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Weichseldorfer M, Heredia A, Reitz M, Bryant JL, Latinovic OS. Use of Humanized Mouse Models for Studying HIV-1 Infection, Pathogenesis and Persistence. JOURNAL OF AIDS AND HIV TREATMENT 2020; 2:23-29. [PMID: 32457941 PMCID: PMC7250391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of intensive basic and clinical research efforts, there is still no successful vaccine candidate against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Standard combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been successfully developed and has given remarkable results suppressing HIV-1 infection and transmission. However, cART cannot fully clear the virus from the infected patients. A cure for HIV-1 is highly desirable to stop both the spread of the virus in humans and disease progression in HIV-1 patients. A safe and effective cure strategy for HIV-1 infection will require appropriate animal models that properly mimic HIV-1 infection and advance HIV-1 cure research. Animal models have been a crucial tool in the drug discovery process for investigation of HIV-1 disease mainly in preclinical evaluations of antiretroviral drugs and vaccines. An ideal animal model should recapitulate the main aspects of human-specific HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis with their associated immune responses, while permitting invasive antiretroviral studies. The best humanized mouse models would allow a thorough evaluation of antiretroviral strategies that are aimed towards reducing the establishment and size of the HIV-1 reservoirs. In this review, we evaluate multiple humanized mouse models while presenting their strengths and limitations for HIV-1 research. These humanized mouse models have been tailored in recent decades and heavily employed to address specific quintessential and remaining questions of HIV-1 persistence, pathogenesis and ultimately, eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weichseldorfer
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Marvin Reitz
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Joseph L. Bryant
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | - Olga S. Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States,Correspondence should be addressed to Olga S. Latinovic;
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Driscoll JS, Mayers DL, Bader JP, Weislow OS, Johns DG, Buckheit RW. 2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-Dideoxyarabinosyladenine (F-ddA): Activity against Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strains and Clades A-E. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
2′-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyarabinosyladenine (F-ddA), an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug currently in clinical trial, was compared with zidovudine (AZT), ddl and ddC for anti-HIV activity and potency in HIV-1 strains both sensitive and resistant to zidovudine, ddl and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. A variety of host cell systems [MT-2, MT-4, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)] was used. F-ddA was effective against each of the drug-resistant isolates, including the strain resistant to ddl, the other purine dideoxynucleoside evaluated in this study. The anti-HIV-1 activities of F-ddA and zidovudine were also determined against clades A-E in PHA-PBMCs. Although activities were similar, zidovudine was significantly more potent than F-ddA in the PHA-PBMC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- JS Driscoll
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5C-02, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - DL Mayers
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - JP Bader
- Antiviral Evaluations Branch, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Room 837, 6130 Executive Plaza Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - OS Weislow
- SRA Technologies, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - DG Johns
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5C-02, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - RW Buckheit
- Virology Research Group, Southern Research Institute-Frederick Research Center, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
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Kim KC, Choi BS, Kim KC, Park KH, Lee HJ, Cho YK, Kim SI, Kim SS, Oh YK, Kim YB. A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:194-202. [PMID: 26564392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models derived from immune-deficient mice have been the primary tool for studies of human infectious viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the current protocol for constructing humanized mice requires elaborate procedures and complicated techniques, limiting the supply of such mice for viral studies. Here, we report a convenient method for constructing a simple HIV-1 mouse model. Without prior irradiation, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null (NSG) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1 × 10(7) adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBMCs). Four weeks after PBMC inoculation, human CD45(+) cells, and CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were detected in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver, whereas human CD19(+) cells were observed in lymph nodes and spleen. To examine the usefulness of hu-PBMC-inoculated NSG (hu-PBMC-NSG) mice as an HIV-1 infection model, we intravenously injected these mice with dual-tropic HIV-1DH12 and X4-tropic HIV-1NL4-3 strains. HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice showed significantly lower human CD4(+) T cell counts and high HIV viral loads in the peripheral blood compared with noninfected hu-PBMC-NSG mice. Following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and neutralizing antibody treatment, HIV-1 replication was significantly suppressed in HIV-1-infected hu-PBMC-NSG mice without detectable viremia or CD4(+) T cell depletion. Moreover, the numbers of human T cells were maintained in hu-PBMC-NSG mice for at least 10 weeks. Taken together, our results suggest that hu-PBMC-NSG mice may serve as a relevant HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis model that could facilitate in vivo studies of HIV-1 infection and candidate HIV-1 protective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chang Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong-Sun Choi
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Ki Hoon Park
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Keol Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of AIDS, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungcheongbuk, Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Flores R, Rustullet A, Alibés R, Álvarez-Larena A, de March P, Figueredo M, Font J. Synthesis of Purine Nucleosides Built on a 3-Oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane Scaffold. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5369-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200775x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Flores
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Rustullet
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ramon Alibés
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Álvarez-Larena
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pedro de March
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Figueredo
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep Font
- Departament de Quı́mica and ‡Unitat de Crystal·lografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Potent activity of a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 4'-ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine, against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a model using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-transplanted NOD/SCID Janus kinase 3 knockout mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:3887-93. [PMID: 19546363 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00270-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
4'-Ethynyl-2-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine (EFdA), a recently discovered nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, exhibits activity against a wide spectrum of wild-type and multidrug-resistant clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates (50% effective concentration, 0.0001 to 0.001 microM). In the present study, we used human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-transplanted, HIV-1-infected NOD/SCID/Janus kinase 3 knockout mice for in vivo evaluation of the anti-HIV activity of EFdA. Administration of EFdA decreased the replication and cytopathic effects of HIV-1 without identifiable adverse effects. In phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice, the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio in the spleen was low (median, 0.04; range, 0.02 to 0.49), while that in mice receiving EFdA was increased (median, 0.65; range, 0.57 to 1.43). EFdA treatment significantly suppressed the amount of HIV-1 RNA (median of 9.0 x 10(2) copies/ml [range, 8.1 x 10(2) to 1.1 x 10(3) copies/ml] versus median of 9.9 x 10(4) copies/ml [range, 8.1 x 10(2) to 1.1 x 10(3) copies/ml]; P < 0.001), the p24 level in plasma (2.5 x 10(3) pg/ml [range, 8.2 x 10(2) to 5.6 x 10(3) pg/ml] versus 2.8 x 10(2) pg/ml [range, 8.2 x 10(1) to 6.3 x 10(2) pg/ml]; P < 0.001), and the percentage of p24-expressing cells in the spleen (median of 1.90% [range, 0.33% to 3.68%] versus median of 0.11% [range, 0.00% to 1.00%]; P = 0.003) in comparison with PBS-treated mice. These data suggest that EFdA is a promising candidate for a new age of HIV-1 chemotherapy and should be developed further as a potential therapy for individuals with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 variants.
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Díaz-Rodríguez A, Sanghvi YS, Fernández S, Schinazi RF, Theodorakis EA, Ferrero M, Gotor V. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of conformationally restricted bicyclic hexahydroisobenzofuran nucleoside analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1415-23. [PMID: 19300828 DOI: 10.1039/b818707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chiral synthesis of a series of hexahydroisobenzofuran (HIBF) nucleosides has been accomplished via glycosylation of a stereo-defined (syn-isomer) sugar motif 16 with the appropriate silylated bases. All nucleoside analogs were obtained in 52-71% yield as a mixture of alpha- and beta-anomeric products increasing the breadth of the novel nucleosides available for screening. The structure of the novel bicyclic HIBF nucleosides was established by a single crystal X-ray structure of the beta-HIBF thymine analog 22b. Furthermore, the sugar conformation for these nucleosides was established as N-type. Among the novel HIBF nucleosides synthesized, twenty-five compounds were tested as inhibitor of HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and seven were found to be active (EC(50) = 12.3-36.2 microM). Six of these compounds were purine analogs with beta-HIBF inosine analog 22o being the most potent (EC(50) = 12.3 microM) among all compounds tested. The striking resemblance between didanosine (ddI) and 22o may explain the potent anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Díaz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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Katayama S, Takamatsu S, Hirose N, Izawa K, Maruyama T. Synthesis of fluorinated nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 1:Unit 1.12. [PMID: 18428944 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0112s25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two practical synthetic approaches to the production of lodenosine [FddA, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine] via 6-chloropurine riboside or 6-chloropurine 3'-deoxyriboside are described. The reaction sequence contains new fluorination methods and new applications of radical reduction. The reagents and reaction conditions of each step have been carefully selected to ensure robustness and safety.
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10
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Kohler JJ, Hosseini SH, Lewis W. Mitochondrial DNA impairment in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated cardiomyopathy. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:990-6. [PMID: 18393452 DOI: 10.1021/tx8000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a global epidemic that continues to escalate. Recent World Health Organization estimates include over 33 million people currently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Another 20 million HIV-infected individuals died over the past quarter century. Antiretrovirals are effective treatments that changed the outcome of HIV infection from a fatal disease to a chronic illness. Cardiomyopathy (CM) is a bona fide component of HIV/AIDS with occurrence that is higher in HIV positive individuals. CM may result from individual or combined effects of HIV, immune reactions, or toxicities of prolonged antiretrovirals. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are the cornerstone of antiretroviral therapy. Despite pharmacological benefits of NRTIs, NRTI side effects include increased risk for CM. Clinical observations and in vitro and in vivo studies support various mechanisms of CM. This perspective highlights some of the hypotheses and focuses on mitochondrial-associated pathways of NRTI- related CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kohler
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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11
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Abstract
Inbred mice with specific genetic defects have greatly facilitated the analysis of complex biological events. Several humanized mouse models using the C.B.-17 scid/scid mouse (referred to as the SCID mouse) have been created from two transplantation protocols, and these mice have been utilized for the investigation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) pathogenesis and the evaluation of antiviral compounds. To generate a more prominent small animal model for human retrovirus infection, especially for examination of the pathological process and the immune reaction, a novel immunodeficient mouse strain derived from the NOD SCID mouse was created by backcrossing with a common gamma chain (gamma(c))-knockout mouse. The NOD-SCID gamma(c)null (NOG) mouse has neither functional T and B cells nor NK cells and has been used as a recipient in humanized mouse models for transplantation of human immune cells particularly including hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). From recent advances in development of humanized mice, we are now able to provide a new version of the animal model for human retrovirus infection and human immunity.
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Watanabe S, Terashima K, Ohta S, Horibata S, Yajima M, Shiozawa Y, Dewan MZ, Yu Z, Ito M, Morio T, Shimizu N, Honda M, Yamamoto N. Hematopoietic stem cell–engrafted NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull mice develop human lymphoid systems and induce long-lasting HIV-1 infection with specific humoral immune responses. Blood 2006; 109:212-8. [PMID: 16954502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCritical to the development of an effective HIV/AIDS model is the production of an animal model that reproduces long-lasting active replication of HIV-1 followed by elicitation of virus-specific immune responses. In this study, we constructed humanized nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID)/interleukin-2 receptor γ-chain knockout (IL2Rγnull) (hNOG) mice by transplanting human cord blood–derived hematopoietic stem cells that eventually developed into human B cells, T cells, and other monocytes/macrophages and 4 dendritic cells associated with the generation of lymphoid follicle–like structures in lymphoid tissues. Expressions of CXCR4 and CCR5 antigens were recognized on CD4+ cells in peripheral blood, the spleen, and bone marrow, while CCR5 was not detected on thymic CD4+ T cells. The hNOG mice showed marked, long-lasting viremia after infection with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates for more than the 40 days examined, with R5 virus–infected animals showing high levels of HIV-DNA copies in the spleen and bone marrow, and X4 virus–infected animals showing high levels of HIV-DNA copies in the thymus and spleen. Furthermore, we detected both anti–HIV-1 Env gp120– and Gag p24–specific antibodies in animals showing a high rate of viral infection. Thus, the hNOG mice mirror human systemic HIV infection by developing specific antibodies, suggesting that they may have potential as an HIV/AIDS animal model for the study of HIV pathogenesis and immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Bone Marrow/virology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Lineage
- Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Female
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/deficiency
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/genetics
- Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, CXCR4/analysis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR5
- Receptors, Chemokine/analysis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Spleen/pathology
- Spleen/virology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Thymus Gland/virology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Viremia/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Division of Medical Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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Nakata H, Maeda K, Miyakawa T, Shibayama S, Matsuo M, Takaoka Y, Ito M, Koyanagi Y, Mitsuya H. Potent anti-R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 effects of a CCR5 antagonist, AK602/ONO4128/GW873140, in a novel human peripheral blood mononuclear cell nonobese diabetic-SCID, interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain-knocked-out AIDS mouse model. J Virol 2005; 79:2087-96. [PMID: 15681411 PMCID: PMC546550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.4.2087-2096.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We established human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-transplanted R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate JR-FL (HIV-1(JR-FL))-infected, nonobese diabetic-SCID, interleukin 2 receptor gamma-chain-knocked-out (NOG) mice, in which massive and systemic HIV-1 infection occurred. The susceptibility of the implanted PBMC to the infectivity and cytopathic effect of R5 HIV-1 appeared to stem from hyperactivation of the PBMC, which rapidly proliferated and expressed high levels of CCR5. When a novel spirodiketopiperazine-containing CCR5 inhibitor, AK602/ONO4128/GW873140 (molecular weight, 614), was administered to the NOG mice 1 day after R5 HIV-1 inoculation, the replication and cytopathic effects of R5 HIV-1 were significantly suppressed. In saline-treated mice (n = 7), the mean human CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio was 0.1 on day 16 after inoculation, while levels in mice (n = 8) administered AK602 had a mean value of 0.92, comparable to levels in uninfected mice (n = 7). The mean number of HIV-RNA copies in plasma in saline-treated mice were approximately 10(6)/ml on day 16, while levels in AK602-treated mice were 1.27 x 10(3)/ml (P = 0.001). AK602 also significantly suppressed the number of proviral DNA copies and serum p24 levels (P = 0.001). These data suggest that the present NOG mouse system should serve as a small-animal AIDS model and warrant that AK602 be further developed as a potential therapeutic for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Nakata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Meier C. cycloSal-Pronucleotides—Design of the Concept, Chemistry, and Antiviral Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(03)04006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Takamatsu S, Katayama S, Hirose N, De Cock E, Schelkens G, Demillequand M, Brepoels J, Izawa K. Convenient synthesis of fluorinated nucleosides with perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2002; 21:849-61. [PMID: 12537026 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120016572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides are effective dehydroxy-fluorination agents for the hydroxyl group at the sugar moiety of nucleoside derivatives and give the corresponding fluorinated nucleosides in good yield with an inversion of configuration in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takamatsu
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan.
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Lee K, Choi Y, Gumina G, Zhou W, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. Structure-activity relationships of 2'-fluoro-2',3'-unsaturated D-nucleosides as anti-HIV-1 agents. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1313-20. [PMID: 11882000 DOI: 10.1021/jm010418n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We studied the structure-activity relationships of a series of 2'-fluoro-2',3'-unsaturated D-nucleosides against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. The target compounds 10-21 and 28-33 were prepared by N-glycosylation of the acetate 4, which was readily prepared from 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde in five steps. Among the newly synthesized nucleosides, 2-amino-6-chloropurine (11), adenine (14), inosine (16), guanine (18), 2,6-diaminopurine (20), and 5-fluorocytosine (30) derivatives were found to exhibit interesting anti-HIV activities with EC(50) values of 4.3, 0.44, 1.0, 2.6, 3.0, and 0.82 microM, respectively. The implications for drug resistance of the titled nucleosides with respect to lamivudine-resistant variants (M184V) were also examined, and no significant cross-resistance with the variants was observed with the D-series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, rdag, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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18
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Takamatsu S, Maruyama T, Katayama S, Hirose N, Naito M, Izawa K. Synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA) via a purine 3'-deoxynucleoside. J Org Chem 2001; 66:7469-77. [PMID: 11681963 DOI: 10.1021/jo0158985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (1, FddA) via a 6-chloro-9-(3-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-9H-purine (9), which was readily obtained from inosine (5), is described. Fluorination at the C2'-beta position of the purine 3'-deoxynucleoside with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride was improved by the introduction of a 6-chloro group and proceeded in moderate yield. Purine 3'-deoxynucleoside derivatives were also subjected to nucleophilic reactions with triethylamine trihydrofluoride and gave the desired fluorinated nucleoside in good yield. The safety and yield of the fluorination process were greatly improved by the use of triethylamine trihydrofluoride. The influence of the sugar ring conformation and 6-chloro group on the rate of the nucleophilic reaction against elimination are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takamatsu
- AminoScience Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
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19
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Radical deoxygenation and dehalogenation of nucleoside derivatives with hypophosphorous acid and dialkyl phosphites. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aboul-Enein HY, Abu-Zaid S. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of 9-(2',3'-dideoxy-2'beta-fluoro-D-threo-penta furanosyl) adenine and its metabolite in human plasma using solid-phase extraction on a polyfluorinated reversed stationary phase. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:267-70. [PMID: 11438969 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A quick and sensitive reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed for the analysis of 2'-beta -fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy adenosine (F-ddA), the acid-stable anti-AIDS drug, and its metabolite 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy inosine (F-ddI) in human plasma using polyfluorinated stationary phase column (Fluo fix, 15 cm, 4.0 mm i.d., 5 microm particle size). The mobile phase consisted of ammonium phosphate buffer solution (10 mM) adjusted with phosphoric acid 85% to pH 6.8:dimethyl formamide (97:3, v/v). F-ddA and F-ddI were monitored by UV-visible detector at 258 and 247 nm, respectively. The recoveries of F-ddA and F-ddI from plasma using a C(18) solid-phase extraction cartridge were 99.2% and 99.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh- 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Zhang H, Ford H, Roth JS, Kelley JA. Evaluation of a fluorogenic derivatization method for the reversed-phase HPLC analysis of 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, a new anti-AIDS drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:285-97. [PMID: 11275436 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High sensitivity (10(-7) to 10(-9) M) reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of adenine nucleosides and nucleotides, especially in a biological matrix, is difficult using only ultraviolet detection. Derivatization coupled with fluorescence detection has been investigated as a means of enhancing sensitivity for the reversed-phase HPLC analysis of 2'-beta-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA), an experimental, acid-stable, anti-AIDS drug. The reaction of chloroacetaldehyde with the adenine base has been employed to form fluorescent 1,N(6)-etheno derivatives of F-ddA and 5'-deoxyadenosine, which is used as an internal standard. These derivatives give an analytically useful fluorescence emission at 416 nm after excitation at 230, 265, or 275 nm. Derivatization, fluorescence detection and reversed-phase chromatography have been optimized for the analysis of nanomolar concentrations of F-ddA in human plasma. This method has potential for the measurement of F-ddA at low concentration and in limited volume samples from in vivo biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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22
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Takamatsu S, Maruyama T, Katayama S, Hirose N, Naito M, Izawa K. Practical synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β- d - threo -pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA) via a purine 3′-deoxynucleoside. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Takamatsu S, Maruyama T, Katayama S, Hirose N, Izawa K. Improved synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β- d - threo -pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA) using triethylamine trihydrofluoride. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Meier C, Knispel T, Marquez VE, Siddiqui MA, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. cycloSal-Pronucleotides of 2'-fluoro-ara- and 2'-fluoro-ribo-2',3'- dideoxyadenosine as a strategy to bypass a metabolic blockade. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1615-24. [PMID: 10229630 DOI: 10.1021/jm981097r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel, lipophilic cycloSal triesters 4a-c and 5a-c were synthesized, respectively, from the ara- and ribo-configurated 2'-fluorinated-2', 3'-dideoxyadenosines 2 and 3. The cycloSal phosphotriesters were used as tools to study the effects of the two different sugar pucker conformations induced by two opposite configurations of the fluorine substituent at C2' of the dideoxyribose moiety. F-ara-ddA (2) is known to be an active anti-HIV agent, whereas the ribo-analogue 3 is inactive. Hydrolysis studies with the triester precursors 4a-c and 5a-c showed selective formation of the monophosphates of 2 and 3. The lipophilicity of the triester prodrugs was considerably increased by the cycloSal mask with respect to ddA (1), F-ara-ddA (2), and F-ribo-ddA (3). Phosphotriesters 4 and 5 proved to be completely resistant to ADA and AMPDA deamination. In parallel experiments, ribo-nucleoside 3 showed a 50-fold faster deamination rate relative to the ara-analogue 2. Against HIV in CEM cells, the phosphotriesters 4 proved to be 10-fold more potent than the parent nucleoside 2. Furthermore, the prodrugs 4 were active against MSV-induced transformation of C3H/3T3 fibroblasts, while 2 was inactive. More interestingly, the ribo-configurated phosphotriesters 5, prepared from the inactive F-ribo-ddA (3), showed a level of anti-HIV activity that was even higher than that of F-ara-ddA (2). Our findings clearly prove that the application of the cycloSal-pronucleotide concept to F-ribo-ddA (3) overcomes a metabolic blockade in the formation of the corresponding monophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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25
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Buckheit RW, Russell JD, Pallansch LA, Driscoll JS. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity of 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyarabinosyladenine (F-ddA) used in combination with other mechanistically diverse inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:115-9. [PMID: 10431610 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2'-Fluoro-2'3'-dideoxyarabinosyladenine (F-ddA), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Future monotherapy for the treatment of HIV is unlikely owing to the rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses, so F-ddA was evaluated in combination with a variety of mechanistically diverse inhibitors of HIV replication. Such in vitro studies provide insights into whether certain drug combinations yield synergistic antiviral activity or, more importantly, antagonistic antiviral activity or synergistic cytotoxicity. F-ddA exhibited synergistic antiviral interactions with representatives of each of the major classes of anti-HIV compounds, including other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors. Greatest levels of synergistic interaction were detected when F-ddA was used in combination with the non-nucleoside compounds nevirapine and costatolide, the nucleoside analogues and costatolide, the nucleoside analogues AZT, ddC and 3TC and the protease inhibitors ritonavir and nelfinavir. No evidence of either combination toxicity or antagonistic antiviral activity was detected with any of the tested compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Buckheit
- Microbiology Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA.
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26
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Lee K, Choi Y, Gullen E, Schlueter-Wirtz S, Schinazi RF, Cheng YC, Chu CK. Synthesis and anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities of 2'-fluoro-2', 3'-unsaturated L-nucleosides. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1320-8. [PMID: 10197975 DOI: 10.1021/jm980651u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of L-nucleoside analogues containing 2'-vinylic fluoride was accomplished by direct condensation method, and their anti-HIV and anti-HBV activities were evaluated in vitro. The key intermediate 8, the sugar moiety of our target compounds, was prepared from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-L-glyceraldehyde via (R)-2-fluorobutenolide intermediate 5 in five steps. Coupling of the acetate 8 with the appropriate heterocycles (silylated uracil, thymine, N4-benzoylcytosine, N4-benzoyl-5-fluorocytosine, 6-chloropurine, and 6-chloro-2-fluoropurine) in the presence of Lewis acid afforded a series of 2'-fluorinated L-nucleoside analogues (15-18, 23-26, 36-45). The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against HIV-1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and HBV in 2.2.15 cells. Cytosine 23, 5-fluorocytosine 25, and adenine 36 derivatives exhibited moderate to potent anti-HIV (EC50 0.51, 0.17, and 1.5 microM, respectively) and anti-HBV (EC50 0.18, 0.225, and 1.7 microM, respectively) activities without significant cytotoxicity up to 100 microM in human PBM, Vero, CEM, and HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Abstract
In the last three years basic science and clinical research have radically changed the therapeutical approach to HIV disease. Recent guidelines suggest that treatments to HIV disease should be early and aggressive, with the use of new potent antiretroviral drugs. This approach has been defined as HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). In this review we will discuss the main stages of antiretroviral therapy focusing on the acquisitions about results as well as problems of triple therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bonfanti
- 1st Department of Infectious Diseases and Allergy, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Siddiqui MA, Driscoll JS, Marquez VE. A new synthetic approach to the clinically useful, anti-HIV-active nucleoside, 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (β-FddA). Introduction of a 2′-β-fluoro substituent via inversion of a readily obtainable 2′-α-fluoro isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Tanaka M, Srinivas RV, Ueno T, Kavlick MF, Hui FK, Fridland A, Driscoll JS, Mitsuya H. In vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants resistant to 2'-beta-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1313-8. [PMID: 9174190 PMCID: PMC163906 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.6.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
2'-beta-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA) is an acid-stable purine dideoxynucleoside analog active against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 strains in vitro. F-ddA is presently undergoing a phase I clinical trial at the National Cancer Institute. We induced HIV-1 variants resistant to F-ddA by exposing wild-type HIV-1 (HIV-1LAI) to increasing concentrations of F-ddA in vitro. After 18 passages, the virus was fourfold less sensitive to F-ddA than HIV-1LAI. Sequence analyses of the passage 18 virus revealed changes in three amino acids in the reverse transcriptase (RT)-encoding region of the pol gene: P to S at codon 119 (P119S; present in 3 of 13 and 28 of 28 molecular clones before and after F-ddA exposure, respectively), V179D (0 of 13 and 9 of 28, respectively), and L214F (9 of 13 and 28 of 28, respectively). Drug sensitivity assays using recombinant infectious clones confirmed that P119S was directly responsible for the reduced sensitivity of HIV-1 to F-ddA. Various infectious clones with single or multiple amino acid substitutions conferring viral resistance against nucleoside RT inhibitors, including HIV-1 variants with multi-dideoxynucleoside resistance, were generally sensitive to F-ddA. The moderate level of resistance of HIV-1 to F-ddA, together with the lack of conferment of significant cross-resistance by the F-ddA-associated amino acid substitutions, warrants further investigation of F-ddA as a potential antiviral agent for use in treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tanaka
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, Medicine Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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