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Association of the FCN2 Gene Promoter Region Polymorphisms with Very Low Birthweight in Preterm Neonates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315336. [PMID: 36499663 PMCID: PMC9740280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) localised to the promoter region of the FCN2 gene are known to influence the concentration of ficolin-2 in human serum and therefore potentially have clinical associations. We investigated the relationships between SNPs at positions −986 (A > G), −602 (G > A), −64 (A > C) and −4 (A > G) and clinical complications in 501 preterms. Major alleles at positions −986 and −64 and A/A homozygosity for both polymorphisms were less frequent among babies with very low birthweight (VLBW, ≤1500 g) compared with the reference group (OR = 0.24, p = 0.0029; and OR = 0.49, p = 0.024, respectively for A/A genotypes). A lower frequency of G/G homozygosity at position −4 was associated with gestational age <33 weeks and VLBW (OR = 0.38, p = 0.047; and OR = 0.07, p = 0.0034, respectively). The AGAG haplotype was protective for VLBW (OR = 0.6, p = 0.0369), whilst the GGCA haplotype had the opposite effect (OR = 2.95, p = 0.0249). The latter association was independent of gestational age. The AGAG/GGAA diplotype favoured both shorter gestational age and VLBW (OR = 1.82, p = 0.0234 and OR = 1.95, p = 0.0434, respectively). In contrast, AGAG homozygosity was protective for lower body mass (OR = 0.09, p = 0.0155). Our data demonstrate that some FCN2 variants associated with relatively low ficolin-2 increase the risk of VLBW and suggest that ficolin-2 is an important factor for fetal development/intrauterine growth.
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2
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Huang X, Li X, An H, Wang J, Ding M, Wang L, Li L, Ji Q, Qu F, Wang H, Xu Y, Lu X, He Y, Zhang JR. Capsule type defines the capability of Klebsiella pneumoniae in evading Kupffer cell capture in the liver. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010693. [PMID: 35914009 PMCID: PMC9342791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide capsule is the main virulence factor of K. pneumoniae, a major pathogen of bloodstream infections in humans. While more than 80 capsular serotypes have been identified in K. pneumoniae, only several serotypes are frequently identified in invasive infections. It is documented that the capsule enhances bacterial resistance to phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides and complement deposition under in vitro conditions. However, the precise role of the capsule in the process of K. pneumoniae bloodstream infections remains to be elucidated. Here we show that the capsule promotes K. pneumoniae survival in the bloodstream by protecting bacteria from being captured by liver resident macrophage Kupffer cells (KCs). Our real-time in vivo imaging revealed that blood-borne acapsular K. pneumoniae mutant is rapidly captured and killed by KCs in the liver sinusoids of mice, whereas, to various extents, encapsulated strains bypass the anti-bacterial machinery in a serotype-dependent manner. Using capsule switched strains, we show that certain high-virulence (HV) capsular serotypes completely block KC’s capture, whereas the low-virulence (LV) counterparts confer partial protection against KC’s capture. Moreover, KC’s capture of the LV K. pneumoniae could be in vivo neutralized by free capsular polysaccharides of homologous but not heterologous serotypes, indicating that KCs specifically recognize the LV capsules. Finally, immunization with inactivated K. pneumoniae enables KCs to capture the HV K. pneumoniae. Together, our findings have uncovered that KCs are the major target cells of K. pneumoniae capsule to promote bacterial survival and virulence, which can be reversed by vaccination. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major human pathogen. While capsule is the main virulence factor of the pathogen, only several of more than 80 capsule serotypes are frequently identified in invasive infections. However, it remains unclear how capsule contributes to K. pneumoniae virulence. Here we show that capsule type defines K. pneumoniae virulence by differential escape of immune surveillance in the liver. While low-virulence (LV) types are captured by Kupffer cells (KCs), high-virulence (HV) types circumvent the anti-bacterial machinery. Further, inactivated K. pneumoniae vaccine enables KCs to capture the HV K. pneumoniae and protects mice from lethal infection. Our findings explain the clinical prevalence of HV capsule types, and provide promising insights for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyuan Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjiang Ji
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Qu
- The Center of Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory, 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
- China Aviation General Hospital of China Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan He
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim (China), Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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3
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Heja D, Zhao D, Cody E, Cumpelik A, Lim PC, Prado-Acosta M, Palma L, Dellepiane S, Chun N, Ferrara J, Heeger PS. Mannan binding lectin promotes murine graft versus host disease by amplifying lipopolysaccharide-initiated inflammation. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:472.e1-472.e11. [PMID: 35643350 PMCID: PMC9357100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Conditioning regimens used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) can escalate the severity of acute T cell-mediated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) by disrupting gastrointestinal integrity and initiating lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent innate immune cell activation. Activation of the complement cascade has been associated with murine GVHD, and previous work has shown that alternative pathway complement activation can amplify T cell immunity. Whether and how mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a component of the complement system that binds mannose as well as oligosaccharide components of LPS and lipoteichoic acid, affects GVHD is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MBL modulates murine GVHD and examined the mechanisms by which it does so. We adoptively transferred C3.SW bone marrow (BM) cells ± T cells into irradiated wild type (WT) or MBL-deficient C57Bl/6 (B6) recipients with or without inhibiting MBL-initiated complement activation using C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). We analyzed the clinical severity of disease expression and analyzed intestinal gene and cell infiltration. In vitro studies assessed MBL expression on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and compared LPS-induced responses of WT and MBL-deficient APCs. MBL-deficient recipients of donor BM ± T cells exhibited significantly less weight loss over the first 2 weeks post-transplantation weeks compared with B6 controls (P < .05), with similar donor engraftment in the 2 groups. In recipients of C3.SW BM + T cells, the clinical expression of GVHD was less severe (P < .05) and overall survival was better (P < .05) in MBL-deficient mice compared with WT mice. On day-7 post-transplantation, analyses showed that the MBL-deficient recipients exhibited less intestinal IL1b, IL17, and IL12 p40 gene expression (P < .05 for each) and fewer infiltrating intestinal CD11c+, CD11b+, and F4/80+ cells and TCRβ+, CD4+, CD4+IL17+, and CD8+ T cells (P < .05 for each). Ovalbumin or allogeneic cell immunizations induced equivalent T cell responses in MBL-deficient and WT mice, demonstrating that MBL-deficiency does not directly impact T cell immunity in the absence of irradiation conditioning. Administration of C1-INH did not alter the clinical expression of GVHD in preconditioned WT B6 recipients, suggesting that MBL amplifies clinical expression of GVHD via a complement-independent mechanism. WT, but not MBL-deficient, APCs express MBL on their surfaces. LPS-stimulated APCs from MBL-deficient mice produced less proinflammatory cytokines (P < .05) and induced weaker alloreactive T cell responses (P < .05) compared with WT APCs. Together, our data show that MBL modulates murine GVHD, likely by amplifying complement-independent, LPS-initiated gastrointestinal inflammation. The results suggest that devising strategies to block LPS/MBL ligation on APCs has the potential to reduce the clinical expression of GVHD.
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An H, Qian C, Huang Y, Li J, Tian X, Feng J, Hu J, Fang Y, Jiao F, Zeng Y, Huang X, Meng X, Liu X, Lin X, Zeng Z, Guilliams M, Beschin A, Chen Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Oggioni MR, Leong J, Veening JW, Deng H, Zhang R, Wang H, Wu J, Cui Y, Zhang JR. Functional vulnerability of liver macrophages to capsules defines virulence of blood-borne bacteria. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213054. [PMID: 35258552 PMCID: PMC8908791 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many encapsulated bacteria use capsules to cause invasive diseases. However, it remains largely unknown how the capsules enhance bacterial virulence under in vivo infection conditions. Here we show that the capsules primarily target the liver to enhance bacterial survival at the onset of blood-borne infections. In a mouse sepsis model, the capsules enabled human pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli to circumvent the recognition of liver-resident macrophage Kupffer cells (KCs) in a capsular serotype-dependent manner. In contrast to effective capture of acapsular bacteria by KCs, the encapsulated bacteria are partially (low-virulence types) or completely (high-virulence types) “untouchable” for KCs. We finally identified the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR) as the first known capsule receptor on KCs to recognize the low-virulence serotype-7F and -14 pneumococcal capsules. Our data identify the molecular interplay between the capsules and KCs as a master controller of the fate and virulence of encapsulated bacteria, and suggest that the interplay is targetable for therapeutic control of septic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyun Qian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yijia Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Tian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Feng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Fang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Jiao
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuna Zeng
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Huang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xin Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Beschin
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije University Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - John Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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5
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Bidula S, Sexton DW, Schelenz S. Ficolins and the Recognition of Pathogenic Microorganisms: An Overview of the Innate Immune Response and Contribution of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3205072. [PMID: 30868077 PMCID: PMC6379837 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficolins are innate pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and play integral roles within the innate immune response to numerous pathogens throughout the circulation, as well as within organs. Pathogens are primarily removed by direct opsonisation following the recognition of cell surface carbohydrates and other immunostimulatory molecules or via the activation of the lectin complement pathway, which results in the deposition of C3b and the recruitment of phagocytes. In recent years, there have been a number of studies implicating ficolins in the recognition and removal of numerous bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens. Moreover, there has been expanding evidence highlighting that mutations within these key immune proteins, or the possession of particular haplotypes, enhance susceptibility to colonization by pathogens and dysfunctional immune responses. This review will therefore encompass previous knowledge on the role of ficolins in the recognition of bacterial and viral pathogens, while acknowledging the recent advances in the immune response to fungal and parasitic infections. Additionally, we will explore the various genetic susceptibility factors that predispose individuals to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bidula
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Darren W. Sexton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Silke Schelenz
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK
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Association of ficolin-2 (FCN2) functional polymorphisms and protein levels with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: relationship with cardiac function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 3:e142-e155. [PMID: 30775605 PMCID: PMC6374577 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2018.80999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction A role for ficolin (FCN) 2 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of recurrent severe streptococcal infections and rheumatic carditis has been suggested. The aim of the study was to evaluate a possible relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms located at positions -602 and -4 of the FCN2 gene and FCN2 serum levels and risk of development of rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Material and methods Seventy-seven Caucasian Egyptian patients with RF were recruited with a control group of 43 healthy subjects. DNA was extracted for analysis of the FCN2 gene at positions -602 and -4 and serum protein level was measured by ELISA. Results FCN2 AA genotype at the -4 position was more frequently observed in RF and RHD patients, as compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.005 and p = 0.013, respectively); furthermore, the A allele was identified as a possible risk factor for the development of RF (p = 0.023, OR = 1.852, 95% CI: 1.085–3.159). The haplotype –602/–4 G/A, which was associated with low median levels of L-ficolin, was observed more frequently in the RF group when compared to the healthy subjects (74/162, 48.1% vs. 29/420, 33.7%, OR = 1.834, 95% CI: 1.034–3.252, p = 0.038). Low serum ficolin-2 level was associated with ESV and EDV increases. FCN 2 level was significantly lower with AA genotypes than GG+AG genotypes of the -4 position (56.68 ±17.90 vs. 66.05 ±18.79, p = 0.008). Conclusions Polymorphisms linked to low levels of L-ficolin may render an individual at risk of recurrent and/or severe streptococcal infection. The -4 AA genotype and -602/-4 G/A haplotype are possible risk factors for the development of carditis.
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Chen N, Zhang X, Zheng K, Zhu L, Zhang N, Liu L, Chen Z, Liu G, He Q. Increased risk of group B Streptococcus causing meningitis in infants with mannose-binding lectin deficiency. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:384.e1-384.e3. [PMID: 30832899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency with susceptibility and clinical features of group B Streptococcus (GBS) causing meningitis in Chinese infants. METHODS During 2014-2017, 33 infants with laboratory-confirmed GBS meningitis were included. Six polymorphisms (H/L, Y/X, P/Q, A/D, A/B and A/C) of MBL were sought for in these patients and in 330 healthy controls by PCR-based sequencing. Serum MBL concentration was determined. RESULTS Significantly higher frequency of MBL variant genotype A/B was found in patients than controls (15/33, 45%, vs. 79/330, 24%, p=0.011). Patients with variant genotype A/B had significantly lower serum MBL than those with wild-type genotype A/A (median, 482.87 vs. 1455.13 ng/mL, p=0.002). Moreover, patients with genotype A/B had significantly higher level of C-reactive protein (median, 146 vs. 41 mg/L, p=0.007), neutrophil (median, 58.1% vs. 45.7%, p=0.033) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in blood (median, 2.32 vs. 1.03, p=0.018) compared to those with genotype A/A. No significant differences were observed in clinical features of patients with different genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our result suggested that infants with MBL deficiency are at higher risk of meningitis caused by GBS. Further studies in different populations with larger number of subjects are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - K Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - L Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - N Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - G Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Q He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Adler Sørensen C, Rosbjerg A, Hebbelstrup Jensen B, Krogfelt KA, Garred P. The Lectin Complement Pathway Is Involved in Protection Against Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1153. [PMID: 29896194 PMCID: PMC5986924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) causes acute and persistent diarrhea worldwide. Still, the involvement of host factors in EAEC infections is unresolved. Binding of recognition molecules from the lectin pathway of complement to EAEC strains have been observed, but the importance is not known. Our aim was to uncover the involvement of these molecules in innate complement dependent immune protection toward EAEC. Binding of mannose-binding lectin, ficolin-1, -2, and -3 to four prototypic EAEC strains, and ficolin-2 binding to 56 clinical EAEC isolates were screened by a consumption-based ELISA method. Flow cytometry was used to determine deposition of C4b, C3b, and the bactericidal C5b-9 membrane attack complex (MAC) on the bacteria in combination with different complement inhibitors. In addition, the direct serum bactericidal effect was assessed. Screening of the prototypic EAEC strains revealed that ficolin-2 was the major binder among the lectin pathway recognition molecules. However, among the clinical EAEC isolates only a restricted number (n = 5) of the isolates bound ficolin-2. Using the ficolin-2 binding isolate C322-17 as a model, we found that incubation with normal human serum led to deposition of C4b, C3b, and to MAC formation. No inhibition of complement deposition was observed when a C1q inhibitor was added, while partial inhibition was observed when ficolin-2 or factor D inhibitors were used separately. Combining the inhibitors against ficolin-2 and factor D led to virtually complete inhibition of complement deposition and protection against direct bacterial killing. These results demonstrate that ficolin-2 may play an important role in innate immune protection against EAEC when an appropriate ligand is exposed, but many EAEC strains evade lectin pathway recognition and may, therefore, circumvent this strategy of innate host immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Adler Sørensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Erkan AN, Oz I, Terzi YK, Aydin E, Ozkale M, Babakurban ST, Koycu A, Sahin FI. FCN2 c.772G>T polymorphism is associated with chronic adenoiditis and/or tonsillitis, but not -4 A>G and -602 G>A. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 87:1-4. [PMID: 27368434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ficolins are complement activating peptides that play a role in the initial host defense against infectious pathogens. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ficolin 2 gene (FCN2) and chronic adenotonsillitis in pediatric cases. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS A total of 101 pediatric patients diagnosed with chronic adenotonsillitis and 100 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Genotypes of FCN2 promoter SNPs - 602 G>A and -4 A>G, and the exonic SNP c.772G>T were determined by light SNP assay after realtime PCR analysis using genomic DNA samples obtained from peripheral blood samples of all participants. RESULTS Of the 101 chronic tonsillitis patients, 38 were girls and 63 were boys; the mean age was 5.2 ± 2.3 years. The c.772G>T SNP frequency was significantly higher in chronic adenotonsillitis cases compared to the control group (p = 0.00); however, no significant difference was determined at positions -602 G>A or -4 A>G (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The FCN2 c.772G>T genotype appears to be associated with predisposition to chronic adenotonsillitis in the pediatric age group. This nucleotide change is likely to influence the level of gene expression and contribute to the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper N Erkan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isilay Oz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yunus K Terzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Aydin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Ozkale
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Alper Koycu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feride Iffet Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Baskent University, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Nahid MA, Ross SJ, Umiker BR, Li H, Sugii S, Bari L. Development of porcine ficolin-alpha monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for determining the binding capacity of multiple GlcNAc-binding proteins to bacterial danger components. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 170:13-9. [PMID: 26872626 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins are a group of oligomeric defense proteins assembled from collagen-like stalks and fibrinogen-like domains that have common biochemical specificity for N-acetyl-d-glucose amine (GlcNAc) and can function as opsonins. In this report, GlcNAc-binding protein (GBP) purified from porcine nonimmune serum was biochemically characterized as ficolin-α. Ficolin-α was used as an immunogen to generate both rabbit polyclonal and murine monoclonal anti-ficolin-α antibodies, which are not yet commercially available. GBPs have been shown to be present in many animals, including humans; however, their functions are largely unknown. GBPs from chicken, dog, horse, bovine, and human sera were isolated using various chromatography methods. Interestingly, anti-ficolin-α antibody showed cross-reaction with those animal sera GBPs. Furthermore, anti-ficolin-α antibody was reactive with the GlcNAc eluate of Escherichia coli O26-bound and Salmonella-bound porcine serum proteins. Functionally, GBPs and bacteria-reactive pig serum proteins were able to bind with pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids. Our studies demonstrate that ficolin-α specific antibody was reactive with GBPs from many species as well as bacteria-reactive serum proteins. These proteins may play important roles in innate immunity by sensing danger components that can lead to antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abu Nahid
- Immunology, Oncology and IMR Discovery Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 021159, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-853, Japan
| | - Steven J Ross
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Benjamin R Umiker
- Immunology, Oncology and IMR Discovery Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 021159, USA
| | - Huapeng Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sunji Sugii
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-853, Japan
| | - Latiful Bari
- Center for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
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11
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Sahagún-Ruiz A, Breda LCD, Valencia MMC, Elias WP, Munthe-Fog L, Garred P, Barbosa AS, Isaac L. Studies of the binding of ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 from the complement lectin pathway to Leptospira biflexa, Pasteurella pneumotropica and Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1177-85. [PMID: 26074063 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and activate the lectin pathway of complement system. However, our knowledge regarding pathogen recognition of human ficolins is still limited. We therefore set out to explore and investigate the possible interactions of the two main serum ficolins, ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 with different Gram-negative bacteria. We used recombinant ficolin molecules and normal human serum, which were detected with anti-ficolin monoclonal antibodies. In addition we investigated the capacity of these pathogens to activate the lectin pathway of complement system. We show for the first time that human ficolin-2 recognizes the nonpathogenic spirochete Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc, but not the pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Fromm. Additionally, human ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 recognize pathogenic Pasteurella pneumotropica, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serotype O111ab:H2 and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) serogroup O71 but not four enterohemorrhagic E. coli, three EPEC, three EAEC and two nonpathogenic E. coli strains (DH5α and HB101). The lectin pathway was activated by Pasteurella pneumotropica, EPEC O111ab:H2 and EAEC O71 after incubation with C1q depleted human serum. In conclusion, this study provide novel insight in the binding and complement activating capacity of the lectin pathway initiation molecules ficolin-2 and ficolin-3 towards relevant Gram-negative pathogens of pathophysiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sahagún-Ruiz
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Waldir P Elias
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, Brazil
| | - Lea Munthe-Fog
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lourdes Isaac
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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12
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Endo Y, Matsushita M, Fujita T. New insights into the role of ficolins in the lectin pathway of innate immunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 316:49-110. [PMID: 25805122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the innate immune system, a variety of recognition molecules provide the first-line host defense to prevent infection and maintain endogenous homeostasis. Ficolin is a soluble recognition molecule, which senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns on microbes and aberrant sugar structures on self-cells. It consists of a collagen-like stalk and a globular fibrinogen-like domain, the latter binding to carbohydrates such as N-acetylglucosamine. Ficolins have been widely identified in animals from higher invertebrates to mammals. In mammals, ficolins form complexes with mannose-binding lectin-associated serine proteases (MASPs), and ficolin-MASP complexes trigger complement activation via the lectin pathway. Once activated, complement mediates many immune responses including opsonization, phagocytosis, and cytokine production. Although the precise function of each ficolin is still under investigation, accumulating information suggests that ficolins have a crucial role in host defense by recognizing a variety of microorganisms and interacting with effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Radioisotope Research Center, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan; Fukushima General Hygiene Institute, Fukushima, Japan
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13
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Brady AM, Calix JJ, Yu J, Geno KA, Cutter GR, Nahm MH. Low invasiveness of pneumococcal serotype 11A is linked to ficolin-2 recognition of O-acetylated capsule epitopes and lectin complement pathway activation. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1155-65. [PMID: 24683196 PMCID: PMC4215079 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The divergent epidemiological behavior of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes suggests that serotype-specific features such as capsule O-acetylation influence the propensity of a strain to cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We hypothesize that innate host factors mediate the observed negative association between IPD and the serotype 11A (ST11A) capsule O-acetyltransferase gene, wcjE. METHODS We evaluated the ability of ficolin-2, an initiator of the lectin complement pathway that was previously shown to bind ST11A pneumococci, to recognize and mediate complement-dependent opsonophagocytosis of different pneumococcal serotypes. We supplemented findings with an epidemiological meta-analysis comparing invasiveness of the 30 most prevalent pneumococcal serotypes. RESULTS Ficolin-2 bound ST11A capsule polysaccharide and other wcjE-containing pneumococcal serotypes, except ST9V and ST20B. Ficolin-2 did not bind wcjE-null serotypes, including the wcjE-null variant of ST11A, ST11E. We observed C1q-independent complement deposition and phagocytic killing of pneumococci expressing ST11A but not those expressing ST11E. Inhibition of ficolin-2 binding abrogated ST11A-associated complement deposition and phagocytosis. In children, invasiveness of ST11A was the lowest among serotypes tested in our meta-analysis, while ST9V was among the highest. CONCLUSIONS Ficolin-2 mediates serum protection by recognizing specific O-acetylated epitopes of pneumococcal capsule polysaccharides, exemplifying a novel host-microbe interaction that innately offers serotype-specific immunity to IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gary R. Cutter
- School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Moon H. Nahm
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Microbiology
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14
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Brady AM, Geno KA, Dalecki AG, Cheng X, Nahm MH. Commercially available complement component-depleted sera are unexpectedly codepleted of ficolin-2. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1323-9. [PMID: 25030054 PMCID: PMC4178573 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00370-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ficolins are a family of innate pattern recognition molecules that are known to bind acetylated compounds and activate complement through the association of mannose binding lectin (MBL)/ficolin-associated serine proteases (MASPs). Their importance has more recently become appreciated, as they have been shown to play a role in a variety of disease processes from infection to autoimmunity. While studying ficolin-2-mediated complement deposition on Streptococcus pneumoniae, we found that sera depleted of C1q or other complement components were also codepleted of ficolin-2 but not ficolin-1, ficolin-3, or MBL. MBL present in C1q-depleted sera was able to mediate complement deposition on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suggesting the presence of MASPs. We found that complement was activated on pneumococci in C1q-depleted serum only after opsonization with exogenous recombinant ficolin-2 (rFicolin-2). Also, no complement deposition was observed in C1q-depleted serum when pneumococci were opsonized with rFicolin-2 mutated at its lysine-57 residue, where MASPs are known to associate. Thus, these depleted sera are a unique tool to study ficolin-2-mediated complement pathways; however, one should be aware that ficolin-2 is absent from complement component-depleted sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Brady
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - K Aaron Geno
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alex G Dalecki
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Moon H Nahm
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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15
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Sun X, Li Y, Huang C, Deng H, Li Z. Identification of Potential Serum Biomarkers for Rheumatoid Arthritis by High-Resolution Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. Inflammation 2014; 37:1459-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Grishin DV, Sokolov NN. Defensins are natural peptide antibiotics of higher eukaryotes. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Grishin D, Sokolov N. Defensins – natural peptide antibiotics of higher eucariotes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 60:438-47. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146004438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to characterize defensins representing an evolutionary the most ancient family of antimicrobial peptides. It gives general information on functional and structural features of defensins as the main components of the first-line defense of higher eukaryote organisms against infectious agents. The review considers not only current situation in the defensin research but also perspectives of creation of recombinant antimicrobial peptides of biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.V. Grishin
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - N.N. Sokolov
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
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18
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Beltrame MH, Catarino SJ, Goeldner I, Boldt ABW, de Messias-Reason IJ. The lectin pathway of complement and rheumatic heart disease. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:148. [PMID: 25654073 PMCID: PMC4300866 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against infection and is comprised of humoral and cellular mechanisms that recognize potential pathogens within minutes or hours of entry. The effector components of innate immunity include epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and natural killer cells, as well as cytokines and the complement system. Complement plays an important role in the immediate response against microorganisms, including Streptococcus sp. The lectin pathway is one of three pathways by which the complement system can be activated. This pathway is initiated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin 11 (CL-K1), and ficolins (Ficolin-1, Ficolin-2, and Ficolin-3) to microbial surface oligosaccharides and acetylated residues, respectively. Upon binding to target molecules, MBL, CL-K1, and ficolins form complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases 1 and 2 (MASP-1 and MASP-2), which cleave C4 and C2 forming the C3 convertase (C4b2a). Subsequent activation of complement cascade leads to opsonization, phagocytosis, and lysis of target microorganisms through the formation of the membrane-attack complex. In addition, activation of complement may induce several inflammatory effects, such as expression of adhesion molecules, chemotaxis and activation of leukocytes, release of reactive oxygen species, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. In this chapter, we review the general aspects of the structure, function, and genetic polymorphism of lectin-pathway components and discuss most recent understanding on the role of the lectin pathway in the predisposition and clinical progression of Rheumatic Fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Sandra Jeremias Catarino
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Isabela Goeldner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
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19
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Kjaer TR, Thiel S, Andersen GR. Toward a structure-based comprehension of the lectin pathway of complement. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:222-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Kjaer TR, Thiel S, Andersen GR. Toward a structure-based comprehension of the lectin pathway of complement. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:413-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Matsushita M. Ficolins in complement activation. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:22-6. [PMID: 22959617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins are a group of multimeric lectins made up of single subunits each of which is composed of a collagen-like domain and a fibrinogen-like domain. Most of the ficolins identified to date bind to acetylated compounds such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). Ficolins in serum are complexed with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) and their truncated proteins. These lectins play an important role in innate immunity. Binding of the ficolin-MASP complex to carbohydrates present on the surface of microbes initiates complement activation via the lectin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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22
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Matsushita M, Endo Y, Fujita T. Structural and functional overview of the lectin complement pathway: its molecular basis and physiological implication. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:273-83. [PMID: 23563865 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-013-0229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is an effector mechanism in immunity. It is activated in three ways, the classical, alternative and lectin pathways. The lectin pathway is initiated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) or ficolins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of pathogens. In humans, MBL and three types of ficolins (L-ficolin, H-ficolin, and M-ficolin) are present in plasma. Of these lectins, at least, MBL, L-ficolin, and H-ficolin are complexed with three types of MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs), MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3 and their truncated proteins (MAp44 and sMAP). In the lectin pathway, the lectin-MASP complex (i.e., a complex of lectin, MASPs and their truncated proteins) binds to pathogens, resulting in the activation of C4 and C2 to generate a C3 convertase capable of activating C3. MASP-2 is involved in the activation of C4 and C2. MASP-1 activates C2 and MASP-2. The functions of MASP-3, sMAP, and MAp44 in the lectin pathway remain unknown. MASP-1 and MASP-3 also have a role in the alternative pathway. MBL and ficolins are able to bind to a variety of pathogens depending on their carbohydrate binding specificity, resulting in the activation of the lectin pathway. Deficiencies of the components of the lectin pathway are associated to susceptibility to infection, indicating an important role of the lectin pathway in innate immunity. The lectin-MASP complex is also involved in innate immunity by activating the coagulation system. Recent findings suggest a crucial role of MASP-3 in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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23
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Schelenz S, Kirchhof N, Bidula S, Wallis R, Sexton DW. Opsonizing properties of rat ficolin-A in the defence against Cryptococcus neoformans. Immunobiology 2013; 218:477-83. [PMID: 22789560 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic fungus causing life threatening infections in humans. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the opsonizing properties of a well characterized serum ficolin (rat ficolin-A), a member of carbohydrate-recognition molecules of the innate immune system, in the defence against this fungal pathogen. Using flow cytometric analysis we have been able to demonstrate that ficolin-A readily binds to two different acapsular C. neoformans serotypes (representative of the primary infectious form of this fungus) whereas the encapsulated forms are not being recognized. The ficolin-A binding was concentration dependent and inhibited by the acetylated sugars N-acetyleglucosamine and N-acetylegalactosamine but less so by galactose, glucose and mannan. The binding was enhanced at acidic pHs (5.7 and 4.7) compared to physiological pH (7.4) which may indicate that the carbohydrate recognizing fibrinogen-like domains of ficolins undergo conformational changes providing more efficient binding at sites of inflammation where the pH is much lower than normal. We further assessed the biological consequence of the ficolin-A recognition of acapsular C. neoformans by investigating their interaction with lung epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes cell line A549). Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that ficolin-A opsonized acapsular C. neoformans showed significantly increased adherence to A549 cells when exposed to acidic conditions compared to the unopsonized controls (p=0.04). We conclude that ficolin-A binds acapsular C. neoformans via their carbohydrate recognizing fibrinogen-like domains leading to enhanced uptake by lung epithelial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schelenz
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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24
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Budd SJ, Aris RM, Medaiyese AA, Tilley SL, Neuringer IP. Increased plasma mannose binding lectin levels are associated with bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation. Respir Res 2012; 13:56. [PMID: 22762710 PMCID: PMC3441326 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term lung allograft survival is limited by bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Mannose binding lectin (MBL) belongs to the innate immune system, participates in complement activation, and may predispose to graft rejection. We investigated mannose binding (MBL) during cold ischemia and in tissue samples from explanted lungs with BOS, and assessed MBL and complement proteins in plasma post-lung transplantation relative to BOS staging. Methods MBL was detected by immunohistochemistry lung tissue at the time of cold ischemia and in samples with BOS. MBL was assayed in the peripheral blood of 66 lung transplant patients transplanted between 1990–2007. Results MBL localized to vasculature and basement membrane during cold ischemia and BOS. Patients further out post-lung transplant > 5 years (n = 33), had significantly lower levels of MBL in the blood compared to lung transplant patients < 5 years with BOS Op-3 (n = 17), 1738 ± 250 ng/ml vs 3198 ± 370 ng/ml, p = 0.027, and similar levels to lung transplant patients < 5 years with BOS 0 (n = 16), 1738 ± 250 ng/ml vs 1808 ± 345 ng/ml. MBL levels in all BOS 0 (n = 30) vs. all BOS Op-3 (n = 36) were 1378 ± 275 ng/ml vs. 2578 ± 390 ng/ml, p = 0.001, respectively. C3 plasma levels in BOS 0 (n = 30) vs. BOS Op-3 (n = 36) were 101 ± 19.8 mg/ml vs. 114 ± 25.2 mg/ml, p = 0.024, respectively. Conclusions MBL localizes within the lung during graft ischemia and BOS, higher levels of plasma MBL are associated with BOS Op-3 and < 5 years post-transplant, and higher level of plasma complement protein C3 was associated with BOS Op-3 clinical status. MBL may serve as a biomarker for poorer outcome post-lung transplantation.
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25
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Fujieda M, Aoyagi Y, Matsubara K, Takeuchi Y, Fujimaki W, Matsushita M, Bohnsack JF, Takahashi S. L-ficolin and capsular polysaccharide-specific IgG in cord serum contribute synergistically to opsonophagocytic killing of serotype III and V group B streptococci. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2053-60. [PMID: 22451515 PMCID: PMC3370578 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06232-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) are the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Serotype-specific IgG antibody is known to protect neonates against GBS infections by promoting opsonophagocytosis. The L-ficolin-mediated lectin pathway of the complement is also a potential mechanism for opsonization of GBS, because L-ficolin activates the complement after binding to serotype Ib, III, V, VI, and VIII GBS. In the present study, we investigated how L-ficolin and serotype-specific IgG in cord sera contribute to opsonophagocytic killing of GBS. Neither L-ficolin nor serotype-specific IgG concentrations correlated with C3b deposition on serotype Ib and VI GBS, suggesting L-ficolin- and serotype-specific IgG-independent mechanisms of complement activation. The percentage of serotype VIII GBS killed was high regardless of the concentration of L-ficolin and IgG. In contrast, L-ficolin and serotype-specific IgG can each initiate C3b deposition on serotype III and V GBS and promote phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but L-ficolin and serotype-specific IgG together promote opsonophagocytic killing to a greater extent than does either alone in vitro. This synergy was observed when serotype III-specific IgG concentrations were between 1 and 6 μg/ml and when serotype V-specific IgG concentrations were between 2 and 5 μg/ml. Concentrations of serotype III-specific IgG in cord blood above 7 μg/ml are considered protective for neonates colonized with GBS, but most neonates with IgG levels of less than 7 μg/ml do not develop GBS infections. The data presented here suggest that L-ficolin enhances opsonophagocytosis of serotype III and V GBS when serotype-specific IgG alone is suboptimal for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wakae Fujimaki
- Human Medical Science, Joshi-Eiyoh (Kagawa Nutrition) University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - John F. Bohnsack
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Hummelshøj T, Ma YJ, Munthe-Fog L, Bjarnsholt T, Moser C, Skjoedt MO, Romani L, Fujita T, Endo Y, Garred P. The interaction pattern of murine serum ficolin-A with microorganisms. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38196. [PMID: 22666482 PMCID: PMC3364236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ficolins are soluble pattern recognition molecules in the lectin pathway of complement, but the spectrum and mode of interaction with pathogens are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the binding properties of the murine serum ficolin-A towards a panel of different clinical relevant microorganisms (N = 45) and compared the binding profile with human serum ficolin-2 and ficolin-3. Ficolin-A was able to bind Gram-positive bacteria strains including E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes and some S. aureus strains, but not to the investigated S. agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) strains. Regarding Gram-negative bacteria ficolin-A was able to bind to some E. coli and P. aeruginosa strains, but not to the investigated Salmonella strains. Of particular interest ficolin-A bound strongly to the pathogenic E. coli, O157:H7 and O149 strains, but it did not bind to the non-pathogenic E. coli, ATCC 25922 strain. Additionally, ficolin-A was able to bind purified LPS from these pathogenic strains. Furthermore, ficolin-A bound to a clinical isolate of the fungus A. fumigatus. In general ficolin-2 showed similar selective binding spectrum towards pathogenic microorganisms as observed for ficolin-A indicating specific pathophysiological roles of these molecules in host defence. In contrast, ficolin-3 did not bind to any of the investigated microorganisms and the anti-microbial role of ficolin-3 still remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Hummelshøj
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ying Jie Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Munthe-Fog
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Ole Skjoedt
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luigina Romani
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Immunology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Boldt ABW, Goeldner I, de Messias-Reason IJT. Relevance of the lectin pathway of complement in rheumatic diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2012; 56:105-53. [PMID: 22397030 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394317-0.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its importance both in the clearance of pathogens that contribute as rheumatic etiological agents and in the disposal of apoptotic bodies and potential autoimmune initiators, deficiencies of the components of the lectin pathway of complement have been found to increase susceptibility and modulate the severity of most rheumatic disorders. This chapter introduces the general aspects of the structure, function, and genetics of lectin pathway components and summarizes current knowledge of the field regarding rheumatic diseases predisposition and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica B W Boldt
- Molecular Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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28
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Kilpatrick DC, Chalmers JD. Human L-ficolin (ficolin-2) and its clinical significance. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:138797. [PMID: 22500076 PMCID: PMC3303570 DOI: 10.1155/2012/138797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human L-ficolin (P35, ficolin-2) is synthesised in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream where it is one of the major pattern recognition molecules of plasma/serum. Like other ficolins, it consists of a collagen-like tail region linked to a fibrinogen-related globular head; a basic triplet subunit arises via a collagen-like triple helix, and this then forms higher multimers (typically a 12-mer, Mr 400K). Unlike other ficolins, it has a complex set of binding sites arranged within an internal cleft enabling it to recognise a variety of molecular patterns including acetylated sugars and certain 1,3-β-glucans. It is one of the few molecules known to activate the lectin pathway of complement. Recently, some disease association studies (at either the DNA or protein level) have implicated L-ficolin in innate immunity, where it might cooperate with pentraxins and collectins. Emerging lines of evidence point to a role for L-ficolin in respiratory immunity, where its affinity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Kilpatrick
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, National Science Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK.
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29
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Kjaer TR, Hansen AG, Sørensen UBS, Nielsen O, Thiel S, Jensenius JC. Investigations on the pattern recognition molecule M-ficolin: quantitative aspects of bacterial binding and leukocyte association. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:425-37. [PMID: 21730084 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0411201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
M-ficolin is a PRM of the innate immune system, found in serum and associated with leukocytes. We used the soluble form to study specificity toward Gram-positive bacteria and characterized and quantified cell-associated M-ficolin. The binding of M-ficolin to capsulated and noncapsulated strains of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) and Staphylococcus aureus was investigated. We did not observe binding of M-ficolin to any of 13 serotypes of S. aureus. Dose-dependent binding of M-ficolin was demonstrated for all of the capsulated GBS strains. The binding was abolished by prior treatment of the bacteria with sialidase, indicating that sialic acid is the ligand for M-ficolin on these bacteria. GlcNAc could inhibit the binding, suggesting that M-ficolin binds via its FBG. M-ficolin was found associated with the complement-activating enzyme in serum, and M-ficolin bound to GBS mediated activation of the complement system. M-ficolin expression on leukocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry with anti-M-ficolin mAb. Total M-ficolin of different leukocytes was quantified in detergent extracts. Monocytes and granulocytes showed similar M-ficolin surface expression, 1.1 × 10(5) and 0.7 × 10(5) M-ficolin molecules/cell, respectively. The total M-ficolin content of the cells was 1.5 × 10(6) molecules/monocyte and approximately one-third of this for granulocytes. Lymphocytes contained <1.5% of the amount estimated for monocytes, and none was revealed on the surface of lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of M-ficolin in 25 tissues revealed staining of only granulocytes and monocytes. Reported M-ficolin expression by type II pneumocytes could not be verified. We demonstrate the specific binding of M-ficolin to sialic acids in the capsule of GBS and give quantitative aspects of the cell-associated M-ficolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels R Kjaer
- Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Schmidt RR, Pedersen CM, Qiao Y, Zähringer U. Chemical synthesis of bacterial lipoteichoic acids: an insight on its biological significance. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2040-52. [PMID: 21327200 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) has a dominant role leading to fulminant pro-inflammatory reactions in the host. As there is no LPS in Gram-positive bacteria, other microbial cell wall components have been identified to be the causative agent for the pro-inflammatory activity since also Gram-positive bacterial infections lead to comparable clinical symptoms and reactions. On search for the "Gram-positive endotoxin" a widely accepted hypothesis has been raised in that the lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during Gram-positive sepsis, although the amount necessary for a pro-inflammatory in vitro response is several orders of magnitude higher than that for LPS. Therefore, LTA cannot be considered to be "the (endo)toxin of Gram-positive bacteria". Although LPS and LTA show structural relatedness (amphiphilic, negatively charged glycophospholipids), they are structurally quite different from each other and one might expect that they are also recognized by different receptors of the innate immune system, the so called toll-like receptors 4 and 2 (TLR4 and TLR2), respectively. Based on their chemical structure, the LTAs were classified into four types (type I-IV) of which we have carefully investigated the LTA of Staphylococcus aureus (type I), Lactococcus garvieae (type II) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (type IV). Hence, these LTAs have been synthesized in our group and biologically evaluated with respect to their potency to activate cytokines in transiently TLR2/CD14-transfected human endothelial kidney cells (HEK 293) or human macrophages and whole blood cells. Although LTA of type I and IV are structurally quite different, especially in their hydrophilic moiety, they originally were believed to interact with the same receptor (TLR2). Hence, the chemical syntheses leading to structurally defined, non-contaminated stimuli have a major impact on the outcome and interpretation of these biological studies of the innate immune system. With this material, it became evident that synthetic LTA from S. aureus and S. pneumoniae are not recognized by TLR2. Instead, another receptor of the innate immune system, the lectin pathway of the complement, known since many years to interact with LTA in quite a specific way, has gained increasing attractivity. With the help of synthetic LTA we obtained first evidences that this receptor is indeed the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) for LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Schmidt
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Chemie, Fach 725, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Thomsen T, Schlosser A, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. Ficolins and FIBCD1: soluble and membrane bound pattern recognition molecules with acetyl group selectivity. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:369-81. [PMID: 21071088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A network of molecules, which recognizes pathogens, work together to establish a quick and efficient immune response to infectious agents. Molecules containing a fibrinogen related domain in invertebrates and vertebrates have been implicated in immune responses against pathogens, and characterized as pattern recognition molecules. Ficolins are soluble oligomeric proteins composed of trimeric collagen-like regions linked to fibrinogen-related domains (FReDs) that have the ability to sense molecular patterns on both pathogens and apoptotic cell surfaces and activate the complement system. The ficolins have acetyl-binding properties, which have been localized to different binding sites in the FReD-region. A newly discovered tetrameric transmembrane protein, FIBCD1, likewise binds acetylated structures via the highly conserved FReD. This review presents current knowledge on acetyl binding FReD-containing molecules, and discusses structural resemblance but also diversity in recognition of acetylated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Thomsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Mares J, Richtrova P, Hricinova A, Tuma Z, Moravec J, Lysak D, Matejovic M. Proteomic profiling of blood-dialyzer interactome reveals involvement of lectin complement pathway in hemodialysis-induced inflammatory response. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:829-38. [PMID: 21137026 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE dialysis-induced inflammatory response including leukocyte and complement activation is considered a significant cofactor of chronic morbidity in long-term hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to provide better insight into its molecular background. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN in 16 patients, basic biocompatibility markers, i.e. leukocyte counts and C5a levels, were monitored during HD on a polysulfone membrane. Proteins adsorbed to dialyzers were eluted and separated by 2-DE. Selected proteins were identified by MS; ficolin-2 plasma levels were assessed. Data are given as medians (quartile ranges). RESULTS in total, 7.2 (34.7) mg proteins were retrieved from dialyzer eluates and were resolved into 217 protein spots. The proteins most enriched in eluates (and hence selectively adsorbed) were those involved in complement activation (C3c, ficolin-2, mannan-binding lectin serine proteases, properdin) and cell adhesion (actin, caldesmon, tropomyosin, vitronectin, vinculin). A significant decrease of plasma ficolin-2 (41% [4.7], p<0.001) was evidenced during one HD session, associated with leukopenia (r=0.73, p=0.001) and C5a production (r=-0.62, p=0.01) at 15 min. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ficolin-2 adsorption to polysulfone dialyzer initiates the lectin pathway of complement activation, mediates dialysis-induced leukopenia, and results in a significant depletion of ficolin-2, an essential component of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mares
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Charles University Medical School and Teaching Hospital, Plzen, Czech Republic.
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Bottazzi B, Doni A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. An integrated view of humoral innate immunity: pentraxins as a paradigm. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:157-83. [PMID: 19968561 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system consists of a cellular and a humoral arm. Pentraxins (e.g., the short pentraxin C reactive protein and the long pentraxin PTX3) are key components of the humoral arm of innate immunity which also includes complement components, collectins, and ficolins. In response to microorganisms and tissue damage, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells are major sources of fluid-phase pattern-recognition molecules (PRMs) belonging to different molecular classes. Humoral PRMs in turn interact with and regulate cellular effectors. Effector mechanisms of the humoral innate immune system include activation and regulation of the complement cascade; agglutination and neutralization; facilitation of recognition via cellular receptors (opsonization); and regulation of inflammation. Thus, the humoral arm of innate immunity is an integrated system consisting of different molecules and sharing functional outputs with antibodies.
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34
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Gout E, Garlatti V, Smith DF, Lacroix M, Dumestre-Pérard C, Lunardi T, Martin L, Cesbron JY, Arlaud GJ, Gaboriaud C, Thielens NM. Carbohydrate recognition properties of human ficolins: glycan array screening reveals the sialic acid binding specificity of M-ficolin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:6612-22. [PMID: 20032467 PMCID: PMC2825457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.065854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficolins are oligomeric innate immune recognition proteins consisting of a collagen-like region and a fibrinogen-like recognition domain that bind to pathogen- and apoptotic cell-associated molecular patterns. To investigate their carbohydrate binding specificities, serum-derived L-ficolin and recombinant H- and M-ficolins were fluorescently labeled, and their carbohydrate binding ability was analyzed by glycan array screening. L-ficolin preferentially recognized disulfated N-acetyllactosamine and tri- and tetrasaccharides containing terminal galactose or N-acetylglucosamine. Binding was sensitive to the position and orientation of the bond between N-acetyllactosamine and the adjacent carbohydrate. No significant binding of H-ficolin to any of the 377 glycans probed could be detected, providing further evidence for its poor lectin activity. M-ficolin bound preferentially to 9-O-acetylated 2-6-linked sialic acid derivatives and to various glycans containing sialic acid engaged in a 2-3 linkage. To further investigate the structural basis of sialic acid recognition by M-ficolin, point mutants were produced in which three residues of the fibrinogen domain were replaced by their counterparts in L-ficolin. Mutations G221F and A256V inhibited binding to the 9-O-acetylated sialic acid derivatives, whereas Y271F abolished interaction with all sialic acid-containing glycans. The crystal structure of the Y271F mutant fibrinogen domain was solved, showing that the mutation does not alter the structure of the ligand binding pocket. These analyses reveal novel ficolin ligands such as sulfated N-acetyllactosamine (L-ficolin) and gangliosides (M-ficolin) and provide precise insights into the sialic acid binding specificity of M-ficolin, emphasizing the essential role of Tyr(271) in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gout
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS UMR 5075, Université Joseph Fourier, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble 38027 Cedex 1, France
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Abstract
Endotoxemia caused by LPS is a life-threatening and inflammatory condition contributing to multiple organ failure. Viruses or bacteria require sialic acid (SA) for target-cell binding. We suggest that exogenous SA through masking or mediating the binding of LPS to the target cells may attenuate LPS-induced liver dysfunction and cecal ligation and puncture-induced shock. We found that SA can directly scavenge O2-, H2O2, and NO activity by a chemiluminescence analyzer and bind to LPS with high affinity using surface plasmon resonance. Intravenous SA significantly increased plasma SA concentration within 4 h. We then assessed the potential effect of SA on LPS-induced acute endotoxemia in the rat. Intravenous LPS (10-50 mg/kg) dose-dependently increased plasma endotoxin and reactive oxygen species in the blood, bile, and liver and increased plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels as well as TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, IL-1beta, and IL-6 levels in the rats. Thirty minutes after LPS stimulation, SA decreased LPS-enhanced endotoxin level, oxidative stress, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and cytokine concentration and ameliorated histopathologic alteration in the liver. We found that SA increased LPS-depressed Mn-superoxide dismutase, CuZn-superoxide dismutase, and heat shock protein 70 and decreased LPS-enhanced iNOS and proapoptotic Bax protein expression in the liver by Western blot. Sialic acid was given after treatment to rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, and the hypotensive effect was blunted for 6 h. In conclusion, SA treatment can counteract LPS-enhanced acute endotoxemia and oxidative injury via a direct scavenging reactive oxygen species activity and neutralization potential.
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36
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Inoshita H, Matsushita M, Koide S, Kusaba G, Ishii M, Onda K, Gi MJ, Nakata M, Ohsawa I, Horikoshi S, Ohi H, Tomino Y. A novel measurement method for activation of the lectin complement pathway via both mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and L-ficolin. J Immunol Methods 2009; 349:9-17. [PMID: 19699205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), L-ficolin and H-ficolin are human serum lectins, all of which form complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP). The lectin-MASP complexes bind to the surface of microbes, leading to activation of the lectin pathway of complement. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of the lectin pathway activity reported so far determined the activity via either MBL or L-ficolin, but an assay of activity via plural host defense lectins has not been established. To measure the lectin pathway activation mediated by plural lectins simultaneously, we developed an ELISA system in which N-acetylglucosamine-pentamer conjugated to dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (GN5-DPPE) was employed as a ligand for the lectins. In our ELISA system, both purified MBL and L-ficolin isolated from serum diluted in a buffer containing high ionic NaCl bound to GN5-DPPE and activated C4. Purified H-ficolin was not capable of binding to GN5-DPPE. MBL and L-ficolin in MBL-sufficient serum also bound to GN5-DPPE and activated C4. Mannose and N-acetylgalactosamine inhibited binding of MBL and L-ficolin to GN5-DPPE, respectively. MBL-deficient serum that had been depleted of L-ficolin did not exhibit C4 activation, but addition of both or either purified MBL and/or L-ficolin to the serum restored the activation in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, C4 cleaving activity could be evaluated with the co-existence of MBL and L-ficolin in vitro. In conclusion, we propose a novel method using GN5-DPPE for investigating the MBL- and L-ficolin-dependent lectin pathway and anticipate that this method will be useful in innate immunity and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoshita
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Messias-Reason IJ, Schafranski MD, Kremsner PG, Kun JFJ. Ficolin 2 (FCN2) functional polymorphisms and the risk of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:395-9. [PMID: 19664148 PMCID: PMC2745034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficolins are pattern-recognition proteins involved in innate immunity, which upon binding to their specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the microbial surfaces trigger the immune response either by binding to collectin cellular receptors or by initiating the complement lectin pathway. In humans, three ficolin genes have been identified, which encode ficolin-1 (M-ficolin), ficolin-2 (L-ficolin) and ficolin-3 (H-ficolin or Hakata antigen). Ficolin-2 was shown to bind to lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall constituent in all Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes, which is the aetiological agent of rheumatic fever (RF) and its most severe sequelae, chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD). Here we investigated polymorphisms in the promoter region of the FCN2 gene (at positions -986/-602 and +4) in 122 patients with RF and CRHD and in 210 healthy subjects from the same geographic region and socioeconomic background. The haplotype -986/-602/-4 G/G/A, which is related to low levels of L-ficolin, was observed more frequently in the CRHD group when compared to the healthy subjects [99/162, 61.1% versus 211/420, 50.2%, odds ratio (OR) 1.6, confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.1-2.3, P = 0.021]. The haplotype -986/-602/-4 A/G/A was observed more frequently in the healthy group when compared to the affected (RF plus CRHD) subjects (31/420, 7.4% versus 6/244, 2.5%, OR 3.2, CI 95% 0.13-0.77, P = 0.008). Based on those findings, one can conclude that polymorphisms associated with low levels of L-ficolin level may predispose an individual to recurrent and/or more severe streptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Messias-Reason
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Swierzko AS, Atkinson APM, Cedzynski M, Macdonald SL, Szala A, Domzalska-Popadiuk I, Borkowska-Klos M, Jopek A, Szczapa J, Matsushita M, Szemraj J, Turner ML, Kilpatrick DC. Two factors of the lectin pathway of complement, l-ficolin and mannan-binding lectin, and their associations with prematurity, low birthweight and infections in a large cohort of Polish neonates. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:551-8. [PMID: 18950864 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ficolins and one collectin, mannan-binding lectin (MBL), are the only factors known to activate the lectin pathway (LP) of complement. There is considerable circumstantial evidence that MBL insufficiency can increase susceptibility to various infections and influence the course of several non-infectious diseases complicated by infections. Much less information is available concerning l-ficolin. We report the results of a prospective study to investigate any association between either MBL deficiency or l-ficolin deficiency with prematurity, low birthweight or perinatal infections in a large cohort of Polish neonates, representing an ethnically homogenous population (n=1832). Cord blood samples were analysed to determine mbl-2 gene variants, MBL concentrations and MBL-MASP-2 complex activities (MBL-dependent lectin pathway activity) as well as l-ficolin levels. Median concentrations of l-ficolin and MBL were 2500 and 1124 ng/ml, respectively, while median LP activity was 272 mU/ml. After genotyping, 60.6% of babies were mbl-2 A/A, 35.4% were A/O and 4% were O/O genotypes. We found relative l-ficolin deficiency to be associated with prematurity, low birthweight and infections. l-Ficolin concentration correlated with gestational age and with birthweight, independently of gestational age. Preterm deliveries (<38 weeks) occurred more frequently among neonates with low LP activity but not with those having low serum MBL levels. Similarly, no association of serum MBL deficiency with low birthweight was found, but there was a correlation between LP activity and birthweight. Genotypes conferring very low serum MBL concentrations were associated with perinatal infections, and high-MBL-conferring genotypes were associated with prematurity. Our findings suggest that l-ficolin participates in host defence during the perinatal period and constitute the first evidence that relative l-ficolin deficiency may contribute to the adverse consequences of prematurity. Some similar trends were found with facets of MBL deficiency, but the observed relationships were weaker and less consistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna St Swierzko
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
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Brouwer N, Dolman KM, van Houdt M, Sta M, Roos D, Kuijpers TW. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) facilitates opsonophagocytosis of yeasts but not of bacteria despite MBL binding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4124-32. [PMID: 18322223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum protein of the innate immune system. After binding to a microorganism, MBL in complex with MBL-associated serine proteases activates the complement system, resulting in cleavage of complement factor C3. Cleaved C3 on the surface of the microorganism mediates opsonization for clearance, but the impact of MBL on subsequent phagocytosis has not been widely studied. We investigated the role of MBL in complement activation and phagocytosis of various bacteria and yeast species by flow cytometry. We measured both the C3 deposition during serum opsonization of fluorescent-labeled microorganisms as well as subsequent uptake of these microorganisms by human neutrophils. In MBL-deficient sera, a consistently decreased C3 deposition on both zymosan and Candida albicans was found and a reduced phagocytosis by neutrophils that was restored by exogenous MBL. This indicates that the lectin pathway of complement activation is important for the opsonophagocytosis of yeasts. In contrast, the C1q-dependent classical pathway dominated in the opsonization and phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli, whereas no effect of MBL was found. Both the lectin and the classical pathway of complement activation were highly amplified by the alternative route for opsonophagocytosis by neutrophils of yeast as well as microbial species. In summary, our data demonstrate that yeast species are preferentially opsonized and subsequently phagocytosed via activation of the lectin pathway of complement, whereas the uptake of bacterial strains was found to be largely MBL independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Brouwer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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