Québec, QC Canada
| | - Patrick Lenz
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Canada Research Chair in Forest Genomics, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC Canada ,grid.202033.00000 0001 2295 5236Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Québec, QC Canada
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22
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Vuorinen KEM, Kolstad AL, De Vriendt L, Austrheim G, Tremblay JP, Solberg EJ, Speed JDM. Cool as a moose: How can browsing counteract climate warming effects across boreal forest ecosystems? Ecology 2021; 101:e03159. [PMID: 33448367 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herbivory has potential to modify vegetation responses to climatic changes. However, climate and herbivory also affect each other, and rarely work in isolation from other ecological factors, such as plant-plant competition. Thus, it is challenging to predict the extent to which herbivory can counteract, amplify, or interact with climate impacts on ecosystems. Here, we investigate how moose modify climatic responses of boreal trees by using experimental exclosures on two continents and modeling complex causal pathways including several climatic factors, multiple tree species, competition, tree height, time, food availability, and herbivore presence, density, and browsing intensity. We show that moose can counteract, that is, "cool down" positive temperature responses of trees, but that this effect varies between species depending on moose foraging preferences. Growth of preferred deciduous trees was strongly affected by moose, whereas growth of less preferred conifers was mostly driven by climate and tree height. In addition, moose changed temperature responses of rowan in Norway and balsam fir in Canada, by making fir more responsive to temperature but decreasing the strength of the temperature response of rowan. Snow protected trees from browsing, and therefore moose "cooling power" might increase should a warming climate result in decreased snow cover. Furthermore, we found evidence of indirect effects of moose via plant-plant competition: By constraining growth of competing trees, moose can contribute positively to the growth of other trees. Our study shows that in boreal forests, herbivory cooling power is highly context dependent, and in order to understand its potential to prevent changes induced by warming climate, species differences, snow, competition, and climate effects on browsing need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina E M Vuorinen
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skakkes gate 47 A, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Anders L Kolstad
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skakkes gate 47 A, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Laurent De Vriendt
- Department of Biology, Laval University, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Center for Forest Research (CEF), Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 Rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Center for Northern Studies (CEN), Laval University, Abitibi-Price building, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gunnar Austrheim
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skakkes gate 47 A, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Department of Biology, Laval University, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Center for Forest Research (CEF), Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405 Rue de la Terrasse, Sainte-Foy, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Center for Northern Studies (CEN), Laval University, Abitibi-Price building, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Erling J Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Trondheim, NO-7485, Norway
| | - James D M Speed
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Erling Skakkes gate 47 A, Trondheim, NO-7491, Norway
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23
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Fréchette E, Chang CYY, Ensminger I. Variation in the phenology of photosynthesis among eastern white pine provenances in response to warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5217-5234. [PMID: 32396692 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In higher-latitude trees, temperature and photoperiod control the beginning and end of the photosynthetically active season. Elevated temperature (ET) has advanced spring warming and delayed autumn cooling while photoperiod remains unchanged. We assessed the effects of warming on the length of the photosynthetically active season of three provenances of Pinus strobus L. seedlings from different latitudes, and evaluated the accuracy of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and the chlorophyll/carotenoid index (CCI) for tracking the predicted variation in spring and autumn phenology of photosynthesis among provenances. Seedlings from northern, local and southern P. strobus provenances were planted in a temperature-free-air-controlled enhancement (T-FACE) experiment and exposed to ET (+1.5/3°C; day/night). Over 18 months, we assessed photosynthetic phenology by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, leaf spectral reflectance and pigment content. During autumn, all seedlings regardless of provenance followed the same sequence of phenological events with the initial downregulation of photosynthesis, followed by the modulation of non-photochemical quenching and associated adjustments of zeaxanthin pool sizes. However, the timing of autumn downregulation differed between provenances, with delayed onset in the southern provenance (SP) and earlier onset in the northern relative to the local provenance, indicating that photoperiod at the provenance origin is a dominant factor controlling autumn phenology. Experimental warming further delayed the downregulation of photosynthesis during autumn in the SP. A provenance effect during spring was also observed but was generally not significant. The vegetation indices PRI and CCI were both effective at tracking the seasonal variations of energy partitioning in needles and the differences of carotenoid pigments indicative of the stress status of needles. These results demonstrate that PRI and CCI can be useful tools for monitoring conifer phenology and for the remote monitoring of the length of the photosynthetically active season of conifers in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Fréchette
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Yao-Yun Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Deb JC, Forbes G, MacLean DA. Modelling the spatial distribution of selected North American woodland mammals under future climate scenarios. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiban Chandra Deb
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton NBE3B5A3Canada
| | - Graham Forbes
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton NBE3B5A3Canada
| | - David A. MacLean
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management University of New Brunswick Fredericton NBE3B5A3Canada
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25
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Barbé M, Bouchard M, Fenton NJ. Examining boreal forest resilience to temperature variability using bryophytes: forest type matters. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Barbé
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts 445 Boulevard de l’Université Rouyn‐Noranda QuebecJ9X 4E5Canada
| | - Mathieu Bouchard
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs 2700 rue Einstein Quebec QuebecG1P 3W8Canada
| | - Nicole J. Fenton
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts 445 Boulevard de l’Université Rouyn‐Noranda QuebecJ9X 4E5Canada
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26
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Harvey JE, Smiljanić M, Scharnweber T, Buras A, Cedro A, Cruz-García R, Drobyshev I, Janecka K, Jansons Ā, Kaczka R, Klisz M, Läänelaid A, Matisons R, Muffler L, Sohar K, Spyt B, Stolz J, van der Maaten E, van der Maaten-Theunissen M, Vitas A, Weigel R, Kreyling J, Wilmking M. Tree growth influenced by warming winter climate and summer moisture availability in northern temperate forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2505-2518. [PMID: 31860143 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of future forests in global biogeochemical cycles will depend on how different tree species respond to climate. Interpreting the response of forest growth to climate change requires an understanding of the temporal and spatial patterns of seasonal climatic influences on the growth of common tree species. We constructed a new network of 310 tree-ring width chronologies from three common tree species (Quercus robur, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica) collected for different ecological, management and climate purposes in the south Baltic Sea region at the border of three bioclimatic zones (temperate continental, oceanic, southern boreal). The major climate factors (temperature, precipitation, drought) affecting tree growth at monthly and seasonal scales were identified. Our analysis documents that 20th century Scots pine and deciduous species growth is generally controlled by different climate parameters, and that summer moisture availability is increasingly important for the growth of deciduous species examined. We report changes in the influence of winter climate variables over the last decades, where a decreasing influence of late winter temperature on deciduous tree growth and an increasing influence of winter temperature on Scots pine growth was found. By comparing climate-growth responses for the 1943-1972 and 1973-2002 periods and characterizing site-level growth response stability, a descriptive application of spatial segregation analysis distinguished sites with stable responses to dominant climate parameters (northeast of the study region), and sites that collectively showed unstable responses to winter climate (southeast of the study region). The findings presented here highlight the temporally unstable and nonuniform responses of tree growth to climate variability, and that there are geographical coherent regions where these changes are similar. Considering continued climate change in the future, our results provide important regional perspectives on recent broad-scale climate-growth relationships for trees across the temperate to boreal forest transition around the south Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Harvey
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marko Smiljanić
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Allan Buras
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Cedro
- Faculty of Geosciences, Szczecin University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Roberto Cruz-García
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Val-d'Or, QC, Canada
| | - Karolina Janecka
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Āris Jansons
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute, Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Ryszard Kaczka
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Alar Läänelaid
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Lena Muffler
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Sohar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Spyt
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Juliane Stolz
- Chair of Forest Growth and Woody Biomass Production, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Adomas Vitas
- Centre of Environmental Research, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Robert Weigel
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreyling
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Wilmking
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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27
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Kumarathunge DP, Drake JE, Tjoelker MG, López R, Pfautsch S, Vårhammar A, Medlyn BE. The temperature optima for tree seedling photosynthesis and growth depend on water inputs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2544-2560. [PMID: 31883292 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how tree growth is affected by rising temperature is a key to predicting the fate of forests in future warmer climates. Increasing temperature has direct effects on plant physiology, but there are also indirect effects of increased water limitation because evaporative demand increases with temperature in many systems. In this study, we experimentally resolved the direct and indirect effects of temperature on the response of growth and photosynthesis of the widely distributed species Eucalyptus tereticornis. We grew E. tereticornis in an array of six growth temperatures from 18 to 35.5°C, spanning the climatic distribution of the species, with two watering treatments: (a) water inputs increasing with temperature to match plant demand at all temperatures (Wincr ), isolating the direct effect of temperature; and (b) water inputs constant for all temperatures, matching demand for coolest grown plants (Wconst ), such that water limitation increased with growth temperature. We found that constant water inputs resulted in a reduction of temperature optima for both photosynthesis and growth by ~3°C compared to increasing water inputs. Water limitation particularly reduced the total amount of leaf area displayed at Topt and intermediate growth temperatures. The reduction in photosynthesis could be attributed to lower leaf water potential and consequent stomatal closure. The reduction in growth was a result of decreased photosynthesis, reduced total leaf area display and a reduction in specific leaf area. Water availability had no effect on the response of stem and root respiration to warming, but we observed lower leaf respiration rates under constant water inputs compared to increasing water inputs at higher growth temperatures. Overall, this study demonstrates that the indirect effect of increasing water limitation strongly modifies the potential response of tree growth to rising global temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushan P Kumarathunge
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Plant Physiology Division, Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Forest and Natural Resources Management, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosana López
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelica Vårhammar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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28
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Sang Z, Sebastian‐Azcona J, Hamann A, Menzel A, Hacke U. Adaptive limitations of white spruce populations to drought imply vulnerability to climate change in its western range. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1850-1860. [PMID: 31548862 PMCID: PMC6752154 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cost-effective climate change adaptation strategy for the forestry sector is to move seed sources to more northern and higher elevation planting sites as part of ongoing reforestation programs. This is meant to match locally adapted populations with anticipated environments, but adaptive traits do not always show population differences suitable to mitigate climate change impacts. For white spruce, drought tolerance is a critical adaptive trait to prevent mortality and productivity losses. Here, we use a 40-year-old provenance experiment that has been exposed to severe drought periods in 1999 and 2002 to retrospectively investigate drought response and the adaptive capacity of white spruce populations across their boreal range. Relying on dendrochronological analysis under experimentally controlled environments, we evaluate population differences in resistance, resilience, and recovery to these extreme events. Results showed evidence for population differentiation in resistance and recovery parameters, but provenances conformed to approximately the same growth rates under drought conditions and had similar resilience metrics. The lack of populations with better growth rates under drought conditions is contrary to expectations for a wide-ranging species with distinct regional climates. Populations from the wettest environments in the northeastern boreal were surprisingly drought-tolerant, suggesting that these populations would readily resist water deficits projected for the 2080s, and supporting the view that northeastern Canada will provide a refugium for boreal species under climate change. The findings also suggest that white spruce is sensitive to growth reductions under climate change in the western boreal. The study highlights that population differentiation in adaptive capacity is species- and trait-specific, and we provide a counterexample for drought tolerance traits, where assisted migration prescriptions may be ineffective to mitigate climate change impacts. For resource managers and policy makers, we provide maps where planning for widespread declines of boreal white spruce forests may be unavoidable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihaohan Sang
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Annette Menzel
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
- Institute for Advanced StudyTechnical University of MunichGarchingGermany
| | - Uwe Hacke
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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29
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Short-term responses of boreal carbon stocks to climate change: A simulation study of black spruce forests. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Zhang X, Manzanedo RD, D'Orangeville L, Rademacher TT, Li J, Bai X, Hou M, Chen Z, Zou F, Song F, Pederson N. Snowmelt and early to mid-growing season water availability augment tree growth during rapid warming in southern Asian boreal forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3462-3471. [PMID: 31271698 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boreal forests are facing profound changes in their growth environment, including warming-induced water deficits, extended growing seasons, accelerated snowmelt, and permafrost thaw. The influence of warming on trees varies regionally, but in most boreal forests studied to date, tree growth has been found to be negatively affected by increasing temperatures. Here, we used a network of Pinus sylvestris tree-ring collections spanning a wide climate gradient the southern end of the boreal forest in Asia to assess their response to climate change for the period 1958-2014. Contrary to findings in other boreal regions, we found that previously negative effects of temperature on tree growth turned positive in the northern portion of the study network after the onset of rapid warming. Trees in the drier portion did not show this reversal in their climatic response during the period of rapid warming. Abundant water availability during the growing season, particularly in the early to mid-growing season (May-July), is key to the reversal of tree sensitivity to climate. Advancement in the onset of growth appears to allow trees to take advantage of snowmelt water, such that tree growth increases with increasing temperatures during the rapidly warming period. The region's monsoonal climate delivers limited precipitation during the early growing season, and thus snowmelt likely covers the water deficit so trees are less stressed from the onset of earlier growth. Our results indicate that the growth response of P. sylvestris to increasing temperatures strongly related to increased early season water availability. Hence, boreal forests with sufficient water available during crucial parts of the growing season might be more able to withstand or even increase growth during periods of rising temperatures. We suspect that other regions of the boreal forest may be affected by similar dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rubén D Manzanedo
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
- Biology Department, University of Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Loïc D'Orangeville
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Tim T Rademacher
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
- School of Informatics and Cyber Security and Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Junxia Li
- Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueping Bai
- Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meiting Hou
- China Meteorological Administration Training Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenju Chen
- Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghua Zou
- Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangbo Song
- Tree-ring Laboratory, College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
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31
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Quan Q, Tian D, Luo Y, Zhang F, Crowther TW, Zhu K, Chen HYH, Zhou Q, Niu S. Water scaling of ecosystem carbon cycle feedback to climate warming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1131. [PMID: 31457076 PMCID: PMC6703863 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established by field experiments that warming stimulates either net ecosystem carbon uptake or release, leading to negative or positive carbon cycle-climate change feedback, respectively. This variation in carbon-climate feedback has been partially attributed to water availability. However, it remains unclear under what conditions water availability enhances or weakens carbon-climate feedback or even changes its direction. Combining a field experiment with a global synthesis, we show that warming stimulates net carbon uptake (negative feedback) under wet conditions, but depresses it (positive feedback) under very dry conditions. This switch in carbon-climate feedback direction arises mainly from scaling effects of warming-induced decreases in soil water content on net ecosystem productivity. This water scaling of warming effects offers generalizable mechanisms not only to help explain varying magnitudes and directions of observed carbon-climate feedback but also to improve model prediction of ecosystem carbon dynamics in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dashuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tom W. Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH-Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author.
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32
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Physiological and Growth Responses to Increasing Drought of an Endangered Tree Species in Southwest China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: We compared annually resolved records of tree-ring width and stable isotope of dead and surviving Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) Henry et Thomas trees. We provide new insights into the relationships and sensitivity of tree growth to past and current climate, and explored the underlying mechanism of drought-induced mortality in F. hodginsii. Background and Objectives: Drought-induced tree decline and mortality are increasing in many regions around the world. Despite the high number of studies that have explored drought-induced decline, species-specific responses to drought still makes it difficult to apply general responses to specific species. The endangered conifer species, Fokienia hodginsii, has experienced multiple drought-induced mortality events in recent years. Our objective was to investigate the historical and current responses to drought of this species. Materials and Methods: We used annually resolved ring-width and δ13C chronologies to investigate tree growth and stand physiological responses to climate change and elevated CO2 concentration (Ca) in both dead and living trees between 1960 and 2015. Leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), Ci/Ca and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) were derived from δ13C. Results: δ13C were positively correlated with mean vapor pressure deficit and PDSI from previous October to current May, while ring widths were more sensitive to climatic conditions from previous June to September. Moreover, the relationships between iWUE, basal area increment (BAI), and Ci/Ca changed over time. From 1960s to early 1980s, BAI and iWUE maintained a constant relationship with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. After the mid-1980s, we observed a decrease in tree growth, increase in the frequency of missing rings, and an unprecedented increase in sensitivity of 13C and radial growth to drought, likely related to increasingly dry conditions. Conclusions: We show that the recent increase in water stress is likely the main trigger for the unprecedented decline in radial growth and spike in mortality of F. hodginsii, which may have resulted from diminished carbon fixation and water availability. Given that the drought severity and frequency in the region is expected to increase in the future, our results call for effective mitigation strategies to maintain this endangered tree species.
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Anderegg LDL, HilleRisLambers J. Local range boundaries vs. large-scale trade-offs: climatic and competitive constraints on tree growth. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:787-796. [PMID: 30793454 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Species often respond to human-caused climate change by shifting where they occur on the landscape. To anticipate these shifts, we need to understand the forces that determine where species currently occur. We tested whether a long-hypothesised trade-off between climate and competitive constraints explains where tree species grow on mountain slopes. Using tree rings, we reconstructed growth sensitivity to climate and competition in range centre and range margin tree populations in three climatically distinct regions. We found that climate often constrains growth at environmentally harsh elevational range boundaries, and that climatic and competitive constraints trade-off at large spatial scales. However, there was less evidence that competition consistently constrained growth at benign elevational range boundaries; thus, local-scale climate-competition trade-offs were infrequent. Our work underscores the difficulty of predicting local-scale range dynamics, but suggests that the constraints on tree performance at a large-scale (e.g. latitudinal) may be predicted from ecological theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 4007 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Reich PB, Sendall KM, Stefanski A, Rich RL, Hobbie SE, Montgomery RA. Effects of climate warming on photosynthesis in boreal tree species depend on soil moisture. Nature 2018; 562:263-267. [PMID: 30283137 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming will influence photosynthesis via thermal effects and by altering soil moisture1-11. Both effects may be important for the vast areas of global forests that fluctuate between periods when cool temperatures limit photosynthesis and periods when soil moisture may be limiting to carbon gain4-6,9-11. Here we show that the effects of climate warming flip from positive to negative as southern boreal forests transition from rainy to modestly dry periods during the growing season. In a three-year open-air warming experiment with juveniles of 11 temperate and boreal tree species, an increase of 3.4 °C in temperature increased light-saturated net photosynthesis and leaf diffusive conductance on average on the one-third of days with the wettest soils. In all 11 species, leaf diffusive conductance and, as a result, light-saturated net photosynthesis decreased during dry spells, and did so more sharply in warmed plants than in plants at ambient temperatures. Consequently, across the 11 species, warming reduced light-saturated net photosynthesis on the two-thirds of days with driest soils. Thus, low soil moisture may reduce, or even reverse, the potential benefits of climate warming on photosynthesis in mesic, seasonally cold environments, both during drought and in regularly occurring, modestly dry periods during the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Kerrie M Sendall
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Roy L Rich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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D'Orangeville L, Houle D, Duchesne L, Phillips RP, Bergeron Y, Kneeshaw D. Beneficial effects of climate warming on boreal tree growth may be transitory. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3213. [PMID: 30097584 PMCID: PMC6086880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicted increases in temperature and aridity across the boreal forest region have the potential to alter timber supply and carbon sequestration. Given the widely-observed variation in species sensitivity to climate, there is an urgent need to develop species-specific predictive models that can account for local conditions. Here, we matched the growth of 270,000 trees across a 761,100 km2 region with detailed site-level data to quantify the growth responses of the seven most common boreal tree species in Eastern Canada to changes in climate. Accounting for spatially-explicit species-specific responses, we find that while 2 °C of warming may increase overall forest productivity by 13 ± 3% (mean ± SE) in the absence of disturbance, additional warming could reverse this trend and lead to substantial declines exacerbated by reductions in water availability. Our results confirm the transitory nature of warming-induced growth benefits in the boreal forest and highlight the vulnerability of the ecosystem to excess warming and drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc D'Orangeville
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Daniel Houle
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 2700 Einstein, Quebec City, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada
- Ouranos, 550 Rue Sherbrooke O, Montréal, QC, H3A 1B9, Canada
| | - Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, 2700 Einstein, Quebec City, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405-7005, USA
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
- NSERC-UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Research Institute, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Daniel Kneeshaw
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
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Kohl L, Philben M, Edwards KA, Podrebarac FA, Warren J, Ziegler SE. The origin of soil organic matter controls its composition and bioreactivity across a mesic boreal forest latitudinal gradient. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:e458-e473. [PMID: 28871609 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Warmer climates have been associated with reduced bioreactivity of soil organic matter (SOM) typically attributed to increased diagenesis; the combined biological and physiochemical transformation of SOM. In addition, cross-site studies have indicated that ecosystem regime shifts, associated with long-term climate warming, can affect SOM properties through changes in vegetation and plant litter production thereby altering the composition of soil inputs. The relative importance of these two controls, diagenesis and inputs, on SOM properties as ecosystems experience climate warming, however, remains poorly understood. To address this issue we characterized the elemental, chemical (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and total hydrolysable amino acids analysis), and isotopic composition of plant litter and SOM across a well-constrained mesic boreal forest latitudinal transect in Atlantic Canada. Results across forest sites within each of three climate regions indicated that (1) climate history and diagenesis affect distinct parameters of SOM chemistry, (2) increases in SOM bioreactivity with latitude were associated with elevated proportions of carbohydrates relative to plant waxes and lignin, and (3) despite the common forest type across regions, differences in SOM chemistry by climate region were associated with chemically distinct litter inputs and not different degrees of diagenesis. The observed climate effects on vascular plant litter chemistry, however, explained only part of the regional differences in SOM chemistry, most notably the higher protein content of SOM from warmer regions. Greater proportions of lignin and aliphatic compounds and smaller proportions of carbohydrates in warmer sites' soils were explained by the higher proportion of vascular plant relative to moss litter in the warmer relative to cooler forests. These results indicate that climate change induced decreases in the proportion of moss inputs not only impacts SOM chemistry but also increases the resistance of SOM to decomposition, thus significantly altering SOM cycling in these boreal forest soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kohl
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael Philben
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kate A Edwards
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | | | - Jamie Warren
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Susan E Ziegler
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Duchesne L, D’Orangeville L, Ouimet R, Houle D, Kneeshaw D. Extracting coherent tree-ring climatic signals across spatial scales from extensive forest inventory data. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189444. [PMID: 29281697 PMCID: PMC5744929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing access to extensively replicated and broadly distributed tree-ring collections has led to a greater use of these large data sets to investigate climate forcing on tree growth. However, the number of chronologies added to large accessible databases is declining and few are updated, while chronologies are often sparsely distributed and are more representative of marginal growing environments. On the other hand, National Forest Inventories (NFI), although poorly replicated at the plot level as compared to classic dendrochronological sampling, contain a large amount of tree-ring data with high spatial density designed to be spatially representative of the forest cover. We propose an a posteriori approach to validating tree-ring measurements and dating, selecting individual tree-ring width time series, and building average chronologies at various spatial scales based on an extensive collection of ring width measurements of nearly 94,000 black spruce trees distributed over a wide area and collected as part of the NFI in the province of Quebec, Canada. Our results show that reliable signals may be derived at various spatial scales (from 37 to 583,000 km2) from NFI increment core samples. Signals from independently built chronologies are spatially coherent with each other and well-correlated with independent reference chronologies built at the stand level. We thus conclude that tree-ring data from NFIs provide an extraordinary opportunity to strengthen the spatial and temporal coverage of tree-ring data and to improve coordination with other contemporary measurements of forest growth to provide a better understanding of tree growth-climate relationships over broad spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Einstein, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Loïc D’Orangeville
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Rock Ouimet
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Einstein, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Houle
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Einstein, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Consortium sur la Climatologie Régionale et l’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques (Ouranos), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Kneeshaw
- Centre d’Étude de la Forêt, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Site- and Species-Specific Influences on Sub-Alpine Conifer Growth in Mt. Rainier National Park, USA. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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McLauchlan KK, Gerhart LM, Battles JJ, Craine JM, Elmore AJ, Higuera PE, Mack MC, McNeil BE, Nelson DM, Pederson N, Perakis SS. Centennial-scale reductions in nitrogen availability in temperate forests of the United States. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7856. [PMID: 28798386 PMCID: PMC5552780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Forests cover 30% of the terrestrial Earth surface and are a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle. Humans have doubled the amount of global reactive nitrogen (N), increasing deposition of N onto forests worldwide. However, other global changes-especially climate change and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations-are increasing demand for N, the element limiting primary productivity in temperate forests, which could be reducing N availability. To determine the long-term, integrated effects of global changes on forest N cycling, we measured stable N isotopes in wood, a proxy for N supply relative to demand, on large spatial and temporal scales across the continental U.S.A. Here, we show that forest N availability has generally declined across much of the U.S. since at least 1850 C.E. with cool, wet forests demonstrating the greatest declines. Across sites, recent trajectories of N availability were independent of recent atmospheric N deposition rates, implying a minor role for modern N deposition on the trajectory of N status of North American forests. Our results demonstrate that current trends of global changes are likely to be consistent with forest oligotrophication into the foreseeable future, further constraining forest C fixation and potentially storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K McLauchlan
- Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.
| | - L M Gerhart
- Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Honolulu HI, 96822, USA
| | - J J Battles
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - J M Craine
- Jonah Ventures, LLC, Manhattan, Kansas, 66502, USA
| | - A J Elmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, Frostburg, Maryland, 21532, USA
| | - P E Higuera
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - M C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - B E McNeil
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - D M Nelson
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Appalachian Laboratory, Frostburg, Maryland, 21532, USA
| | - N Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts, 01366, USA
| | - S S Perakis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
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Forest productivity mitigates human disturbance effects on late-seral prey exposed to apparent competitors and predators. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6370. [PMID: 28744023 PMCID: PMC5526934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary production can determine the outcome of management actions on ecosystem properties, thereby defining sustainable management. Yet human agencies commonly overlook spatio-temporal variations in productivity by recommending fixed resource extraction thresholds. We studied the influence of forest productivity on habitat disturbance levels that boreal caribou – a threatened, late-seral ungulate under top-down control – should be able to withstand. Based on 10 years of boreal caribou monitoring, we found that adult survival and recruitment to populations decreased with landscape disturbance, but increased with forest productivity. This benefit of productivity reflected the net outcome of an increase in resources for apparent competitors and predators of caribou, and a more rapid return to the safety of mature conifer forests. We estimated 3-fold differences in forest harvesting levels that caribou populations could withstand due to variations in forest productivity. The adjustment of ecosystem provisioning services to local forest productivity should provide strong conservation and socio-economic advantages.
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41
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Hisano M, Searle EB, Chen HYH. Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:439-456. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Eric B. Searle
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay P7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay P7B 5E1 Canada
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Rollinson CR, Liu Y, Raiho A, Moore DJP, McLachlan J, Bishop DA, Dye A, Matthes JH, Hessl A, Hickler T, Pederson N, Poulter B, Quaife T, Schaefer K, Steinkamp J, Dietze MC. Emergent climate and CO 2 sensitivities of net primary productivity in ecosystem models do not agree with empirical data in temperate forests of eastern North America. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2755-2767. [PMID: 28084043 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem models show divergent responses of the terrestrial carbon cycle to global change over the next century. Individual model evaluation and multimodel comparisons with data have largely focused on individual processes at subannual to decadal scales. Thus far, data-based evaluations of emergent ecosystem responses to climate and CO2 at multidecadal and centennial timescales have been rare. We compared the sensitivity of net primary productivity (NPP) to temperature, precipitation, and CO2 in ten ecosystem models with the sensitivities found in tree-ring reconstructions of NPP and raw ring-width series at six temperate forest sites. These model-data comparisons were evaluated at three temporal extents to determine whether the rapid, directional changes in temperature and CO2 in the recent past skew our observed responses to multiple drivers of change. All models tested here were more sensitive to low growing season precipitation than tree-ring NPP and ring widths in the past 30 years, although some model precipitation responses were more consistent with tree rings when evaluated over a full century. Similarly, all models had negative or no response to warm-growing season temperatures, while tree-ring data showed consistently positive effects of temperature. Although precipitation responses were least consistent among models, differences among models to CO2 drive divergence and ensemble uncertainty in relative change in NPP over the past century. Changes in forest composition within models had no effect on climate or CO2 sensitivity. Fire in model simulations reduced model sensitivity to climate and CO2 , but only over the course of multiple centuries. Formal evaluation of emergent model behavior at multidecadal and multicentennial timescales is essential to reconciling model projections with observed ecosystem responses to past climate change. Future evaluation should focus on improved representation of disturbance and biomass change as well as the feedbacks with moisture balance and CO2 in individual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Rollinson
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ann Raiho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 176 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jason McLachlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 176 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Alex Dye
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6300, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jaclyn H Matthes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Amy Hessl
- Department of Geology and Geography, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6300, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Thomas Hickler
- Senkenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senkenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, D-60325, Germany
- Department of Physical Geography and Geosciences, Goethe University, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Neil Pederson
- Havard Forest, 324 N. Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goodard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 22071, USA
- Institute on Ecosystem and Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Tristan Quaife
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, PO Box 243, Reading, RG6 6BB, UK
| | - Kevin Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, 449 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jörg Steinkamp
- Senkenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senkenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, D-60325, Germany
| | - Michael C Dietze
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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Boucher E, Nicault A, Arseneault D, Bégin Y, Karami MP. Decadal Variations in Eastern Canada's Taiga Wood Biomass Production Forced by Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2457. [PMID: 28550281 PMCID: PMC5446407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Across Eastern Canada (EC), taiga forests represent an important carbon reservoir, but the extent to which climate variability affects this ecosystem over decades remains uncertain. Here, we analyze an extensive network of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) ring width and wood density measurements and provide new evidence that wood biomass production is influenced by large-scale, internal ocean-atmosphere processes. We show that while black spruce wood biomass production is primarily governed by growing season temperatures, the Atlantic ocean conveys heat from the subtropics and influences the decadal persistence in taiga forests productivity. Indeed, we argue that 20-30 years periodicities in Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) as part of the the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) directly influence heat transfers to adjacent lands. Winter atmospheric conditions associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) might also impact EC's taiga forests, albeit indirectly, through its effect on SSTs and sea ice conditions in surrounding seas. Our work emphasizes that taiga forests would benefit from the combined effects of a warmer atmosphere and stronger ocean-to-land heat transfers, whereas a weakening of these transfers could cancel out, for decades or longer, the positive effects of climate change on Eastern Canada's largest ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Boucher
- University du Québec à Montreal, Dépt. of Geography and GEOTOP, Montreal, H2V 1C7, Canada.
| | - Antoine Nicault
- ECCOREV, FR 3098, CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, Europôle Méditerranéen de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence cedex 4, France
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- University du Québec à Rimouski, Dept. of Chemistry, Biology and Geography, Centre d'études nordiques, Rimouski, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Yves Bégin
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre d'études nordiques, 490 de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Mehdi Pasha Karami
- Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Rossby Centre, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, SE-601 76, Sweden
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Zhang Z, Babst F, Bellassen V, Frank D, Launois T, Tan K, Ciais P, Poulter B. Converging Climate Sensitivities of European Forests Between Observed Radial Tree Growth and Vegetation Models. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Pedlar JH, McKenney DW. Assessing the anticipated growth response of northern conifer populations to a warming climate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43881. [PMID: 28266577 PMCID: PMC5339688 DOI: 10.1038/srep43881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth response of trees to ongoing climate change has important implications for future forest dynamics, accurate carbon accounting, and sustainable forest management. We used data from black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) provenance trials, along with published data for three other northern conifers, to identify a consistent growth response to climate warming in which cold-origin populations are expected to benefit and warm-origin populations are expected to decline. Specifically, populations from across the geographic range of a species appear to grow well at temperatures characteristic of the southern portion of the range, indicating significant potential for a positive growth response to climate warming in cold-origin populations. Few studies have quantified and compared this pattern across multiple species using provenance data. We present a forest regeneration strategy that incorporates these anticipated growth responses to promote populations that are both local to the planting site and expected to grow well under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Pedlar
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Daniel W McKenney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
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46
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A climate refuge for trees. Nature 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/534439d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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