Twenty years of microplastic pollution research-what have we learned?

Effects of polyethylene microplastics on soil microbial assembly and ecosystem multifunctionality in the remote mountain: Altitude matters

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitously present in almost every ecosystem globally, including the remote mountains. To date, the effects of MPs on the properties and functioning of soils in remote mountainous ecosystems have been less explored. This study aimed to investigate the ecological impacts of polyethylene (PE) MPs at ∼0.2 % (w/w) on soils in three typical altitude zones of Changbai Mountain, China, including the mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (MF) zone, birch forest (BF) zone, and alpine tundra (AT) zone. The results showed that PE MPs exerted diverse effects on soil carbon and nitrogen nutrients across altitude zones but consistently increased soil pH. PE MPs enhanced the humification of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the α-diversity of the bacterial community in the lower-altitude MF zone but exerted negligible effects in the higher-altitude BF and AT zones. Phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated bacterial communities under all treatments but exhibited opposite variation patterns on exposure to MPs. PE MPs contributed to the enrichment of a larger number of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) gene families in the BF and particularly MF zones. Soil ecosystem multifunctionality was significantly improved by PE MPs in the AT and MF zones but was less affected in the BF zone. The soil bacterial diversity, pH, organic carbon, DOM chemodiversity, and climatic factors (i.e., mean annual temperature) were the pivotal predictors of soil ecosystem multifunctionality. This study provides new insights for evaluating the ecological impacts of MPs on soils in remote mountains.

Enhanced extraction of microplastics from terrestrial animal intestinal tissues via optimized fenton oxidation

Microplastics (MPs) are readily ingested by organisms and tend to accumulate in intestinal tissues, posing potential health risks. However, most existing MP extraction methods are designed for aquatic organisms and are unsuitable for terrestrial organisms with high lipid content. In this study, we developed an efficient Fenton oxidation-based method for extracting MPs from mouse intestinal tissues. Optimal conditions for iron precipitate removal were established at pH 0.8, with incubation at 50 °C for 2 h. Key digestion parameters (H2O2 dosage, FeSO4 dosage, maximum reaction temperature, and secondary incubation time) were optimized using response surface analysis. The optimal conditions were: 37 mL of 18.5 % H₂O₂, 20 mL of 0.024 mol/L FeSO₄, a maximum reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a secondary incubation time of 35 h. Under these conditions, a digestion rate of 95 % was achieved, with minimal MP degradation. Specifically, mass loss was 2.5 %, size reduction was 2.78 %, the carbonyl index increased by 12.9 %, and infrared spectral similarity remained at 95 %. The method was also successfully applied to intestinal tissues from chickens, ducks, cows, and pigs, achieving digestion rates between 93 % and 95 %. These results demonstrate the method's effectiveness for extracting MPs from terrestrial organisms while minimal degradation, offering a valuable tool for MP research and health risk assessment.

Impacts and transport of microplastics: Population dynamics in frogs and the transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Increased plastic production has led to severe environmental issues, with microplastics (MPs) becoming widespread contaminants. Amphibians, particularly frogs, are crucial bioindicators because of their permeable skin and biphasic life cycles, making them highly vulnerable to pollutants. This study examined the effects of MPs on Dryophytes japonicus, focusing on hatching, survival, growth, and metamorphosis. We also explored how frogs facilitate the transfer of MPs from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Using an individual-based modeling (IBM) approach, nine male-female pairs were observed in controlled breeding environments. Survival probabilities were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and population dynamics were simulated for over 20 years under varying resource conditions. The results demonstrated significantly lower survival rates in the MP-exposed groups. Simulations indicated that exposed populations declined continuously under resource limitation, whereas MP transfer was the highest under high-density, resource-rich conditions. The control groups had larger populations, but were more vulnerable to extinction, whereas the treatment groups showed resilience to resource stress. Frogs may act as vectors, spreading MPs into terrestrial ecosystems, and contributing to soil contamination and trophic disruption. To mitigate these effects, conservation strategies such as habitat restoration, pollution control, and disease management are essential for preserving amphibian populations and ecosystem balance.

The silent invasion of microplastics polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene terephthalate: Potential impact on osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

The relationship between the environment and diseases is a crucial and complex topic that has garnered significant attention in recent years. In our study, we also follow the thread and explore the correlation between microplastics (MPs) and osteoporosis (OP).

METHODS AND RESULTS

We found that MPs were detected in the blood samples of nearly all participants. Moreover, It was compelling that PVC and PET emerged as the most common MP polymers in our study. A verification process was conducted comparing the clinical data with the results of MPs detection. This analysis revealed a significant exposure risk to MPs from sources such as bottled water, take-out containers. Through molecular biology techniques, we confirmed that MPs have a significant toxic effect on osteoblasts and associated with abnormal gene expression.

CONCLUSION

MPs may be considered to have a potential correlation with the progression of OP.

In vivo and in vitro degradation and biological toxicity studies of polyesters with varying degradation rates

The fragmentation of biodegradable plastics into "degradable particles" is an essential step during their degradation process. Investigating their in vivo degradation behaviors and toxicity differing from microplastics holds significant implications. In this study, we selected biodegradable polyesters with distinct degradation rates-polyglycolic acid (PGA) and its copolymer poly(butylene succinate-co-glycolate) (PBSG)-alongside non-biodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as a control. Using combined in vitro simulations and animal experiments, we assessed their degradation in simulated body fluid (SBF), simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and toxicity effects on rat body weight and multiple organs (heart, liver, spleen, stomach, lung, kidney, colon, brain). Results showed PET exhibited negligible degradation and the highest biotoxicity. After 18 weeks, PGA demonstrated degradation rates of 53.28 % (SBF), 96.35 % (SGF), and 76.14 % (SIF), while PBSG degraded at 7.98 %, 10.28 %, and 10.42 %, respectively. Biodegradable plastics caused no significant toxicity at low doses. However, high doses induced weight loss, tissue necrosis and inflammation in rats. Notably, PGA-with the fastest degradation-showed the weakest physiological toxicity. These findings highlight the important relationship between the degradation rate of biodegradable plastics and their biotoxicity, and can guide the development of new materials to balance environmental benefits and minimized health risks.

Biodegradation of polystyrene by Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera frugiperda larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Insights into the frass characterization and responses of gut microbiomes

Polystyrene (PS) biodegradation by some lepidoptera larvae has been demonstrated, but little is known about the Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Here we confirmed that PS-fed larvae showed significantly higher survival rates than starvation and antibiotic groups, with S. frugiperda consuming PS more efficiently than S. litura (1.52 vs. 0.56 mg larva⁻¹ day⁻¹). PS-frass characterization revealed oxygen-containing groups (C-O, CO, -OH) with reduced thermal stability and a significant decrease in weight-average molecular weight (S. litura: -6.01 %; S. frugiperda: -8.93 %), evidencing oxidative depolymerization of PS by both species. The gut microbiota (Pedobacter, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, etc.) and functional enzymes (e.g., monooxygenase, dioxygenase, chitinases) were upregulated in PS-fed larvae. Metabolome analysis revealed altered stress responses and reprogrammed metabolic pathways, particularly in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, which correlated strongly with gut microbiota changes. Overall, we demonstrated the biodegradation of PS by S. litura and S. frugiperda for the first time, and proposed a plausible degradation mechanism mediated by gut microbiota, illustrating both the host and gut microbiomes contributed to PS biodegradation. These findings highlight the feasibility of developing insect-based plastic degradation systems through the isolation of key microbial-enzymatic consortia, offering a sustainable solution for plastic waste management.

A potent fluorescent probe for HOCl with dual NIR emissions: Achieving the early diagnosis of polystyrene microplastics-induced liver injury involved in ferroptosis

Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human health. The toxicity of PS-MPs to the liver is associated with a surge of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the specific type of ROS triggered by PS-MPs in the injured liver tissue remains inadequately known. In this study, a dual-channel near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe TPAC-B with distinct aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties was contructed, which can specifically detect HOCl and target dual organelles (mitochondria and lipid droplets). Firstly, TPAC-B exhibited selective detection of HOCl with dual-channel imaging in PS-MPs-treated cells, thus eliciting a 40-fold ratiometric fluorescence enhancement. Probe TPAC-B was also prone to accumulate in the liver, and real-time monitoring of elevated HOCl levels in a mouse model of PS-MPs-induced liver injury was thus achieved. As confirmed by western blot analysis, PS-MPs could suppress the expression of ferroptosis regulatory proteins glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and Ferritin in liver cells and upregulate the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, a marker protein for oxidative stress). Therefore, the work shown here represents the first fluorescent probe capable of tracking the fluctuation of HOCl levels in PS-MPs-induced liver injury, providing a potent imaging tool for the early diagnosis of this disease.

Metagenomic analysis reveals soil microbiome responses to microplastics and ZnO nanoparticles in an agricultural soil

Both microplastics (MPs) and engineered nanoparticles are pervasive emerging contaminants that can produce combined toxicity to terrestrial ecosystems, yet their effects on soil microbiomes remain inadequately understood. Here, metagenomic analysis was employed to investigate the impacts of three common MPs [i.e., polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polylactic acid (PLA)] and zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on soil microbiomes. Both MPs and nZnO significantly altered the taxonomic, genetic, and functional diversity of soil microbes, with distinct effects depending on dosage or type. Archaea, fungi, and viruses exhibited more pronounced responses compared to bacteria. Higher doses of MPs and nZnO reduced gene abundance for nutrient cycles like C degradation and N cycling, but enhanced CO2 fixation and S metabolism. nZnO consistently decreased the complexity, connectivity, and modularity of microbial networks; however, these negative effects could be mitigated by co-existing MPs, particularly at elevated doses. Notably, PLA (10 %, w/w) exhibited greater harm to fungal communities and increased negative interactions between microbes and nutrient-cycling genes, posing unique risks compared to PE and PS. These findings demonstrate that MPs and nZnO interact synergistically, complicating ecological predictions and emphasizing the need to consider pollutant interactions in ecological risk assessments, particularly for biodegradable MPs.

Micro- and nanoplastics differ in particle-mucus interactions: The sight on rheological properties, barrier dysfunction and microbiota dysbiosis

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in food can cross the intestinal barrier and accumulate in multiple organs. Mucus serves as a vital defense against such invaders, but the nature of its interaction with MNPs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated changes in the rheological properties of mucus and the physicochemical properties of MNPs in co-incubation. The effects of MNPs on the mucus layer and gut microbiota were also assessed in vivo at environmentally relevant doses. MNPs adsorbed proteins in mucus, increasing apparent particle size, and reducing the surface charges. They broke the selective permeability of barrier and destroyed the histomorphology and microenvironment of microbiota in mice. Notably, nanoplastics were wrapped in mucus. They induced mucus secretion, crosstalk of microbiota, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. Microplastics reduced the composite viscosity of mucus and thinned the mucus layer, facilitating diversification of harmful bacteria. Size plays a crucial role in particle-mucus interactions: nanoplastics tend to penetrate the mucus layer and disrupt microbial colonization, while microplastics contribute to mucus depletion. The physicochemical properties of MNPs and mucus characteristics affect microbial community, modulating the MNPs biotoxicity. These findings provide insights into mucus barrier homeostasis in health risk of MNPs.

Plastic pollution in shooting ranges and warfare areas - an overlooked environmental issue

Shooting ranges and military training fields, including warfare-impacted areas, have been widely recognized as environmentally impacted zones by inorganic and organic contamination, such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or explosive-related compounds. However, the possible contamination by plastics and microplastics in soil has been widely overlooked despite potential plastic sources, such as shotgun cartridges, plastic wads or landmines. Due to how these activities occur, plastics have remained in the field for decades or centuries, favoring their conversion from macro to microplastics, polluting the soil and water resources. Moreover, shooting and recreational activities such as airsoft or paintball practices could also be a substantial source of plastics to ecosystems; once shot, pellets can have conventional or biodegradable plastics in their composition, and there left in the environment, favouring impacts on soil properties. Although some initiatives have emerged to avoid the use of single-use plastics in shotgun ammunition, alternative materials (biodegradable plastics) can also be a potential risk, favouring the heavy metal bioavailability of shot pellets. These emerging pollutants should also be considered in these areas to understand if they could be a potential source of micro- and nanoplastics to the environment and, therefore, an environmental concern that requires changes at industrial and regulatory levels.

Colonization time of plastisphere drives the dynamics of organic carbon stability and microbial communities in seagrass bed sediments

Microplastic (MP) pollution in seagrass bed ecosystems has emerged as a significant global concern. However, the effects of plastisphere formation on organic carbon pools and microbial communities in these ecosystems remain unknown. We conducted a 56-day microcosm incubation experiment to study the dynamic changes in physicochemical characteristics, organic carbon fractions and stability, and bacterial community structure in seagrass bed sediments during the plastisphere formation process for polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid (PLA). The results revealed significant weathering and biofilm formation on both PS and PLA. MPs altered the microbial community structure in seagrass bed sediments, leading to species turnover. Colonization time emerged as the key factor driving microbial community assembly, with ecological processes shifting from dispersal limitation to ecological drift in the plastisphere, while sediments maintained dispersal limitation as the dominant process. The formation of the plastisphere significantly influenced seagrass bed sediment microbial carbon (MBC) and organic carbon pool stability. MPs weathering negatively correlated with sediment properties but positively correlated with microbial communities, jointly modulating carbon pool stability. This study provided a new insight into the potential risks posed by MPs to carbon cycling and the ecological functioning of seagrass bed ecosystems.

Microplastics as drivers of carbon and nitrogen cycling alterations in aquatic ecosystems: A meta-analysis

Microplastics (MPs) have been increasingly recognized as an emerging contaminant in aquatic ecosystems, with growing evidence of their impact on biogeochemical cycles. This study synthesizes the effects of MPs on nitrogen and carbon cycling in aquatic environments by performing a network meta-analysis. Our findings suggest that MPs enhance dissolved organic carbon and total organic carbon concentrations, promote anaerobic processes, and stimulate greenhouse gas emissions, including N₂O and CH₄. In seawater sediments, MPs significantly enhance denitrification, as evidenced by increased abundances of narG, nirS, nirK, and nosZ genes, elevated N₂O production, and reduced NO₃⁻ concentrations. In contrast, MP addition exhibit weaker denitrification but heightened N₂O production in freshwater sediments, likely driven by enhanced dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium processes. Furthermore, biodegradable MPs exhibit stronger effects on carbon and nitrogen metabolism compared to non-biodegradable MPs. These findings highlight the complex and medium-dependent role of MPs in biogeochemical cycles, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research to fully elucidate their environmental impacts.

Polystyrene nanoplastics reshape the peatland plants (Sphagnum) bacteriome under simulated wet-deposition pathway: Insights into unequal impact of ecological niches

Nanoplastics (NPs) enter peatlands through atmospheric deposition, yet their effects on Sphagnum bacterial communities (SBCs) and plant-self remain unknown. We hypothesize that NPs alter the composition, structure, and co-occurrence pattern of epiphytes (Epi) and endophytes (En), thereby differentially affecting the growth and physiological performance of Sphagnum. The 30-day simulated wet deposition experiment was conducted to test this. Here, polystyrene NPs reduced the α-diversity of SBCs, unevenly reshaped the structure of Epi and En. Mfuzz clustering was used to reveal the co-abundance behavior of SBCs, and the null model found SBCs relied on stochastic assembly, formed stable Epi molecular ecological network (MEN) and connected En MEN. NPs disrupted symbiosis of SBCs, with high-abundance phyla reductions impacting MENs and low-abundance phyla affecting the inter-domain ecological network (IDEN) between Epi and En. Increasingly positive NPs (from carboxyl-modified to unmodified, and then to amino-modified NPs) further decreased SBCs abundance. Key clusters of Proteobacteria (Pro.), with α-Pro. and γ-Pro. as module hubs of MENs, and β-Pro. as a network hub in the IDEN, could reflect these changes. Additionally, NPs lowered plant spread area (P < 0.05) and chlorophyll content (P < 0.01), but the reduction in biomass was not significant. Structural equation modeling showed reduced SBCs α-diversity alleviated the NPs phytotoxicity (up to 33.31 % offset), as genetic analysis revealed that methane oxidation, carbon fixation, and trace element metabolism may upregulate plant nutrient supply. Our findings offer critical insights into NPs deposition risks in remote areas and highlight the responses of plant-bacteriome symbiosis.

Electric forces can enhance the emission of microplastics into air

Microplastics (MPs) are problematic pollutants in various environmental contexts. Dust storms, blowing dusts, and dust devils can detach significant amounts of surface MPs into the atmosphere and migrate them far from their original sources via atmospheric transport. Studies have shown that strong electrostatic fields that exceed 150 kV/m can be observed during dust storm events. In this study, we perform theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments that demonstrate that MPs can be directly lifted under a strong electric field, and the threshold electric field (Ee) required for the lifting of MPs is closely related to the material composition and morphology of the MPs themselves and the air humidity. The electric forces generated by these electric fields can decrease the threshold friction velocity required to initiate the lifting of MPs. Specifically, electric fields exceeding 200 kV/m can directly lift surface particles, while fields above 120 kV/m significantly reduce the threshold friction velocity required for wind-driven particle movement by 10 %. These effects are most pronounced for particles with diameters ranging from 80 to 250 μm. We concluded that electric forces enhance MPs lifting, playing a key role in their motion at the particle scale and atmospheric transport at the regional scale. The enhanced loading of MPs into the atmosphere increases their transport distance, This long-range transport not only exacerbates global microplastic pollution but also leads to the deposition of MPs in remote ecosystems, such as polar regions, oceans, and mountainous areas, affecting local biodiversity. Meanwhile, humans may face potential health risks by inhaling or ingesting air, water, and food contaminated with MPs, such as inflammatory responses or the accumulation of harmful chemicals. Additionally, the distribution of MPs in the atmosphere may impact the climate system, for example, by altering cloud condensation nuclei formation, which in turn affects precipitation patterns and Earth's radiation balance.

Effects of microplastics and heavy metal stress on the growth and physiological characteristics of pioneer plant Avicennia marina

Mangrove plants grow in muddy and swampy areas where the land and sea meet and are threatened by various pollutants. In the present study, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (A.marina), the pioneer species in mangrove, was selected as model plant. A composite pollution model of microplastics (polypropylene [PP], polyethylene [PE], and polyamide [PA]) and multiple heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, Co, Hg, As, and Ni) at environmental concentrations was constructed to explore the effects of dual stress on seedling growth and metabolism. Over the 65-days co-exposure, no lethal effects were observed among any contaminant treatments. In contrast, the PP and heavy metal (PPH) and PA and heavy metal (PAH) groups promoted the growth and development of the seedlings. The PPH and PAH treatments increased the soluble protein content of seedling leaves to 4.4 and 3.1 times of the heavy metal (H) treatment, respectively. Free proline content was approximately 58 % higher in the PPH treatment group than in the H group. PE and heavy metal (PEH) exposure significantly inhibited enzyme activities related to nitrogen uptake and transformation in the root and leaf tissues of seedlings. In addition, higher concentrations and frequencies of reactive oxygen species accumulation were observed in root tissues of seedlings grown in sediment added PEH and PAH. These findings provide critical evidences to elucidate the toxicological effects of microplastics and heavy metals combined stress on mangrove plant.

Biomarkers of aging: from molecules and surrogates to physiology and function

Many countries face an unprecedented challenge in aging demographics. This has led to an exponential growth in research on aging, which, coupled to a massive financial influx of funding in the private and public sectors, has resulted in seminal insights into the underpinnings of this biological process. However, critical validation in humans has been hampered by the limited translatability of results obtained in model organisms, additionally confined by the need for extremely time-consuming clinical studies in the ostensible absence of robust biomarkers that would allow monitoring in shorter time frames. In the future, molecular parameters might hold great promise in this regard. In contrast, biomarkers centered on function, resilience, and frailty are available at the present time, with proven predictive value for morbidity and mortality. In this review, the current knowledge of molecular and physiological aspects of human aging, potential antiaging strategies, and the basis, evidence, and potential application of physiological biomarkers in human aging are discussed.

Exploring the mechanisms of neurotoxic effects from combined exposure to polystyrene and microcystin-LR in Caenorhabditis elegans

Microplastics (MPs) are newly emerged pollutants found in water and soil, while microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is often detected in drinking water and water products, both posing serious threats to aquatic environment and food safety. MPs can serve as carriers of MC-LR. These pollutants are often found together, rather than separately. This study focused on assessing the neurotoxicity of co-exposure to MC-LR and PS in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) after combined exposure to these two pollutants. Exposure to varying concentrations of polystyrene (PS) and MC-LR individually caused a dose-dependent decrease in the locomotion behaviors of C. elegans. Exposure to either of these substances alone caused damage to the phenotypic indicators of the C. elegans. To further explore the additional damage caused by the combined exposure of PS and MC-LR, the low, medium, and high combined dose groups were selected based on the locomotion behaviors and survival results. Combined exposure increased the level of oxidative stress indicators and resulted in neuronal loss. It also reduced serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and dopamine neurotransmitters levels, without affecting cholinergic neurons. The expression of neurotransmitter-related genes also decreased. The high-dose group showed the most significant effects. This article is the first to study the combined effect of PS and MC-LR on C. elegans nervous systems, offering novel insights into the risks posed by co-occurring contaminants and their implications for aquatic ecosystems and food safety.

Long-term observations of microplastic and mesoplastic distribution on sandy beaches in north-east Taiwan: Impact of typhoons on spatial and temporal variability

Plastic pollution in coastal environments poses ecological risks, yet long-term monitoring data and insights into the impacts of extreme weather events remain limited. This study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of microplastics and mesoplastics on sandy beaches, with a focus on long-term trends and the influence of typhoons. Samples were collected from two beaches in northern Taiwan over a 20-month period, spanning 8-9 sampling sessions per site. A dense grid sampling approach (50 × 50 cm quadrats) was used across three transects. Post-typhoon microplastic abundances peaked at 5080.6 pcs/kg dry weight (d.w.) at Xialiao Beach, where the average concentration was 115.3 pcs/kg d.w., compared to 18.1 pcs/kg d.w. at Longmen Beach. Typhoon events increased plastic particle accumulation, primarily along storm lines and backshore areas, but long-term accumulation was not observed, indicating dynamic deposition and removal processes. These findings emphasize the need for long-term monitoring through repeated sampling campaigns conducted over an extended period, and high-resolution monitoring using a dense sampling grid, to accurately assess plastic pollution. Single-event studies risk misrepresenting pollution levels due to spatial and temporal variability.

Reactive oxygen species drive aging-associated microplastic release in diverse infusion ingredients

Exposure routes and transport of microplastics (MPs) from the environment into the human bodies deserve considerable attention. Intravenous injection has been reported as a direct MP-intrusion pathway. However, it is unclear whether or how the infusion fluid composition influences polymer degradation and MP release. Here, we determined that the concentrations of MPs shed from infusion bags ranged from 522 to 5455 particles/L. The storage period, mechanical shaking, and storage temperature all contributed to MP release to some extent; however, the infusion fluid composition affected the formation of MPs more than any other factor. Infusion fluids containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride, etimicin sulfate, and sodium bicarbonate ringer's solution generated more reactive oxygen species than those containing sodium chloride, grape sugar, and glucose and sodium chloride. Specifically, the generation of reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radicals, carbonate radicals, and single oxygen) facilitated oxygen-containing functional group formation and breaking of carbon chains on the surface of the polypropylene plastic, which increased aging and fragmentation. Overall, this study provides knowledge of the mechanisms underlying MP release from infusion bags during storage and transportation. This offers insight for optimizing the use and handling of infusion bags in medical settings to minimize contamination.

Methods to optimize the collection, pretreatment, extraction, separation, and examination of microplastics in soil, groundwater, and human samples

Microplastics (MPs) in soil, groundwater, and human (SGH) present a significant global challenge due to their ecological and human health impacts. However, current protocols for detecting MPs in these environments and humans are limited, inconsistently applied, and vary significantly, particularly during the pretreatment stages of MP analysis. Moreover, no study has investigated the impact of methodological flaws on MP detection. This study conducted a thorough global assessment of the existing soil and groundwater (SG) pretreatment methods, using statistical tests to evaluate their effectiveness. It also reviewed filtration and analytical techniques for MPs in SGH samples. The analysis included research articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science published between 2015 and 2024. Findings show that pretreatment using more than 100 g of soil can impact MP quantification, likely due to soil heterogeneity, while groundwater volume did not significantly affect MP quantification, likely due to the homogeneity of groundwater. During SGH pretreatment, various salts (e.g., ZnCl2 and NaCl) can be used for density flotation. Fenton's reagent was found to be a better choice than H2O2 for organic material removal because less heat was released. Post treatment MPs in SGH samples can be analyzed using various instruments and resolutions such as FTIR down to 1-5 µm, ATR-FTIR down to 2 µm, micro-Raman down to 500 nm, and LDIR down to 1 µm. This study lays the foundation for developing an effective MP analysis in SGH.

Enhanced ecological risk of microplastic ingestion by fish due to fragmentation and deposition in heavily sediment-laden river

The widespread occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in rivers has aroused increasing concerns. However, there remains a significant gap about its effect on fish with different species, especially in highly-sediment-laden rivers. Here, through a large-scale investigation of microplastics in the Yellow River, our research highlighted effects of heavily sediments on MPs contamination in fish gut. MPs were 100 % tested in water, sediment and fish gut samples, with MPs in the lower reach 2∼3 times larger than that of the upper reach. Most of the microplastics were small (<1 mm), fibrous and blue fragments, composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Feeding habitat and environment significantly controlled MPs ingestion by fish (p < 0.05), of which filter feeders and species with broader dietary preferences exhibited higher ingestion abundance, omnivorous fish abundance up to 24.9 items/individual. Heavily sediment load accelerated the fragmentation and deposition of MPs (p < 0.05), leading to the generation of more and smaller MPs particles, increasing ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Downstream, smaller sediment size and higher organic matter content also facilitated microplastic accumulation. The prevalence of highly toxic polyvinyl chloride polymers was emerged as the major contributor to environmental risks. Our results suggested that the contribution and ecological risks of small microplastics are worth attention in the mid and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Interactions between Nanoplastics and Antibiotics: Implications for Nanoplastics Aggregation in Aquatic Environments

Nanoplastics and antibiotics frequently co-occur in aquatic environments, and their interactions could alter nanoplastics' surface properties, affecting nanoplastics aggregation, fate, and ecotoxicity. However, the mechanisms driving antibiotics-induced nanoplastics aggregation under environmentally relevant conditions remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on the aggregation of four environmentally relevant nanoplastics (pristine and aged polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene). At pH 5.0, both CIP and SMX significantly promoted nanoplastics aggregation, with CIP being more potent. CIP enhanced nanoplastics aggregation through charge shielding driven by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding (HB), and charge-assisted HB (CAHB), whereas SMX promoted aggregation solely through molecular bridging involving HB and CAHB. At pH 7.0, only CIP facilitated aggregation, while neither antibiotic induced aggregation at pH 9.0. Aged polystyrene aggregated more readily than pristine polystyrene due to increased surface functional groups. Polyethylene and polypropylene showed weaker aggregation due to fewer surface functional groups. High organic matter (OM) levels (1.65 mg/L TOC) inhibited antibiotics-induced aggregation, whereas low OM levels (16.5 μg/L TOC) were more conducive. These findings highlight that antibiotic characteristics, pH, OM levels, plastic types, and environmental aging collectively influence nanoplastics aggregation, and improve the understanding of the fate and risk of nanoplastics in natural waters.

The threat of microplastics to human kidney health: Mechanisms of nephrotoxicity and future research directions

Following the inadequacy of global plastic pollution control measures, microplastic (MP) pollution is posing new challenges to human health. In recent years, MPs have been detected in various human tissues, including their first identification in human kidneys in 2023. MPs can reach the kidneys through inhalation, oral ingestion, and intravascular injection, and they can be excreted via urine. Based on the latest research, this article reviews the nephrotoxicity of MPs and proposes a filtration-reabsorption-translocation hypothesis regarding the potential renal excretion mechanism of MPs. Short-term exposure to MPs can induce oxidative stress, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammatory responses, and lipid metabolism disorders, while long-term exposure may result in renal fibrosis mediated by ferroptosis. The nephrotoxicity of MPs is associated with particle size, though not in a linear manner. A specific size range appears to exhibit more significant kidney toxicity. Furthermore, oral exposure may activate the complement system in the kidneys through the gut-kidney axis, with the C5a/C5aR pathway playing an important role in this process. In conclusion, MPs present a substantial threat to human kidney health. Considering the existing research limitations, it is imperative to urgently investigate the effects of MPs at realistic environmental exposure concentrations on human kidneys and to explore strategies for mitigating their nephrotoxicity.

Co-exposure to triclosan and polystyrene nanoplastics on neurodevelopmental toxicity and gut microbiota dysbiosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Triclosan (TCS) and nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging environmental pollutants frequently found in human-related samples. While prior research has investigated TCS's neuro and enterotoxicity, the combined effects of TCS and NPs remain unclear. The polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 100 nm) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis, and the interaction and physical properties of polystyrene nanoplastic and TCS under co-exposure were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and SEM. We conducted acute exposure (6 hpf-5 dpf) and chronic exposure (6 hpf-90 dpf) experiments on zebrafish larvae, that is, co-exposure to TCS (250 μg/L) and PS-NPs (100 μg/L, 1000 μg/L). The distribution characteristics of PS-NPs and TCS+PS-NPs in vivo were studied using fluorescent PS-NPs. In addition, the results were evaluated by histopathology, behavioral tests, 16S rDNA sequencing and comparative toxicogenomic database analysis (CTD). In the co-exposure to TCS and PS-NPs, TCS did not alter the distribution characteristics of PS-NPs in zebrafish larvae. The co-exposure exacerbated neurodevelopmental inhibition, leading to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in zebrafish larvae, including developmental malformations, reduced spontaneous motor activity. Additionally, significant behavioral abnormalities were observed in adult zebrafish, such as reduced motor activity and delayed responses. Analysis of the CTD database suggested that the oxidative stress response pathway might mediate the neurotoxicity and gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by TCS+PS-NPs, with a focus on changes in neurodevelopmental genes (syn2a, ngn1, gap-43). Chronic co-exposure resulted in dysbiosis and decreased diversity of the gut microbiota in adult zebrafish, as well as various histopathological damages, such as partial shedding of intestinal villi and thinning of the intestinal wall. In general, the co-exposure of TCS and PS-NPs exacerbates the oxidative stress response and further induces neurodevelopmental toxicity and intestinal microbiota dysregulation. The assessment of the complex interaction between the two reveals the environmental risks of emerging pollutants and nanoplastics coexisting.

Nanoplastics enhance tebuconazole toxicity in lettuce by promoting its accumulation and disrupting phenylalanine metabolism: Importance of Trojan horse effect

Nanoplastics (NPs) are ubiquitous in agricultural environments and may exacerbate environmental risks of pesticides. This study investigates how NPs influence the toxicity of tebuconazole in lettuce. In a hydroponic model, NPs (10 and 50 mg/L) enhanced tebuconazole accumulation in roots and exacerbated its toxicity. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, a combination of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico models was employed. The results indicated that NPs were taken up by roots through apoplast pathway, predominantly accumulating in roots (35.6-40.7 %) due to aggregation in root sap and adhesion to cell wall. Tebuconazole adsorbs onto NPs with a high adsorption capacity (123.7 mg/g), enabling NPs to serve as carriers that facilitate tebuconazole entry into roots. Once in the root sap, tebuconazole desorbed from NPs and accumulated in cell walls, leading to higher residue in the roots (7.19-9.85 mg/kg). Furthermore, tebuconazole bound to key proteins involved in auxin biosynthesis (e.g., YUC) and signaling (e.g., TIR), thereby inhibiting tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis pathway and disrupting TIR1/AFB-mediated auxin signaling. Additionally, tebuconazole suppressed the phenylalanine pathway, reducing antioxidant secondary metabolites such as flavonols. When NPs are present, co-exposure intensified the inhibition of auxin and phenylalanine pathways, thereby amplifying the toxicity of tebuconazole, as evidenced by impaired plant phenotypes (e.g., biomass, root tips) and disrupted antioxidant systems. This study reveals threats posed by NPs and tebuconazole in agricultural systems and highlights the novel carrier effect of NPs in enhancing tebuconazole toxicity, emphasizing the urgent need to assess the fate and toxicity of NPs and coexisting pollutants.

Trophic-transferred hierarchical fragmentation of microplastics inducing distinct bio-adaptations via a microalgae-mussel-crab food chain

Microplastics (MPs) are alarming social issues owing to their detrimental influences on both ecology and human health. Although MPs retained in low-trophic organisms are assumed to be transferred to high-trophic organisms via the food chain, concrete knowledge about the physical-chemical alterations of MPs via trophic transfer and the impact of trophic-transferred MPs on organisms remains scarce. Here, we established a three-tiered (microalgae-mussel-crab) trophic-transfer model to systematically investigate the bio-accumulation and distribution of polyethylene MPs (PE-MPs, 10-45 μm), and subsequent induction of antioxidant defenses in marine organisms with pivotal ecological and economic status at each trophic level. Results demonstrated that microalgae's growth and quality as feeds were hampered due to attachment to PE-MPs, whose physical-chemical properties were hence altered. This affected the intake and occurrence of PE-MPs in mussels, where PE-MPs were initially fragmentized. Following mussel-crab transfer, further fragmented PE-MPs in crabs resulted in stronger internalization and active internal transport among tissues. Despite successful antioxidation observed in both consumers, severer stress was posed on tissues in charge of metabolism and detoxification, leading to serious DNA damage. Overall, hierarchical fragmentation can increase internalization and bio-transportation of MPs via trophic transfer leading to longer retention and stronger capacity across biological barriers, which is speculated to pose further risks to higher-trophic organisms (e.g., humans).

Nanoplastics and microplastics released from an enzyme-embedded biodegradable polyester during hydrolysis

Embedding enzyme in biodegradable polyester accelerates hydrolysis in environments it ends up, but the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) during this process remains underexplored. This work investigated the evolution of MPs and NPs released from poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with embedded Lipase PS. The embedded enzyme significantly accelerated hydrolysis, causing the PCL film to disappear within 96 h. Notably, the formation rates and quantities of MPs and NPs were much higher compared to film with external enzyme. At 96 h, MPs (3.55 ×105 particles/mL) was 2.4 times, and NPs (4.65 ×107 particles/mL) was an order of magnitude higher than that with external enzyme. After 130 days, although both quantities and average size of MPs and NPs decreased due to only 90.6 % of enzymes were detected leaking, they did not completely disappear. The quantities of MPs and NPs were comparable to that with external enzyme, and the average size of MPs remained 1 μm. The simultaneous erosion inside film macroscopically, and severe chain cleavage microscopically, contributed to feasible film disintegration and formation of high amounts MPs and NPs. These findings underscore the importance of managing the release of MPs and NPs during the hydrolysis of enzyme-embedded biodegradable polyesters to ensure safety and mitigate environmental impact.

Identification of microplastics in human tear fluid and meibum: Implications for dry eye disease pathogenesis

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental pollutants that are increasingly being detected in various human tissues. However, their impact on ocular health is underexplored. This study investigated the presence of MPs in tear fluid and meibum of 45 patients with dry eye disease (DED). Various examinations were conducted, including the Schirmer I test, fluorescein tear film break-up time (FBUT) and other dry eye-related assessments. MPs were identified in the tear fluid and meibum and were categorized into five distinct types, with polyethylene (PE) being the most predominant. Notably, PE levels exhibited significant correlations with key DED parameters, such as Schirmer I test scores and FBUT. In in-vitro studies, PE exposure reduced the viability and induced apoptosis of human corneal epithelial cells and conjunctival epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In mouse models, topical exposure to PE drops, which imitate airborne PE exposure, induced typical dry eye signs, reduced goblet cell numbers, and triggered conjunctival inflammation. PE-treated meibomian glands exhibited changes, but these changes were not statistically significant, possibly because of the limited duration of the study. This study is the first to confirm the presence of microplastics (MPs) in human tear fluid and meibum while also offering novel insights into the potential pathogenic effects of airborne MP exposure on ocular health.

Interfacial interactions of submicron plastics with carbon dots: Insights into the interface properties of microplastic weathering

The interfacial properties and environmental behavior of microplastics (MPs) will change with weathering. A new idea to study the interfacial properties of MPs is provided based on fluorescence response and light scattering changes. Submicron microspheres (PS-AA) obtained by soap-free emulsion polymerization have a well-defined composition and clean surface with carboxyl groups. The interfacial properties of PS-AA changed after Fenton and UV aging, and the sharp edges became blurred. Information on the interfacial interactions of leaf-derived carbon dots (R-CDs) and citrate carbon dots (B-CDs) with aged PS-AA was obtained by recording fluorescence and scattering changes. R-CDs can fluorescently respond to carrying contaminants on aged PS-AA, and their correlation increases with the degree of aging (R2=0.8388). The scattering peak of PS-AA decreased after aging, and the change in scattering/fluorescence ratios with concentration had a good linear relationship under the coexistence of B-CDs (R2=0.9983). Aging of PS-AA increases the contamination-carrying capacity and decreases the optical properties, which may be attributed to the increased oxygen-containing functional groups, ring opening of substituted benzene, and shell decomposition. The response mechanism of carbon dots (CDs), the aging process of PS-AA, and the interfacial behavior were further explained based on the density functional theory (DFT). This study reveals the changes in interfacial properties of submicron plastics with the aging process based on fluorescence response and scattering changes.

A critical review of the ecotoxic effects of microplastics on aquatic, soil and atmospheric ecosystems and current research challenges

The extensive use of plastics has brought unparalleled convenience to human social development. However, this has also led to severe environmental and health challenges, with microplastic (MP) pollution emerging as one of the most pressing issues. As ubiquitous environmental pollutants, MPs persist in ecosystems and pose potential risks to both ecological and human health. Studies reveal that MPs impact aquatic, soil, and atmospheric ecosystems by altering their physicochemical properties and causing toxicological harm to resident organisms. Despite these findings, a comprehensive assessment and analysis of MP impacts, especially on atmospheric ecosystems, remains lacking. Similarly, the environmental biotoxicity mechanisms associated with MPs are yet to be systematically described. This review provides an in-depth discussion of the sources and characteristics of MPs, laying the background for elaborating their ecological effects. Current knowledge on MP ecotoxicity in aquatic, soil, and atmospheric ecosystems is then synthesized. Potential molecular mechanisms of biotoxicity are explored. Oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and metabolic signaling pathway impairment are considered important pathways through which MPs induce toxic injury in environmental animals and have received widespread attention. Additionally, this review emphasizes the challenges faced in studying ecotoxic effects and mechanisms of MPs, such as the lack of reliable detection of environmental MPs and in-depth mining of relevant data, and suggests possible directions for future research. Although progress has been made, significant knowledge gaps remain. Addressing these gaps is critical if effective strategies are to be developed to reduce the environmental and health risks posed by MPs.

Mapping Flows, Stocks, Plastic Emissions, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Polyurethanes: Decoding Challenges and Pollution Prevention Pathways in China

Global demand for polyurethanes (PUs) has steadily been increasing. However, knowledge about PUs' anthropogenic cycles and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions remains incomplete, hindering effective decision-making. This study employs dynamic material flow analysis to trace PU cycles in China (accounting for 45% of the global market in 2022) from 1958 to 2022, combined with scenario analysis for pollution mitigation. Given the technological advancements in PU production processes, the production volume of PUs in China in 2022 was 11 times that of 2000. The in-use stocks of PUs surged to 9.09 × 1010 kg in 2022, with the construction sectors contributing over 30.0%. The textiles, apparel, and footwear sector generated the greatest volume of PU waste, accounting for 41.4% of the total in 2022. Approximately 65.5% of PU plastic emissions were microplastics, mainly concentrated in soil. The production stage, especially the production of PU foams (1.88 × 1010 kg CO2e in 2022), dominated the total GHG emissions. Scenario analysis suggests that combined interventions targeting all stages could reduce PU plastic and GHG emissions by over 30.0% and 15.0% in 2060, respectively. The findings offer data-driven insights for the sustainable development of the PU industry and combating the global plastic crisis.

Liquid-like Surface Chemistry Meets Structured Textures: A Synergistic Approach to Advanced Repellent Materials

Liquid-repellent surfaces have advanced significantly over two decades. While super-liquid-repellent surfaces with micro/nano-textures dominate the field, liquid-like smooth surfaces (LLSS) grafted with highly flexible molecule chains offer a compelling alternative, enabling near-ideal dynamic droplet repellency with ultralow contact angle hysteresis (CAH). Prior LLSS studies have focused on optimizing molecular structures, grafting densities, and mechanical stability, enabling applications in anti-fouling, liquid harvesting, and drag reduction. However, innovation challenges and performance bottlenecks hinder practical scalability. This review highlights a transformative approach developed in recent years: integrating liquid-like surface chemistry with structured surfaces to overcome existing limitations. We outline the key requirements for achieving liquid-like surfaces, their structure-related features and unique interface properties including low CAH, reduced adhesion, enhanced slippage, and nucleation inhibition. By synergizing liquid-like chemistry and surface textures, we categorize pioneering works into application-driven areas such as microscopic residue suppression, enhanced droplet mobility, optimized membrane separation, sustainable fabrics and condensation heat transfer. This composite strategy not only deepens fundamental understanding of liquid-like wetting mechanisms but also broadens real-world applicability. We conclude with perspectives on future challenges and opportunities, positioning this promising material system as a frontier in functional interfacial materials.

Advances and Challenges in Low-Temperature Upcycling of Waste Polyolefins via Tandem Catalysis

Polyolefin waste is the largest polymer waste stream that could potentially serve as an advantageous hydrocarbon feedstock. Upcycling polyolefins poses significant challenges due to their inherent kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Traditional methods, such as thermal and catalytic cracking, are straightforward but require temperatures exceeding 400 °C for complete conversion because of thermodynamic constraints. We summarize and critically compare recent advances in upgrading spent polyolefins and model reactants via kinetic (and thermodynamic) coupling of the endothermic C─C bond cleavage of polyolefins with exothermic reactions including hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, metathesis, cyclization, oxidation, and alkylation. These approaches enable complete conversion to desired products at low temperatures (<300 °C). The goal is to identify challenges and possible pathways for catalytic conversions that minimize energy and carbon footprints.

Mannich-Type Polymers: A Versatile Platform for Water-Degradable, Malleable, and Environmentally Responsive Networks

Polymer waste poses a significant environmental challenge, with current recycling strategies often hindered by inefficient waste collection systems, high production costs, and limited material recyclability. While extensive efforts have been directed toward upcycling or degrading commercial polymers, as well as developing sustainable alternatives, many approaches remain constrained by their reliance on harsh conditions, specialized catalysts, or complex processing methods. In this study, we present a novel strategy to address the challenges by developing mechanically robust polymer networks that are readily degradable in water within 30 days. Our approach leverages a guanidine-based Mannich-type reaction utilizing three low-cost starting materials-guanidine hydrochloride, aldehyde, and diamine-under mild conditions. Unlike traditional thermosets, which are often difficult to recycle, our polymer networks exhibit exceptional processability, enabling the fabrication of various forms, and demonstrate responsiveness to moisture. These properties, coupled with degradability, make them viable candidates for diverse applications. By introducing a scalable and sustainable pathway for designing next-generation recyclable polymers, our work advances the field of dynamic covalent chemistry and presents a novel class of sustainable polymer networks with significant potential for reducing environmental impact.

Maternal exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics during gestation and lactation impaired skeletal growth in progeny mice by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular trap formation

Microplastics and nanoplastics are widely distributed in the natural environment and shown to accumulate in living organisms. While their potential impact on human health has been investigated, significant uncertainties remain regarding their toxic effects and mechanisms of interaction with the human skeletal system. We examined the potential effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 100 nm) on skeletal health and the underlying molecular mechanisms using the human RAW264.7 and MC3T3-E1 cell lines as in-vitro models, along with a murine model. Maternal exposure to PS-NPs (10 mg/L) through drinking water during the prenatal and lactational periods led to an increase in osteoblasts, as well as a significant rise in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone content in offspring mice. Exposure to 100 mg/L PS-NPs resulted in a significant reduction in the thickness of the femoral growth plates. Multi-omics analysis revealed that both high (100 mg/L) and low (10 mg/L) maternal PS-NP exposure concentrations disrupted gene expression and metabolic regulation in the skeletal system of offspring mice. Regulatory analysis showed PS-NPs probably induced inflammation and abnormal immune infiltration levels by inhibiting the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), especially in 100 mg/L exposure. In in-vitro tests, the PS-NPs dose-relatedly reduced the relative viability of RAW264.7 cells and promoted osteoclast differentiation, but did not affect MC3T3-E1 cells up to 500 mg/L. Our findings demonstrate that maternal exposure to PS-NPs has detrimental effects on skeletal development and function in progeny mice, providing new insights into their toxicological effects on the skeletal system.

Distribution, sources and multi-dimensional environmental risk assessment of microplastics in soils and groundwater along the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow river

A novel assessment approach for multi-dimensional microplastic particles (Multi-MPs), grounded in the objective weighting method, is applied to the soil and groundwater alongside the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The results showed that MPs concentration ranged from 426 to 3011 n∙kg-1 in soil layer (0-15 cm). Dominant soil MPs exhibited sizes ranging from 25 to 150 μm (61.4 % - 88.3 %), with fibrous (51.3 % - 71.1 %), and transparent (26.2 % - 60.4 %) constituents, respectively. The polymer types mainly included polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The abundance of MPs in groundwater ranged from 2.28 to 20.5 n∙L-1. The main characteristics of MPs in groundwater were sizes of 25-150 μm (90.2 % - 97.1 %), with fibrous (17.7 % - 74.0 %), and transparent (26.1 % - 60.3 %) constituents, and PE/PP/PET polymer composition. Land-use type was the main factor determining the distribution of MPs in soil, and the community composition of MPs in soil and groundwater varied accordingly. The Multi-MP risk assessment index revealed that soil risks were predominantly ranked at Class Ⅲ (medium), while 23.1 % of groundwater samples reached Class Ⅳ (high-risk). These findings highlight the critical need to prioritize groundwater microplastic pollution in environmental management. This study aims to develop a holistic approach incorporating multidimensional indicators to enhance the risk assessment framework for MPs. Future studies should focus on long-term ecological impacts of MPs and the development of standardized protocols for multi-dimensional risk assessment to guide targeted mitigation strategies.

Spatial Risks of Microplastics in Soils and the Cascading Effects Thereof

Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a significant global concern in soil systems. The spatial risk of MPs in soils, the cascading effects of climate, human activities, and air quality, and the ecosystem gradients from natural habitats, agricultural lands, and urban soils remain largely unknown. We compile a comprehensive data set of more than 3000 site-year field observations across agricultural, natural, and urban soil ecosystems in China. By using interpretable machine learning models and statistical approaches, our findings reveal that approximately 4.32% of soil ecosystems in China face potential ecological risks from MPs, with agricultural soils being the most vulnerable (e.g., 14.7% of agricultural soils are at risk). Climate factors (e.g., temperature and precipitation), human activities (e.g., agricultural plastic film use), and air quality (e.g., concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter) have been identified as the primary drivers of MP risk. The cascading effects of climate factors and air quality (p < 0.001) significantly impact the ecological risk of MPs in agricultural and urban soils. This work highlights the urgent need for the coordinated management of human activities, climate, and air quality to mitigate the ecological risks posed by MPs in soils, especially in agricultural lands.

A Tiered Quantification and Source Mapping Framework for Tire Wear Particle Analysis in Environmental Matrices

Tire wear particles (TWPs) are a major source of microplastic emissions, accurate quantification of TWPs remains challenging due to tread composition heterogeneity and inconsistent methods. To improve the quantification accuracy under scarce tire composition data, a novel method was established based on real treads to establish more accurate quantitative curves using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the first time, the rubber content of three types of treads was quantified using a comprehensive group of pyrolysis monomers and derivatives. The approach was validated by tread cryogrinds, which showed the accuracy was improved to 94-113% compared with previous methods. A tiered approach was established to calculate worn tread mass while distinguishing and eliminating interfering signals in matrices. Further, an analytical framework for TWPs in various environmental samples to identify their sources and quantify fluxes was proposed with the availability of auxiliary data. This framework can serve as basis for more efficient management of TWPs contamination.

Label-Free Quantification of Nanoplastic-Cell Membrane Interaction by Single Cell Deformation Plasmonic Imaging

Nanoplastics are a growing environmental concern due to their potential to disrupt cellular functions. Understanding how these particles interact with cell membranes is crucial for assessing their biological effects. In this study, we present a label-free, quantitative method─Single Cell Deformation Plasmonic Imaging (SCDPI)─to measure real-time membrane interaction dynamics at the single-cell level. By examining both fixed and live cells, we characterized the binding behaviors of nanoplastics with varying sizes, surface chemistries, and materials. Our findings show that nanoplastic binding induces cell membrane deformation ranging from a few to tens of nanometers, depending on nanoplastic type and concentration (0-250 μg/mL), influencing membrane-surface interactions. This work provides new mechanistic insights into nanoplastic-cell interactions, demonstrating the potential of SCDPI as a powerful tool for evaluating the cellular impacts of environmental pollutants.

Mitigating microplastic-induced organ Damage: Mechanistic insights from the microplastic-macrophage axes

We live in a world increasingly dominated by plastic, leading to the generation of microplastic particles that pose significant global health concerns. Microplastics can enter the body via ingestion, inhalation, and direct contact, accumulating in various tissues and potentially causing harm. Despite this, the specific cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved remain poorly understood. Macrophages are essential in absorbing, distributing, and eliminating microplastics, playing a key role in the body's defense mechanisms. Recent evidence highlights oxidative stress signaling as a key pathway in microplastic-induced macrophage dysfunction. The accumulation of microplastics generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting normal macrophage functions and exacerbating inflammation and organ damage. This review serves as the first comprehensive examination of the interplay between microplastics, macrophages, and oxidative stress. It discusses how oxidative stress mediates macrophage responses to microplastics and explores the interactions with gut microbiota. Additionally, it reviews the organ damage resulting from alterations in macrophage function mediated by microplastics and offers a novel perspective on the defense, assessment, and treatment of microplastic-induced harm from the viewpoint of macrophages.

Microplastic contamination in no-take Marine Protected Areas of Brazil: Bivalves as sentinels

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive environmental contaminants even in remote and pristine locations. Despite extensive literature documenting their widespread presence in marine environments, there is limited understanding of MP contamination in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), particularly in developing countries. This study assessed MP contamination using multiple filter-feeding bivalve species as sentinels. Samplings were performed during 2022, in ten selected no-take MPAs under different management categories according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. MPs size, shape, color, and polymeric composition were analyzed using established protocols, including Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. MPs concentrations (0.42 ± 0.34 [0.17-2.00] particles.g-1 ww) peaked at natural monuments, while strict nature reserves and parks were less affected. Based on scientific literature comparison, no-take MPAs were less contaminated by MPs than multiple-use MPAs and unprotected areas in Brazil. However, the observed levels remain concerning, given the potential ecological risks, including trophic transfer, physiological disruptions, and habitat degradation. Around 59% of MPs were organic polymers and alkyd (28%), while polyethylene terephthalate (14%) was the main anthropogenic polymer. MPs were predominantly black, white, or transparent fragments measuring <1000 μm, not differing among MPAs individually or grouped protection category, therefore displaying the consistent qualitative patterns along the Brazilian coast. This study underscores the ecological risks posed by MPs in MPAs, emphasizing the need for long-term monitoring programs and targeted mitigation strategies, contributing to global efforts assessing and managing MP contamination, aligning with the 11th Aichi Target to reduce pressures on biodiversity and promote marine ecosystems sustainable use.

Microplastics reduced the natural attenuation of antibiotic resistance genes in fertilized soils

The prolonged application of mulch and manure in agriculture has led to significant microplastic (MP) pollution in fertilized soils, raising global concerns about its potential impacts on soil health and ecosystem function. However, the effects of MP exposure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities in fertilized soils are unknown. Therefore, we comprehensively explored the trends and drivers of ARGs during their natural abatement under the stress of conventional and biodegradable MP addition in fertilized soils using a soil microcosm experiment and metagenomic. The findings indicated that the presence of polybutylene succinate MPs (PBS-MPs) reduced the natural attenuation rate of ARGs in fertilized soils while increasing the fraction of high-risk ARGs in soils. Microbial communities and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) mainly drove the inhibitory effect of MPs on ARG abatement. Interestingly, most potential hosts for the coexistence of ARGs, metal resistance genes (MRGs), and MGEs were annotated as pathogens, such as Escherichia spp., Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella spp. In addition, MP stress in fertilized soil may lead to long-term contamination by highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. MPs influence the distribution of carbon sources, which in turn reduces the diversity and stability of soil microbial communities, while simultaneously promoting the colonization of crucial ARG hosts, like Dyella spp. This ultimately prolonged the high-risk state for ARG proliferation in the soil. This study highlights the significant risk posed by MPs to the persistence and spread of ARGs in fertilized soils. These results provide valuable insights for managing MP contamination in agricultural systems, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to mitigate the long-term environmental risks associated with MP pollution.

Acute and partial life-cycle toxicity of a tri-polymer blend of microplastics in the copepod Acartia tonsa

Microplastics are a prolific environmental contaminant that pose a risk to marine organisms. Ecotoxicological studies have identified microplastics can cause sub-lethal harm to aquatic biota. However, prior studies often lack comparability and environmental relevance, for example focussing upon monodisperse beads at extremely high concentrations. Copepods are keystone marine taxa that play vital roles in the marine food web and biogeochemical cycling. In this study, we adapted ISO methods to conduct acute and partial life-cycle toxicity tests exposing adult and juvenile life stages of the copepod Acartia tonsa to a fully characterised tri-polymer microplastic blend comprising cryoground polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon particles (5-100 μm) at concentrations ranging 0-1000 μg L-1. The tests considered the toxicity of microplastics on a wide number of endpoints including adult survival, algal ingestion rates, egg production and size, larval development ratio and juvenile survival. Mortality, egg size and larval development ratio proved to be the most sensitive endpoints. The tri-polymer blend had an LC5072h value of 182 μg L-1 providing a baseline for future toxicity testing using this method.

Effects of polystyrene microplastics on growth, physiological traits of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin production and release

With the increasing pollution from microplastics (MPs) in freshwater ecosystems, the effects of MPs on microalgae warrant further investigation. In our research, we examined how polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) with various particle sizes and concentrations affect the growth and physiology of Microcystis aeruginosa at different initial algal densities. The results showed that PS-MPs inhibited M. aeruginosa growth at low initial algal densities, with the highest inhibition rate (62.59 %) observed at 0.1 μm, 1 mg/L PS-MPs. Effects on photosynthesis were correlated with changes in initial algal density, and PS-MPs caused notable disturbances to the antioxidant defense system of M. aeruginosa. Compared to medium-sized PS-MPs (1 μm), PS-MPs with smaller (0.1 μm) or larger particle sizes (5 μm) caused greater growth inhibition and more pronounced changes in photosynthesis and oxidative damage. At low initial algal densities, PS-MPs addition led to a substantial rise in the intracellular levels of microcystin-LR (MC-LR), with a 150 % increase over the control at 0.1 μm, 1 mg/L PS-MPs. However, at high initial algal densities, apoptosis rates rose, leading to greater MC-LR release. This research offers a foundation for assessing the impact of PS-MPs on algal growth, as well as the production and release of MC-LR, contributing to the evaluation of MPs' risks to aquatic ecosystems.

Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics to explore the varied hepatic toxicity induced by aged- and pristine-microplastics: in vivo and human-originated liver organoids-based in vitro study

Microplastics (MP) have distributed ubiquitously and emerged as a significant health risk to human beings. The adverse effect induced by aged MP at concentrations being equivalent to human internal exposure level, has raised special concern, however, is still unclear. In this study, human embryonic stem cells-derived liver organoids (LOs), a novel three-dimensional in vitro model, were exposed to 75 ng/mL self-made polypropylene (PP) and aged PP (aPP), following UV-photoaging for 0- and 500-h respectively, were subject to transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis individually and jointly, to explore the potential adverse effect of PP and aPP on human liver. The mean size of PP and aPP were 7.60 and 6.91 μm, with rough and irregular surface, and varied carbonyl index (CI) (0.08 and 0.25 respectively), indicating there were distinguished physicochemical properties. Transcriptomic analysis suggested the NADH dehydrogenase at mitochondrial complex and ATP synthesis maybe more sensitive to aPP, rather than PP. Metabolomic analysis enriched KEGG pathways including cysteine (Cys) and methionine metabolism significantly. Collectively, the homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism, were anchored upon integrated analysis. To validate, the changes in NADH dehydrogenase-encoding genes, activities of complexs, mitochondrial membrane potential, Hcy and Cys contents, as well, the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), were detected both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, increased serum Cys and decreased hepatic Cys were confirmed, without inflammation in the liver. The peripheral Hcy may serve as a potential biomarker for indicating the MP-induced systematic adverse health outcomes, due to the disturbance in the Hcy metabolism in the liver.

Micro(nano)plastics (< 4 μm): An important but ignored concern during intravenous infusion

Micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) have been observed in human blood, and atheroma, and they are associated with cardiovascular events. However, their sources remain poorly understood. Intravenous infusion products (IVIPs) might introduce MNPs directly into the human blood, which threatens health, but they remain unknown. Herein, simulated intravenous therapy was performed to detect multiple MNPs with sizes < 4 μm released from commonly used IVIPs through established analytical methods such as modified Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Results showed that polypropylene- and polyvinyl chloride- MNPs were identified from six different IVIPs during intravenous therapy via modified Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, SEM-EDS analysis observed irregular or near-spherical MNPs ranging from 10 nm to 3.6 μm, with a number concentration of (5.82 ± 0.86) × 104 items/L during intravenous therapy. These MNPs could directly enter the human blood with infusion fluids via intravenous therapy, posing serious risks to human health and affecting the safe use of IVIPs. Overall, these findings revealed that intravenous therapy could introduce MNPs, especially nanoplastics, directly into the human blood, highlighting the importance of considering MNPs in evaluating the safety of IVIPs.

Environmental modulators of vascular physiology and inflammation

Environmental factors play a crucial role in modulating vascular inflammation, contributing significantly to the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review synthesizes current evidence on how various environmental exposures influence vascular function and inflammation, with a focus on pollutants such as particulate matter and chemical toxins like bisphenols and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. These environmental stressors can trigger oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and vascular dysfunction, potentially accelerating the progression of atherosclerosis. We also explore the protective effects of natural compounds and exposure to green spaces in dampening inflammation and reducing cardiovascular risk. By examining the complex interplay between traditional risk factors and environmental exposures, this work highlights the need for comprehensive public health strategies that address both individual lifestyle factors and broader environmental determinants of cardiovascular health. We underscore the importance of further research to elucidate the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors influence vascular function, with the aim of developing targeted interventions to mitigate their harmful effects and promote cardiovascular well-being.

Transport Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Polystyrene Nanoplastics in Pakchoi: Implications for Food Safety and Environmental Health

Nanoplastics (NPs) have become a new environmental pollutant that causes serious harm to food safety. They can be absorbed by plants, transported to edible parts, transmitted to the human body along the food chain, and can threaten human health. The research investigated the transport and accumulation pathways of polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) at varying concentrations using red fluorescence labeling. An analysis was conducted on the response of pakchoi to PS-NPs through a combination of transcriptional and physiological experiments. PS-NPs enter the xylem vessel of the root, subsequently carried to the petiole through transpirational tension, and eventually transported from the petiole's xylem vessels to the leaf. PS-NPs induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to oxidative damage. In addition, it also disturbed the homeostasis of endogenous hormones and affected the growth of pakchoi. These findings help people understand the adverse effects of NPs on crops and increase attention to the hazards of NPs.