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Lin J, Yu Z, Gao X. Advanced Noninvasive Strategies for the Brain Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides. ACS NANO 2024; 18:22752-22779. [PMID: 39133564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed rapid progress in the discovery of therapeutic proteins and peptides for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, their clinical applications have been considerably hindered by challenges such as low biomembrane permeability, poor stability, short circulation time, and the formidable blood-brain barrier (BBB). Recently, substantial improvements have been made in understanding the dynamics of the BBB and developing efficient approaches for delivering proteins and peptides to the CNS, especially by using various nanoparticles. Herein, we present an overview of the up-to-date understanding of the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions, emphasizing their effects on brain drug delivery. We summarize advanced strategies and elucidate the underlying mechanisms for delivering proteins and peptides to the brain. We highlight the developments and applications of nanocarriers in treating CNS diseases via BBB crossing. We also provide critical opinions on the limitations and obstacles of the current strategies and put forward prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhihua Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Clinical and Translational Science by Chinese Ministry of Education & Shanghai, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emotions and Affective Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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2
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Niazi SK, Mariam Z, Magoola M. Engineered Antibodies to Improve Efficacy against Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6683. [PMID: 38928395 PMCID: PMC11203520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that can selectively remove rogue proteins in the brain are an obvious choice to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), but after decades of efforts, only two antibodies to treat Alzheimer's disease are approved, dozens are in the testing phase, and one was withdrawn, and the other halted, likely due to efficacy issues. However, these outcomes should have been evident since these antibodies cannot enter the brain sufficiently due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protectant. However, all products can be rejuvenated by binding them with transferrin, preferably as smaller fragments. This model can be tested quickly and at a low cost and should be applied to bapineuzumab, solanezumab, crenezumab, gantenerumab, aducanumab, lecanemab, donanemab, cinpanemab, and gantenerumab, and their fragments. This paper demonstrates that conjugating with transferrin does not alter the binding to brain proteins such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein. We also present a selection of conjugate designs that will allow cleavage upon entering the brain to prevent their exocytosis while keeping the fragments connected to enable optimal binding to proteins. The identified products can be readily tested and returned to patients with the lowest regulatory cost and delays. These engineered antibodies can be manufactured by recombinant engineering, preferably by mRNA technology, as a more affordable solution to meet the dire need to treat neurodegenerative disorders effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zamara Mariam
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry City CV1 5FB, UK;
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3
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Mukherjee A, Biswas S, Roy I. Immunotherapy: An emerging treatment option for neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103974. [PMID: 38555032 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins and protein aggregates leading to degeneration of neurons is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. Therapy mostly relies on symptomatic relief. Immunotherapy offers a promising approach for the development of disease-modifying routes. Such strategies have shown remarkable results in oncology, and this promise is increasingly being realized for neurodegenerative diseases in advanced preclinical and clinical studies. This review highlights cases of passive and active immunotherapies in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The reasons for success and failure, wherever available, and strategies to cross the blood-brain barrier, are discussed. The need for conditional modulation of the immune response is also reflected on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhiyanta Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Soumojit Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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Crook ZR, Sevilla GP, Young P, Girard EJ, Phi TD, Howard M, Price J, Olson JM, Nairn NW. CYpHER: Catalytic extracellular targeted protein degradation with high potency and durable effect. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.21.581471. [PMID: 38712232 PMCID: PMC11071310 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.21.581471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Many disease-causing proteins have multiple pathogenic mechanisms, and conventional inhibitors struggle to reliably disrupt more than one. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) can eliminate the protein, and thus all its functions, by directing a cell's protein turnover machinery towards it. Two established strategies either engage catalytic E3 ligases or drive uptake towards the endolysosomal pathway. Here we describe CYpHER (CatalYtic pH-dependent Endolysosomal delivery with Recycling) technology with potency and durability from a novel catalytic mechanism that shares the specificity and straightforward modular design of endolysosomal uptake. By bestowing pH-dependent release on the target engager and using the rapid-cycling transferrin receptor as the uptake receptor, CYpHER induces endolysosomal target delivery while re-using drug, potentially yielding increased potency and reduced off-target tissue exposure risks. The TfR-based approach allows targeting to tumors that overexpress this receptor and offers the potential for transport to the CNS. CYpHER function was demonstrated in vitro with EGFR and PD-L1, and in vivo with EGFR in a model of EGFR-driven non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Crook
- Cyclera Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Present address of Z.R.C., G.P.S., and N.W.N
- Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gregory P. Sevilla
- Cyclera Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Present address of Z.R.C., G.P.S., and N.W.N
- Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Emily J. Girard
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Present address of E.J.G. and J.M.O
| | | | | | - Jason Price
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Present address of E.J.G. and J.M.O
| | - James M. Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. Present address of E.J.G. and J.M.O
| | - Natalie W. Nairn
- Cyclera Therapeutics Inc, Seattle, WA 98115, USA. Present address of Z.R.C., G.P.S., and N.W.N
- Blaze Bioscience Inc., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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5
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Bonvicini G, Bagawath Singh S, Nygren P, Xiong M, Syvänen S, Sehlin D, Falk R, Andersson KG. Comparing in vitro affinity measurements of antibodies to TfR1: Surface plasmon resonance versus on-cell affinity. Anal Biochem 2024; 686:115406. [PMID: 38006952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of utilizing the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) to transport large biomolecules into the brain, there is no consensus on how to optimally measure affinity to it. The aim of this study was to compare different methods for measuring the affinities of anti-TfR1 antibodies. Antibodies 15G11, OX26 and 8D3 are known to successfully carry large biologics across the blood-brain barrier in humans, rats, and mice, respectively. The affinity to their respective species of TfR1 was measured with different surface plasmon resonance setups in Biacore and an on-cell assay. When the antibody was captured and TfR1 was the analyte, the dissociation in Biacore was very slow. The dissociation was faster when the antibody was the analyte and TfR1 was the ligand. The Biacore setup with capture of N-terminal FLAG-tag TfR1 yielded the most similar apparent affinities as the cell assay. In conclusion, it is important to evaluate assay parameters including assay orientation, surface capture method, and antibody-format when comparing binding kinetics for TfR1 antibodies. Although it seems possible to determine relative affinities of TfR1 antibodies using the methods described here, both the FLAG-tag TfR1 capture setup and cell assays likely yield apparent affinities that are most translatable in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Bonvicini
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Patrik Nygren
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mengfei Xiong
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ronny Falk
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ken G Andersson
- BioArctic AB, Warfvinges väg 35, SE-112 51, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Pornnoppadol G, Bond LG, Lucas MJ, Zupancic JM, Kuo YH, Zhang B, Greineder CF, Tessier PM. Bispecific antibody shuttles targeting CD98hc mediate efficient and long-lived brain delivery of IgGs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:361-372.e8. [PMID: 37890480 PMCID: PMC10922565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The inability of antibodies to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a key limitation to their use in diverse applications. One promising strategy is to deliver IgGs using a bispecific BBB shuttle, which involves fusing an IgG to a second affinity ligand that engages a cerebrovascular endothelial target and facilitates transport across the BBB. Nearly all prior efforts have focused on shuttles that target transferrin receptor (TfR-1) despite inherent delivery and safety challenges. Here, we report bispecific antibody shuttles that engage CD98hc, the heavy chain of the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1), and efficiently transport IgGs into the brain. Notably, CD98hc shuttles lead to much longer-lived brain retention of IgGs than TfR-1 shuttles while enabling more specific targeting due to limited CD98hc engagement in the brain parenchyma, which we demonstrate for IgGs that either agonize a neuronal receptor (TrkB) or target other endogenous cell-surface proteins on neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Layne G Bond
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer M Zupancic
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yun-Huai Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Boya Zhang
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Colin F Greineder
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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7
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Kato N, Yamada S, Suzuki R, Iida Y, Matsumoto M, Fumoto S, Arima H, Mukai H, Kawakami S. Development of an apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide-lipid conjugate for efficient brain delivery of liposomes. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2173333. [PMID: 36718920 PMCID: PMC9891163 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2173333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are versatile carriers that can encapsulate various drugs; however, for delivery to the brain, they must be modified with a targeting ligand or other modifications to provide blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, while avoiding rapid clearance by reticuloendothelial systems through polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification. BBB-penetrating peptides act as brain-targeting ligands. In this study, to achieve efficient brain delivery of liposomes, we screened the functionality of eight BBB-penetrating peptides reported previously, based on high-throughput quantitative evaluation methods with in vitro BBB permeability evaluation system using Transwell, in situ brain perfusion system, and others. For apolipoprotein E mimetic tandem dimer peptide (ApoEdp), which showed the best brain-targeting and BBB permeability in the comparative evaluation of eight peptides, its lipid conjugate with serine-glycine (SG)5 spacer (ApoEdp-SG-lipid) was newly synthesized and ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes were prepared. ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes were effectively associated with human brain capillary endothelial cells via the ApoEdp sequence and permeated the membrane in an in vitro BBB model. Moreover, ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes accumulated in the brain 3.9-fold higher than PEGylated liposomes in mice. In addition, the ability of ApoEdp-modified PEGylated liposomes to localize beyond the BBB into the brain parenchyma in mice was demonstrated via three-dimensional imaging with tissue clearing. These results suggest that ApoEdp-SG-lipid modification is an effective approach for endowing PEGylated liposomes with the brain-targeting ability and BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sakura Yamada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rino Suzuki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Iida
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- School of Pharmacy, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mukai
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Delivery and Imaging Technology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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8
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Bangari DS, Lanigan LG, Cramer SD, Grieves JL, Meisner R, Rogers AB, Galbreath EJ, Bolon B. Toxicologic Neuropathology of Novel Biotherapeutics. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:414-431. [PMID: 38380881 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241230542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutic modalities such as cell therapies, gene therapies, nucleic acids, and proteins are increasingly investigated as disease-modifying treatments for severe and life-threatening neurodegenerative disorders. Such diverse bio-derived test articles are fraught with unique and often unpredictable biological consequences, while guidance regarding nonclinical experimental design, neuropathology evaluation, and interpretation is often limited. This paper summarizes key messages offered during a half-day continuing education course on toxicologic neuropathology of neuro-targeted biotherapeutics. Topics included fundamental neurobiology concepts, pharmacology, frequent toxicological findings, and their interpretation including adversity decisions. Covered biotherapeutic classes included cell therapies, gene editing and gene therapy vectors, nucleic acids, and proteins. If agents are administered directly into the central nervous system, initial screening using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections of currently recommended neural organs (brain [7 levels], spinal cord [3 levels], and sciatic nerve) may need to expand to include other components (e.g., more brain levels, ganglia, and/or additional nerves) and/or special neurohistological procedures to characterize possible neural effects (e.g., cell type-specific markers for reactive glial cells). Scientists who evaluate the safety of novel biologics will find this paper to be a practical reference for preclinical safety testing and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Chew KS, Wells RC, Moshkforoush A, Chan D, Lechtenberg KJ, Tran HL, Chow J, Kim DJ, Robles-Colmenares Y, Srivastava DB, Tong RK, Tong M, Xa K, Yang A, Zhou Y, Akkapeddi P, Annamalai L, Bajc K, Blanchette M, Cherf GM, Earr TK, Gill A, Huynh D, Joy D, Knight KN, Lac D, Leung AWS, Lexa KW, Liau NPD, Becerra I, Malfavon M, McInnes J, Nguyen HN, Lozano EI, Pizzo ME, Roche E, Sacayon P, Calvert MEK, Daneman R, Dennis MS, Duque J, Gadkar K, Lewcock JW, Mahon CS, Meisner R, Solanoy H, Thorne RG, Watts RJ, Zuchero YJY, Kariolis MS. CD98hc is a target for brain delivery of biotherapeutics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5053. [PMID: 37598178 PMCID: PMC10439950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain exposure of systemically administered biotherapeutics is highly restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we report the engineering and characterization of a BBB transport vehicle targeting the CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc or SLC3A2) of heterodimeric amino acid transporters (TVCD98hc). The pharmacokinetic and biodistribution properties of a CD98hc antibody transport vehicle (ATVCD98hc) are assessed in humanized CD98hc knock-in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Compared to most existing BBB platforms targeting the transferrin receptor, peripherally administered ATVCD98hc demonstrates differentiated brain delivery with markedly slower and more prolonged kinetic properties. Specific biodistribution profiles within the brain parenchyma can be modulated by introducing Fc mutations on ATVCD98hc that impact FcγR engagement, changing the valency of CD98hc binding, and by altering the extent of target engagement with Fabs. Our study establishes TVCD98hc as a modular brain delivery platform with favorable kinetic, biodistribution, and safety properties distinct from previously reported BBB platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chew
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robert C Wells
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Arash Moshkforoush
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Darren Chan
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kendra J Lechtenberg
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hai L Tran
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Johann Chow
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Devendra B Srivastava
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Raymond K Tong
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Mabel Tong
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kaitlin Xa
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Alexander Yang
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yinhan Zhou
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Padma Akkapeddi
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Lakshman Annamalai
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kaja Bajc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Marie Blanchette
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Timothy K Earr
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Audrey Gill
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David Huynh
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - David Joy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kristen N Knight
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Diana Lac
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amy Wing-Sze Leung
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Katrina W Lexa
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas P D Liau
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Isabel Becerra
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Mario Malfavon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Joseph McInnes
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hoang N Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Edwin I Lozano
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michelle E Pizzo
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Elysia Roche
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Patricia Sacayon
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Meredith E K Calvert
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Richard Daneman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, 92093, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Joseph Duque
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kapil Gadkar
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Joseph W Lewcock
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cathal S Mahon
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - René Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Y Joy Yu Zuchero
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Mihalis S Kariolis
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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10
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Pardridge WM. Receptor-mediated drug delivery of bispecific therapeutic antibodies through the blood-brain barrier. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DELIVERY 2023; 3:1227816. [PMID: 37583474 PMCID: PMC10426772 DOI: 10.3389/fddev.2023.1227816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibody drug development is a rapidly growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry. However, antibody drug development for the brain is a technical challenge, and therapeutic antibodies for the central nervous system account for ~3% of all such agents. The principal obstacle to antibody drug development for brain or spinal cord is the lack of transport of large molecule biologics across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therapeutic antibodies can be made transportable through the blood-brain barrier by the re-engineering of the therapeutic antibody as a BBB-penetrating bispecific antibody (BSA). One arm of the BSA is the therapeutic antibody and the other arm of the BSA is a transporting antibody. The transporting antibody targets an exofacial epitope on a BBB receptor, and this enables receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) of the BSA across the BBB. Following BBB transport, the therapeutic antibody then engages the target receptor in brain. RMT systems at the BBB that are potential conduits to the brain include the insulin receptor (IR), the transferrin receptor (TfR), the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR) and the leptin receptor. Therapeutic antibodies have been re-engineered as BSAs that target the insulin receptor, TfR, or IGFR RMT systems at the BBB for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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11
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Hjelm LC, Lindberg H, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. Affibody Molecules Intended for Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis via the Transferrin Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:956. [PMID: 37513868 PMCID: PMC10383291 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biologics for diseases affecting the central nervous system has been less successful compared to other disease areas, in part due to the challenge of delivering drugs to the brain. The most well-investigated and successful strategy for increasing brain uptake of biological drugs is using receptor-mediated transcytosis over the blood-brain barrier and, in particular, targeting the transferrin receptor-1 (TfR). Here, affibody molecules are selected for TfR using phage display technology. The two most interesting candidates demonstrated binding to human TfR, cross-reactivity to the murine orthologue, non-competitive binding with human transferrin, and binding to TfR-expressing brain endothelial cell lines. Single amino acid mutagenesis of the affibody molecules revealed the binding contribution of individual residues and was used to develop second-generation variants with improved properties. The second-generation variants were further analyzed and showed an ability for transcytosis in an in vitro transwell assay. The new TfR-specific affibody molecules have the potential for the development of small brain shuttles for increasing the uptake of various compounds to the central nervous system and thus warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Charlotta Hjelm
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lindberg
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Moos T, Thomsen MS, Burkhart A, Hede E, Laczek B. Targeted transport of biotherapeutics at the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1823-1838. [PMID: 38059358 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2292697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of neurological diseases is significantly hampered by the lack of available therapeutics. A major restraint for the development of drugs is denoted by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which precludes the transfer of biotherapeutics to the brain due to size restraints. AREAS COVERED Novel optimism for transfer of biotherapeutics to the brain has been generated via development of targeted therapeutics to nutrient transporters expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). Targeting approaches with antibodies acting as biological drug carriers allow for proteins and genetic material to enter the brain, and qualified therapy using targeted proteins for protein replacement has been observed in preclinical models and now emerging in the clinic. Viral vectors denote an alternative for protein delivery to the brain by uptake and transduction of BCECs, or by transport through the BBB leading to neuronal transduction. EXPERT OPINION The breaching of the BBB to large molecules has opened for treatment of diseases in the brain. A sturdier understanding of how biotherapeutics undergo transport through the BBB and how successful transport into the brain can be monitored is required to further improve the translation from successful preclinical studies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eva Hede
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Laczek
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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13
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Choi ES, Shusta EV. Strategies to identify, engineer, and validate antibodies targeting blood-brain barrier receptor-mediated transcytosis systems for CNS drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1789-1800. [PMID: 38007619 PMCID: PMC10842915 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2286371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous therapeutics for neurological diseases have been developed, but many have failed in clinical trials in part due to limited brain bioavailability, mainly stemming from inefficient transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). One potential approach to noninvasive, BBB-targeted drug delivery to the brain is the use of engineered antibodies as delivery vehicles that can transport conjugated drug cargo across the BBB and into the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). Effective development of these RMT targeting systems includes novel target discovery, along with antibody engineering and subsequent validation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on both known and emerging RMT systems, targeting antibody properties in relation to BBB trafficking, and antibody validation strategies. EXPERT OPINION Clinical development of known RMT targeting systems and identification of novel BBB RMT targets will be complementary strategies for overcoming the BBB in central nervous system (CNS) disease treatment. The search for new RMT targets with higher brain specificity and enriched expression in the brain has given rise to some new targets which may offer unique benefits. It is our opinion that the expansion of BBB RMT system identification, along with targeting molecule engineering and validation strategies, will substantially contribute to the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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14
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Pakula RJ, Scott PJH. Applications of radiolabeled antibodies in neuroscience and neuro-oncology. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:269-285. [PMID: 37322805 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medicine and drug development, allowing for non-invasive imaging and quantitation of biological processes in live organisms. Targets are often probed with small molecules, but antibody-based PET is expanding because of many benefits, including ease of design of new antibodies toward targets, as well as the very strong affinities that can be expected. Application of antibodies to PET imaging of targets in the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly nascent field, but one with tremendous potential. In this review, we discuss the growth of PET in imaging of CNS targets, present the promises and progress in antibody-based CNS PET, explore challenges faced by the field, and discuss questions that this promising approach will need to answer moving forward for imaging and perhaps even radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Pakula
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Baghirov H. Receptor-mediated transcytosis of macromolecules across the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1699-1711. [PMID: 37658673 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2255138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts brain access of virtually all macromolecules. Receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) is one strategy toward their brain delivery. In this strategy, targeting ligands conjugated to therapeutic payload or decorating particles containing the payload interact with targets on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC), triggering internalization, trafficking, and release from BCEC. AREAS COVERED RMT at the BBB has leveraged multiple formats of macromolecules and large particles. Interactions between those and BCEC have been studied primarily using antibodies, with findings applicable to the design of larger particles. BBB-penetrant constructs have also been identified in screening campaigns and directed evolution, and subsequently found to interact with RMT targets. In addition, BCEC targeted by constructs incorporating genomic payload can be made to produce therapeutic proteins. EXPERT OPINION While targeting may not be strictly necessary to reach a therapeutic effect for all macromolecules, it can improve a molecule's BBB transport, exposing it to the entire brain parenchyma and enhancing its effect. Constructs with better BCEC transcytosis may be designed rationally, leveraging knowledge about BCEC trafficking, and found in screening campaigns, where this knowledge can reduce the search space and improve iterative refinement. Identification of new targets may also help generate BBB-crossing constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Baghirov
- Roche Informatics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Faresjö R, Sehlin D, Syvänen S. Age, dose, and binding to TfR on blood cells influence brain delivery of a TfR-transported antibody. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:34. [PMID: 37170266 PMCID: PMC10173660 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) mediated brain delivery of antibodies could become important for increasing the efficacy of emerging immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, age, dose, binding to TfR1 on blood cells, and pathology could influence the TfR1-mediated transcytosis of TfR1-binders across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The aim of the study was, therefore, to investigate the impact of these factors on the brain delivery of a bispecific TfR1-transported Aβ-antibody, mAb3D6-scFv8D3, in comparison with the conventional antibody mAb3D6. METHODS Young (3-5 months) and aged (17-20 months) WT and tg-ArcSwe mice (AD model) were injected with 125I-labeled mAb3D6-scFv8D3 or mAb3D6. Three different doses were used in the study, 0.05 mg/kg (low dose), 1 mg/kg (high dose), and 10 mg/kg (therapeutic dose), with equimolar doses for mAb3D6. The dose-corrected antibody concentrations in whole blood, blood cells, plasma, spleen, and brain were evaluated at 2 h post-administration. Furthermore, isolated brains were studied by autoradiography, nuclear track emulsion, and capillary depletion to investigate the intrabrain distribution of the antibodies, while binding to blood cells was studied in vitro using blood isolated from young and aged mice. RESULTS The aged WT and tg-ArcSwe mice showed significantly lower brain concentrations of TfR-binding [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D3 and higher concentrations in the blood cell fraction compared to young mice. For [125I]mAb3D6, no significant differences in blood or brain delivery were observed between young and aged mice or between genotypes. A low dose of [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D3 was associated with increased relative parenchymal delivery, as well as increased blood cell distribution. Brain concentrations and relative parenchymal distribution of [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D6 did not differ between tg-ArcSwe and WT mice at this early time point but were considerably increased compared to those observed for [125I]mAb3D6. CONCLUSION Age-dependent differences in blood and brain concentrations were observed for the bispecific antibody mAb3D6-scFv8D3 but not for the conventional Aβ antibody mAb3D6, indicating an age-related effect on TfR1-mediated brain delivery. The lowest dose of [125I]mAb3D6-scFv8D3 was associated with higher relative BBB penetration but, at the same time, a higher distribution to blood cells. Overall, Aβ-pathology did not influence the early brain distribution of the bispecific antibody. In summary, age and bispecific antibody dose were important factors determining brain delivery, while genotype was not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Faresjö
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Shay TF, Sullivan EE, Ding X, Chen X, Ravindra Kumar S, Goertsen D, Brown D, Crosby A, Vielmetter J, Borsos M, Wolfe DA, Lam AW, Gradinaru V. Primate-conserved carbonic anhydrase IV and murine-restricted LY6C1 enable blood-brain barrier crossing by engineered viral vectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6618. [PMID: 37075114 PMCID: PMC10115422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge for delivering large molecules to study and treat the central nervous system. This is due in part to the scarcity of targets known to mediate BBB crossing. To identify novel targets, we leverage a panel of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) previously identified through mechanism-agnostic directed evolution for improved BBB transcytosis. Screening potential cognate receptors for enhanced BBB crossing, we identify two targets: murine-restricted LY6C1 and widely conserved carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV). We apply AlphaFold-based in silico methods to generate capsid-receptor binding models to predict the affinity of AAVs for these identified receptors. Demonstrating how these tools can unlock target-focused engineering strategies, we create an enhanced LY6C1-binding vector, AAV-PHP.eC, that, unlike our prior PHP.eB, also works in Ly6a-deficient mouse strains such as BALB/cJ. Combined with structural insights from computational modeling, the identification of primate-conserved CA-IV enables the design of more specific and potent human brain-penetrant chemicals and biologicals, including gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F. Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Erin E. Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Brown
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anaya Crosby
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Máté Borsos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Damien A. Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Annie W. Lam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.S.); (V.G.)
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18
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Hudecz D, McCloskey MC, Vergo S, Christensen S, McGrath JL, Nielsen MS. Modelling a Human Blood-Brain Barrier Co-Culture Using an Ultrathin Silicon Nitride Membrane-Based Microfluidic Device. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5624. [PMID: 36982697 PMCID: PMC10058651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the vesicular trafficking of receptors and receptor ligands in the brain capillary endothelium is essential for the development of the next generations of biologics targeting neurodegenerative diseases. Such complex biological questions are often approached by in vitro models in combination with various techniques. Here, we present the development of a stem cell-based human in vitro blood-brain barrier model composed of induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs) on the modular µSiM (a microdevice featuring a silicon nitride membrane) platform. The µSiM was equipped with a 100 nm thick nanoporous silicon nitride membrane with glass-like imaging quality that allowed the use of high-resolution in situ imaging to study the intracellular trafficking. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we investigated the trafficking of two monoclonal antibodies (mAb): an anti-human transferrin receptor mAb (15G11) and an anti-basigin mAb (#52) using the µSiM-iBMEC-human astrocyte model. Our results demonstrated effective endothelial uptake of the selected antibodies; however, no significant transcytosis was observed when the barrier was tight. In contrast, when the iBMECs did not form a confluent barrier on the µSiM, the antibodies accumulated inside both the iBMECs and astrocytes, demonstrating that the cells have an active endocytic and subcellular sorting machinery and that the µSiM itself does not hinder antibody transport. In conclusion, our µSiM-iBMEC-human astrocyte model provides a tight barrier with endothelial-like cells, which can be used for high-resolution in situ imaging and for studying receptor-mediated transport and transcytosis in a physiological barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hudecz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Sandra Vergo
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Christensen
- Biotherapeutic Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, 2500 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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19
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Shukla AK, Misra S. Bispecific antibodies and its applications: a novel approach for targeting SARS-Cov-2. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34:161-168. [PMID: 36607905 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2022-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remains a severe global threat, with the world engulfed in the struggle against the disease's second or third waves, which are approaching frightening proportions in terms of cases and mortality in many nations. Despite the critical need for effective therapy, there is still uncertainty about the optimal practices for treating COVID-19 with various pharmaceutical approaches. This being third year, global immunity and eradication of SARS-CoV-2 is currently seems to be out of reach. Efforts to produce safe and effective vaccinations have shown promise, and progress is being made. Additional therapeutic modalities, as well as vaccine testing in children, are required for prophylaxis and treatment of high-risk individuals. As a result, neutralising antibodies and other comparable therapeutic options offer a lot of promise as immediate and direct antiviral medications. Bispecific antibodies offer a lot of potential in COVID-19 treatment because of their qualities including stability, small size and ease of manufacture. These can be used to control the virus's infection of the lungs because they are available in an inhalational form. To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, innovative approaches with effective nanobodies, high-expression yield and acceptable costs may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Saurav Misra
- Department of Pharmacology, Kalpana Chawla Government Medical College, Karnal, India
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20
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Grimm HP, Schumacher V, Schäfer M, Imhof-Jung S, Freskgård PO, Brady K, Hofmann C, Rüger P, Schlothauer T, Göpfert U, Hartl M, Rottach S, Zwick A, Seger S, Neff R, Niewoehner J, Janssen N. Delivery of the Brainshuttle™ amyloid-beta antibody fusion trontinemab to non-human primate brain and projected efficacious dose regimens in humans. MAbs 2023; 15:2261509. [PMID: 37823690 PMCID: PMC10572082 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2261509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few treatments that slow neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and while therapeutic antibodies are being investigated in clinical trials for AD treatment, their access to the central nervous system is restricted by the blood-brain barrier. This study investigates a bispecific modular fusion protein composed of gantenerumab, a fully human monoclonal anti- amyloid-beta (Aβ) antibody under investigation for AD treatment, with a human transferrin receptor 1-directed Brainshuttle™ module (trontinemab; RG6102, INN trontinemab). In vitro, trontinemab showed a similar binding affinity to fibrillar Aβ40 and Aβ plaques in human AD brain sections to gantenerumab. A single intravenous administration of trontinemab (10 mg/kg) or gantenerumab (20 mg/kg) to non-human primates (NHPs, Macaca fascicularis), was well tolerated in both groups. Immunohistochemistry indicated increased trontinemab uptake into the brain endothelial cell layer and parenchyma, and more homogeneous distribution, compared with gantenerumab. Brain and plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for trontinemab were estimated by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling with correction for tissue residual blood, indicating a 4-18-fold increase in brain exposure. A previously developed clinical PK/pharmacodynamic model of gantenerumab was adapted to include a brain compartment as a driver of plaque removal and linked to the allometrically scaled above model from NHP. The new brain exposure-based model was used to predict trontinemab dosing regimens for effective amyloid reduction. Simulations from these models were used to inform dosing of trontinemab in the first-in-human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter Grimm
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Schumacher
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per-Ola Freskgård
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Brady
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Hofmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Rüger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Göpfert
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Hartl
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvia Rottach
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Zwick
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shanon Seger
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Neff
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Niewoehner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niels Janssen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Cheng X, Xie Q, Sun Y. Advances in nanomaterial-based targeted drug delivery systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1177151. [PMID: 37122851 PMCID: PMC10133513 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1177151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems (NBDDS) are widely used to improve the safety and therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated drugs due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties. By combining therapeutic drugs with nanoparticles using rational targeting pathways, nano-targeted delivery systems were created to overcome the main drawbacks of conventional drug treatment, including insufficient stability and solubility, lack of transmembrane transport, short circulation time, and undesirable toxic effects. Herein, we reviewed the recent developments in different targeting design strategies and therapeutic approaches employing various nanomaterial-based systems. We also discussed the challenges and perspectives of smart systems in precisely targeting different intravascular and extravascular diseases.
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22
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Edavettal S, Cejudo-Martin P, Dasgupta B, Yang D, Buschman MD, Domingo D, Van Kolen K, Jaiprasat P, Gordon R, Schutsky K, Geist B, Taylor N, Soubrane CH, Van Der Helm E, LaCombe A, Ainekulu Z, Lacy E, Aligo J, Ho J, He Y, Lebowitz PF, Patterson JT, Scheer JM, Singh S. Enhanced delivery of antibodies across the blood-brain barrier via TEMs with inherent receptor-mediated phagocytosis. MED 2022; 3:860-882.e15. [PMID: 36257298 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The near impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the unique neuroimmune environment of the CNS prevents the effective use of antibodies in neurological diseases. Delivery of biotherapeutics to the brain can be enabled through receptor-mediated transcytosis via proteins such as the transferrin receptor, although limitations such as the ability to use Fc-mediated effector function to clear pathogenic targets can introduce safety liabilities. Hence, novel delivery approaches with alternative clearance mechanisms are warranted. METHODS Binders that optimized transport across the BBB, known as transcytosis-enabling modules (TEMs), were identified using a combination of antibody discovery techniques and pharmacokinetic analyses. Functional activity of TEMs were subsequently evaluated by imaging for the ability of myeloid cells to phagocytose target proteins and cells. FINDINGS We demonstrated significantly enhanced brain exposure of therapeutic antibodies using optimal transferrin receptor or CD98 TEMs. We found that these modules also mediated efficient clearance of tau aggregates and HER2+ tumor cells via a non-classical phagocytosis mechanism through direct engagement of myeloid cells. This mode of clearance potentially avoids the known drawbacks of FcγR-mediated antibody mechanisms in the brain such as the neurotoxic release of proinflammatory cytokines and immune cell exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports a new brain delivery platform that harnesses receptor-mediated transcytosis to maximize brain uptake and uses a non-classical phagocytosis mechanism to efficiently clear pathologic proteins and cells. We believe these findings will transform therapeutic approaches to treat CNS diseases. FUNDING This research was funded by Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danlin Yang
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Renata Gordon
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Keith Schutsky
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Brian Geist
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Natalie Taylor
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Ann LaCombe
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Eilyn Lacy
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Jason Aligo
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Jason Ho
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Yingbo He
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Justin M Scheer
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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23
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Shin JW, An S, Kim D, Kim H, Ahn J, Eom J, You WK, Yun H, Lee B, Sung B, Jung J, Kim S, Son Y, Sung E, Lee H, Lee S, Song D, Pak Y, Sandhu JK, Haqqani AS, Stanimirovic DB, Yoo J, Kim D, Maeng S, Lee J, Lee SH. Grabody B, an IGF1 receptor-based shuttle, mediates efficient delivery of biologics across the blood-brain barrier. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100338. [PMID: 36452865 PMCID: PMC9701613 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Effective delivery of therapeutics to the brain is challenging. Molecular shuttles use receptors expressed on brain endothelial cells to deliver therapeutics. Antibodies targeting transferrin receptor (TfR) have been widely developed as molecular shuttles. However, the TfR-based approach raises concerns about safety and developmental burden. Here, we report insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) as an ideal target for the molecular shuttle. We also describe Grabody B, an antibody against IGF1R, as a molecular shuttle. Grabody B has broad cross-species reactivity and does not interfere with IGF1R-mediated signaling. We demonstrate that administration of Grabody B-fused anti-alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) antibody induces better improvement in neuropathology and behavior in a Parkinson's disease animal model than the therapeutic antibody alone due to its superior serum pharmacokinetics and enhanced brain exposure. The results indicate that IGF1R is an ideal shuttle target and Grabody B is a safe and efficient molecular shuttle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyesu Yun
- ABL Bio, Inc., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | - Bora Lee
- ABL Bio, Inc., Seongnam-si, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sungho Maeng
- Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jeonghun Lee
- Department of Comprehensive Health Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
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24
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Selection of single domain anti-transferrin receptor antibodies for blood-brain barrier transcytosis using a neurotensin based assay and histological assessment of target engagement in a mouse model of Alzheimer's related amyloid-beta pathology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276107. [PMID: 36256604 PMCID: PMC9578589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major obstacle in developing specific diagnostic imaging agents for many neurological disorders. In this study we aimed to generate single domain anti-mouse transferrin receptor antibodies (anti-mTfR VHHs) to mediate BBB transcytosis as components of novel MRI molecular contrast imaging agents. Anti-mTfR VHHs were produced by immunizing a llama with mTfR, generation of a VHH phage display library, immunopanning, and in vitro characterization of candidates. Site directed mutagenesis was used to generate additional variants. VHH fusions with neurotensin (NT) allowed rapid, hypothermia-based screening for VHH-mediated BBB transcytosis in wild-type mice. One anti-mTfR VHH variant was fused with an anti-amyloid-beta (Aβ) VHH dimer and labeled with fluorescent dye for direct assessment of in vivo target engagement in a mouse model of AD-related Aβ plaque pathology. An anti-mTfR VHH called M1 and variants had binding affinities to mTfR of <1nM to 1.52nM. The affinity of the VHH binding to mTfR correlated with the efficiency of the VHH-NT induced hypothermia effects after intravenous injection of 600 nmol/kg body weight, ranging from undetectable for nonbinding mutants to -6°C for the best mutants. The anti-mTfR VHH variant M1P96H with the strongest hypothermia effect was fused to the anti-Aβ VHH dimer and labeled with Alexa647; the dye-labeled VHH fusion construct still bound both mTfR and Aβ plaques at concentrations as low as 0.22 nM. However, after intravenous injection at 600 nmol/kg body weight into APP/PS1 transgenic mice, there was no detectible labeling of plaques above control levels. Thus, NT-induced hypothermia did not correlate with direct target engagement in cortex, likely because the concentration required for NT-induced hypothermia was lower than the concentration required to produce in situ labeling. These findings reveal an important dissociation between NT-induced hypothermia, presumably mediated by hypothalamus, and direct engagement with Aβ-plaques in cortex. Additional methods to assess anti-mTfR VHH BBB transcytosis will need to be developed for anti-mTfR VHH screening and the development of novel MRI molecular contrast agents.
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25
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Ou W, Ohno Y, Yang J, Chandrashekar DV, Abdullah T, Sun J, Murphy R, Roules C, Jagadeesan N, Cribbs DH, Sumbria RK. Efficacy and Safety of a Brain-Penetrant Biologic TNF-α Inhibitor in Aged APP/PS1 Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2200. [PMID: 36297637 PMCID: PMC9612380 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a vital role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, and TNF-α inhibitors (TNFIs) modulate AD pathology. We fused the TNF-α receptor (TNFR), a biologic TNFI that sequesters TNF-α, to a transferrin receptor antibody (TfRMAb) to deliver the TNFI into the brain across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). TfRMAb-TNFR was protective in 6-month-old transgenic APP/PS1 mice in our previous work. However, the effects and safety following delayed chronic TfRMAb-TNFR treatment are unknown. Herein, we initiated the treatment when the male APP/PS1 mice were 10.7 months old (delayed treatment). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline, TfRMAb-TNFR, etanercept (non-BBB-penetrating TNFI), or TfRMAb for ten weeks. Biologic TNFIs did not alter hematology indices or tissue iron homeostasis; however, TfRMAb altered hematology indices, increased splenic iron transporter expression, and increased spleen and liver iron. TfRMAb-TNFR and etanercept reduced brain insoluble-amyloid beta (Aβ) 1-42, soluble-oligomeric Aβ, and microgliosis; however, only TfRMAb-TNFR reduced Aβ peptides, Thioflavin-S-positive Aβ plaques, and insoluble-oligomeric Aβ and increased plaque-associated phagocytic microglia. Accordingly, TfRMAb-TNFR improved spatial reference memory and increased BBB-tight junction protein expression, whereas etanercept did not. Overall, despite delayed treatment, TfRMAb-TNFR resulted in a better therapeutic response than etanercept without any TfRMAb-related hematology- or iron-dysregulation in aged APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ou
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Yuu Ohno
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Dr, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Joshua Yang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Dr, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Devaraj V. Chandrashekar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Tamara Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Riley Murphy
- Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Chuli Roules
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - David H. Cribbs
- MIND Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rachita K. Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
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26
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Zhao P, Zhang N, An Z. Engineering antibody and protein therapeutics to cross the blood-brain barrier. Antib Ther 2022; 5:311-331. [PMID: 36540309 PMCID: PMC9759110 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) are often difficult to treat. Antibody- and protein-based therapeutics hold huge promises in CNS disease treatment. However, proteins are restricted from entering the CNS by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To achieve enhanced BBB crossing, antibody-based carriers have been developed by utilizing the endogenous macromolecule transportation pathway, known as receptor-mediated transcytosis. In this report, we first provided an overall review on key CNS diseases and the most promising antibody- or protein-based therapeutics approved or in clinical trials. We then reviewed the platforms that are being explored to increase the macromolecule brain entry to combat CNS diseases. Finally, we have analyzed the lessons learned from past experiences and have provided a perspective on the future engineering of novel delivery vehicles for antibody- and protein-based therapies for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas, USA
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27
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Cegarra C, Cameron B, Chaves C, Dabdoubi T, Do TM, Genêt B, Roudières V, Shi Y, Tchepikoff P, Lesuisse D. An innovative strategy to identify new targets for delivering antibodies to the brain has led to the exploration of the integrin family. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274667. [PMID: 36108060 PMCID: PMC9477330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Increasing brain exposure of biotherapeutics is key to success in central nervous system disease drug discovery. Accessing the brain parenchyma is especially difficult for large polar molecules such as biotherapeutics and antibodies because of the blood-brain barrier. We investigated a new immunization strategy to identify novel receptors mediating transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier.
Method
We immunized mice with primary non-human primate brain microvascular endothelial cells to obtain antibodies. These antibodies were screened for their capacity to bind and to be internalized by primary non-human primate brain microvascular endothelial cells and Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cell clone D3. They were further evaluated for their transcytosis capabilities in three in vitro blood-brain barrier models. In parallel, their targets were identified by two different methods and their pattern of binding to human tissue was investigated using immunohistochemistry.
Results
12 antibodies with unique sequence and internalization capacities were selected amongst more than six hundred. Aside from one antibody targeting Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule and one targeting Striatin3, most of the other antibodies recognized β1 integrin and its heterodimers. The antibody with the best transcytosis capabilities in all blood-brain barrier in vitro models and with the best binding capacity was an anti-αnβ1 integrin. In comparison, commercial anti-integrin antibodies performed poorly in transcytosis assays, emphasizing the originality of the antibodies derived here. Immunohistochemistry studies showed specific vascular staining on human and non-human primate tissues.
Conclusions
This transcytotic behavior has not previously been reported for anti-integrin antibodies. Further studies should be undertaken to validate this new mechanism in vivo and to evaluate its potential in brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cegarra
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Catarina Chaves
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | | | - Tuan-Minh Do
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Bruno Genêt
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Valérie Roudières
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Yi Shi
- Histology, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Vitry-Sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Dominique Lesuisse
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Chilly Mazarin, France
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28
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Dabbagh F, Schroten H, Schwerk C. In Vitro Models of the Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier and Their Applications in the Development and Research of (Neuro)Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081729. [PMID: 36015358 PMCID: PMC9412499 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical research sector has been facing the challenge of neurotherapeutics development and its inherited high-risk and high-failure-rate nature for decades. This hurdle is partly attributable to the presence of brain barriers, considered both as obstacles and opportunities for the entry of drug substances. The blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB), an under-studied brain barrier site compared to the blood–brain barrier (BBB), can be considered a potential therapeutic target to improve the delivery of CNS therapeutics and provide brain protection measures. Therefore, leveraging robust and authentic in vitro models of the BCSFB can diminish the time and effort spent on unproductive or redundant development activities by a preliminary assessment of the desired physiochemical behavior of an agent toward this barrier. To this end, the current review summarizes the efforts and progresses made to this research area with a notable focus on the attribution of these models and applied techniques to the pharmaceutical sector and the development of neuropharmacological therapeutics and diagnostics. A survey of available in vitro models, with their advantages and limitations and cell lines in hand will be provided, followed by highlighting the potential applications of such models in the (neuro)therapeutics discovery and development pipelines.
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29
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Georgieva JV, Katt M, Ye Z, Umlauf BJ, Wenthur CJ, Shusta EV. The 46.1 Antibody Mediates Neurotensin Uptake into the CNS and the Effects Depend on the Route of Intravenous Administration. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081706. [PMID: 36015332 PMCID: PMC9414616 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) exposure to blood-borne biotherapeutics is limited by the restrictive nature of the brain vasculature. In particular, tightly sealed endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevent the uptake of protein and gene medicines. An approach to increase the bioavailability of such therapeutics is harnessing the BBB endothelial cells' own receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) mechanisms. Key to this process is a targeting ligand that can engage a BBB-resident RMT receptor. We recently identified an antibody, named 46.1, that accumulates in the mouse brain after intravenous injection. To further characterize the brain targeting and penetrating properties of clone 46.1, we conjugated neurotensin (NT) to an scFv-Fc form of the antibody (46.1-scFv-Fc-LongLinker-NT). While centrally administered NT decreases the core body temperature and locomotor activity, effects attributed to two spatially segregated brain areas, systemically administered NT has limited effects. Hence, NT can be used as a model therapeutic payload to evaluate the brain penetration of BBB-targeting antibodies and their capability to accumulate in discrete brain areas. We demonstrate that intravenously administered 46.1-scFv-Fc-LL-NT can elicit transient hypothermia and reduce drug-induced hyperlocomotion, confirming that 46.1 can deliver drug cargo to the CNS at pharmacologically relevant doses. Interestingly, when two intravenous administration routes in mice, retro-orbital and tail vein, were compared, only retro-orbital administration led to transient hypothermia. We further explored the retro-orbital route and demonstrated that the 46.1-scFv-Fc-LL-NT could enter the brain arterial blood supply directly from the retro-orbital/cavernous sinus. Taken together, the 46.1 antibody is capable of transporting drug cargo into the CNS, and at least of a portion of its CNS accumulation occurs via the cavernous sinus-arterial route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Georgieva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Moriah Katt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Umlauf
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Cody J. Wenthur
- Divisions of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Eric V. Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Correspondence:
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30
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Sato Y, Minami K, Hirato T, Tanizawa K, Sonoda H, Schmidt M. Drug delivery for neuronopathic lysosomal storage diseases: evolving roles of the blood brain barrier and cerebrospinal fluid. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1745-1756. [PMID: 35088290 PMCID: PMC9283362 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Whereas significant strides have been made in the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), the neuronopathy associated with these diseases remains impervious mainly because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents delivery of large molecules to the brain. However, 100 years of research on the BBB since its conceptualization have clarified many of its functional and structural characteristics, spurring recent endeavors to deliver therapeutics across it to treat central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including neuronopathic LSDs. Along with the BBB, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) also functions to protect the microenvironment of the CNS, and it is therefore deeply involved in CNS disorders at large. Recent research aimed at developing therapeutics for neuronopathic LSDs has uncovered a number of critical roles played by the CSF that require further clarification. This review summarizes the most up-to-date understanding of the BBB and the CSF acquired during the development of therapeutics for neuronopathic LSDs, and highlights some of the associated challenges that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Research and Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals, Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Kohtaro Minami
- Research and Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals, Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toru Hirato
- Research and Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals, Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Sonoda
- Research and Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals, Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mathias Schmidt
- Research and Development, JCR Pharmaceuticals, Ashiya, Hyogo, Japan
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31
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Boado RJ. IgG Fusion Proteins for Brain Delivery of Biologics via Blood-Brain Barrier Receptor-Mediated Transport. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071476. [PMID: 35890374 PMCID: PMC9322584 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of neurological disorders with large-molecule biotherapeutics requires that the therapeutic drug be transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, recombinant biotherapeutics, such as neurotrophins, enzymes, decoy receptors, and monoclonal antibodies (MAb), do not cross the BBB. These biotherapeutics can be re-engineered as brain-penetrating bifunctional IgG fusion proteins. These recombinant proteins comprise two domains, the transport domain and the therapeutic domain, respectively. The transport domain is an MAb that acts as a molecular Trojan horse by targeting a BBB-specific endogenous receptor that induces receptor-mediated transcytosis into the brain, such as the human insulin receptor (HIR) or the transferrin receptor (TfR). The therapeutic domain of the IgG fusion protein exerts its pharmacological effect in the brain once across the BBB. A generation of bifunctional IgG fusion proteins has been engineered using genetically engineered MAbs directed to either the BBB HIR or TfR as the transport domain. These IgG fusion proteins were validated in animal models of lysosomal storage disorders; acute brain conditions, such as stroke; or chronic neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Human phase I–III clinical trials were also completed for Hurler MPSI and Hunter MPSII using brain-penetrating IgG-iduronidase and -iduronate-2-sulfatase fusion protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Boado
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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32
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Clarke E, Stocki P, Sinclair EH, Gauhar A, Fletcher EJR, Krawczun-Rygmaczewska A, Duty S, Walsh FS, Doherty P, Rutkowski JL. A Single Domain Shark Antibody Targeting the Transferrin Receptor 1 Delivers a TrkB Agonist Antibody to the Brain and Provides Full Neuroprotection in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071335. [PMID: 35890231 PMCID: PMC9318160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain shark antibodies that bind to the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) on brain endothelial cells have been used to shuttle antibodies and other cargos across the blood brain barrier (BBB) to the brain. For these studies the TXB4 brain shuttle was fused to a TrkB neurotrophin receptor agonist antibody. The TXB4-TrkB fusion retained potent agonist activity at its cognate receptor and after systemic administration showed a 12-fold increase in brain levels over the unmodified antibody. Only the TXB4-TrkB antibody fusion was detected within the brain and localized to TrkB positive cells in the cortex and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), where it was associated with activated ERK1/2 signaling. When tested in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), TXB4-TrkB, but not the unmodified antibody, completely prevented the 6-OHDA induced death of TH positive neurons in the SNc. In conclusion, the fusion of the TXB4 brain shuttle allows a TrkB agonist antibody to reach neuroprotective concentrations in the brain parenchyma following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clarke
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Pawel Stocki
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Elizabeth H. Sinclair
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Aziz Gauhar
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Edward J. R. Fletcher
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Alicja Krawczun-Rygmaczewska
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Susan Duty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Frank S. Walsh
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; (E.C.); (E.J.R.F.); (A.K.-R.); (S.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Julia Lynn Rutkowski
- Ossianix, Inc., Gunnels Wood Rd., Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK; (P.S.); (E.H.S.); (A.G.); (F.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(610)-291-1724
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Matsuoka RL, Buck LD, Vajrala KP, Quick RE, Card OA. Historical and current perspectives on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:372. [PMID: 35726097 PMCID: PMC9209386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic brain activity requires timely communications between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood. Brain-blood communication is facilitated by intricate networks of brain vasculature, which display striking heterogeneity in structure and function. This vascular cell heterogeneity in the brain is fundamental to mediating diverse brain functions and has long been recognized. However, the molecular basis of this biological phenomenon has only recently begun to be elucidated. Over the past century, various animal species and in vitro systems have contributed to the accumulation of our fundamental and phylogenetic knowledge about brain vasculature, collectively advancing this research field. Historically, dye tracer and microscopic observations have provided valuable insights into the anatomical and functional properties of vasculature across the brain, and these techniques remain an important approach. Additionally, recent advances in molecular genetics and omics technologies have revealed significant molecular heterogeneity within brain endothelial and perivascular cell types. The combination of these conventional and modern approaches has enabled us to identify phenotypic differences between healthy and abnormal conditions at the single-cell level. Accordingly, our understanding of brain vascular cell states during physiological, pathological, and aging processes has rapidly expanded. In this review, we summarize major historical advances and current knowledge on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain, and discuss important unsolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Luke D Buck
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Keerti P Vajrala
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Olivia A Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Ruck T, Nimmerjahn F, Wiendl H, Lünemann JD. Next-generation antibody-based therapies in neurology. Brain 2022; 145:1229-1241. [PMID: 34928330 PMCID: PMC9630709 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics are now standard in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases, and the spectrum of neurological diseases targeted by those approaches continues to grow. The efficacy of antibody-based drug platforms is largely determined by the specificity-conferring antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and the crystallizable fragment (Fc) driving antibody function. The latter provides specific instructions to the immune system by interacting with cellular Fc receptors and complement components. Extensive engineering efforts have enabled tuning of Fc functions to modulate effector functions and to prolong or reduce antibody serum half-lives. Technologies that improve bioavailability of antibody-based treatment platforms within the CNS parenchyma are being developed and could invigorate drug discovery for a number of brain diseases for which current therapeutic options are limited. These powerful approaches are currently being tested in clinical trials or have been successfully translated into the clinic. Here, we review recent developments in the design and implementation of antibody-based treatment modalities in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kucharz K, Kutuzov N, Zhukov O, Mathiesen Janiurek M, Lauritzen M. Shedding Light on the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport with Two-Photon Microscopy In Vivo. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1457-1468. [PMID: 35578062 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of brain disorders relies on efficient delivery of therapeutics to the brain, which is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The work of Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes was instrumental in understanding the principles of drug delivery to the brain and developing new tools to study it. Here, we show how some of the concepts developed in her research can be translated to in vivo 2-photon microscopy (2PM) studies of the BBB. We primarily focus on the methods developed in our laboratory to characterize the paracellular diffusion, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, and receptor-mediated transcytosis of drug nanocarriers at the microscale, illustrating how 2PM can deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolay Kutuzov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oleg Zhukov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Mathiesen Janiurek
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier delivery for lysosomal storage disorders with IgG-lysosomal enzyme fusion proteins. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114234. [PMID: 35307484 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of lysosomal storage diseases affect the brain. Treatment of the brain with intravenous enzyme replacement therapy is not successful, because the recombinant lysosomal enzymes do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biologic drugs, including lysosomal enzymes, can be re-engineered for BBB delivery as IgG-enzyme fusion proteins. The IgG domain of the fusion protein is a monoclonal antibody directed against an endogenous receptor-mediated transporter at the BBB, such as the insulin receptor or the transferrin receptor. This receptor transports the IgG across the BBB, in parallel with the endogenous receptor ligand, and the IgG acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry into brain the lysosomal enzyme genetically fused to the IgG. The IgG-enzyme fusion protein is bi-functional and retains both high affinity binding for the BBB receptor, and high lysosomal enzyme activity. IgG-lysosomal enzymes are presently in clinical trials for treatment of the brain in Mucopolysaccharidosis.
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Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
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Nance E, Pun SH, Saigal R, Sellers DL. Drug delivery to the central nervous system. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:314-331. [PMID: 38464996 PMCID: PMC10923597 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the rising global incidence of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, CNS drug development remains challenging, with high costs, long pathways to clinical use and high failure rates. The CNS is highly protected by physiological barriers, in particular, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, which limit access of most drugs. Biomaterials can be designed to bypass or traverse these barriers, enabling the controlled delivery of drugs into the CNS. In this Review, we first examine the effects of normal and diseased CNS physiology on drug delivery to the brain and spinal cord. We then discuss CNS drug delivery designs and materials that are administered systemically, directly to the CNS, intranasally or peripherally through intramuscular injections. Finally, we highlight important challenges and opportunities for materials design for drug delivery to the CNS and the anticipated clinical impact of CNS drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Elizabeth Nance, Suzie H. Pun, Rajiv Saigal, Drew L. Sellers
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Elizabeth Nance, Suzie H. Pun, Rajiv Saigal, Drew L. Sellers
| | - Rajiv Saigal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Elizabeth Nance, Suzie H. Pun, Rajiv Saigal, Drew L. Sellers
| | - Drew L. Sellers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Elizabeth Nance, Suzie H. Pun, Rajiv Saigal, Drew L. Sellers
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Markowicz-Piasecka M, Markiewicz A, Darłak P, Sikora J, Adla SK, Bagina S, Huttunen KM. Current Chemical, Biological, and Physiological Views in the Development of Successful Brain-Targeted Pharmaceutics. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:942-976. [PMID: 35391662 PMCID: PMC9294128 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges with successful pharmaceutical treatments of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is the delivery of drugs into their target sites with appropriate concentrations. For example, the physically tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively blocks compounds from penetrating into the brain, also by the action of metabolizing enzymes and efflux transport mechanisms. However, many endogenous compounds, including both smaller compounds and macromolecules, like amino acids, sugars, vitamins, nucleosides, hormones, steroids, and electrolytes, have their peculiar internalization routes across the BBB. These delivery mechanisms, namely carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transcytosis have been utilized to some extent in brain-targeted drug development. The incomplete knowledge of the BBB and the smaller than a desirable number of chemical tools have hindered the development of successful brain-targeted pharmaceutics. This review discusses the recent advancements achieved in the field from the point of medicinal chemistry view and discusses how brain drug delivery can be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Markiewicz
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Patrycja Darłak
- Students Research Group, Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszyńskiego1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Namesti 542/2, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sreelatha Bagina
- Charles River Discovery Research Services Finland Oy, Neulaniementie 4, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M. Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, POB 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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A review of glucoregulatory hormones potentially applicable to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: mechanism and brain delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Alata W, Yogi A, Brunette E, Delaney CE, Faassen H, Hussack G, Iqbal U, Kemmerich K, Haqqani AS, Moreno MJ, Stanimirovic DB. Targeting insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF1R) for brain delivery of biologics. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22208. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101644r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alata
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Alvaro Yogi
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eric Brunette
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Christie E. Delaney
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Henk Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Umar Iqbal
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kristin Kemmerich
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Arsalan S. Haqqani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Maria J. Moreno
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Danica B. Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
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42
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Chang HY, Wu S, Chowdhury EA, Shah DK. Towards a translational physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for receptor-mediated transcytosis of anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibodies in the central nervous system. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2022; 49:337-362. [DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhao P, Anami Y, Gao P, Fan X, Li L, Tsuchikama K, Zhang N, An Z. Enhanced anti-angiogenetic effect of transferrin receptor-mediated delivery of VEGF-trap in a glioblastoma mouse model. MAbs 2022; 14:2057269. [PMID: 35388745 PMCID: PMC8993059 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and aggressive brain cancer that accounts for 60% of adult brain tumors. Anti-angiogenesis therapy is an attractive option due to the high vasculature density of GBM. However, the best-known anti-angiogenic therapeutics, bevacizumab, and aflibercept, have failed to show significant benefits in GBM patients. One of the reasons is the limited brain penetration of antibody-based therapies due to existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is further strengthened by the blood vessel normalization effects induced by anti-angiogenic therapies. To investigate if increased drug concentration in the brain by transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated delivery across the BBB can enhance efficacy of anti-angiogenic antibody therapies, we first identified an antibody that binds to the apical domain of the mouse TfR and does not compete with the natural ligand transferrin (Tf) binding to TfR. Then, we engineered two bispecific antibodies fusing a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-Trap with the TfR-targeting antibody. Characterization of the two bispecific formats using multiple in vitro assays, which include endocytosis, cell surface and whole-cell TfR levels, human umbilical vein endothelial cell growth inhibition, and binding affinity, demonstrated that the VEGF-Trap fused with a monovalent αTfR (VEGF-Trap/moAb4) has desirable endocytosis without the induction of TfR degradation. Peripherally administered VEGF-Trap/moAb4 improved the brain concentration of VEGF-Trap by more than 10-fold in mice. The distribution of VEGF-Trap/moAb4 was validated to be in the brain parenchyma, indicating the molecule was not trapped inside the vasculature. Moreover, improved VEGF-Trap brain distribution significantly inhibited the angiogenesis of U-87 MG GBM tumors in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuejun Fan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Ou W, Yang J, Simanauskaite J, Choi M, Castellanos DM, Chang R, Sun J, Jagadeesan N, Parfitt KD, Cribbs DH, Sumbria RK. Biologic TNF-α inhibitors reduce microgliosis, neuronal loss, and tau phosphorylation in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:312. [PMID: 34972522 PMCID: PMC8719395 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a central role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, making biologic TNF-α inhibitors (TNFIs), including etanercept, viable therapeutics for AD. The protective effects of biologic TNFIs on AD hallmark pathology (Aβ deposition and tau pathology) have been demonstrated. However, the effects of biologic TNFIs on Aβ-independent tau pathology have not been reported. Existing biologic TNFIs do not cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), therefore we engineered a BBB-penetrating biologic TNFI by fusing the extracellular domain of the type-II human TNF-α receptor (TNFR) to a transferrin receptor antibody (TfRMAb) that ferries the TNFR into the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of TfRMAb-TNFR (BBB-penetrating TNFI) and etanercept (non-BBB-penetrating TNFI) in the PS19 transgenic mouse model of tauopathy. Methods Six-month-old male and female PS19 mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline (n = 12), TfRMAb-TNFR (1.75 mg/kg, n = 10) or etanercept (0.875 mg/kg, equimolar dose of TNFR, n = 10) 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Age-matched littermate wild-type mice served as additional controls. Blood was collected at baseline and 8 weeks for a complete blood count. Locomotion hyperactivity was assessed by the open-field paradigm. Brains were examined for phosphorylated tau lesions (Ser202, Thr205), microgliosis, and neuronal health. The plasma pharmacokinetics were evaluated following a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.875 mg/kg etanercept or 1.75 mg/kg TfRMAb-TNFR or 1.75 mg/kg chronic TfRMAb-TNFR dosing for 4 weeks. Results Etanercept significantly reduced phosphorylated tau and microgliosis in the PS19 mouse brains of both sexes, while TfRMAb-TNFR significantly reduced these parameters in the female PS19 mice. Both TfRMAb-TNFR and etanercept treatment improved neuronal health by significantly increasing PSD95 expression and attenuating hippocampal neuron loss in the PS19 mice. The locomotion hyperactivity in the male PS19 mice was suppressed by chronic etanercept treatment. Equimolar dosing resulted in eightfold lower plasma exposure of the TfRMAb-TNFR compared with etanercept. The hematological profiles remained largely stable following chronic biologic TNFI dosing except for a significant increase in platelets with etanercept. Conclusion Both TfRMAb-TNFR (BBB-penetrating) and non-BBB-penetrating (etanercept) biologic TNFIs showed therapeutic effects in the PS19 mouse model of tauopathy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02332-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ou
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Joshua Yang
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | | | - Matthew Choi
- Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Demi M Castellanos
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Rudy Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Karen D Parfitt
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- MIND Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA.
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Pardridge WM. Kinetics of Blood-Brain Barrier Transport of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Insulin Receptor and the Transferrin Receptor. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:3. [PMID: 35056060 PMCID: PMC8778919 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic drugs are large molecule pharmaceuticals that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by the brain capillary endothelium. Biologics can be re-engineered for BBB transport as IgG fusion proteins, where the IgG domain is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that targets an endogenous BBB transporter, such as the insulin receptor (IR) or transferrin receptor (TfR). The IR and TfR at the BBB transport the receptor-specific MAb in parallel with the transport of the endogenous ligand, insulin or transferrin. The kinetics of BBB transport of insulin or transferrin, or an IRMAb or TfRMAb, can be quantified with separate mathematical models. Mathematical models to estimate the half-time of receptor endocytosis, MAb or ligand exocytosis into brain extracellular space, or receptor recycling back to the endothelial luminal membrane were fit to the brain uptake of a TfRMAb or a IRMAb fusion protein in the Rhesus monkey. Model fits to the data also allow for estimates of the rates of association of the MAb in plasma with the IR or TfR that is embedded within the endothelial luminal membrane in vivo. The parameters generated from the model fits can be used to estimate the brain concentration profile of the MAb over time, and this brain exposure is shown to be a function of the rate of clearance of the antibody fusion protein from the plasma compartment.
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Rishi G, Huang G, Subramaniam VN. Cancer: The role of iron and ferroptosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 141:106094. [PMID: 34628027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for virtually all living things. Body iron levels are tightly controlled as both increased iron levels and iron deficiency are associated with many clinical conditions. Increased iron levels are associated with a worse prognosis in some cancers, so understanding the role of iron in cancer development has thus been an active area of research. Regulated forms of cell death are important in development and disease pathogenesis. In this Medicine in Focus review article, we discuss the role of iron in cancer, and ferroptosis, a new form of iron-regulated cell death triggered by increased iron and peroxidation of lipids. We also review the pathogenesis of cancer, potential therapeutics for targeting the increased requirement of iron, as well as how ferroptosis activation may have a role in treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Rishi
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia
| | - Gary Huang
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia
| | - V Nathan Subramaniam
- Hepatogenomics Research Group, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld 4059, Australia.
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Giugliani R, Martins AM, Okuyama T, Eto Y, Sakai N, Nakamura K, Morimoto H, Minami K, Yamamoto T, Yamaoka M, Ikeda T, So S, Tanizawa K, Sonoda H, Schmidt M, Sato Y. Enzyme Replacement Therapy with Pabinafusp Alfa for Neuronopathic Mucopolysaccharidosis II: An Integrated Analysis of Preclinical and Clinical Data. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10938. [PMID: 34681597 PMCID: PMC8535651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) improves somatic manifestations in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). However, because intravenously administered enzymes cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), ERT is ineffective against the progressive neurodegeneration and resultant severe central nervous system (CNS) symptoms observed in patients with neuronopathic MPS. Attempts to surmount this problem have been made with intrathecal and intracerebroventricular ERT in order to achieve CNS effects, but the burdens on patients are inimical to long-term administrations. However, since pabinafusp alfa, a human iduronate-2-sulfatase fused with a BBB-crossing anti-transferrin receptor antibody, showed both central and peripheral efficacy in a mouse model, subsequent clinical trials in a total of 62 patients with MPS-II (Hunter syndrome) in Japan and Brazil substantiated this dual efficacy and provided an acceptable safety profile. To date, pabinafusp alfa is the only approved intravenous ERT that is effective against both the somatic and CNS symptoms of patients with MPS-II. This article summarizes the previously obtained preclinical and clinical evidence related to the use of this drug, presents latest data, and discusses the preclinical, translational, and clinical challenges of evaluating, ameliorating, and preventing neurodegeneration in patients with MPS-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Giugliani
- Department of Genetics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil;
| | - Ana Maria Martins
- Reference Center in Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil;
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Center for Lysosomal Storage Diseases, National Centre for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Centre & Asian Lysosome Storage Disorder Centre, Institute of Neurological Disorders, Kanagawa 215-0026, Japan;
| | - Norio Sakai
- Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan;
| | - Hideto Morimoto
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Kohtaro Minami
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Tatsuyoshi Yamamoto
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariko Yamaoka
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Toshiaki Ikeda
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sairei So
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Kazunori Tanizawa
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Sonoda
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Mathias Schmidt
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Yuji Sato
- JCR Pharmaceuticals, Hyogo 659-0021, Japan; (H.M.); (K.M.); (T.Y.); (M.Y.); (T.I.); (S.S.); (K.T.); (H.S.); (M.S.)
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Highly Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Transmigrating Single-Domain Antibodies Selected by an In Vivo Phage Display Screening. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101598. [PMID: 34683891 PMCID: PMC8540410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A major bottleneck in the successful development of central nervous system (CNS) drugs is the discovery and design of molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Nano-delivery strategies are a promising approach that take advantage of natural portals of entry into the brain such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting endogenous BBB receptors. However, the main selected mAbs rely on targeting broadly expressed receptors, such as the transferrin and insulin receptors, and in selection processes that do not fully mimic the native receptor conformation, leading to mistargeting and a low fraction of the administered dose effectively reaching the brain. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new BBB receptors and explore novel antibody selection approaches that can allow a more selective delivery into the brain. Considering that in vitro models fail to completely mimic brain structure complexity, we explored an in vivo cell immunization approach to construct a rabbit derived single-domain antibody (sdAb) library towards BBB endothelial cell receptors. The sdAb antibody library was used in an in vivo phage display screening as a functional selection of novel BBB targeting antibodies. Following three rounds of selections, next generation sequencing analysis, in vitro brain endothelial barrier (BEB) model screenings and in vivo biodistribution studies, five potential sdAbs were identified, three of which reaching >0.6% ID/g in the brain. To validate the brain drug delivery proof-of-concept, the most promising sdAb, namely RG3, was conjugated at the surface of liposomes encapsulated with a model drug, the pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (PAN). The translocation efficiency and activity of the conjugate liposome was determined in a dual functional in vitro BEB-glioblastoma model. The RG3 conjugated PAN liposomes enabled an efficient BEB translocation and presented a potent antitumoral activity against LN229 glioblastoma cells without influencing BEB integrity. In conclusion, our in vivo screening approach allowed the selection of highly specific nano-antibody scaffolds with promising properties for brain targeting and drug delivery.
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Li J, Zheng M, Shimoni O, Banks WA, Bush AI, Gamble JR, Shi B. Development of Novel Therapeutics Targeting the Blood-Brain Barrier: From Barrier to Carrier. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101090. [PMID: 34085418 PMCID: PMC8373165 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized neurovascular unit, initially described as an intact barrier to prevent toxins, pathogens, and potentially harmful substances from entering the brain. An intact BBB is also critical for the maintenance of normal neuronal function. In cerebral vascular diseases and neurological disorders, the BBB can be disrupted, contributing to disease progression. While restoration of BBB integrity serves as a robust biomarker of better clinical outcomes, the restrictive nature of the intact BBB presents a major hurdle for delivery of therapeutics into the brain. Recent studies show that the BBB is actively engaged in crosstalk between neuronal and the circulatory systems, which defines another important role of the BBB: as an interfacing conduit that mediates communication between two sides of the BBB. This role has been subject to extensive investigation for brain-targeted drug delivery and shows promising results. The dual roles of the BBB make it a unique target for drug development. Here, recent developments and novel strategies to target the BBB for therapeutic purposes are reviewed, from both barrier and carrier perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of PharmacyHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
- Centre for Motor Neuron DiseaseDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South Wales2109Australia
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Center for Biomedical InnovationSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
| | - Olga Shimoni
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and DevicesSchool of Mathematical and Physical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneySydneyNew South Wales2007Australia
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and Division of Gerontology and Geriatric MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWA98108USA
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research CenterThe Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria3052Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Gamble
- Center for the EndotheliumVascular Biology ProgramCentenary InstituteThe University of SydneySydneyNew South Wales2042Australia
| | - Bingyang Shi
- School of PharmacyHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
- Centre for Motor Neuron DiseaseDepartment of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Medicine & Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South Wales2109Australia
- Henan‐Macquarie University Joint Center for Biomedical InnovationSchool of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifengHenan475004China
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Post-capillary venules are the key locus for transcytosis-mediated brain delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4121. [PMID: 34226541 PMCID: PMC8257611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective treatments of neurodegenerative diseases require drugs to be actively transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, nanoparticle drug carriers explored for this purpose show negligible brain uptake, and the lack of basic understanding of nanoparticle-BBB interactions underlies many translational failures. Here, using two-photon microscopy in mice, we characterize the receptor-mediated transcytosis of nanoparticles at all steps of delivery to the brain in vivo. We show that transferrin receptor-targeted liposome nanoparticles are sequestered by the endothelium at capillaries and venules, but not at arterioles. The nanoparticles move unobstructed within endothelium, but transcytosis-mediated brain entry occurs mainly at post-capillary venules, and is negligible in capillaries. The vascular location of nanoparticle brain entry corresponds to the presence of perivascular space, which facilitates nanoparticle movement after transcytosis. Thus, post-capillary venules are the point-of-least resistance at the BBB, and compared to capillaries, provide a more feasible route for nanoparticle drug carriers into the brain.
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