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Huang Y, Zhu B, Ji X, Wen Y, Wang Y, Hu X, Yuan Y. Forty years of development of salpingitis animal modeling. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:1093-1112. [PMID: 36797525 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-06966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes and examines research in the area of salpingitis animal modeling in the last 40 years, focusing primarily on Chlamydia trachomatis animal models, which are the most numerous in the literature. Early animal models are examined, followed by a discussion of study parameters and their impact on modeling success, subsequent considerations of fertility measures in modeling, explorations of treatment options, and finally exploring recent directions with a brief discussion of models using other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Boyu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shi-Er-Qiao Road, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, 610072.
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Zuo Y, Jiang TT, Teng Y, Han Y, Yin YP, Chen XS. Associations of Chlamydia trachomatis serology with fertility-related and pregnancy adverse outcomes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104696. [PMID: 37413889 PMCID: PMC10435765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection has an increased risk for fertility-related and pregnancy adverse outcomes partly due to mechanisms related to a pro-inflammatory response to CT-, or cHSP60-induced delayed hypersensitivity. This study aimed to assess the evidence on the association between CT serology and adverse outcomes. METHODS PubMed/Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for observational studies on the association of CT-specific antibodies (e. g. IgG, IgA, IgM, etc.) with infertility, tubal factor infertility (TFIF), ectopic pregnancy (EP), spontaneous abortion (SA), or preterm labor (PL) that were published from database inception to 31 August 2022. Pooled adjusted odds ratios or relative risks with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random effects model. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022368366). FINDINGS We identified 128 studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising 87 case-control, 34 cross-sectional and 7 cohort studies, for a total of 167 records involving 128,625 women participants included into the meta-analyses. Based on the adjusted estimates, it was found that CT-specific IgG was significantly associated with TFIF (pooled adjusted OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.33-3.27, I2 = 63.8%) or EP (pooled adjusted OR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.66-5.40, I2 = 93.0%). Analyses of the unadjusted estimates indicated significant associations between CT-specific IgG and infertility, TFIF, EP or SA (four pooled unadjusted ORs ranging between 1.60 and 5.14, I2 ranging between 40% and 83%); IgA and infertility, TFIF, EP (three pooled unadjusted ORs ranging between 3.64 and 4.91, I2 ranging between 0% and 74%); IgM and TFIF (pooled unadjusted OR = 5.70, 95% CI 1.58-20.56, I2 = 56%); or cHSP60 and TFIF (pooled unadjusted OR = 7.83, 95% CI 5.42-11.31, I2 = 49%). INTERPRETATION A broad range of CT-specific antibodies have been studied in association with fertility-related and pregnancy adverse outcomes. However, our study identified a low- or moderate-quality evidence for an association of CT serology with the outcomes. There are substantial research gaps in relation to the clinical implications of CT serological biomarkers. FUNDING The work was supported by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine (2016-I2M-3-021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Jiang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Teng
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Ping Yin
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China; National Center for STD Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
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Bond E, Lu D, Herweijer E, Sundström K, Valdimarsdóttir U, Fall K, Arnheim-Dahlström L, Sparén P, Fang F. Sexually transmitted infections after bereavement - a population-based cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:419. [PMID: 27528204 PMCID: PMC4986385 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of a loved one has consistently been associated with various health risks. Little is however known about its relation to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study during 1987-2012 using the Swedish Multi-Generation Register, including 3,002,209 women aged 10-44 years. Bereavement was defined as death of a child, parent, sibling or spouse (N = 979,579, 33 %). STIs were defined as hospital visits with an STI as main or secondary diagnosis. Poisson regression and negative binomial regression were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of STIs, comparing incidence rates of women who had experienced loss to those who had not. RESULTS Bereaved women were at significantly higher risk of nearly all STIs studied. The relative risk of any STI was highest during the first year after loss (IRR: 1.45, 95 % CI: 1.27-1.65) and predominantly among women with subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders after bereavement (IRR: 2.61, 95 % CI: 2.00-3.34). Notably, a consistent excess risk, persisting for over five years, was observed for acute salpingitis (IRR: 1.28, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.44), a severe complication of bacterial STIs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that women who have experienced bereavement are at increased risk of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bond
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Donghao Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Eva Herweijer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, H5, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Huddinge, Stockholm, 14186 Sweden
| | - Unnur Valdimarsdóttir
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Center of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Stapi v/Hringbraut, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Katja Fall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lisen Arnheim-Dahlström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Pär Sparén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 12A, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
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Craig AP, Rank RG, Bowlin AK, Wand H, Wilson DP. Target cell limitation constrains chlamydial load in persistent infections: results from mathematical modelling applied to mouse genital tract infection data. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:1-8. [PMID: 25044245 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between chlamydial pathogens and their host contribute to the outcome of infection. Nonresolving infections in immunodeficient mice can provide insights into these mechanisms by allowing observation of a form of persistent infection. Using a mathematical model, we predict that in a nonresolving infection, the number of chlamydiae in the host will attain a stable equilibrium and that this equilibrium will be independent of the inoculum size. We test this hypothesis by infecting RAG(-/-) mice with 10(4)-10(7) inclusion-forming units (IFU) of Chlamydia muridarum and comparing the IFU levels at equilibrium. There were no statistically significant differences in equilibrium IFU levels between the reference group and other inoculation groups, supporting the hypothesis. Using the mathematical model, we estimated that at equilibrium just 3% of the chlamydiae infect a target cell. We predict that the equilibrium IFU level is highly sensitive to the rate of replenishment of healthy cells. The limitation of target cells is a key driver of infection dynamics, affecting both the peak of infection and the equilibrium level of persistent infections. Target cell limitation likely plays an important role in the dynamics of human infections as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Craig
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Roger G Rank
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Anne K Bowlin
- Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Handan Wand
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David P Wilson
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Wali S, Gupta R, Veselenak RL, Li Y, Yu JJ, Murthy AK, Cap AP, Guentzel MN, Chambers JP, Zhong G, Rank RG, Pyles RB, Arulanandam BP. Use of a Guinea pig-specific transcriptome array for evaluation of protective immunity against genital chlamydial infection following intranasal vaccination in Guinea pigs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114261. [PMID: 25502875 PMCID: PMC4263467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs have been used as a second animal model to validate putative anti-chlamydial vaccine candidates tested in mice. However, the lack of guinea pig-specific reagents has limited the utility of this animal model in Chlamydia sp. vaccine studies. Using a novel guinea pig-specific transcriptome array, we determined correlates of protection in guinea pigs vaccinated with Chlamydia caviae (C. caviae) via the intranasal route, previously reported by us and others to provide robust antigen specific immunity against subsequent intravaginal challenge. C. caviae vaccinated guinea pigs resolved genital infection by day 3 post challenge. In contrast, mock vaccinated animals continued to shed viable Chlamydia up to day 18 post challenge. Importantly, at day 80 post challenge, vaccinated guinea pigs experienced significantly reduced genital pathology - a sequelae of genital chlamydial infections, in comparison to mock vaccinated guinea pigs. Sera from vaccinated guinea pigs displayed antigen specific IgG responses and increased IgG1 and IgG2 titers capable of neutralizing GPIC in vitro. Th1-cellular/inflammatory immune genes and Th2-humoral associated genes were also found to be elevated in vaccinated guinea pigs at day 3 post-challenge and correlated with early clearance of the bacterium. Overall, this study provides the first evidence of guinea pig-specific genes involved in anti-chlamydial vaccination and illustrates the enhancement of the utility of this animal model in chlamydial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Rishein Gupta
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Ronald L. Veselenak
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States of America
| | - Yansong Li
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT2, Building 3610/Room224-1, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, United States of America
| | - Jieh-Juen Yu
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Ashlesh K. Murthy
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downer's Grove, Illinois, 60148, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Cap
- US Army Institute of Surgical Research, 3650 Chambers Pass, BHT2, Building 3610/Room224-1, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234, United States of America
| | - M. Neal Guentzel
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - James P. Chambers
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7702 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States of America
| | - Roger G. Rank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, and Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States of America
| | - Bernard P. Arulanandam
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Center of Excellence in Infection Genomics, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United Stats of America
- * E-mail:
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Padilla-Carlin DJ, McMurray DN, Hickey AJ. The guinea pig as a model of infectious diseases. Comp Med 2008; 58:324-340. [PMID: 18724774 PMCID: PMC2706043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The words 'guinea pig' are synonymous with scientific experimentation, but much less is known about this species than many other laboratory animals. This animal model has been used for approximately 200 y and was the first to be used in the study of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria. Today the guinea pig is used as a model for a number of infectious bacterial diseases, including pulmonary, sexually transmitted, ocular and aural, gastrointestinal, and other infections that threaten the lives of humans. Most studies on the immune response to these diseases, with potential therapies and vaccines, have been conducted in animal models (for example, mouse) that may have less similarity to humans because of the large number of immunologic reagents available for these other species. This review presents some of the diseases for which the guinea pig is regarded as the premier model to study infections because of its similarity to humans with regard to symptoms and immune response. Furthermore, for diseases in which guinea pigs share parallel pathogenesis of disease with humans, they are potentially the best animal model for designing treatments and vaccines. Future studies of immune regulation of these diseases, novel therapies, and preventative measures require the development of new immunologic reagents designed specifically for the guinea pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Padilla-Carlin
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - David N McMurray
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX
| | - Anthony J Hickey
- School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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7
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Kelly KA. Cellular immunity and Chlamydia genital infection: induction, recruitment, and effector mechanisms. Int Rev Immunol 2003; 22:3-41. [PMID: 12710502 DOI: 10.1080/08830180305229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the major causes of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. The initial infection of endocervical epithelium in females is asymptomatic and commonly ascends to fallopian tubes when left untreated. Immunity to Chlamydia develops after infection and appears to provide short-term protection. Consequently, a significant rate of reinfection occurs among sexually active individuals, which can result in reproductive disability. T helper type 1 responses are implicated in providing protective immunity but may also contribute to tubal infertility. The purpose of this chapter is to review the factors that regulate the induction and recruitment of protective cellular immune responses within the local genital mucosa. An understanding of these events is important for the design of a protective vaccine and control of immunopathologic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen Medical Center at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1732, USA.
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Jantos CA, Augustin J, Durchfeld-Meyer B, Baumgärtner W, Schiefer HG. Experimental genital tract infection with Chlamydia psittaci (GPIC agent) in male rats. Infection 1998; 26:126-30. [PMID: 9561385 DOI: 10.1007/bf02767776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The course of experimental chlamydial infection of the male genital tract was studied. Inoculation of the Chlamydia psittaci agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC agent) into the vas deferens of rats resulted in chlamydial infection of the epididymis, testis and the prostate gland. The inflammatory response was most prominent at 14 days after infection. Chlamydiae were recovered from the epididymides and the prostate glands for up to 90 and 60 days post inoculation, respectively. Histopathological changes associated with chlamydial infection of the epididymis or prostate gland were characterized by intratubular and interstitial purulent inflammation. Chlamydia-specific IgM- and IgG-antibodies were found in sera of nearly all infected animals. Results of this study indicate that this animal model may be useful to study the pathogenesis, immune responses and sequelae of chlamydial infections of the male genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jantos
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Klinikum der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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9
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Prospects for a vaccine against Chlamydia genital disease I. — Microbiology and pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-2452(96)85299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Rank R, Bavoil P. Prospects for a vaccine against Chlamydia genital disease II. — Immunity and vaccine development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-2452(96)85300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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de la Maza LM, Pal S, Khamesipour A, Peterson EM. Intravaginal inoculation of mice with the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar results in infertility. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2094-7. [PMID: 8168974 PMCID: PMC186471 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.5.2094-2097.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to establish a model of chlamydial ascending salpingitis and infertility, three inbred strains of mice, C3H/HeN (H-2k), C57BL/6N (H-2b), and BALB/cAnN (H-2d), were inoculated intravaginally with 3 x 10(7) inclusion-forming units of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar. Mice mated 6 weeks following inoculation were found to have a significant decrease in fertility rate compared with the control groups, as shown by a reduction in the number of pregnant mice and a decrease in the number of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine 92717-4800
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12
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Rank RG, Sanders MM. Pathogenesis of endometritis and salpingitis in a guinea pig model of chlamydial genital infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1992; 140:927-36. [PMID: 1562052 PMCID: PMC1886353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of tubal obstruction and subsequent infertility is a major sequelum of upper genital tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis; however, little is known about the pathogenesis of the infection. In this investigation, the authors present a detailed study of the progression of ascending chlamydial infection in female guinea pigs resulting from intravaginal inoculation of the Chlamydia psittaci agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC). Isolation of chlamydiae from different tissues of the genital tract revealed definitive evidence for ascending infection that was not dose-related. By 7 days after infection, GPIC was isolated from the endometrium and oviducts of 78% of the animals. Pathologic changes analogous to those seen in human chlamydial disease, including polymorphonuclear, mononuclear, and plasma cell infiltration, were seen in the endometrium and oviducts, although not all isolation positive animals developed overt tubal disease. Long-term fibrosis, often in combination with hydrosalpinx, was noted in the mesosalpingeal tissue in 20% of the animals. Thus, the guinea pig:GPIC system represents a model for ascending chlamydial infection resulting from vaginal inoculation of normal guinea pigs that closely approximates the disease as seen in humans and can be used to study the pathogenesis of chlamydial genital infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Rank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72205
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13
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Batteiger BE, Rank RG. Analysis of the humoral immune response to chlamydial genital infection in guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1987; 55:1767-73. [PMID: 3610314 PMCID: PMC260599 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.8.1767-1773.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using the guinea pig model of chlamydial genital infection with the Chlamydia psittaci agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) have shown that serum and local antibodies play a role both in the resolution of infection and in protection against reinfection. Thus, this model is suited for further exploration of immune mechanisms and for vaccine studies with chlamydial macromolecules. We have further characterized the model by assessing the antigen-specific antibody response to experimental genital infection by using immunoblotting to assay both genital secretions and serum. The GPIC agent was characterized by analysis of outer membrane proteins, which indicated that the GPIC agent possessed a major outer membrane protein (MOMP), with a molecular mass of 39 kilodaltons (kDa), and a 61-kDa protein, analogous to cysteine-rich 60-kDa proteins or doublets of Chlamydia trachomatis strains. As indicated by immunoblotting, most infected animals produced serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to MOMP, the 61-kDa proteins, an 84-kDa outer membrane protein, and lipopolysaccharide. Such serum antibodies persisted for at least 813 days after primary genital infection. Immunoglobulin A antibodies against the 61-kDa proteins, lipopolysaccharide, and MOMP, but not the 84-kDa protein, were detected in secretions. Animals challenged with GPIC 825 days after primary infection became infected again despite the presence of serum antibodies, but the period of chlamydial shedding was significantly shorter and less intense than in primary infections. Although the specific mechanism is not known, these data suggest that a long-lasting immune effect is capable of altering the course of infection late after primary infection. Correlation of the antigen-specific antibody response and other immune parameters with the duration and degree of protective immunity induced by infection or vaccination may be helpful in further understanding the nature of such protective immunity.
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Kane JL, Woodland RM, Elder MG, Darougar S. Chlamydial pelvic infection in cats: a model for the study of human pelvic inflammatory disease. Genitourin Med 1985; 61:311-8. [PMID: 2931347 PMCID: PMC1011845 DOI: 10.1136/sti.61.5.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The inoculation of feline keratoconjunctivitis agent (Chlamydia psittaci) directly into the oviducts of eight cats produced an acute disease that was characterised by hyperaemia of the tissue and pronounced polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration of the epithelium and subepithelial stroma. The lumens of the tubes contained exudates of desquamated epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. After about 30 days the disease subsided leaving chronic inflammation with the tissue infiltrated with both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells. Fimbrial scarring and formation of adhesions were apparent by 40 to 50 days after inoculation. Chlamydiae were isolated in McCoy cell cultures from most cats, in one for as long as 51 days after inoculation. Inclusions were seen in histological sections or smears of cells from the fimbriae of four of the eight cats. Six of the eight cats developed antibodies to feline keratoconjunctivitis agent, which were detectable as early as 12 days after inoculation. To facilitate repeated examinations of the cats' fallopian tubes, techniques for laparoscopy in cats and for the collection of specimens while under laparoscopic examination were developed. The latter technique has since been applied successfully in man.
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Rank RG, Hough AJ, Jacobs RF, Cohen C, Barron AL. Chlamydial pneumonitis induced in newborn guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1985; 48:153-8. [PMID: 3980080 PMCID: PMC261928 DOI: 10.1128/iai.48.1.153-158.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One- to three-day-old guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Physical signs of infection included a marked increase in respiration rate on days 5 to 10 of infection and radiographic evidence of pneumonia on day 6. When animals were killed at various times after infection and lung tissue was examined by histopathology, evidence of pneumonia was found beginning on day 4 and lasting as long as day 12, with maximal pathological changes on days 6 to 8. The pneumonia was generally unilateral and consisted of an acute inflammatory component in the bronchioles with granulocytes in both the lumen and the wall of the bronchioles and an interstitial and intra-alveolar mononuclear infiltrate in the parenchyma of the lung. Chlamydial antigen was detected in the bronchial epithelial cells by immunoperoxidase staining, and the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis organism was isolated from lung tissue on days 6 to 9. No other significant bacteria were isolated from lung tissue or seen on gram stains of lung sections. Both immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G serum antibodies to the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent were detected as early as day 8 and reached peak levels on day 12. The infection was apparently self-limiting. This model presents the opportunity to investigate pathophysiological and immunological aspects of chlamydial respiratory infections in a neonatal animal.
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Rank RG, White HJ, Hough AJ, Pasley JN, Barron AL. Effect of estradiol on chlamydial genital infection of female guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1982; 38:699-705. [PMID: 7141709 PMCID: PMC347795 DOI: 10.1128/iai.38.2.699-705.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Female guinea pigs were treated daily with 1 mg of beta-estradiol-3-benzoate intramuscularly beginning 14 days before intravaginal inoculation with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and continuing during the course of the infection. Treatment with estradiol was found to markedly influence the course of genital infection with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis, producing infections of greater intensity and longer duration than those in control animals. Moreover, pathogenesis was altered in that ascending infection was observed, resulting in endometritis, cystic salpingitis, and cystitis. Infection in the controls was limited to the cervix and vagina. Estradiol treatment increased the apparent number of infected cells in the cervix and vagina as detected by histopathology and immunofluorescent staining. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were comparable in estradiol-treated and untreated animals. These data indicate that hormonal manipulation may have profound effects on the course of chlamydial genital infections.
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Soloff BL, Rank RG, Barron AL. Ultrastructural studies of chlamydial infection in guinea-pig urogenital tract. J Comp Pathol 1982; 92:547-58. [PMID: 7153378 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(82)90007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sweet R, Banks J, Sung M, Donegan E, Schachter J. Experimental chlamydial salpingitis in the guinea pig. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138:952-6. [PMID: 7468681 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute self-limited salpingitis developed when guinea pigs' fallopian tubes were infected with the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent (Chlamydia psittaci). The disease peaked at approximately 8 days post infection and had diminished markedly by day 14. The inflammatory reaction was concentrated at the luminal surface. Chlamydial replication was demonstrated and inclusions were found in epithelial cells.
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Mårdh PA. An overview of infectious agents of salpingitis, their biology, and recent advances in methods of detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138:933-51. [PMID: 6781349 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Schachter J. Chlamydiae: exotic and ubiquitous. West J Med 1980; 132:238-40. [PMID: 7376659 PMCID: PMC1272037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rank RG, White HJ, Barron AL. Humoral immunity in the resolution of genital infection in female guinea pigs infected with the agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. Infect Immun 1979; 26:573-9. [PMID: 546788 PMCID: PMC414654 DOI: 10.1128/iai.26.2.573-579.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Female guinea pigs infected in the genital tract with the chlamydial agent of guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis were selectively immunosuppressed by varying regimens of cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment. Temporary suppression of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity by daily treatment of Cy (25 mg/kg) for 13 days resulted in a prolonged infection, whereas daily treatment for the duration of the experiment totally prevented the development of humoral and cell-mediated responses and produced an intense and prolonged infection which did not resolve. When humoral immunity alone was suppressed by treatment with Cy (250 and 150 mg/kg) at 9-day intervals, the infection again did not resolve. Treatment with 100 mg of Cy per kg at 9-day intervals resulted in an extended infection which resolved concomitantly with the development of antibody to guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis. These data indicate that humoral immunity is essential for the recovery of female guinea pigs from guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis genital infection. A market weight loss was observed which could not be attributed to Cy treatment alone. Edematous and ulcerative changes of the external genitalia were also noted.
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