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Serrano-Villar S, Gala A, Bacchetti P, Hoh R, di Germanio C, Cohn LB, Henrich TJ, Hunt PW, Laird GM, Pillai SK, Deeks SG, Peluso MJ. Galectin-9 Levels as a Potential Predictor of Intact HIV Reservoir Decay. J Infect Dis 2024:jiae426. [PMID: 39207259 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During antiretroviral therapy (ART), the HIV reservoir exhibits variability as cells with intact genomes decay faster than those with defective genomes, especially in the first years of therapy. The host factors influencing this decay are yet to be characterized. METHODS Observational study in 74 PWH on ART, of whom 70 (94.6%) were male. We used the intact proviral DNA assay to measure intact proviruses and Luminex immunoassay to measure 32 inflammatory cytokines in plasma. Linear spline models, with a knot at seven years, evaluated the impact of baseline cytokine levels and their trajectories on intact HIV kinetics over these years. RESULTS Baseline Gal-9 was the most predictive marker for intact HIV kinetics, with lower Gal-9 predicting faster decay over the subsequent seven years. For each 10-fold decrease in Gal-9 at baseline, there was a mean 45% (95%CI 14%-84%) greater decay of intact HIV genomes per year. Conversely, higher baseline ITAC, IL-17, and MIP-1α predicted faster intact HIV decreases. Longitudinal changes in MIP-3α and IL-6 levels strongly associated with intact HIV kinetics, with a 10-fold increase in MIP-3α and a 10-fold decrease in IL-6 associated with a a 9.5% and 10% faster decay of intact HIV genomes per year, respectively. CONCLUSION The pronounced association between baseline Gal-9 levels and subsequent intact HIV decay suggests that strategies reducing Gal-9 levels could accelerate reservoir decay. Additionally, the correlations of MIP-3α and IL-6 with HIV kinetics indicate a broader cytokine-mediated regulatory network, hinting at multi-targeted interventions that could modulate HIV reservoir dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and IRICYS. Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC). Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid, Spain
| | - Akshay Gala
- Vitalant Research Institute and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Clara di Germanio
- Vitalant Research Institute and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lillian B Cohn
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Shorer EF, Dastgheyb RM, French AL, Daubert E, Morack R, Yohannes T, Clish C, Gustafson D, Sharma A, Rogando A, Qi Q, Burgess H, Rubin LH, Weber KM. Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Activation and Cognition in Virally Suppressed Women With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:494-500. [PMID: 38985447 PMCID: PMC11236271 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune and cognitive dysfunction persists even in virally suppressed women with HIV (VS-WWH). Since inflammation and HIV proteins induce the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), converting tryptophan (T) to kynurenine (K) while producing downstream neurotoxic metabolites, we investigated IDO activation (KT ratio) in relation to cognition in VS-WWH and demographically similar women without HIV (WWoH). METHODS Ninety-nine VS-WWH on stable antiretroviral therapy and 102 WWoH (median age 52 vs 54 years; 73% vs 74% Black, respectively) from the New York and Chicago sites of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) completed a neuropsychological test battery assessing motor function, processing speed, attention/working memory, verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, and executive function and had plasma measured for tryptophan-kynurenine metabolites through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and monocyte-derived [soluble cluster of differentiation-14 (sCD14), soluble cluster of differentiation-163 (sCD163), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)] plus general inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor alpha-2 receptor (TNF-R2), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity interleukin-6] through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays between 2017 and 2020. RESULTS VS-WWH had a higher KT ratio (P < 0.01) and higher sCD14 levels (P < 0.05) compared with WWoH. Higher sCD163 was associated with higher KT ratio (R = 0.29, P < 0.01) and worse fine motor function in VS-WWH; after adjusting for sCD163 and sCD14 in multivariable regressions, higher KT ratio remained significantly associated with impaired fine motor function in VS-WWH only (standardized β = -0.29, P < 0.05). IDO activation was not associated with cognition in WWoH. CONCLUSIONS IDO activation (K:T) was associated with worse fine motor control in VS-WWH independent of measured systemic inflammation. Further studies investigating biological mechanisms linking IDO activation to fine motor function among VS-WWH are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey L. French
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago IL
| | | | | | | | - Clary Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Andre Rogando
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL
- College of Science and Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Helen Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; and
| | - Leah H. Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology; and
- Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Coretti L, Buommino E, Lembo F. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway: a linking bridge between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1433747. [PMID: 39175504 PMCID: PMC11338779 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1433747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a cytosolic receptor and ligand-activated transcription factor widely expressed across various cell types in the body. Its signaling is vital for host responses at barrier sites, regulating epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and the activities of several types of immune cells. This makes AHR essential for various cellular responses during aging, especially those governing inflammation and immunity. In this review, we provided an overview of the mechanisms by which the AHR mediates inflammatory response at gut and brain level through signals from intestinal microbes. The age-related reduction of gut microbiota functions is perceived as a trigger of aberrant immune responses linking gut and brain inflammation to neurodegeneration. Thus, we explored gut microbiome impact on the nature and availability of AHR ligands and outcomes for several signaling pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases and age-associated decline of brain functions, with an insight on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly. Specifically, we focused on microbial tryptophan catabolism responsible for the production of several AHR ligands. Perspectives for the development of microbiota-based interventions targeting AHR activity are presented for a healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Coretti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Lembo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Zhang M, Dai G, Smith DL, Zacco E, Shimoda M, Kumar N, Girling V, Gardner K, Hunt PW, Huang L, Lin J. Interferon-signaling pathways are upregulated in people with HIV with abnormal pulmonary diffusing capacity (DL CO ). AIDS 2024; 38:1523-1532. [PMID: 38819840 PMCID: PMC11239097 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with HIV (PWH) are at greater risk of developing lung diseases even when they are antiretroviral therapy (ART)-adherent and virally suppressed. The most common pulmonary function abnormality in PWH is that of impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DL CO ), which is an independent risk factor for increased mortality in PWH. Earlier work has identified several plasma biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation to be associated with decreased DL CO . However, the underpinning molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated impaired DL CO are largely unknown. DESIGN Cross-sectional pilot study with PWH with normal DL CO (values greater than or equal to the lower limit of normal, DL CO ≥ LLN, N = 9) or abnormal DL CO (DL CO < LLN, N = 9). METHODS We compared the gene expression levels of over 900 inflammation and immune exhaustion genes in PBMCs from PWH with normal vs. abnormal DL CO using the NanoString technology. RESULTS We found that 26 genes were differentially expressed in the impaired DL CO group. These genes belong to 4 categories: 1. Nine genes in inflammation and immune activation pathways, 2. seven upregulated genes that are direct targets of the interferon signaling pathway, 3. seven B-cell specific genes that are downregulated, and 4. three miscellaneous genes. These results were corroborated using the bioinformatics tools DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery) and GSEA (Gene Sets Enrichment Analysis). CONCLUSION The data provides preliminary evidence for the involvement of sustained interferon signaling as a molecular mechanism for impaired DL CO in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Zhang
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Guorui Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | | | - Emanuela Zacco
- Laboratory for Cell Analysis, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Nitasha Kumar
- Core Immunology Lab, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | | | - Kendall Gardner
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Laurence Huang
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
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Zhu F, Liu H, Cao Y, Dai B, Wu H, Li W. The combination of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis by modulating gut microbiota and Th17/Treg. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1945-1959. [PMID: 38753171 PMCID: PMC11329681 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a chronic condition characterized by decreased bone strength. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the combination of Butyricicoccus pullicaecorum (Bp) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) on PMO. METHODS The effects of Bp and 3-HAA on PMO were evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats by assessing stereological parameters, femur microstructure, and autophagy levels. The T helper (Th) 17/Regulatory T (Treg) cells of rats were detected using flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, the impact of Bp and 3-HAA on the gut microbiota of rats was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The correlation between the gut microbiota of rats and Th17/Treg immune factors, as well as femoral stereo parameters, was separately assessed using Spearman rank correlation analysis. RESULTS Bp and 3-HAA treatments protected OVX rats by promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting autophagy. Compared to the Sham group, OVX rats showed an increase in Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells. Bp and 3-HAA reversed these changes. Enterorhabdus and Pseudomonas were significantly enriched in OVX rats. Bp and 3-HAA regulated the gut microbiota of OVX rats, enriching pathways related to nutrient metabolism and immune function. There was a correlation between the gut microbiota and the Th17/Treg, as well as femoral stereo parameters. The concurrent administration of Bp and 3-HAA medication facilitated the enrichment of gut microbiota associated with the improvement of PMO. CONCLUSION The combination therapy of Bp and 3-HAA can prevent PMO by modulating the gut microbiota and restoring Th17/Treg immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Zhu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yinsheng Cao
- Department of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Wuping Li
- Department of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China.
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Tolomeo M, Cascio A. The Complex Dysregulations of CD4 T Cell Subtypes in HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7512. [PMID: 39062756 PMCID: PMC11276885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains an important global public health problem. About 40 million people are infected with HIV, and this infection caused about 630,000 deaths in 2022. The hallmark of HIV infection is the depletion of CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th cells). There are at least seven different Th subtypes, and not all are the main targets of HIV. Moreover, the effect of the virus in a specific subtype can be completely different from that of the others. Although the most compromised Th subtype in HIV infection is Th17, HIV can induce important dysregulations in other subtypes, such as follicular Th (Tfh) cells and regulatory Th cells (Treg cells or Tregs). Several studies have shown that HIV can induce an increase in the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs without causing a significant reduction in their numbers, at least in the early phase of infection. The increased activity of this Th subtype seems to play an important role in determining the immunodeficiency status of HIV-infected patients, and Tregs may represent a new target for innovative anti-HIV therapies, including the so-called "Kick and Kill" therapeutic method whose goal is the complete elimination of the virus and the healing of HIV infection. In this review, we report the most important findings on the effects of HIV on different CD4+ T cell subtypes, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus impairs the functions of these cells, and the implications for new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlio Tolomeo
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, A.O.U.P. Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Bouzari B, Chugaeva UY, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Immunometabolites in viral infections: Action mechanism and function. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29807. [PMID: 39037069 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The interplay between viral pathogens and host metabolism plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome of viral infections. Upon viral detection, the metabolic landscape of the host cell undergoes significant changes, shifting from oxidative respiration via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to increased aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic shift is accompanied by elevated nutrient accessibility, which is vital for cell function, development, and proliferation. Furthermore, depositing metabolites derived from fatty acids, TCA intermediates, and amino acid catabolism accelerates the immunometabolic transition, facilitating pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses. Immunometabolites refer to small molecules involved in cellular metabolism regulating the immune response. These molecules include nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, along with metabolic intermediates and signaling molecules adenosine, lactate, itaconate, succinate, kynurenine, and prostaglandins. Emerging evidence suggests that immunometabolites released by immune cells establish a complex interaction network within local niches, orchestrating and fine-tuning immune responses during viral diseases. However, our current understanding of the immense capacity of metabolites to convey essential cell signals from one cell to another or within cellular compartments remains incomplete. Unraveling these complexities would be crucial for harnessing the potential of immunometabolites in therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss specific immunometabolites and their mechanisms of action in viral infections, emphasizing recent findings and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Bouzari
- Department of Pathology, Firouzgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Uliana Y Chugaeva
- Department of Pediatric, Preventive Dentistry and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Trøseid M, Nielsen SD, Vujkovic-Cvijin I. Gut microbiome and cardiometabolic comorbidities in people living with HIV. MICROBIOME 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38877521 PMCID: PMC11177534 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) have increased relative risk of inflammatory-driven comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). The gut microbiome could be one of several driving factors, along with traditional risk factors and HIV-related risk factors such as coinfections, ART toxicity, and past immunodeficiency. RESULTS PLWH have an altered gut microbiome, even after adjustment for known confounding factors including sexual preference. The HIV-related microbiome has been associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities, and shares features with CVD-related microbiota profiles, in particular reduced capacity for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation. Substantial inter-individual variation has so far been an obstacle for applying microbiota profiles for risk stratification. This review covers updated knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the gut microbiome and comorbidities in PLWH, with specific focus on cardiometabolic comorbidities and inflammation. It covers a comprehensive overview of HIV-related and comorbidity-related dysbiosis, microbial translocation, and microbiota-derived metabolites. It also contains recent data from studies in PLWH on circulating metabolites related to comorbidities and underlying gut microbiota alterations, including circulating levels of the SCFA propionate, the histidine-analogue imidazole propionate, and the protective metabolite indole-3-propionic acid. CONCLUSIONS Despite recent advances, the gut microbiome and related metabolites are not yet established as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. The review gives directions for future research needed to advance the field into clinical practice, including promises and pitfalls for precision medicine. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen Oe, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Zhi X, Xu L, Tao J, Cui D, Liu TF. Tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway regulates infection and inflammation: from mechanisms to biomarkers and therapies. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:979-996. [PMID: 38592457 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-Tryptophan (L-Trp), an essential amino acid, is the only amino acid whose level is regulated specifically by immune signals. Most proportions of Trp are catabolized via the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP) which has evolved to align the food availability and environmental stimulation with the host pathophysiology and behavior. Especially, the KP plays an indispensable role in balancing the immune activation and tolerance in response to pathogens. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we elucidate the underlying immunological regulatory network of Trp and its KP-dependent catabolites in the pathophysiological conditions by participating in multiple signaling pathways. Furthermore, the KP-based regulatory roles, biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies in pathologically immune disorders are summarized covering from acute to chronic infection and inflammation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The immunosuppressive effects dominate the functions of KP induced-Trp depletion and KP-produced metabolites during infection and inflammation. However, the extending minor branches from the KP are not confined to the immune tolerance, instead they go forward to various functions according to the specific condition. Nevertheless, persistent efforts should be made before the clinical use of KP-based strategies to monitor and cure infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpu Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanlei Liu
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tao
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Fu Liu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Caolang Highway, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China.
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Ogongo P, Tran A, Marzan F, Gingrich D, Krone M, Aweeka F, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Ernst JD. High-parameter phenotypic characterization reveals a subset of human Th17 cells that preferentially produce IL-17 against M. tuberculosis antigen. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1378040. [PMID: 38698866 PMCID: PMC11064812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1378040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17-producing CD4 T cells contribute to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans; whether infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects distinct Th17-cell subsets that respond to Mtb is incompletely defined. Methods We performed high-definition characterization of circulating Mtb-specific Th17 cells by spectral flow cytometry in people with latent TB and treated HIV (HIV-ART). We also measured kynurenine pathway activity by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on plasma and tested the hypothesis that tryptophan catabolism influences Th17-cell frequencies in this context. Results We identified two subsets of Th17 cells: subset 1 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CD161+CD26+and subset 2 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CCR6+CXCR3-cells of which subset 1 was significantly reduced in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with HIV-ART, yet Mtb-responsive IL-17-producing CD4 T cells were preserved; we found that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate the response to Mtb antigen but not cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), and tryptophan catabolism negatively correlates with both subset 1 and subset 2 Th17-cell frequencies. Conclusions We found differential effects of ART-suppressed HIV on distinct subsets of Th17 cells, that IL-17-producing CD4 T cells dominate responses to Mtb but not CMV antigen or SEB, and that kynurenine pathway activity is associated with decreases of circulating Th17 cells that may contribute to tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Florence Marzan
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Gingrich
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Elizaldi SR, Hawes CE, Verma A, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Dinasarapu AR, Schlegel BT, Rajasundaram D, Li J, Durbin-Johnson BP, Ma ZM, Pal PB, Beckman D, Ott S, Raeman R, Lifson J, Morrison JH, Iyer SS. Chronic SIV-Induced neuroinflammation disrupts CCR7+ CD4+ T cell immunosurveillance in the rhesus macaque brain. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e175332. [PMID: 38470479 PMCID: PMC11060742 DOI: 10.1172/jci175332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells survey and maintain immune homeostasis in the brain, yet their differentiation states and functional capabilities remain unclear. Our approach, combining single-cell transcriptomic analysis, ATAC-Seq, spatial transcriptomics, and flow cytometry, revealed a distinct subset of CCR7+ CD4+ T cells resembling lymph node central memory (TCM) cells. We observed chromatin accessibility at the CCR7, CD28, and BCL-6 loci, defining molecular features of TCM. Brain CCR7+ CD4+ T cells exhibited recall proliferation and interleukin-2 production ex vivo, showcasing their functional competence. We identified the skull bone marrow as a local niche for these cells alongside CNS border tissues. Sequestering TCM cells in lymph nodes using FTY720 led to reduced CCR7+ CD4+ T cell frequencies in the cerebrospinal fluid, accompanied by increased monocyte levels and soluble markers indicating immune activation. In macaques chronically infected with SIVCL757 and experiencing viral rebound due to cessation of antiretroviral therapy, a decrease in brain CCR7+ CD4+ T cells was observed, along with increased microglial activation and initiation of neurodegenerative pathways. Our findings highlight a role for CCR7+ CD4+ T cells in CNS immune surveillance, and their decline during chronic SIV highlights their responsiveness to neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chase E. Hawes
- Graduate Group in Immunology, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anil Verma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ashok R. Dinasarapu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brent T. Schlegel
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Bioinformatics Core, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Zhong-Min Ma
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Pabitra B. Pal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sean Ott
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Reben Raeman
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - John H. Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, UCD, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UCD, Davis, California, USA
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12
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Ogongo P, Tran A, Marzan F, Gingrich D, Krone M, Aweeka F, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Ernst JD. High-parameter phenotypic characterization reveals a subset of human Th17 cells that preferentially produce IL17 against M. tuberculosis antigen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.06.523027. [PMID: 36711855 PMCID: PMC9881994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.523027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Interleukin 17 producing CD4 T cells contribute to the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans; whether infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) disproportionately affects distinct Th17 cell subsets that respond to Mtb is incompletely defined. Methods We performed high-definition characterization of circulating Mtb-specific Th17 cells by spectral flow cytometry in people with latent TB and treated HIV (HIV-ART). We also measured kynurenine pathway activity by LC/MS on plasma and tested the hypothesis that tryptophan catabolism influences Th17 cell frequencies in this context. Results We identified two subsets of Th17 cells: subset 1 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CD161+CD26+ and subset 2 defined as CD4+Vα7.2-CCR6+CXCR3- cells of which subset 1 was significantly reduced in LTBI with HIV-ART, yet Mtb-responsive IL17-producing CD4 T cells were preserved; we found that IL17-producing CD4 T cells dominate the response to Mtb antigen but not CMV antigen or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB); and tryptophan catabolism negatively correlates with both subset 1 and subset 2 Th17 cell frequencies. Conclusions We found differential effects of ART-suppressed HIV on distinct subsets of Th17 cells, that IL17-producing CD4 T cells dominate responses to Mtb but not CMV antigen or SEB, and that kynurenine pathway activity is associated with decreases of circulating Th17 cells that may contribute to tuberculosis immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anthony Tran
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Florence Marzan
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Gingrich
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Krone
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Aweeka
- Drug Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Chen X, Wei J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang T. Crosstalk between gut microbiome and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurol Sci 2024; 457:122889. [PMID: 38262196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has become a chronic neurodegenerative disease affecting the quality of life in people living with HIV (PLWH). Despite an established association between HAND and neuroinflammation induced by HIV proteins (gp120, Tat, Rev., Nef, and Vpr), the pathogenesis of HAND remains to be fully elucidated. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that the gut microbiome is emerging as a critical regulator of various neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), suggesting that the crosstalk between the gut microbiome and neuroinflammation may contribute to the development of these diseases, for example, gut dysbiosis and microbiota-derived metabolites can trigger inflammation in the brain. However, the potential role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of HAND remains largely unexplored. In this review, we aim to discuss and elucidate the HAND pathogenesis correlated with gut microbiome and neuroinflammation, and intend to explore the probable intervention strategies for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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14
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Roach J, Mital R, Haffner JJ, Colwell N, Coats R, Palacios HM, Liu Z, Godinho JLP, Ness M, Peramuna T, McCall LI. Microbiome metabolite quantification methods enabling insights into human health and disease. Methods 2024; 222:81-99. [PMID: 38185226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many of the health-associated impacts of the microbiome are mediated by its chemical activity, producing and modifying small molecules (metabolites). Thus, microbiome metabolite quantification has a central role in efforts to elucidate and measure microbiome function. In this review, we cover general considerations when designing experiments to quantify microbiome metabolites, including sample preparation, data acquisition and data processing, since these are critical to downstream data quality. We then discuss data analysis and experimental steps to demonstrate that a given metabolite feature is of microbial origin. We further discuss techniques used to quantify common microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), secondary bile acids (BAs), tryptophan derivatives, N-acyl amides and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Lastly, we conclude with challenges and future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Roach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma
| | - Rohit Mital
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma
| | - Jacob J Haffner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma
| | - Nathan Colwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma
| | - Randy Coats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma
| | - Horvey M Palacios
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma
| | - Zongyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma
| | | | - Monica Ness
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma
| | - Thilini Peramuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma; Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University.
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15
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Fonseca JA, King AC, Chahroudi A. More than the Infinite Monkey Theorem: NHP Models in the Development of a Pediatric HIV Cure. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:11-29. [PMID: 38227162 PMCID: PMC10859349 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An HIV cure that eliminates the viral reservoir or provides viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an urgent need in children as they face unique challenges, including lifelong ART adherence and the deleterious effects of chronic immune activation. This review highlights the importance of nonhuman primate (NHP) models in developing an HIV cure for children as these models recapitulate the viral pathogenesis and persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Several cure approaches have been explored in infant NHPs, although knowledge gaps remain. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) show promise for controlling viremia and delaying viral rebound after ART interruption but face administration challenges. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors hold the potential for sustained bNAb expression. Therapeutic vaccination induces immune responses against simian retroviruses but has yet to impact the viral reservoir. Combining immunotherapies with latency reversal agents (LRAs) that enhance viral antigen expression should be explored. Current and future cure approaches will require adaptation for the pediatric immune system and unique features of virus persistence, for which NHP models are fundamental to assess their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexis C King
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory+Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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16
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Mu W, Patankar V, Kitchen S, Zhen A. Examining Chronic Inflammation, Immune Metabolism, and T Cell Dysfunction in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:219. [PMID: 38399994 PMCID: PMC10893210 DOI: 10.3390/v16020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a significant challenge to global public health. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition, a definitive cure remains elusive. One of the key features of HIV infection is chronic immune activation and inflammation, which are strongly associated with, and predictive of, HIV disease progression, even in patients successfully treated with suppressive ART. Chronic inflammation is characterized by persistent inflammation, immune cell metabolic dysregulation, and cellular exhaustion and dysfunction. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the interplay between chronic inflammation, immune metabolism, and T cell dysfunction in HIV infection, and also discusses the use of humanized mice models to study HIV immune pathogenesis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vaibhavi Patankar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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17
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Wiche Salinas TR, Zhang Y, Gosselin A, Rosario NF, El-Far M, Filali-Mouhim A, Routy JP, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Landay AL, Durand M, Tremblay CL, Ancuta P. Alterations in Th17 Cells and Non-Classical Monocytes as a Signature of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis during ART-Treated HIV-1 Infection. Cells 2024; 13:157. [PMID: 38247848 PMCID: PMC10813976 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains an important comorbidity in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our previous studies performed in the Canadian HIV/Aging Cohort Study (CHACS) (>40 years-old; Framingham Risk Score (FRS) > 5%) revealed a 2-3-fold increase in non-calcified coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) plaque burden, measured by computed tomography angiography scan (CTAScan) as the total (TPV) and low attenuated plaque volume (LAPV), in ART-treated PLWH (HIV+) versus uninfected controls (HIV-). In an effort to identify novel correlates of subclinical CAA, markers of intestinal damage (sCD14, LBP, FABP2); cell trafficking/inflammation (CCL20, CX3CL1, MIF, CCL25); subsets of Th17-polarized and regulatory (Tregs) CD4+ T-cells, classical/intermediate/non-classical monocytes, and myeloid/plasmacytoid dendritic cells were studied in relationship with HIV and TPV/LAPV status. The TPV detection/values coincided with higher plasma sCD14, FABP2, CCL20, MIF, CX3CL1, and triglyceride levels; lower Th17/Treg ratios; and classical monocyte expansion. Among HIV+, TPV+ versus TPV- exhibited lower Th17 frequencies, reduced Th17/Treg ratios, higher frequencies of non-classical CCR9lowHLADRhigh monocytes, and increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Finally, Th17/Treg ratios and non-classical CCR9lowHLADRhigh monocyte frequencies remained associated with TPV/LAPV after adjusting for FRS and HIV/ART duration in a logistic regression model. These findings point to Th17 paucity and non-classical monocyte abundance as novel immunological correlates of subclinical CAA that may fuel the CVD risk in ART-treated PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Raul Wiche Salinas
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Annie Gosselin
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Natalia Fonseca Rosario
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed El-Far
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Ali Filali-Mouhim
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Carl Chartrand-Lefebvre
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
- Département de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et Médecine Nucléaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Madeleine Durand
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Cécile L. Tremblay
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (T.R.W.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.T.)
- CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada; (A.G.); (N.F.R.); (M.E.-F.); (A.F.-M.); (C.C.-L.); (M.D.)
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18
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Tomalka J, Sharma A, Smith AGC, Avaliani T, Gujabidze M, Bakuradze T, Sabanadze S, Jones DP, Avaliani Z, Kipiani M, Kempker RR, Collins JM. Combined cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic and cytokine profiling in tuberculosis meningitis reveals robust and prolonged changes in immunometabolic networks. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 144:102462. [PMID: 38070353 PMCID: PMC10842779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Much of the high mortality in tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is attributable to excessive inflammation, making it imperative to identify targets for host-directed therapies that reduce pathologic inflammation and mortality. In this study, we investigate how cytokines and metabolites in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) associate with TBM at diagnosis and during TBM treatment. At diagnosis, TBM patients (n = 17) demonstrate significant increases of cytokines and chemokines that promote inflammation and cell migration including IL-17A, IL-2, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-1β versus asymptomatic controls without known central nervous system pathology (n = 20). Inflammatory immune signaling had a strong positive correlation with immunomodulatory metabolites including kynurenine, lactic acid, and carnitine and strong negative correlations with tryptophan and itaconate. Inflammatory immunometabolic networks were only partially reversed with two months of effective TBM treatment and remained significantly different compared to CSF from controls. Together, these data highlight a critical role for host metabolism in regulating the inflammatory response to TBM and indicate the timeline for restoration of immune homeostasis in the CSF is prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Tomalka
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alison G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Teona Avaliani
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Mariam Gujabidze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Tinatin Bakuradze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Shorena Sabanadze
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zaza Avaliani
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia; European University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Maia Kipiani
- National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia; The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia; David Tvildiani Medical University, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Russell R Kempker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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19
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Wiche Salinas TR, Zhang Y, Gosselin A, Do Rosario NF, El-Far M, Filali-Mouhim A, Routy JP, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Landay AL, Durand M, Tremblay CL, Ancuta P. A Blood Immunological Signature of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in People Living with HIV-1 Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.15.571922. [PMID: 38187644 PMCID: PMC10769180 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains an important co-morbidity in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our previous studies performed on the Canadian HIV/Aging Cohort Study (CHACS) (>40 years-old; Framingham Risk Score (FRS) >5%), revealed a 2-3-fold increase in non-calcified coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) plaque burden, measured by Computed tomography angiography scan (CTAScan) as total (TPV) and low attenuated plaque volume (LAPV) in ART-treated PLWH (HIV+) versus uninfected controls (HIV-). In an effort to identify novel correlates of subclinical CAA, markers of intestinal damage (sCD14, LBP, FABP2); cell trafficking/inflammation (CCL20, CX3CL1, MIF, CCL25); subsets of Th17-polarized and regulatory (Tregs) CD4 + T-cells, classical/intermediate/non-classical monocytes, and myeloid/plasmacytoid dendritic cells, were studied in relationship with HIV and TPV/LAPV status. The TPV detection/values coincided with higher plasma sCD14, FABP2, CCL20, MIF, CX3CL1 and triglyceride levels, lower Th17/Treg ratios, and classical monocyte expansion. Among HIV + , TPV + versus TPV - exhibited lower Th17 frequencies, reduced Th17/Treg ratios, higher frequencies of non-classical CCR9 low HLADR high monocyte, and increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Finally, Th17/Treg ratios and non-classical CCR9 low HLADR high monocyte frequencies remained associated with TPV/LAPV after adjusting for FRS and HIV/ART duration in a logistic regression model. These findings point to Th17 paucity and non-classical monocyte abundance as novel immunological correlates of subclinical CAA that may fuel the CVD risk in ART-treated PLWH.
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20
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Stone TW, Williams RO. Tryptophan metabolism as a 'reflex' feature of neuroimmune communication: Sensor and effector functions for the indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase kynurenine pathway. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 38102897 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system were regarded as independent entities, it is now clear that immune system cells can influence the CNS, and neuroglial activity influences the immune system. Despite the many clinical implications for this 'neuroimmune interface', its detailed operation at the molecular level remains unclear. This narrative review focuses on the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway, since its products have critical actions in both the nervous and immune systems, placing it in a unique position to influence neuroimmune communication. In particular, since the kynurenine pathway is activated by pro-inflammatory mediators, it is proposed that physical and psychological stressors are the stimuli of an organismal protective reflex, with kynurenine metabolites as the effector arm co-ordinating protective neural and immune system responses. After a brief review of the neuroimmune interface, the general perception of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway is expanded to emphasize this environmentally driven perspective. The initial enzymes in the kynurenine pathway include indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), which is induced by tissue damage, inflammatory mediators or microbial products, and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is induced by stress-induced glucocorticoids. In the immune system, kynurenic acid modulates leucocyte differentiation, inflammatory balance and immune tolerance by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptors and modulates pain via the GPR35 protein. In the CNS, quinolinic acid activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive glutamate receptors, whereas kynurenic acid is an antagonist: the balance between glutamate, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid is a significant regulator of CNS function and plasticity. The concept of kynurenine and its metabolites as mediators of a reflex coordinated protection against stress helps to understand the variety and breadth of their activity. It should also help to understand the pathological origin of some psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system and CNS, facilitating the development of new pharmacological strategies for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard O Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ross EJ, Williams RS, Viamonte M, Reynolds JM, Duncan DT, Paul RH, Carrico AW. Overamped: Stimulant Use and HIV Pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:321-332. [PMID: 37971597 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the era of HIV treatment as prevention (TasP), more clarity is needed regarding whether people with HIV who use stimulants (i.e., methamphetamine, powder cocaine, and crack cocaine) display elevated HIV viral load and greater immune dysregulation. RECENT FINDINGS Although rates of viral suppression have improved in the TasP era, stimulant use was independently associated with elevated viral load in 23 of 28 studies included in our review. In the 12 studies examining other HIV disease markers, there was preliminary evidence for stimulant-associated alterations in gut-immune dysfunction and cellular immunity despite effective HIV treatment. Studies generally focused on documenting the direct associations of stimulant use with biomarkers of HIV pathogenesis without placing these in the context of social determinants of health. Stimulant use is a key barrier to optimizing the effectiveness of TasP. Elucidating the microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways whereby stimulants alter neuroimmune functioning could identify viable targets for pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorders. Examining interpersonal, neighborhood, and structural determinants that could modify the associations of stimulant use with biomarkers of HIV pathogenesis is critical to guiding the development of comprehensive, multi-level interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ross
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Renessa S Williams
- University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | - John M Reynolds
- Calder Memorial Library, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam W Carrico
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, AHC5, #407, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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22
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Dimitriadis K, Katelani S, Pappa M, Fragkoulis GE, Androutsakos T. The Role of Interleukins in HBV Infection: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 38138902 PMCID: PMC10744424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. Recently, the pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation. We present a narrative review regarding the role of IL in HBV infection. Collectively, the pro-inflammatory ILs, namely IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-21, seem to play a critical role in the suppression of HBV replication. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-23 and IL-35 probably act as HBV replication enhancers, while IL-17 has been correlated with HBV-related liver injury. Interestingly enough, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 have been tried as therapeutic options against HBV infection with contradictory results. Lastly, the role of IL-22 remains largely ill defined, although preliminary data suggest that it may play a significant role in HBV replication, proliferation and subsequent liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Stamatia Katelani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
| | - George E. Fragkoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
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23
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Du X, Li M, Huan C, Lv G. Dendritic cells in liver transplantation immune response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1277743. [PMID: 37900282 PMCID: PMC10606587 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1277743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs), they are considered one of the key regulatory factors in the liver immune system. There is currently much interest in modulating DC function to improve transplant immune response. In liver transplantation, DCs participate in both the promotion and inhibition of the alloreponse by adopting different phenotypes and function. Thus, in this review, we discussed the origin, maturation, migration and pathological effects of several DC subsets, including the conventional DC (cDC), plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) in liver transplantation, and we summarized the roles of these DC subsets in liver transplant rejection and tolerance. In addition, we also outlined the latest progress in DC-based related treatment regimens. Overall, our discussion provides a beneficial resource for better understanding the biology of DCs and their manipulation to improve the immune adaptability of patients in transplant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Huangfu L, Li R, Huang Y, Wang S. The IL-17 family in diseases: from bench to bedside. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:402. [PMID: 37816755 PMCID: PMC10564932 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01620-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family comprises six members (IL-17A-17F), and recently, all of its related receptors have been discovered. IL-17 was first discovered approximately 30 years ago. Members of this family have various biological functions, including driving an inflammatory cascade during infections and autoimmune diseases, as well as boosting protective immunity against various pathogens. IL-17 is a highly versatile proinflammatory cytokine necessary for vital processes including host immune defenses, tissue repair, inflammatory disease pathogenesis, and cancer progression. However, how IL-17 performs these functions remains controversial. The multifunctional properties of IL-17 have attracted research interest, and emerging data have gradually improved our understanding of the IL-17 signaling pathway. However, a comprehensive review is required to understand its role in both host defense functions and pathogenesis in the body. This review can aid researchers in better understanding the mechanisms underlying IL-17's roles in vivo and provide a theoretical basis for future studies aiming to regulate IL-17 expression and function. This review discusses recent progress in understanding the IL-17 signaling pathway and its physiological roles. In addition, we present the mechanism underlying IL-17's role in various pathologies, particularly, in IL-17-induced systemic lupus erythematosus and IL-17-related tumor cell transformation and metastasis. In addition, we have briefly discussed promising developments in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Huangfu
- School of Stomatology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Yamei Huang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China.
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570216, P. R. China.
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25
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Zhang Q, Zhou SN, Fu JM, Chen LJ, Fang YX, Xu ZY, Xu HK, Yuan Y, Huang YQ, Zhang N, Li YF, Xiang C. Interferon-γ priming enhances the therapeutic effects of menstrual blood-derived stromal cells in a mouse liver ischemia-reperfusion model. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:876-896. [PMID: 37900937 PMCID: PMC10600742 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i9.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in liver transplantation and have certain effects in alleviating liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and regulating immune rejection. However, some studies have indicated that the effects of MSCs are not very significant. Therefore, approaches that enable MSCs to exert significant and stable therapeutic effects are worth further study. AIM To enhance the therapeutic potential of human menstrual blood-derived stromal cells (MenSCs) in the mouse liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model via interferon-γ (IFN-γ) priming. METHODS Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the safety of IFN-γ priming, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) levels were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and ELISA to evaluate the efficacy of IFN-γ priming. In vivo, the liver I/R model was established in male C57/BL mice, hematoxylin and eosin and TUNEL staining was performed and serum liver enzyme levels were measured to assess the degree of liver injury, and regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers in spleens were determined by flow cytometry to assess immune tolerance potential. Metabolomics analysis was conducted to elucidate the potential mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of primed MenSCs. In vitro, we established a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model and analyzed apoptosis by flow cytometry to investigate the mechanism through which primed MenSCs inhibit apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and immunofluorescence were used to analyze autophagy levels. RESULTS IFN-γ-primed MenSCs secreted higher levels of IDO, attenuated liver injury, and increased Treg numbers in the mouse spleens to greater degrees than untreated MenSCs. Metabolomics and autophagy analyses proved that primed MenSCs more strongly induced autophagy in the mouse livers. In the H/R model, autophagy inhibitors increased the level of H/R-induced apoptosis, indicating that autophagy exerted protective effects. In addition, primed MenSCs decreased the level of H/R-induced apoptosis via IDO and autophagy. Further rescue experiments proved that IDO enhanced the protective autophagy by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and activating the AMPK pathway. CONCLUSION IFN-γ-primed MenSCs exerted better therapeutic effects in the liver I/R model by secreting higher IDO levels. MenSCs and IDO activated the AMPK-mTOR-autophagy axis to reduce IRI, and IDO increased Treg numbers in the spleen and enhanced the MenSC-mediated induction of immune tolerance. Our study suggests that IFN-γ-primed MenSCs may be a novel and superior MSC product for liver transplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Si-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Min Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Xu
- Innovative Precision Medicine Group, Shulan Hospital, Hangzhou 311215, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Kang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Units of Infectious Disease and Microecology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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26
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Sultana S, Elengickal A, Bensreti H, de Chantemèle EB, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hamrick MW. The kynurenine pathway in HIV, frailty and inflammaging. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244622. [PMID: 37744363 PMCID: PMC10514395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kynurenine (Kyn) is a circulating tryptophan (Trp) catabolite generated by enzymes including IDO1 that are induced by inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-gamma. Kyn levels in circulation increase with age and Kyn is implicated in several age-related disorders including neurodegeneration, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Importantly, Kyn increases with progressive disease in HIV patients, and antiretroviral therapy does not normalize IDO1 activity in these subjects. Kyn is now recognized as an endogenous agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and AhR activation itself has been found to induce muscle atrophy, increase the activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts, decrease matrix formation by osteoblasts, and lead to senescence of bone marrow stem cells. Several IDO1 and AhR inhibitors are now in clinical trials as potential cancer therapies. We propose that some of these drugs may be repurposed to improve musculoskeletal health in older adults living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark W. Hamrick
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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27
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Zhang W, Ruan L. Recent advances in poor HIV immune reconstitution: what will the future look like? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236460. [PMID: 37608956 PMCID: PMC10440441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has demonstrated proved effectiveness in suppressing viral replication and significantly recovering CD4+ T cell count in HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, contributing to a dramatic reduction in AIDS morbidity and mortality. However, the factors affecting immune reconstitution are extremely complex. Demographic factors, co-infection, baseline CD4 cell level, abnormal immune activation, and cytokine dysregulation may all affect immune reconstitution. According to report, 10-40% of HIV-1-infected patients fail to restore the normalization of CD4+ T cell count and function. They are referred to as immunological non-responders (INRs) who fail to achieve complete immune reconstitution and have a higher mortality rate and higher risk of developing other non-AIDS diseases compared with those who achieve complete immune reconstitution. Heretofore, the mechanisms underlying incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV remain elusive, and INRs are not effectively treated or mitigated. This review discusses the recent progress of mechanisms and factors responsible for incomplete immune reconstitution in AIDS and summarizes the corresponding therapeutic strategies according to different mechanisms to improve the individual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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28
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Girithar HN, Staats Pires A, Ahn SB, Guillemin GJ, Gluch L, Heng B. Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in breast cancer: updates on clinical research and trials. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:185-203. [PMID: 37041200 PMCID: PMC10338682 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality in women worldwide. While BrCa treatment has been shown to be highly successful if detected at an early stage, there are few effective strategies to treat metastatic tumours. Hence, metastasis remains the main cause in most of BrCa deaths, highlighting the need for new approaches in this group of patients. Immunotherapy has been gaining attention as a new treatment for BrCa metastasis and the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been suggested as one of the potential targets. The KP is the major biochemical pathway in tryptophan (TRP) metabolism, catabolising TRP to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). The KP has been reported to be elevated under inflammatory conditions such as cancers and that its activity suppresses immune surveillance. Dysregulation of the KP has previously been reported implicated in BrCa. This review aims to discuss and provide an update on the current mechanisms involved in KP-mediated immune suppression and cancer growth. Furthermore, we also provide a summary on 58 studies about the involvement of the KP and BrCa and five clinical trials targeting KP enzymes and their outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemaasri-Neya Girithar
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ananda Staats Pires
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seong Beom Ahn
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Gluch
- The Strathfield Breast Centre, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Moretti S, Schietroma I, Sberna G, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi M, Borsetti A. HIV-1-Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12193. [PMID: 37569570 PMCID: PMC10418605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replication in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract causes severe CD4+ T-cell depletion and disruption of the protective epithelial barrier in the intestinal mucosa, causing microbial translocation, the main driver of inflammation and immune activation, even in people living with HIV (PLWH) taking antiretroviral drug therapy. The higher levels of HIV DNA in the gut compared to the blood highlight the importance of the gut as a viral reservoir. CD4+ T-cell subsets in the gut differ in phenotypic characteristics and differentiation status from the ones in other tissues or in peripheral blood, and little is still known about the mechanisms by which the persistence of HIV is maintained at this anatomical site. This review aims to describe the interaction with key subsets of CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa targeted by HIV-1 and the role of gut microbiome and its metabolites in HIV-associated systemic inflammation and immune activation that are crucial in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Moretti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Ivan Schietroma
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Teresa Maggiorella
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00162 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (I.S.); (G.S.); (M.T.M.); (L.S.); (S.F.)
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30
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Gong K, Lai Y. Development trends of immune activation during HIV infection in recent three decades: a bibliometric analysis based on CiteSpace. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:283. [PMID: 37432538 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate and pinpoint the status, hot areas, and frontiers of immune activation during HIV infection utilizing CiteSpace. From 1990 to 2022, we searched for studies on immune activation during HIV infection in the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace was used to visually analyze the publications to identify the research status and pertinent research hotspots and frontiers in terms of the countries, institutions, authors, references, journals, and keywords. The Web of Science Core Collection yielded 5321 articles on immune activation during HIV infection. With 2854 and 364 articles, the United States and the University of California, San Francisco were the leading nation and institution in this domain. Steven G. Deeks has published 95 papers and is the most published author. The top cited articles on microbial translocation as a significant factor during HIV infection were published by Brenchley et al. Research on molecular/biology/genetics is often referenced in publications in the journals of molecular/biology/immunology. Inflammation, risk, mortality, cardiovascular disease, persistence, and biomarkers will be high-frequency words that are hot topics of research. According to the results, there was a strong collaboration between countries and organizations but little collaboration among authors. Molecular biology, immunology, and medicine are the main study subjects. The current hot topics in research are inflammation, risk, mortality, cardiovascular disease, persistence, and biomarkers. Future studies should concentrate on reducing the pathological changes caused by inflammation and altering the mechanisms of immune activation to reduce the size of the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Duarte MJ, Tien PC, Somsouk M, Price JC. The human microbiome and gut-liver axis in people living with HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:170-180. [PMID: 37129834 PMCID: PMC10232565 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality amongst people living with HIV (PLWH). Emerging data suggests that gut microbial translocation may play a role in driving and modulating liver disease, a bi-directional relationship termed the gut-liver axis. While it is recognized that PLWH have a high degree of dysbiosis and gut microbial translocation, little is known about the gut-liver axis in PLWH. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that microbial translocation can directly lead to hepatic inflammation, and have linked gut microbial signatures, dysbiosis, and translocation to liver disease in PLWH. Additionally, multiple trials have explored interventions targeting the microbiome in PLWH. Emerging research supports the interaction between the gut microbiome and liver disease in PLWH. This offers new opportunities to expand our understanding of the pathophysiology of liver disease in this population, as well as to explore possible clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Duarte
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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32
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Guo YT, Guo XY, Fan LN, Wang ZR, Qu MM, Zhang C, Fan X, Song JW, Yang BP, Zhang JY, Xu R, Jiao YM, Ma P, Chen YK, Wang FS. The Imbalance Between Intestinal Th17 and Treg Cells Is Associated with an Incomplete Immune Reconstitution During Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:331-342. [PMID: 37184871 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing the gut mucosal immune balance in HIV-infected patients using intestinal samples are scarce. In this study, we used intestinal mucosal specimens from the ileocecal region of seven immunological nonresponders (INRs), nine immunological responders (IRs), and six HIV-negative controls. We investigated T helper 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) cell counts and their ratio, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), tumor necrosis factor-α, CD4+ T cell counts, HIV DNA, and cell-associated HIV RNA. The results showed that INRs had lower Th17 and higher Treg cell counts than IR, resulting in a significant difference in the Th17/Treg ratio between IRs and INRs. In addition, INRs had lower ZO-1 and higher I-FABP levels than IRs. The Th17/Treg ratio was positively associated with ZO-1 and negatively associated with I-FABP levels. There was a positive correlation between Th17/Treg ratio and CD4+ T cell counts and a negative correlation between the Th17/Treg ratio and HIV DNA in the intestine. Our study suggests that the imbalance of Th17/Treg in the intestine is a characteristic of incomplete immune reconstitution to antiretroviral therapy and is associated with intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Tian Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Na Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ze-Rui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Meng Qu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Peng Yang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao-Kai Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, the Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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Yang T, Li QQ, Liu YM, Yang B. T cells in pancreatic cancer stroma: Tryptophan metabolism plays an important role in immunoregulation. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:2701-2703. [PMID: 37213408 PMCID: PMC10198057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i17.2701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that the immune system is highly regulated by tryptophan metabolism, which serves as an immunomodulatory factor. The indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), as an intracellular enzyme that participates in metabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway, is an independent prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer (PC). First, overexpression of IDO1 inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells and T-cell proliferation in the liver and spleen. Second, the high expression of kynurenine induces and activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, resulting in upregulated programmed cell death protein 1 expression. Third, the induction of IDO1 can lead to loss of the T helper 17 cell/regulatory T cell balance, mediated by the proximal tryptophan catabolite from IDO metabolism. In our study, we found that overexpression of IDO1 upregulated CD8+ T cells and reduced natural killer T cells in pancreatic carcinoma in mice. Hence, it may be essential to pay more attention to tryptophan metabolism in patients, especially those who are tolerant to immunotherapy for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiao-Qi Li
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong-Mei Liu
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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34
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Saadh MJ, Kazemi K, Khorramdelazad H, Mousavi MJ, Noroozi N, Masoumi M, Karami J. Role of T cells in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematous: Focus on immunometabolism dysfunctions. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110246. [PMID: 37148769 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence demonstrates that T cells are implicated in developing SLE, and each of them dominantly uses distinct metabolic pathways. Indeed, intracellular enzymes and availability of specific nutrients orchestrate fate of T cells and lead to differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg), memory T cells, helper T cells, and effector T cells. The function of T cells in inflammatory and autoimmune responses is determined by metabolic processes and activity of their enzymes. Several studies were conducted to determine metabolic abnormalities in SLE patients and clarify how these modifications could control the functions of the involved T cells. Metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, mitochondrial pathways, oxidative stress, mTOR pathway, fatty acid and amino acid metabolisms are dysregulated in SLE T cells. Moreover, immunosuppressive drugs used in treating autoimmune diseases, including SLE, could affect immunometabolism. Developing drugs to regulate autoreactive T cell metabolism could be a promising therapeutic approach for SLE treatment. Accordingly, increased knowledge about metabolic processes paves the way to understanding SLE pathogenesis better and introduces novel therapeutic options for SLE treatment. Although monotherapy with metabolic pathways modulators might not be sufficient to prevent autoimmune disease, they may be an ideal adjuvant to reduce administration doses of immunosuppressive drugs, thus reducing drug-associated adverse effects. This review summarized emerging data about T cells that are involved in SLE pathogenesis, focusing on immunometabolism dysregulation and how these modifications could affect the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, Jordan; Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, School of Para-Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Negar Noroozi
- Student Research and Technology Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Maryam Masoumi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
| | - Jafar Karami
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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35
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Wu Y, Zhao M, Gong N, Zhang F, Chen W, Liu Y. Immunometabolomics provides a new perspective for studying systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109946. [PMID: 36931174 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by clinical heterogeneity, unpredictable progression, and flare ups. Due to the heterogeneous nature of lupus, it has been challenging to identify sensitive and specific biomarkers for its diagnosis and monitoring. Despite the fact that the mechanism of SLE remains unknown, impressive progress has been made over the last decade towards understanding how different immune cells contribute to its pathogenesis. Research suggests that cellular metabolic programs could affect the immune response by regulating the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Many studies have shown that the dysregulation of the immune system is associated with changes to metabolite profiles. The study of metabolite profiling may provide a means for mechanism exploration and novel biomarker discovery for disease diagnostic, classification, and monitoring. Here we review the latest advancements in understanding the role of immunometabolism in SLE, as well as the systemic metabolite profiling of this disease along with possible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengpei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Gong
- College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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36
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MacCann R, Landay AL, Mallon PWG. HIV and comorbidities - the importance of gut inflammation and the kynurenine pathway. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:102-110. [PMID: 36722199 PMCID: PMC7614535 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review alterations in microbiota composition, diversity, and functional features in the context of chronic inflammation and comorbidities associated with HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS The gut microbiome is an important mediator of host immunity, and disruption of gut homeostasis can contribute to both systemic inflammation and immune activation. Ageing and HIV share features of intestinal damage, microbial translocation and alterations in bacterial composition that contribute to a proinflammatory state and development of age-related comorbidities. One such inflammatory pathway reviewed is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) producing kynurenine pathway (KP). Kynurenine metabolites regulate many biological processes including host-microbiome communication, immunity and oxidative stress and the KP in turn is influenced by the microbiome environment. Age-associated decline in NAD+ is implicated as a driving factor in many age-associated diseases, including those seen in people with HIV (PWH). Recent studies have shown that KP can influence metabolic changes in PWH, including increased abdominal adiposity and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, KP activity increases with age in the general population, but it is elevated in PWH at all ages compared to age-matched controls. Host or microbiome-mediated targeting of this pathway has merits to increase healthy longevity and has potential therapeutic applications in PWH. SUMMARY As a growing proportion of PWH age, many face increased risks of developing age-related comorbidities. Chronic inflammation, a pillar of geroscience, the science of ageing and of age-related disease, is influenced by the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Combined, these contribute to a systemic inflammatory signature. Advances in geroscience-based approaches and therapeutics offer a novel paradigm for addressing age-related diseases and chronic inflammation in HIV infection. Whether targeted inhibition of KP activity alleviates pathological conditions or promotes successful ageing in PWH remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel MacCann
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin
- St Vincents University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin
- St Vincents University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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37
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Castillo-Rozas G, Lopez MN, Soto-Rifo R, Vidal R, Cortes CP. Enteropathy and gut dysbiosis as obstacles to achieve immune recovery in undetectable people with HIV: a clinical view of evidence, successes, and projections. AIDS 2023; 37:367-378. [PMID: 36695354 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immune performance following antiretroviral therapy initiation varies among patients. Despite achieving viral undetectability, a subgroup of patients fails to restore CD4+ T-cell counts during follow-up, which exposes them to non-AIDS defining comorbidities and increased mortality. Unfortunately, its mechanisms are incompletely understood, and no specific treatment is available. In this review, we address some of the pathophysiological aspects of the poor immune response from a translational perspective, with emphasis in the interaction between gut microbiome, intestinal epithelial dysfunction, and immune system, and we also discuss some studies attempting to improve immune performance by intervening in this vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castillo-Rozas
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program
- Cancer Regulation and Immunoediting Laboratory, Immunology Program
- Center for HIV/AIDS Integral Research -CHAIR, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mercedes N Lopez
- Cancer Regulation and Immunoediting Laboratory, Immunology Program
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program
- Center for HIV/AIDS Integral Research -CHAIR, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Claudia P Cortes
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile
- Center for HIV/AIDS Integral Research -CHAIR, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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38
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Yero A, Bouassa RSM, Ancuta P, Estaquier J, Jenabian MA. Immuno-metabolic control of the balance between Th17-polarized and regulatory T-cells during HIV infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:1-13. [PMID: 36681548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Th17-polarized CD4+ effector T-cells together with their immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Treg) counterparts, with transcriptional profiles governed by the lineage transcription factors RORγt/RORC2 and FOXP3, respectively, are important gatekeepers at mucosal interfaces. Alterations in the Th17/Treg ratios, due to the rapid depletion of Th17 cells and increased Treg frequencies, are a hallmark of both HIV and SIV infections and a marker of disease progression. The shift in Th17/Treg balance, in favor of increased Treg frequencies, contributes to gut mucosal permeability, immune dysfunction, and microbial translocation, subsequently leading to chronic immune activation/inflammation and disease progression. Of particular interest, Th17 cells and Tregs share developmental routes, with changes in the Th17 versus Treg fate decision influencing the pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory responses. The differentiation and function of Th17 cells and Tregs rely on independent yet complementary metabolic pathways. Several pathways have been described in the literature to be involved in Th17 versus Treg polarization, including 1) the activity of ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73; 2) the increase in TGF-β1 production; 3) a hypoxic environment, and subsequent upregulation in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α); 4) the increased mTOR activity and glycolysis induction; 5) the lipid metabolism, including fatty acid synthesis, fatty acids oxidation, cholesterol synthesis, and lipid storage, which are regulated by the AMPK, mevalonate and PPARγ pathways; and 6) the tryptophan catabolism. These metabolic pathways are understudied in the context of HIV-1 infection. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on metabolic pathways that are dysregulated during HIV-1 infection and their impact on Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Yero
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Lee C, Lee H, Park JC, Im SH. Microbial Components and Effector Molecules in T Helper Cell Differentiation and Function. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e7. [PMID: 36911805 PMCID: PMC9995987 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestines harbor trillions of commensal microorganisms composed of thousands of species that are collectively called gut microbiota. Among the microbiota, bacteria are the predominant microorganism, with viruses, protozoa, and fungi (mycobiota) making up a relatively smaller population. The microbial communities play fundamental roles in the maturation and orchestration of the immune landscape in health and disease. Primarily, the gut microbiota modulates the immune system to maintain homeostasis and plays a crucial role in regulating the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of inflammatory, neuronal, and metabolic disorders. The microbiota modulates the host immune system through direct interactions with immune cells or indirect mechanisms such as producing short-chain acids and diverse metabolites. Numerous researchers have put extensive efforts into investigating the role of microbes in immune regulation, discovering novel immunomodulatory microbial species, identifying key effector molecules, and demonstrating how microbes and their key effector molecules mechanistically impact the host immune system. Consequently, recent studies suggest that several microbial species and their immunomodulatory molecules have therapeutic applicability in preclinical settings of multiple disorders. Nonetheless, it is still unclear why and how a handful of microorganisms and their key molecules affect the host immunity in diverse diseases. This review mainly discusses the role of microbes and their metabolites in T helper cell differentiation, immunomodulatory function, and their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Haena Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang 37673, Korea
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40
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Ahmed D, Al-Daraawi M, Cassol E. Innate sensing and cellular metabolism: role in fine tuning antiviral immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:164-190. [PMID: 36822175 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies over the last decade have identified intimate links between cellular metabolism and macrophage function. Metabolism has been shown to both drive and regulate macrophage function by producing bioenergetic and biosynthetic precursors as well as metabolites (and other bioactive molecules) that regulate gene expression and signal transduction. Many studies have focused on lipopolysaccharide-induced reprogramming, assuming that it is representative of most inflammatory responses. However, emerging evidence suggests that diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are associated with unique metabolic profiles, which may drive pathogen specific immune responses. Further, these metabolic pathways and processes may act as a rheostat to regulate the magnitude of an inflammatory response based on the biochemical features of the local microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss recent work examining the relationship between cellular metabolism and macrophage responses to viral PAMPs and describe how these processes differ from lipopolysaccharide-associated responses. We will also discuss how an improved understanding of the specificity of these processes may offer new insights to fine-tune macrophage function during viral infections or when using viral PAMPs as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duale Ahmed
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malak Al-Daraawi
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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León-Letelier RA, Abdel Sater AH, Chen Y, Park S, Wu R, Irajizad E, Dennison JB, Katayama H, Vykoukal JV, Hanash S, Ostrin EJ, Fahrmann JF. Kynureninase Upregulation Is a Prominent Feature of NFR2-Activated Cancers and Is Associated with Tumor Immunosuppression and Poor Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030834. [PMID: 36765792 PMCID: PMC9913753 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is frequently activated in various cancer types. Aberrant activation of NRF2 in cancer is attributed to gain-of-function mutations in the NRF2-encoding gene NFE2L2 or a loss of function of its suppressor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). NRF2 activation exerts pro-tumoral effects in part by altering cancer cell metabolism. Previously, we reported a novel mechanism of NRF2 tumoral immune suppression through the selective upregulation of the tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme kynureninase (KYNU) in lung adenocarcinoma. In the current study, we explored the relevance of NRF2-mediated KYNU upregulation across multiple cancer types. Specifically, using a gene expression dataset for 9801 tumors representing 32 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we demonstrated that elevated KYNU parallels increased gene-based signatures of NRF2-activation and that elevated tumoral KYNU mRNA expression is strongly associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, marked by high expression of gene-based signatures of Tregs as well as the immune checkpoint blockade-related genes CD274 (PDL-1), PDCD1 (PD-1), and CTLA4, regardless of the cancer type. Cox proportional hazard models further revealed that increased tumoral KYNU gene expression was prognostic for poor overall survival in several cancer types, including thymoma, acute myeloid leukemia, low-grade glioma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, stomach adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Using PDAC as a model system, we confirmed that siRNA-mediated knockdown of NRF2 reduced KYNU mRNA expression, whereas activation of NFE2L2 (the coding gene for NRF2) through either small-molecule agonists or siRNA-mediated knockdown of KEAP1 upregulated KYNU in PDAC cells. Metabolomic analyses of the conditioned medium from PDAC cell lines revealed elevated levels of KYNU-derived anthranilate, confirming that KYNU was enzymatically functional. Collectively, our study highlights the activation of the NRF2-KYNU axis as a multi-cancer phenomenon and supports the relevance of tumoral KYNU as a marker of tumor immunosuppression and as a prognostic marker for poor overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. León-Letelier
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ali H. Abdel Sater
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ranran Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ehsan Irajizad
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Dennison
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jody V. Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Edwin J. Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (E.J.O.); (J.F.F.)
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (E.J.O.); (J.F.F.)
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Benito-Lopez JJ, Marroquin-Muciño M, Perez-Medina M, Chavez-Dominguez R, Aguilar-Cazares D, Galicia-Velasco M, Lopez-Gonzalez JS. Partners in crime: The feedback loop between metabolic reprogramming and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1101503. [PMID: 36713558 PMCID: PMC9879362 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly changing cellular system composed of heterogeneous populations of tumor cells and non-transformed stromal cells, such as stem cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, and innate and adaptive immune cells. Tumor, stromal, and immune cells consume available nutrients to sustain their proliferation and effector functions and, as a result of their metabolism, produce a wide array of by-products that gradually alter the composition of the milieu. The resulting depletion of essential nutrients and enrichment of by-products work together with other features of the hostile TME to inhibit the antitumor functions of immune cells and skew their phenotype to promote tumor progression. This review briefly describes the participation of the innate and adaptive immune cells in recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and how the gradual metabolic changes in the TME alter their antitumor functions. In addition, we discuss the overexpression of the immune checkpoints and their ligands as a result of nutrient deprivation and by-products accumulation, as well as the amplification of the metabolic alterations induced by the immune checkpoints, which creates an immunosuppressive feedback loop in the TME. Finally, the combination of metabolic and immune checkpoint inhibitors as a potential strategy to treat cancer and enhance the outcome of patients is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus J Benito-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Marroquin-Muciño
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Perez-Medina
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Quimioterapia Experimental, Departamento de Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Chavez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dolores Aguilar-Cazares
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Galicia-Velasco
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose S Lopez-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Investigacion en Cancer Pulmonar, Departamento de Enfermedades Cronico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosio Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
IL-17 cytokine family members have diverse biological functions, promoting protective immunity against many pathogens but also driving inflammatory pathology during infection and autoimmunity. IL-17A and IL-17F are produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, and various innate immune cell populations in response to IL-1β and IL-23, and they mediate protective immunity against fungi and bacteria by promoting neutrophil recruitment, antimicrobial peptide production and enhanced barrier function. IL-17-driven inflammation is normally controlled by regulatory T cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, TGFβ and IL-35. However, if dysregulated, IL-17 responses can promote immunopathology in the context of infection or autoimmunity. Moreover, IL-17 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many other disorders with an inflammatory basis, including cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Consequently, the IL-17 pathway is now a key drug target in many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders; therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-17A, both IL-17A and IL-17F, the IL-17 receptor, or IL-23 are highly effective in some of these diseases. However, new approaches are needed to specifically regulate IL-17-mediated immunopathology in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity without compromising protective immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Ouyang J, Yan J, Zhou X, Isnard S, Harypursat V, Cui H, Routy JP, Chen Y. Relevance of biomarkers indicating gut damage and microbial translocation in people living with HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1173956. [PMID: 37153621 PMCID: PMC10160480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier has the daunting task of allowing nutrient absorption while limiting the entry of microbial products into the systemic circulation. HIV infection disrupts the intestinal barrier and increases intestinal permeability, leading to microbial product translocation. Convergent evidence has shown that gut damage and an enhanced level of microbial translocation contribute to the enhanced immune activation, the risk of non-AIDS comorbidity, and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH). Gut biopsy procedures are invasive, and are not appropriate or feasible in large populations, even though they are the gold standard for intestinal barrier investigation. Thus, validated biomarkers that measure the degree of intestinal barrier damage and microbial translocation are needed in PLWH. Hematological biomarkers represent an objective indication of specific medical conditions and/or their severity, and should be able to be measured accurately and reproducibly via easily available and standardized blood tests. Several plasma biomarkers of intestinal damage, i.e., intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), zonulin, and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α), and biomarkers of microbial translocation, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1,3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) have been used as markers of risk for developing non-AIDS comorbidities in cross sectional analyses and clinical trials, including those aiming at repair of gut damage. In this review, we critically discuss the value of different biomarkers for the estimation of gut permeability levels, paving the way towards developing validated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to repair gut epithelial damage and to improve overall disease outcomes in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian HIV Trials Network, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Routy, ; Yaokai Chen,
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Jean-Pierre Routy, ; Yaokai Chen,
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Yuan Z, Gan H, Jin H, Feng X, Wang M, Zhou H, Zhang J. Evaluation of characteristic metabolites of aromatic amino acids in patients with HIV infection at different stages of disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 37:e24795. [PMID: 36464783 PMCID: PMC9833958 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and antiretroviral therapy are usually associated with metabolic disorders. Screening for biomarkers to evaluate the progression of metabolic disorders is important for the diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection. This study aimed to establish and validate a method to quantify serum aromatic amino acid (AAA) metabolites as biomarkers of metabolic disorders in patients with HIV. METHODS The AAAs and metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pearson's correlation, heatmap, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Under optimal detection conditions, the lower limits of phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (Kyn), tyrosine, phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), and 5-hydroxytryptamine quantification reached 0.02, 0.02, 0.01, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.002 μg/ml, respectively, and the precision of intra- and inter-day was stay below 10.30%. Serum samples were stable for at least 6 months when stored at -80°C. The inter-group differences and associations between the biomarkers exhibited a particular volatility trend in PAGln, Trp, and Kyn metabolism in HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The developed method can be used for rapid and sensitive quantification of the AAA metabolism profile in vivo to further appraise the process of HIV infection, evaluate intervening measures, conduct mechanistic investigations, and further study the utility of PAGln, a characteristic metabolite of AAA, as a biomarker of HIV infection coupled with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong‐Wen Yuan
- Department of PharmacyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric DiseasesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hai‐Ling Gan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Hong‐Liu Jin
- Department of PharmacyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric DiseasesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Ying Feng
- Department of PharmacyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric DiseasesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina,School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hua‐Ping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Eighth People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Smith SA, Murray PM, Amancha PK, Ackerley CG, Tharp GK, Bosinger SE, Amara RR, Kelley CF. T-cell activation and B-cell interaction signatures in rectal tissues are associated with HIV replication in ex-vivo model of infection. AIDS 2022; 36:2101-2106. [PMID: 35969202 PMCID: PMC10228710 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The rectal mucosa is a critical site of HIV vulnerability. We sought to identify transcriptomic features of rectal mucosal tissue prior to exposure associated with support or restriction of HIV replication. DESIGN Rectal tissue from HIV-negative cis gender men ( n = 57) underwent concurrent RNAseq transcriptomic analyses (two biopsies/participant) and challenge with HIV in the ex-vivo explant model of infection (three biopsies challenged/participant) as part of a larger cohort study to understand the rectal mucosal immune environment among MSM. METHODS P24 was quantified in the explant supernatants over a culture period of 18 days via ELISA. Participant median p24 log area under the curve was correlated with bulk transcriptomic data (Illumina HiSeq3000) to identify associations between gene expression and p24 production. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified via DESeq2 analysis and analyzed with Reactome to identify pathways of interest. RESULTS In total, 183 DEG (181 upregulated, two downregulated) were associated with higher p24 accumulation in the ex-vivo challenge model, including T-cell activation, B-cell function, and chemokine DEG. Reactome analysis of the upregulated genes identified 'Adaptive Immune System', 'Cytokine Signaling in Immune System', and 'Innate Immune System' as significantly upregulated pathways. CONCLUSION For the first time, we identified rectal tissue transcriptomic signatures associated with increased p24 production utilizing an ex-vivo model. Our findings are highly relevant to HIV transmission and the early establishment of HIV reservoirs in humans, and future studies should examine the identified pathways as targets for new or improved biomedical prevention or treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Abigail Smith
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Phillip M. Murray
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Praveen K. Amancha
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Cassie G. Ackerley
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen F. Kelley
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Xiao Q, Yu F, Yan L, Zhao H, Zhang F. Alterations in circulating markers in HIV/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution: Novel insights from microbial translocation and innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026070. [PMID: 36325329 PMCID: PMC9618587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After long-term anti-retroviral therapy (ART) treatment, most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients can achieve virological suppression and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4+ T cell) counts. However, some patients still fail to attain normal CD4+ T cell counts; this group of patients are called immune non-responders (INRs), and these patients show severe immune dysfunction. The potential mechanism of poor immune reconstitution (PIR) remains unclear and the identification of uniform biomarkers to predict the occurrence of PIR is particularly vital. But limited information is available on the relationship between circulating markers of INRs and immune recovery. Hence, this review summarises alterations in the intestine microbiota and associated markers in the setting of PIR to better understand host-microbiota-metabolite interactions in HIV immune reconstitution and to identify biomarkers that can predict recovery of CD4+ T cell counts in INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liting Yan
- Infectious Disease Department, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Carrico AW, Cherenack EM, Rubin LH, McIntosh R, Ghanooni D, Chavez JV, Klatt NR, Paul RH. Through the Looking-Glass: Psychoneuroimmunology and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in the Modern Antiretroviral Therapy Era. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:984-994. [PMID: 36044613 PMCID: PMC9553251 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression, substance use disorders, and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities are common in people with HIV (PWH), but the underlying mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. HIV-induced damage to the gastrointestinal tract potentiates residual immune dysregulation in PWH receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. However, few studies among PWH have examined the relevance of microbiome-gut-brain axis: bidirectional crosstalk between the gastrointestinal tract, immune system, and central nervous system. METHODS A narrative review was conducted to integrate findings from 159 articles relevant to psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and microbiome-gut-brain axis research in PWH. RESULTS Early PNI studies demonstrated that neuroendocrine signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system could partially account for the associations of psychological factors with clinical HIV progression. This review highlights the need for PNI studies examining the mechanistic relevance of the gut microbiota for residual immune dysregulation, tryptophan catabolism, and oxytocin release as key biological determinants of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in PWH (i.e., body-to-mind pathways). It also underscores the continued relevance of neuroendocrine signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and oxytocin release in modifying microbiome-gut-brain axis functioning (i.e., mind-to-body pathways). CONCLUSIONS Advancing our understanding of PNI and microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways relevant to depression, substance use disorders, and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities in PWH can guide the development of novel biobehavioral interventions to optimize health outcomes. Recommendations are provided for biobehavioral and neurobehavioral research investigating bidirectional PNI and microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways among PWH in the modern antiretroviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Carrico
- From the Department of Public Health Sciences (Carrico, Cherenack, Ghanooni, Chavez), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Departments of Neurology (Rubin) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology (McIntosh), University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences, Coral Gables, Florida; Department of Surgery (Klatt), University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Psychological Sciences (Paul), University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Vadaq N, Zhang Y, Meeder E, Van de Wijer L, Gasem MH, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, de Mast Q, Matzaraki V, Schellekens A, Fu J, van der Ven AJAM. Microbiome-Related Indole and Serotonin Metabolites are Linked to Inflammation and Psychiatric Symptoms in People Living with HIV. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221126888. [PMID: 36187510 PMCID: PMC9520182 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221126888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People living with HIV (PLHIV) exhibit dysregulation of tryptophan metabolism. Altered gut microbiome composition in PLHIV might be involved. Mechanistic consequences within the 3 major tryptophan metabolism pathways (serotonin, kynurenine, and indoles), and functional consequences for platelet, immune and behavioral functions are unknown. We investigated plasma tryptophan metabolites, gut microbiome composition, and their association with platelet function, inflammation, and psychiatric symptoms. Methods This study included 211 PLHIV on long-term antiretroviral treatment (ART). Plasma tryptophan pathway metabolites were measured using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Bacterial composition was profiled using metagenomic sequencing. Platelet reactivity and serotonin levels were quantified by flowcytometry and ELISA, respectively. Circulating inflammatory markers were determined using ELISA. Symptoms of depression and impulsivity were measured by DASS-42 and BIS-11 self-report questionnaires, respectively. Results Plasma serotonin and indole metabolites were associated with gut bacterial composition. Notably, species enriched in PLHIV were associated with 3-methyldioxyindole. Platelet serotonin concentrations were elevated in PLHIV, without effects on platelet reactivity. Plasma serotonin and indole metabolites were positively associated with plasma IL-10 and TNF-α concentrations. Finally, higher tryptophan, serotonin, and indole metabolites were associated with lower depression and anxiety, whereas higher kynurenine metabolites were associated with increased impulsivity. Conclusion Our results suggest that gut bacterial composition and dysbiosis in PLHIV on ART contribute to tryptophan metabolism, which may have clinical consequences for immune function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Van de Wijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Hussein Gasem
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University-Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Leo AB Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André JAM van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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