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Gopalakrishna T, Visconti P, Lomax G, Boere E, Malhi Y, Roy PS, Joshi PK, Fedele G, Yowargana P. Optimizing restoration: A holistic spatial approach to deliver Nature's Contributions to People with minimal tradeoffs and maximal equity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402970121. [PMID: 39133856 PMCID: PMC11348303 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402970121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration is inherently a complex activity with inevitable tradeoffs in environmental and societal outcomes. These tradeoffs can potentially be large when policies and practices are focused on single outcomes versus joint achievement of multiple outcomes. Few studies have assessed the tradeoffs in Nature's Contributions to People (NCP) and the distributional equity of NCP from forest restoration strategies. Here, we optimized a defined forest restoration area across India with systematic conservation planning to assess the tradeoffs between three NCP: i) climate change mitigation NCP, ii) biodiversity value NCP (habitat created for forest-dependent mammals), and iii) societal NCP (human direct use of restored forests for livelihoods, housing construction material, and energy). We show that restoration plans aimed at a single-NCP tend not to deliver other NCP outcomes efficiently. In contrast, integrated spatial forest restoration plans aimed at achievement of multiple outcomes deliver on average 83.3% (43.2 to 100%) of climate change mitigation NCP, 89.9% (63.8 to 100%) of biodiversity value NCP, and 93.9% (64.5 to 100%) of societal NCP delivered by single-objective plans. Integrated plans deliver NCP more evenly across the restoration area when compared to other plans that identify certain regions such as the Western Ghats and north-eastern India. Last, 38 to 41% of the people impacted by integrated spatial plans belong to socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, greater than their overall representation in India's population. Moving ahead, effective policy design and evaluation integrating ecosystem protection and restoration strategies can benefit from the blueprint we provide in this study for India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Gopalakrishna
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QE, United Kingdom
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analyses, LaxenburgA-2361, Austria
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Piero Visconti
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analyses, LaxenburgA-2361, Austria
| | - Guy Lomax
- Global Systems Institute, University of Exeter, ExeterEX4 4QE, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Boere
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analyses, LaxenburgA-2361, Austria
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QY, United Kingdom
- Leverhulme Centre for Nature Recovery, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3QY, United Kingdom
| | - Parth Sarathi Roy
- Distinguished Fellow, Food and Land Use Alliance- India, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Pawan K. Joshi
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi110067, India
- Special Centre for Disaster Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi110067, India
| | - Giacomo Fedele
- Betty and Gordon Moore Centre for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA22202
- Conservation International Europe, Brussels1060, Belgium
| | - Ping Yowargana
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program, International Institute of Applied Systems Analyses, LaxenburgA-2361, Austria
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2
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James K, Macreadie PI, Burdett HL, Davies I, Kamenos NA. It's time to broaden what we consider a 'blue carbon ecosystem'. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17261. [PMID: 38712641 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Photoautotrophic marine ecosystems can lock up organic carbon in their biomass and the associated organic sediments they trap over millennia and are thus regarded as blue carbon ecosystems. Because of the ability of marine ecosystems to lock up organic carbon for millennia, blue carbon is receiving much attention within the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a nature-based solution (NBS) to climate change, but classically still focuses on seagrass meadows, mangrove forests, and tidal marshes. However, other coastal ecosystems could also be important for blue carbon storage, but remain largely neglected in both carbon cycling budgets and NBS strategic planning. Using a meta-analysis of 253 research publications, we identify other coastal ecosystems-including mud flats, fjords, coralline algal (rhodolith) beds, and some components or coral reef systems-with a strong capacity to act as blue carbon sinks in certain situations. Features that promote blue carbon burial within these 'non-classical' blue carbon ecosystems included: (1) balancing of carbon release by calcification via carbon uptake at the individual and ecosystem levels; (2) high rates of allochthonous organic carbon supply because of high particle trapping capacity; (3) high rates of carbon preservation and low remineralization rates; and (4) location in depositional environments. Some of these features are context-dependent, meaning that these ecosystems were blue carbon sinks in some locations, but not others. Therefore, we provide a universal framework that can evaluate the likelihood of a given ecosystem to behave as a blue carbon sink for a given context. Overall, this paper seeks to encourage consideration of non-classical blue carbon ecosystems within NBS strategies, allowing more complete blue carbon accounting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter I Macreadie
- Marine Research and Innovation Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi L Burdett
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Nicholas A Kamenos
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, Umeå University, Norrbyn, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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3
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Novick KA, Keenan TF, Anderegg WRL, Normile CP, Runkle BRK, Oldfield EE, Shrestha G, Baldocchi DD, Evans MEK, Randerson JT, Sanderman J, Torn MS, Trugman AT, Williams CA. We need a solid scientific basis for nature-based climate solutions in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318505121. [PMID: 38536749 PMCID: PMC10998553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318505121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Novick
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - William R. L. Anderegg
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | | | - Benjamin R. K. Runkle
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701
| | | | | | - Dennis D. Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | | | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | | | - Margaret S. Torn
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Anna T. Trugman
- Department of Geography University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
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4
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Liu Y, Du J, Wang Y, Cui X, Dong J, Gu P, Hao Y, Xue K, Duan H, Xia A, Hu Y, Dong Z, Wu B, Kropp JP, Fu B. Overlooked uneven progress across sustainable development goals at the global scale: Challenges and opportunities. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100573. [PMID: 38379792 PMCID: PMC10876912 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Differences in progress across sustainable development goals (SDGs) are widespread globally; meanwhile, the rising call for prioritizing specific SDGs may exacerbate such gaps. Nevertheless, how these progress differences would influence global sustainable development has been long neglected. Here, we present the first quantitative assessment of SDGs' progress differences globally by adopting the SDGs progress evenness index. Our results highlight that the uneven progress across SDGs has been a hindrance to sustainable development because (1) it is strongly associated with many public health risks (e.g., air pollution), social inequalities (e.g., gender inequality, modern slavery, wealth gap), and a reduction in life expectancy; (2) it is also associated with deforestation and habitat loss in terrestrial and marine ecosystems, increasing the challenges related to biodiversity conservation; (3) most countries with low average SDGs performance show lower progress evenness, which further hinders their fulfillment of SDGs; and (4) many countries with high average SDGs performance also showcase stagnation or even retrogression in progress evenness, which is partly ascribed to the antagonism between climate actions and other goals. These findings highlight that while setting SDGs priorities may be more realistic under the constraints of multiple global stressors, caution must be exercised to avoid new problems from intensifying uneven progress across goals. Moreover, our study reveals that the urgent needs regarding SDGs of different regions seem complementary, emphasizing that regional collaborations (e.g., demand-oriented carbon trading between SDGs poorly performed and well-performed countries) may promote sustainable development achievements at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Liu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianqing Du
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanfen Wang
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jichang Dong
- School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pan Gu
- School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanbin Hao
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Xue
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China
| | - Hongbo Duan
- School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Anquan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Economics and Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bingfang Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jürgen P. Kropp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Science and Geography, University of Potsdam, 14412 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bojie Fu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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5
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Gwon HJ, Park G, Yun J, Ryu W, Ahn HS. Prolonged hydrogen production by engineered green algae photovoltaic power stations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6768. [PMID: 37880242 PMCID: PMC10600337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in securing energy production channels from renewable sources is higher than ever due to the daily observation of the impacts of climate change. A key renewable energy harvesting strategy achieving carbon neutral cycles is artificial photosynthesis. Solar-to-fuel routes thus far relied on elaborately crafted semiconductors, undermining the cost-efficiency of the system. Furthermore, fuels produced required separation prior to utilization. As an artificial photosynthesis design, here we demonstrate the conversion of swimming green algae into photovoltaic power stations. The engineered algae exhibit bioelectrogenesis, en route to energy storage in hydrogen. Notably, fuel formation requires no additives or external bias other than CO2 and sunlight. The cellular power stations autoregulate the oxygen level during artificial photosynthesis, granting immediate utility of the photosynthetic hydrogen without separation. The fuel production scales linearly with the reactor volume, which is a necessary trait for contributing to the large-scale renewable energy portfolio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Gwon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHyoung Yun
- Department of Mechanical engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - WonHyoung Ryu
- Department of Mechanical engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun S Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zheng Q, Ha T, Prishchepov AV, Zeng Y, Yin H, Koh LP. The neglected role of abandoned cropland in supporting both food security and climate change mitigation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6083. [PMID: 37770491 PMCID: PMC10539403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the looming land scarcity for agriculture, cropland abandonment is widespread globally. Abandoned cropland can be reused to support food security and climate change mitigation. Here, we investigate the potentials and trade-offs of using global abandoned cropland for recultivation and restoring forests by natural regrowth, with spatially-explicit modelling and scenario analysis. We identify 101 Mha of abandoned cropland between 1992 and 2020, with a capability of concurrently delivering 29 to 363 Peta-calories yr-1 of food production potential and 290 to 1,066 MtCO2 yr-1 of net climate change mitigation potential, depending on land-use suitability and land allocation strategies. We also show that applying spatial prioritization is key to maximizing the achievable potentials of abandoned cropland and demonstrate other possible approaches to further increase these potentials. Our findings offer timely insights into the potentials of abandoned cropland and can inform sustainable land management to buttress food security and climate goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Zheng
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
| | - Tim Ha
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Alexander V Prishchepov
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350, København K, Denmark
- Center for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University, Senckenbergstraße 3, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yiwen Zeng
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - He Yin
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Centre for Nature-based Climate Solutions, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546, Singapore.
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7
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Beillouin D, Corbeels M, Demenois J, Berre D, Boyer A, Fallot A, Feder F, Cardinael R. A global meta-analysis of soil organic carbon in the Anthropocene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3700. [PMID: 37349294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities profoundly impact soil organic carbon (SOC), affecting its contribution to ecosystem services such as climate regulation. Here, we conducted a thorough review of the impacts of land-use change, land management, and climate change on SOC. Using second-order meta-analysis, we synthesized findings from 230 first-order meta-analyses comprising over 25,000 primary studies. We show that (i) land conversion for crop production leads to high SOC loss, that can be partially restored through land management practices, particularly by introducing trees and incorporating exogenous carbon in the form of biochar or organic amendments, (ii) land management practices that are implemented in forests generally result in depletion of SOC, and (iii) indirect effects of climate change, such as through wildfires, have a greater impact on SOC than direct climate change effects (e.g., from rising temperatures). The findings of our study provide strong evidence to assist decision-makers in safeguarding SOC stocks and promoting land management practices for SOC restoration. Furthermore, they serve as a crucial research roadmap, identifying areas that require attention to fill the knowledge gaps concerning the factors driving changes in SOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Beillouin
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Montpellier, France.
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Marc Corbeels
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- IITA, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julien Demenois
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CATIE, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - David Berre
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- CIRDES, USPAE, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abigail Fallot
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, Montpellier, France
- SENS, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Feder
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et Risque, Montpellier, France
- Recyclage et Risque, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Cardinael
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Plant Production Sciences and Technologies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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8
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Moinet GYK, Hijbeek R, van Vuuren DP, Giller KE. Carbon for soils, not soils for carbon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2384-2398. [PMID: 36644803 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The role of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration as a 'win-win' solution to both climate change and food insecurity receives an increasing promotion. The opportunity may be too good to be missed! Yet the tremendous complexity of the two issues at stake calls for a detailed and nuanced examination of any potential solution, no matter how appealing. Here, we critically re-examine the benefits of global SOC sequestration strategies on both climate change mitigation and food production. While estimated contributions of SOC sequestration to climate change vary, almost none take SOC saturation into account. Here, we show that including saturation in estimations decreases any potential contribution of SOC sequestration to climate change mitigation by 53%-81% towards 2100. In addition, reviewing more than 21 meta-analyses, we found that observed yield effects of increasing SOC are inconsistent, ranging from negative to neutral to positive. We find that the promise of a win-win outcome is confirmed only when specific land management practices are applied under specific conditions. Therefore, we argue that the existing knowledge base does not justify the current trend to set global agendas focusing first and foremost on SOC sequestration. Away from climate-smart soils, we need a shift towards soil-smart agriculture, adaptative and adapted to each local context, and where multiple soil functions are quantified concurrently. Only such comprehensive assessments will allow synergies for land sustainability to be maximised and agronomic requirements for food security to be fulfilled. This implies moving away from global targets for SOC in agricultural soils. SOC sequestration may occur along this pathway and contribute to climate change mitigation and should be regarded as a co-benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renske Hijbeek
- Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef P van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ken E Giller
- Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Energy duty in direct contact membrane distillation of hypersaline brines operating at the water-energy nexus. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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10
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Löfqvist S, Kleinschroth F, Bey A, de Bremond A, DeFries R, Dong J, Fleischman F, Lele S, Martin DA, Messerli P, Meyfroidt P, Pfeifer M, Rakotonarivo SO, Ramankutty N, Ramprasad V, Rana P, Rhemtulla JM, Ryan CM, Vieira ICG, Wells GJ, Garrett RD. How Social Considerations Improve the Equity and Effectiveness of Ecosystem Restoration. Bioscience 2023; 73:134-148. [PMID: 36896142 PMCID: PMC9991587 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration is an important means to address global sustainability challenges. However, scientific and policy discourse often overlooks the social processes that influence the equity and effectiveness of restoration interventions. In the present article, we outline how social processes that are critical to restoration equity and effectiveness can be better incorporated in restoration science and policy. Drawing from existing case studies, we show how projects that align with local people's preferences and are implemented through inclusive governance are more likely to lead to improved social, ecological, and environmental outcomes. To underscore the importance of social considerations in restoration, we overlay existing global restoration priority maps, population, and the Human Development Index (HDI) to show that approximately 1.4 billion people, disproportionately belonging to groups with low HDI, live in areas identified by previous studies as being of high restoration priority. We conclude with five action points for science and policy to promote equity-centered restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Löfqvist
- Ecosystem Management Group, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Adia Bey
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ariane de Bremond
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Ruth DeFries
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jinwei Dong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Forrest Fleischman
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Messerli
- Wyss Academy for Nature, University of in Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marion Pfeifer
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tine, England, United Kingdom
| | - Sarobidy O Rakotonarivo
- École Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Navin Ramankutty
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Ramprasad
- Center for Ecology, Development, and Research, Ashoka University, Haryana, and with the Kangra Integrated Sciences and Adaptation Network, Kangra, India
| | | | - Jeanine M Rhemtulla
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Casey M Ryan
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geoff J Wells
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael D Garrett
- Environmental Policy Lab, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University of Cambridge, Department of Geography and Conservation Research Institute
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11
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Robertson GP, Hamilton SK, Paustian K, Smith P. Land-based climate solutions for the United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4912-4919. [PMID: 35638387 PMCID: PMC9544421 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Meeting end-of-century global warming targets requires aggressive action on multiple fronts. Recent reports note the futility of addressing mitigation goals without fully engaging the agricultural sector, yet no available assessments combine both nature-based solutions (reforestation, grassland and wetland protection, and agricultural practice change) and cellulosic bioenergy for a single geographic region. Collectively, these solutions might offer a suite of climate, biodiversity, and other benefits greater than either alone. Nature-based solutions are largely constrained by the duration of carbon accrual in soils and forest biomass; each of these carbon pools will eventually saturate. Bioenergy solutions can last indefinitely but carry significant environmental risk if carelessly deployed. We detail a simplified scenario for the United States that illustrates the benefits of combining approaches. We assign a portion of non-forested former cropland to bioenergy sufficient to meet projected mid-century transportation needs, with the remainder assigned to nature-based solutions such as reforestation. Bottom-up mitigation potentials for the aggregate contributions of crop, grazing, forest, and bioenergy lands are assessed by including in a Monte Carlo model conservative ranges for cost-effective local mitigation capacities, together with ranges for (a) areal extents that avoid double counting and include realistic adoption rates and (b) the projected duration of different carbon sinks. The projected duration illustrates the net effect of eventually saturating soil carbon pools in the case of most strategies, and additionally saturating biomass carbon pools in the case of forest management. Results show a conservative end-of-century mitigation capacity of 110 (57-178) Gt CO2 e for the U.S., ~50% higher than existing estimates that prioritize nature-based or bioenergy solutions separately. Further research is needed to shrink uncertainties, but there is sufficient confidence in the general magnitude and direction of a combined approach to plan for deployment now.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Philip Robertson
- W.K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMichiganUSA
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial SciencesMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMichiganUSA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Stephen K. Hamilton
- W.K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMichiganUSA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem StudiesMillbrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Keith Paustian
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences and Natural Resource Ecology LaboratoryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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12
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Huang Y, Sun W, Qin Z, Zhang W, Yu Y, Li T, Zhang Q, Wang G, Yu L, Wang Y, Ding F, Zhang P. The role of China's terrestrial carbon sequestration 2010-2060 in offsetting energy-related CO 2 emissions. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac057. [PMID: 35992243 PMCID: PMC9385465 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy consumption dominates annual CO2 emissions in China. It is essential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions from energy consumption to reach national carbon neutrality by 2060, while the role of terrestrial carbon sequestration in offsetting energy-related CO2 emissions cannot be underestimated. Natural climate solutions (NCS), including improvements in terrestrial carbon sequestration, represent readily deployable options to offset anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. However, the extent to which China's terrestrial carbon sequestration in the future, especially when target-oriented managements (TOMs) are implemented, can help to mitigate energy-related CO2 emissions is far from certain. By synthesizing available findings and using several parameter-sparse empirical models that have been calibrated and/or fitted against contemporary measurements, we assessed China's terrestrial carbon sequestration over 2010-2060 and its contribution to offsetting national energy-related CO2 emissions. We show that terrestrial C sequestration in China will increase from 0.375 ± 0.056 (mean ± standard deviation) Pg C yr-1 in the 2010s to 0.458 ± 0.100 Pg C yr-1 under RCP2.6 and 0.493 ± 0.108 Pg C yr-1 under the RCP4.5 scenario in the 2050s, when TOMs are implemented. The majority of carbon sequestration comes from forest, accounting for 67.8-71.4% of the total amount. China's terrestrial ecosystems can offset 12.2-15.0% and 13.4-17.8% of energy-related peak CO2 emissions in 2030 and 2060, respectively. The implementation of TOMs contributes 11.9% of the overall terrestrial carbon sequestration in the 2020s and 23.7% in the 2050s. The most likely strategy to maximize future NCS effectiveness is a full implementation of all applicable cost-effective NCS pathways in China. Our findings highlight the role of terrestrial carbon sequestration in offsetting energy-related CO2 emissions and put forward future needs in the context of carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhangcai Qin
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lingfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fan Ding
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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13
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Seddon N. Harnessing the potential of nature-based solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Science 2022; 376:1410-1416. [PMID: 35737796 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although many governments, financial institutions, and corporations are embracing nature-based solutions as part of their sustainability and net-zero carbon strategies, some nations, Indigenous peoples, local community groups, and grassroots organizations have rejected this term. This pushback is fueled by (i) critical uncertainties about when, where, how, and for whom nature-based solutions are effective and (ii) controversies surrounding their misuse in greenwashing, violations of human rights, and threats to biodiversity. To clarify how the scientific community can help address these issues, I provide an overview of recent research on the benefits and limits of nature-based solutions, including how they compare with technological approaches, and highlight critical areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SAZ, UK
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14
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García‐Palacios P, Chen J. Emerging relationships among soil microbes, carbon dynamics and climate change. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García‐Palacios
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid Spain
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology Aarhus University Tjele Denmark
- iCLIMATE Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change Aarhus University Roskilde Denmark
- Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy Aarhus University Tjele Denmark
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15
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Novick KA, Metzger S, Anderegg WRL, Barnes M, Cala DS, Guan K, Hemes KS, Hollinger DY, Kumar J, Litvak M, Lombardozzi D, Normile CP, Oikawa P, Runkle BRK, Torn M, Wiesner S. Informing Nature-based Climate Solutions for the United States with the best-available science. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3778-3794. [PMID: 35253952 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based Climate Solutions (NbCS) are managed alterations to ecosystems designed to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While they have growing public and private support, the realizable benefits and unintended consequences of NbCS are not well understood. At regional scales where policy decisions are often made, NbCS benefits are estimated from soil and tree survey data that can miss important carbon sources and sinks within an ecosystem, and do not reveal the biophysical impacts of NbCS for local water and energy cycles. The only direct observations of ecosystem-scale carbon fluxes, for example, by eddy covariance flux towers, have not yet been systematically assessed for what they can tell us about NbCS potentials, and state-of-the-art remote sensing products and land-surface models are not yet being widely used to inform NbCS policymaking or implementation. As a result, there is a critical mismatch between the point- and tree-scale data most often used to assess NbCS benefits and impacts, the ecosystem and landscape scales where NbCS projects are implemented, and the regional to continental scales most relevant to policymaking. Here, we propose a research agenda to confront these gaps using data and tools that have long been used to understand the mechanisms driving ecosystem carbon and energy cycling, but have not yet been widely applied to NbCS. We outline steps for creating robust NbCS assessments at both local to regional scales that are informed by ecosystem-scale observations, and which consider concurrent biophysical impacts, future climate feedbacks, and the need for equitable and inclusive NbCS implementation strategies. We contend that these research goals can largely be accomplished by shifting the scales at which pre-existing tools are applied and blended together, although we also highlight some opportunities for more radical shifts in approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Stefan Metzger
- Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Mallory Barnes
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniela S Cala
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyle S Hemes
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Y Hollinger
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Patty Oikawa
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
| | - Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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16
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Wu S, Chen Y, Hao C, Liu K, Zhang W, Zhang L. Promoting Biodiversity Conservation Requires a Better Understanding of the Relationships Between Ecosystem Services and Multiple Biodiversity Dimensions. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.891627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reverse the global trend of biodiversity loss, the concept of ecosystem services has been widely applied to make policymakers and the general public realize that conserving biodiversity possesses both intrinsic and utilitarian values. However, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to first have a clear understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES). To advance our understanding of this issue, we first reviewed the major progress in current BES studies, with an emphasis on three biodiversity dimensions (i.e., taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, and ecosystem diversity). Based on the findings, we then propose three research topics as future directions: (1) More direct and explicit studies on the effects of different dimensions of biodiversity on various ecosystem service types; (2) developing a biodiversity-based understanding of the formation of ecosystem services; (3) creation of science-based ecosystem management plans and policies that can maximize synergies between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service enhancement. By conducting such research, we will be able to not only further understand the complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services but also better promote the concept of ecosystem services for more successful biodiversity conservation in the future.
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17
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Smith P, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Ichii K, Marquet PA, Popp A, Pörtner HO, Rogers AD, Scholes RJ, Strassburg B, Wu J, Ngo H. How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co-benefit biodiversity? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2555-2577. [PMID: 34951743 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co-benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co-benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co-benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate-biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon-rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon-rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win-win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long-term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co-deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win-win solutions, categorized as 'protect, restore, manage and create', in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Almut Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CeRES), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pablo A Marquet
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alex D Rogers
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Robert J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bernardo Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jianguo Wu
- The Institute of Environmental Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hien Ngo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
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18
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Runkle BRK. Review: biological engineering for nature-based climate solutions. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:7. [PMID: 35351176 PMCID: PMC8966256 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature-based Climate Solutions are landscape stewardship techniques to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil or biomass carbon sequestration. These mitigation approaches to climate change present an opportunity to supplement energy sector decarbonization and provide co-benefits in terms of ecosystem services and landscape productivity. The biological engineering profession must be involved in the research and implementation of these solutions-developing new tools to aid in decision-making, methods to optimize across different objectives, and new messaging frameworks to assist in prioritizing among different options. Furthermore, the biological engineering curriculum should be redesigned to reflect the needs of carbon-based landscape management. While doing so, the biological engineering community has an opportunity to embed justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion within both the classroom and the profession. Together these transformations will enhance our capacity to use sustainable landscape management as an active tool to mitigate the risks of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
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19
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Changes in organic carbon to clay ratios in different soils and land uses in England and Wales over time. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5162. [PMID: 35338205 PMCID: PMC8956621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic targets for soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations are needed, accounting for differences between soils and land uses. We assess the use of SOC/clay ratio for this purpose by comparing changes over time in (a) the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales, first sampled in 1978–1983 and resampled in 1994–2003, and (b) two long-term experiments under ley-arable rotations on contrasting soils in the East of England. The results showed that normalising for clay concentration provides a more meaningful separation between land uses than changes in SOC alone. Almost half of arable soils in the NSI had degraded SOC/clay ratios (< 1/13), compared with just 5% of permanent grass and woodland soils. Soils with initially large SOC/clay ratios (≥ 1/8) were prone to greater losses of SOC between the two NSI samplings than those with smaller ratios. The results suggest realistic long-term targets for SOC/clay in arable, ley grass, permanent grass and woodland soils are 1/13, 1/10, and > 1/8, respectively. Given the wide range of soils and land uses across England and Wales in the datasets used to test these targets, they should apply across similar temperate regions globally, and at national to sub-regional scales.
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20
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Beillouin D, Cardinael R, Berre D, Boyer A, Corbeels M, Fallot A, Feder F, Demenois J. A global overview of studies about land management, land-use change, and climate change effects on soil organic carbon. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1690-1702. [PMID: 34873793 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major drivers of gains or losses in soil organic carbon (SOC) include land management, land-use change, and climate change. Thousands of original studies have focused on these drivers of SOC change and are now compiled in a growing number of meta-analyses. To critically assess the research efforts in this domain, we retrieved and characterized 192 meta-analyses of SOC stocks or concentrations. These meta-analyses comprise more than 13,200 original studies conducted from 1910 to 2020 in 150 countries. First, we show that, despite a growing number of studies over time, the geographical coverage of studies is limited. For example, the effect of land management, land-use change, and climate change on SOC has been only occasionally studied in North and Central Africa, and in the Middle East and Central Asia. Second, the meta-analyses investigated a limited number of land management practices, mostly mineral fertilization, organic amendments, and tillage. Third, the meta-analyses demonstrated relatively low quality and transparency. Lastly, we discuss the mismatch between the increasing number of studies and the need for more local, reusable, and diversified knowledge on how to preserve high SOC stocks or restore depleted SOC stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Beillouin
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Montpellier, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Rémi Cardinael
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Department of Plant Production Sciences and Technologies, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - David Berre
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- CIRDES, USPAE, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Marc Corbeels
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- IITA, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abigail Fallot
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, Montpellier, France
- SENS, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Feder
- CIRAD, UPR Recyclage et Risque, Montpellier, France
- Recyclage et Risque, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Demenois
- AIDA, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR AIDA, Montpellier, France
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21
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Gopalakrishna T, Lomax G, Aguirre‐Gutiérrez J, Bauman D, Roy PS, Joshi PK, Malhi Y. Existing land uses constrain climate change mitigation potential of forest restoration in India. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Gopalakrishna
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Guy Lomax
- Global Systems Institute University of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Jesús Aguirre‐Gutiérrez
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Biodiversity Dynamics Naturalis Biodiversity Centre Leiden The Netherlands
| | - David Bauman
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre Edgewater Maryland USA
| | - Parth Sarathi Roy
- University Centre of Earth and Space Science University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | - Pawan K. Joshi
- School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
- Special Centre for Disaster Research Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK
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22
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Mendez A, Farazmand M. Investigating climate tipping points under various emission reduction and carbon capture scenarios with a stochastic climate model. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the mitigation of climate tipping point transitions using an energy balance model. The evolution of the global mean surface temperature is coupled with the
CO
2
concentration through the green-house effect. We model the
CO
2
concentration with a stochastic delay differential equation (SDDE), accounting for various carbon emission and capture scenarios. The resulting coupled system of SDDEs exhibits a tipping point phenomena: if
CO
2
concentration exceeds a critical threshold (around
478
ppm
), the temperature experiences an abrupt increase of about six degrees Celsius. We show that the
CO
2
concentration exhibits a transient growth which may cause a climate tipping point, even if the concentration decays asymptotically. We derive a rigorous upper bound for the
CO
2
evolution which quantifies its transient and asymptotic growths, and provides sufficient conditions for evading the climate tipping point. Combining this upper bound with Monte Carlo simulations of the stochastic climate model, we investigate the emission reduction and carbon capture scenarios that would avert the tipping point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mendez
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Mohammad Farazmand
- Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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23
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Jung M, Arnell A, de Lamo X, García-Rangel S, Lewis M, Mark J, Merow C, Miles L, Ondo I, Pironon S, Ravilious C, Rivers M, Schepaschenko D, Tallowin O, van Soesbergen A, Govaerts R, Boyle BL, Enquist BJ, Feng X, Gallagher R, Maitner B, Meiri S, Mulligan M, Ofer G, Roll U, Hanson JO, Jetz W, Di Marco M, McGowan J, Rinnan DS, Sachs JD, Lesiv M, Adams VM, Andrew SC, Burger JR, Hannah L, Marquet PA, McCarthy JK, Morueta-Holme N, Newman EA, Park DS, Roehrdanz PR, Svenning JC, Violle C, Wieringa JJ, Wynne G, Fritz S, Strassburg BBN, Obersteiner M, Kapos V, Burgess N, Schmidt-Traub G, Visconti P. Areas of global importance for conserving terrestrial biodiversity, carbon and water. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1499-1509. [PMID: 34429536 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To meet the ambitious objectives of biodiversity and climate conventions, the international community requires clarity on how these objectives can be operationalized spatially and how multiple targets can be pursued concurrently. To support goal setting and the implementation of international strategies and action plans, spatial guidance is needed to identify which land areas have the potential to generate the greatest synergies between conserving biodiversity and nature's contributions to people. Here we present results from a joint optimization that minimizes the number of threatened species, maximizes carbon retention and water quality regulation, and ranks terrestrial conservation priorities globally. We found that selecting the top-ranked 30% and 50% of terrestrial land area would conserve respectively 60.7% and 85.3% of the estimated total carbon stock and 66% and 89.8% of all clean water, in addition to meeting conservation targets for 57.9% and 79% of all species considered. Our data and prioritization further suggest that adequately conserving all species considered (vertebrates and plants) would require giving conservation attention to ~70% of the terrestrial land surface. If priority was given to biodiversity only, managing 30% of optimally located land area for conservation may be sufficient to meet conservation targets for 81.3% of the terrestrial plant and vertebrate species considered. Our results provide a global assessment of where land could be optimally managed for conservation. We discuss how such a spatial prioritization framework can support the implementation of the biodiversity and climate conventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jung
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Andy Arnell
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Xavier de Lamo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matthew Lewis
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer Mark
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Cory Merow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Lera Miles
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Ondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | | | - Corinna Ravilious
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Malin Rivers
- Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmondy, UK
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.,Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Oliver Tallowin
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Arnout van Soesbergen
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Bradley L Boyle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Rachael Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian Maitner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Shai Meiri
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mark Mulligan
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gali Ofer
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Roll
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Jeffrey O Hanson
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - D Scott Rinnan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Myroslava Lesiv
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Vanessa M Adams
- School of Geography, Planning and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Samuel C Andrew
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Joseph R Burger
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lee Hannah
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Pablo A Marquet
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Cambio Global UC, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.,Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Valparaíso (ISCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erica A Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Patrick R Roehrdanz
- Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Steffen Fritz
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Botanical Garden Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.,Environmental Change Institute, Centre for the Environment, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie Kapos
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Piero Visconti
- Biodiversity and Natural Resources Program (BNR), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
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24
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Lefebvre D, Williams AG, Kirk GJD, Paul, Burgess J, Meersmans J, Silman MR, Román-Dañobeytia F, Farfan J, Smith P. Assessing the carbon capture potential of a reforestation project. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19907. [PMID: 34620924 PMCID: PMC8497602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of reforestation projects worldwide is increasing. In many cases funding is obtained through the claimed carbon capture of the trees, presented as immediate and durable, whereas reforested plots need time and maintenance to realise their carbon capture potential. Further, claims usually overlook the environmental costs of natural or anthropogenic disturbances during the forest’s lifetime, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the reforestation are not allowed for. This study uses life cycle assessment to quantify the carbon footprint of setting up a reforestation plot in the Peruvian Amazon. In parallel, we combine a soil carbon model with an above- and below-ground plant carbon model to predict the increase in carbon stocks after planting. We compare our results with the carbon capture claims made by a reforestation platform. Our results show major errors in carbon accounting in reforestation projects if they (1) ignore the time needed for trees to reach their carbon capture potential; (2) ignore the GHG emissions involved in setting up a plot; (3) report the carbon capture potential per tree planted, thereby ignoring limitations at the forest ecosystem level; or (4) under-estimate tree losses due to inevitable human and climatic disturbances. Further, we show that applications of biochar during reforestation can partially compensate for project emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lefebvre
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK.
| | - Adrian G Williams
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Guy J D Kirk
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | - J Burgess
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Jeroen Meersmans
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Miles R Silman
- Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica-CINCIA, 17001, Madre de Dios, Peru.,Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA.,Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Francisco Román-Dañobeytia
- Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica-CINCIA, 17001, Madre de Dios, Peru.,Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Jhon Farfan
- Centro de Innovación Científica Amazónica-CINCIA, 17001, Madre de Dios, Peru
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
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25
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Robertson JC, Randrup KV, Howe ER, Case MJ, Levin PS. Leveraging the potential of nature to meet net zero greenhouse gas emissions in Washington State. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11802. [PMID: 34327059 PMCID: PMC8308619 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The State of Washington, USA, has set a goal to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, the year around which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommended we must limit global warming to 1.5 °C above that of pre-industrial times or face catastrophic changes. We employed existing approaches to calculate the potential for a suite of Natural Climate Solution (NCS) pathways to reduce Washington’s net emissions under three implementation scenarios: Limited, Moderate, and Ambitious. We found that NCS could reduce emissions between 4.3 and 8.8 MMT CO2eyr−1 in thirty-one years, accounting for 4% to 9% of the State’s net zero goal. These potential reductions largely rely on changing forest management practices on portions of private and public timber lands. We also mapped the distribution of each pathway’s Ambitious potential emissions reductions by county, revealing spatial clustering of high potential reductions in three regions closely tied to major business sectors: private industrial forestry in southwestern coastal forests, cropland agriculture in the Columbia Basin, and urban and rural development in the Puget Trough. Overall, potential emissions reductions are provided largely by a single pathway, Extended Timber Harvest Rotations, which mostly clusters in southwestern counties. However, mapping distribution of each of the other pathways reveals wider distribution of each pathway’s unique geographic relevance to support fair, just, and efficient deployment. Although the relative potential for a single pathway to contribute to statewide emissions reductions may be small, they could provide co-benefits to people, communities, economies, and nature for adaptation and resiliency across the state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily R Howe
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael J Case
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Phillip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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26
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Duveiller G, Filipponi F, Ceglar A, Bojanowski J, Alkama R, Cescatti A. Revealing the widespread potential of forests to increase low level cloud cover. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4337. [PMID: 34267204 PMCID: PMC8282670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests play a key role in humanity's current challenge to mitigate climate change thanks to their capacity to sequester carbon. Preserving and expanding forest cover is considered essential to enhance this carbon sink. However, changing the forest cover can further affect the climate system through biophysical effects. One such effect that is seldom studied is how afforestation can alter the cloud regime, which can potentially have repercussions on the hydrological cycle, the surface radiation budget and on planetary albedo itself. Here we provide a global scale assessment of this effect derived from satellite remote sensing observations. We show that for 67% of sampled areas across the world, afforestation would increase low level cloud cover, which should have a cooling effect on the planet. We further reveal a dependency of this effect on forest type, notably in Europe where needleleaf forests generate more clouds than broadleaf forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Duveiller
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy.
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
| | - Federico Filipponi
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Roma, Italy
| | - Andrej Ceglar
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jędrzej Bojanowski
- Remote Sensing Centre, Institute of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ramdane Alkama
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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27
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Drever CR, Cook-Patton SC, Akhter F, Badiou PH, Chmura GL, Davidson SJ, Desjardins RL, Dyk A, Fargione JE, Fellows M, Filewod B, Hessing-Lewis M, Jayasundara S, Keeton WS, Kroeger T, Lark TJ, Le E, Leavitt SM, LeClerc ME, Lemprière TC, Metsaranta J, McConkey B, Neilson E, St-Laurent GP, Puric-Mladenovic D, Rodrigue S, Soolanayakanahally RY, Spawn SA, Strack M, Smyth C, Thevathasan N, Voicu M, Williams CA, Woodbury PB, Worth DE, Xu Z, Yeo S, Kurz WA. Natural climate solutions for Canada. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabd6034. [PMID: 34088658 PMCID: PMC8177698 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Alongside the steep reductions needed in fossil fuel emissions, natural climate solutions (NCS) represent readily deployable options that can contribute to Canada's goals for emission reductions. We estimate the mitigation potential of 24 NCS related to the protection, management, and restoration of natural systems that can also deliver numerous co-benefits, such as enhanced soil productivity, clean air and water, and biodiversity conservation. NCS can provide up to 78.2 (41.0 to 115.1) Tg CO2e/year (95% CI) of mitigation annually in 2030 and 394.4 (173.2 to 612.4) Tg CO2e cumulatively between 2021 and 2030, with 34% available at ≤CAD 50/Mg CO2e. Avoided conversion of grassland, avoided peatland disturbance, cover crops, and improved forest management offer the largest mitigation opportunities. The mitigation identified here represents an important potential contribution to the Paris Agreement, such that NCS combined with existing mitigation plans could help Canada to meet or exceed its climate goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C Cook-Patton
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | - Pascal H Badiou
- Ducks Unlimited Canada, Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research, Stonewall, MB, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Dyk
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Max Fellows
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tyler J Lark
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Edward Le
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marie-Eve LeClerc
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tony C Lemprière
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juha Metsaranta
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Eric Neilson
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Seth A Spawn
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Smyth
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Mihai Voicu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Devon E Worth
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhen Xu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Werner A Kurz
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, BC, Canada
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28
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Seddon N, Smith A, Smith P, Key I, Chausson A, Girardin C, House J, Srivastava S, Turner B. Getting the message right on nature-based solutions to climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1518-1546. [PMID: 33522071 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS)-solutions to societal challenges that involve working with nature-have recently gained popularity as an integrated approach that can address climate change and biodiversity loss, while supporting sustainable development. Although well-designed NbS can deliver multiple benefits for people and nature, much of the recent limelight has been on tree planting for carbon sequestration. There are serious concerns that this is distracting from the need to rapidly phase out use of fossil fuels and protect existing intact ecosystems. There are also concerns that the expansion of forestry framed as a climate change mitigation solution is coming at the cost of carbon rich and biodiverse native ecosystems and local resource rights. Here, we discuss the promise and pitfalls of the NbS framing and its current political traction, and we present recommendations on how to get the message right. We urge policymakers, practitioners and researchers to consider the synergies and trade-offs associated with NbS and to follow four guiding principles to enable NbS to provide sustainable benefits to society: (1) NbS are not a substitute for the rapid phase out of fossil fuels; (2) NbS involve a wide range of ecosystems on land and in the sea, not just forests; (3) NbS are implemented with the full engagement and consent of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in a way that respects their cultural and ecological rights; and (4) NbS should be explicitly designed to provide measurable benefits for biodiversity. Only by following these guidelines will we design robust and resilient NbS that address the urgent challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss, sustaining nature and people together, now and into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Isabel Key
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre Chausson
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cécile Girardin
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jo House
- Cabot Institute for the Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Beth Turner
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre d'Étude de la Forêt, Département Des Sciences Biologiques, Université Du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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29
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Kasirajan L, Maupin-Furlow JA. Halophilic archaea and their potential to generate renewable fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1066-1090. [PMID: 33241850 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biofuels and chemicals have great potential to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate air pollution by cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions. Chemical, thermal, and enzymatic processes are used to release the sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass for conversion to biofuels. These processes often operate at extreme pH conditions, high salt concentrations, and/or high temperature. These harsh treatments add to the cost of the biofuels, as most known biocatalysts do not operate under these conditions. To increase the economic feasibility of biofuel production, microorganisms that thrive in extreme conditions are considered as ideal resources to generate biofuels and value-added products. Halophilic archaea (haloarchaea) are isolated from hypersaline ecosystems with high salt concentrations approaching saturation (1.5-5 M salt concentration) including environments with extremes in pH and/or temperature. The unique traits of haloarchaea and their enzymes that enable them to sustain catalytic activity in these environments make them attractive resources for use in bioconversion processes that must occur across a wide range of industrial conditions. Biocatalysts (enzymes) derived from haloarchaea occupy a unique niche in organic solvent, salt-based, and detergent industries. This review focuses on the use of haloarchaea and their enzymes to develop and improve biofuel production. The review also highlights how haloarchaea produce value-added products, such as antibiotics, carotenoids, and bioplastic precursors, and can do so using feedstocks considered "too salty" for most microbial processes including wastes from the olive-mill, shell fish, and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Kasirajan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Julie A Maupin-Furlow
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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30
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Melouki R, Ouadah A, Llewellyn PL. The CO2 adsorption behavior study on activated carbon synthesized from olive waste. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Chausson A, Turner B, Seddon D, Chabaneix N, Girardin CAJ, Kapos V, Key I, Roe D, Smith A, Woroniecki S, Seddon N. Mapping the effectiveness of nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6134-6155. [PMID: 32906226 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based solutions (NbS) to climate change currently have considerable political traction. However, national intentions to deploy NbS have yet to be fully translated into evidence-based targets and action on the ground. To enable NbS policy and practice to be better informed by science, we produced the first global systematic map of evidence on the effectiveness of nature-based interventions for addressing the impacts of climate change and hydrometeorological hazards on people. Most of the interventions in natural or semi-natural ecosystems were reported to have ameliorated adverse climate impacts. Conversely, interventions involving created ecosystems (e.g., afforestation) were associated with trade-offs; such studies primarily reported reduced soil erosion or increased vegetation cover but lower water availability, although this evidence was geographically restricted. Overall, studies reported more synergies than trade-offs between reduced climate impacts and broader ecological, social, and climate change mitigation outcomes. In addition, nature-based interventions were most often shown to be as effective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts. However, there were substantial gaps in the evidence base. Notably, there were few studies of the cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to alternatives and few integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes. There was also a bias in evidence toward the Global North, despite communities in the Global South being generally more vulnerable to climate impacts. To build resilience to climate change worldwide, it is imperative that we protect and harness the benefits that nature can provide, which can only be done effectively if informed by a strengthened evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chausson
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beth Turner
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Chabaneix
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie Kapos
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabel Key
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dilys Roe
- International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Woroniecki
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Thematic Studies, Environmental Change Unit, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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32
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Abstract
Sustainable soil carbon sequestration practices need to be rapidly scaled up and implemented to contribute to climate change mitigation. We highlight that the major potential for carbon sequestration is in cropland soils, especially those with large yield gaps and/or large historic soil organic carbon losses. The implementation of soil carbon sequestration measures requires a diverse set of options, each adapted to local soil conditions and management opportunities, and accounting for site-specific trade-offs. We propose the establishment of a soil information system containing localised information on soil group, degradation status, crop yield gap, and the associated carbon-sequestration potentials, as well as the provision of incentives and policies to translate management options into region- and soil-specific practices. Reducing soil degradation and improving soil management could make an important contribute to climate change mitigation. Here the authors discuss opportunities and challenges towards implementing a global climate mitigation strategy focused on carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, and propose a framework for guiding region- and soil-specific management options.
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33
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Mori AS. Advancing nature-based approaches to address the biodiversity and climate emergency. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1729-1732. [PMID: 32959975 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity loss and climate change are often considered as intertwined issues. However, they do not receive equal attention. Even in the context of nature-based climate solutions, which consider ecosystems to be crucial to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change, the potential role of biodiversity has received little attention. Here this essay emphasizes biodiversity as the cause-not only the consequence-to help society and nature face challenges associated with the changing climate. Reconsidering and emphasizing the linkages between these twin environmental crises is urgently needed to make collective efforts for the environment truly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira S Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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34
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Erbaugh JT, Pradhan N, Adams J, Oldekop JA, Agrawal A, Brockington D, Pritchard R, Chhatre A. Global forest restoration and the importance of prioritizing local communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1472-1476. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Kutschera U, Pieruschka R, Farmer S, Berry JA. The Warburg-effects: basic metabolic processes with reference to cancer development and global photosynthesis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1776477. [PMID: 32508236 PMCID: PMC8570714 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1776477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One century ago (1920), Otto Warburg (1883-1970) discovered that in liquid cultures of unicellular green algae (Chlorella sp.) molecular oxygen (O2) exerts an inhibitory effect on photosynthesis. Decades later, O2 dependent suppression of photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation (the "green" Warbur geffect) was confirmed on the leaves of seed plants. Here, we summarize the history of this discovery and elucidate the consequences of the photorespiratory pathway in land plants with reference to unpublished CO2 exchange data measured on the leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants. In addition, we discuss the inefficiency of the key enzyme Rubisco and analyze data concerning the productivity of C3 vs. C4 crop species (sunflower vs. maize, Zea mays). Warburg's discovery inaugurated a research agenda in the biochemistry of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation that continues to the present. In addition, we briefly discuss Warburg's model of metabolic processes in cancer, net primary production (global photosynthesis) with respect to climate change, trees and other land plants as CO2 removers, and potential climate mitigators in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kutschera
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Systems Biology Group, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA
- CONTACT Ulrich Kutschera Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA94305, USA; Institute of Biology, University of Kassel, Germany
| | - Roland Pieruschka
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steve Farmer
- The Systems Biology Group, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
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Griscom BW, Busch J, Cook-Patton SC, Ellis PW, Funk J, Leavitt SM, Lomax G, Turner WR, Chapman M, Engelmann J, Gurwick NP, Landis E, Lawrence D, Malhi Y, Schindler Murray L, Navarrete D, Roe S, Scull S, Smith P, Streck C, Walker WS, Worthington T. National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190126. [PMID: 31983330 PMCID: PMC7017762 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Better land stewardship is needed to achieve the Paris Agreement's temperature goal, particularly in the tropics, where greenhouse gas emissions from the destruction of ecosystems are largest, and where the potential for additional land carbon storage is greatest. As countries enhance their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, confusion persists about the potential contribution of better land stewardship to meeting the Agreement's goal to hold global warming below 2°C. We assess cost-effective tropical country-level potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)—protection, improved management and restoration of ecosystems—to deliver climate mitigation linked with sustainable development goals (SDGs). We identify groups of countries with distinctive NCS portfolios, and we explore factors (governance, financial capacity) influencing the feasibility of unlocking national NCS potential. Cost-effective tropical NCS offers globally significant climate mitigation in the coming decades (6.56 Pg CO2e yr−1 at less than 100 US$ per Mg CO2e). In half of the tropical countries, cost-effective NCS could mitigate over half of national emissions. In more than a quarter of tropical countries, cost-effective NCS potential is greater than national emissions. We identify countries where, with international financing and political will, NCS can cost-effectively deliver the majority of enhanced NDCs while transforming national economies and contributing to SDGs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronson W Griscom
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.,The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Jonah Busch
- Earth Innovation Institute, 98 Battery Street, Suite 250, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA
| | - Susan C Cook-Patton
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Peter W Ellis
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Jason Funk
- Land Use and Climate Knowledge Initiative, Global Philanthropy Partnership, 2440 N Lakeview #15A, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Sara M Leavitt
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Guy Lomax
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA.,College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Will R Turner
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jens Engelmann
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Noel P Gurwick
- United States Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Emily Landis
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Deborah Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Lisa Schindler Murray
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Diego Navarrete
- The Nature Conservancy, Calle 67 #7-94, Piso 3, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Stephanie Roe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sabrina Scull
- Earth Day Network, 1616 P Street NW, Suite 340, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Charlotte Streck
- Department of International Politics, University of Potsdam, D-14469 Potsdam or Climate Focus, Schwedter Strasse 253, 10199 Berlin, Germany
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Seddon N, Chausson A, Berry P, Girardin CAJ, Smith A, Turner B. Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190120. [PMID: 31983344 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that 'nature-based solutions' (NbS) can help to protect us from climate change impacts while slowing further warming, supporting biodiversity and securing ecosystem services. However, the potential of NbS to provide the intended benefits has not been rigorously assessed. There are concerns over their reliability and cost-effectiveness compared to engineered alternatives, and their resilience to climate change. Trade-offs can arise if climate mitigation policy encourages NbS with low biodiversity value, such as afforestation with non-native monocultures. This can result in maladaptation, especially in a rapidly changing world where biodiversity-based resilience and multi-functional landscapes are key. Here, we highlight the rise of NbS in climate policy-focusing on their potential for climate change adaptation as well as mitigation-and discuss barriers to their evidence-based implementation. We outline the major financial and governance challenges to implementing NbS at scale, highlighting avenues for further research. As climate policy turns increasingly towards greenhouse gas removal approaches such as afforestation, we stress the urgent need for natural and social scientists to engage with policy makers. They must ensure that NbS can achieve their potential to tackle both the climate and biodiversity crisis while also contributing to sustainable development. This will require systemic change in the way we conduct research and run our institutions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre Chausson
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pam Berry
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cécile A J Girardin
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beth Turner
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Rumpel C, Amiraslani F, Chenu C, Cardenas MG, Kaonga M, Koutika LS, Ladha J, Madari B, Shirato Y, Smith P, Soudi B, Soussana JF, Whitehead D, Wollenberg E. Response to "The "4p1000" initiative: A new name should be adopted" by Baveye and White (2019). AMBIO 2020; 49:363-364. [PMID: 31197781 PMCID: PMC6888771 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rumpel
- CNRS, Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Farshad Amiraslani
- Department of RS/GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Claire Chenu
- AgroParisTech, UMR Ecosys INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | | | | | - Jagdish Ladha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Beata Madari
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, National Rice and Beans Research Center (Embrapa Arroz e Feijão), Santo Antônio De Goiás, Brazil
| | - Yasuhito Shirato
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Brahim Soudi
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | - Eva Wollenberg
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont and CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, Burlington, USA
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Townsend J, Moola F, Craig MK. Indigenous Peoples are critical to the success of nature-based solutions to climate change. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Townsend
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Faisal Moola
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mary-Kate Craig
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Luedeling E, Börner J, Amelung W, Schiffers K, Shepherd K, Rosenstock T. Forest restoration: Overlooked constraints. Science 2019; 366:315. [PMID: 31624202 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eike Luedeling
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jan Börner
- Department of Economics of Sustainable Land Use and Bioeconomy and Center for Development Research, Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wulf Amelung
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Schiffers
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Todd Rosenstock
- World Agroforestry Centre, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Baldocchi D, Penuelas J. Natural carbon solutions are not large or fast enough. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:e5. [PMID: 30983106 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Baldocchi
- Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Griscom BW, Lomax G, Kroeger T, Fargione JE, Adams J, Almond L, Bossio D, Cook‐Patton SC, Ellis PW, Kennedy CM, Kiesecker J. We need both natural and energy solutions to stabilize our climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1889-1890. [PMID: 30903637 PMCID: PMC6646870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We respond to concerns raised by Baldocchi and Penuelas who question the potential for ecosystems to provide carbon sinks and storage, and conclude that we should focus on decarbonizing our energy systems. While we agree with many of their concerns, we arrive at a different conclusion: we need strong action to advance both clean energy solutions and natural climate solutions (NCS) if we are to stabilize warming well below 2°C. Cost-effective NCS can deliver 11.3 PgCO2 e yr-1 or ~30% of near-term climate mitigation needs through protection, improved management, and restoration of ecosystems, as we increase overall ambition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Lomax
- The Nature ConservancyArlingtonVirginia
| | | | | | - Justin Adams
- Tropical Forest Alliance, World Economic ForumGenevaSwitzerland
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