1
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Widjaja M, Berry IJ, Jarocki VM, Padula MP, Dumke R, Djordjevic SP. Cell surface processing of the P1 adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae identifies novel domains that bind host molecules. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6384. [PMID: 32286369 PMCID: PMC7156367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a genome reduced pathogen and causative agent of community acquired pneumonia. The major cellular adhesin, P1, localises to the tip of the attachment organelle forming a complex with P40 and P90, two cleavage fragments derived by processing Mpn142, and other molecules with adhesive and mobility functions. LC-MS/MS analysis of M. pneumoniae M129 proteins derived from whole cell lysates and eluents from affinity matrices coupled with chemically diverse host molecules identified 22 proteoforms of P1. Terminomics was used to characterise 17 cleavage events many of which were independently verified by the identification of semi-tryptic peptides in our proteome studies and by immunoblotting. One cleavage event released 1597TSAAKPGAPRPPVPPKPGAPKPPVQPPKKPA1627 from the C-terminus of P1 and this peptide was shown to bind to a range of host molecules. A smaller synthetic peptide comprising the C-terminal 15 amino acids, 1613PGAPKPPVQPPKKPA1627, selectively bound cytoskeletal intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, and vimentin from a native A549 cell lysate. Collectively, our data suggests that ectodomain shedding occurs on the surface of M. pneumoniae where it may alter the functional diversity of P1, Mpn142 and other surface proteins such as elongation factor Tu via a mechanism similar to that described in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Widjaja
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Iain James Berry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Veronica Maria Jarocki
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Matthew Paul Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Roger Dumke
- Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven Philip Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia. .,Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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2
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Williams CR, Chen L, Driver AD, Arnold EA, Sheppard ES, Locklin J, Krause DC. Sialylated Receptor Setting Influences Mycoplasma pneumoniae Attachment and Gliding Motility. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:735-744. [PMID: 29885004 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of human respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae binds glycoprotein receptors having terminal sialic acid residues via the P1 adhesin protein. Here, we explored the impact of sialic acid presentation on M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding on surfaces coated with sialylated glycoproteins, or chemically functionalized with α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose ligated individually or in combination to a polymer scaffold in precisely controlled densities. In both models, gliding required a higher receptor density threshold than adherence, and receptor density influenced gliding frequency but not gliding speed. However, very high densities of α-2,3-sialyllactose actually reduced gliding frequency over peak levels observed at lower densities. Both α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialyllactose supported M. pneumoniae adherence, but gliding was only observed on the former. Finally, gliding on α-2,3-sialyllactose was inhibited on surfaces also conjugated with α-2,6-sialyllactose, suggesting that both moieties bind P1 despite the inability of the latter to support gliding. Our results indicate that the nature and density of host receptor moieties profoundly influences M. pneumoniae gliding, which could affect pathogenesis and infection outcome. Furthermore, precise functionalization of polymer scaffolds shows great promise for further analysis of sialic acid presentation and M. pneumoniae adherence and gliding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley D Driver
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward A Arnold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward S Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Duncan C Krause
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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3
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Balish MF, Distelhorst SL. Potential Molecular Targets for Narrow-Spectrum Agents to Combat Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Disease. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:205. [PMID: 26941728 PMCID: PMC4766277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As Mycoplasma pneumoniae macrolide resistance grows and spreads worldwide, it is becoming more important to develop new drugs to prevent infection or limit disease. Because other mycoplasma species have acquired resistance to other classes of antibiotics, it is reasonable to presume that M. pneumoniae can do the same, so switching to commonly used antibiotics like fluoroquinolones will not result in forms of therapy with long-term utility. Moreover, broad-spectrum antibiotics can have serious consequences for the patient, as these drugs may have severe impacts on the natural microbiota of the individual, compromising the health of the patient either short-term or long-term. Therefore, developing narrow-spectrum antibiotics that effectively target only M. pneumoniae and no more than a small portion of the microbiota is likely to yield impactful, positive results that can be used perhaps indefinitely to combat M. pneumoniae. Development of these agents requires a deep understanding of the basic biology of M. pneumoniae, in many areas deeper than what is currently known. In this review, we discuss potential targets for new, narrow-spectrum agents and both the positive and negative aspects of selecting these targets, which include toxic molecules, metabolic pathways, and attachment and motility. By gathering this information together, we anticipate that it will be easier for researchers to evaluate topics of priority for study of M. pneumoniae.
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4
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Hövelmeyer N, Wörns MA, Reissig S, Adams‐Quack P, Leclaire J, Hahn M, Wörtge S, Nikolaev A, Galle PR, Waisman A. Overexpression of Bcl‐3 inhibits the development of marginal zone B cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:545-52. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Marcus A. Wörns
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Sonja Reissig
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Petra Adams‐Quack
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Jennifer Leclaire
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Simone Wörtge
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Alexei Nikolaev
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Peter R. Galle
- Department of Internal Medicine IUniversity Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular MedicineJohannes Gutenberg‐University of Mainz Mainz Germany
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5
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Tseng CW, Kanci A, Citti C, Rosengarten R, Chiu CJ, Chen ZH, Geary SJ, Browning GF, Markham PF. MalF is essential for persistence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vivo. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2013; 159:1459-1470. [PMID: 23657682 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.067553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is limited understanding of the molecular basis of virulence in the important avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum. To define genes that may be involved in colonization of chickens, a collection of mutants of the virulent Ap3AS strain of M. gallisepticum were generated by signature-tagged transposon mutagenesis. The collection included mutants with single insertions in the genes encoding the adhesin GapA and the cytadherence-related protein CrmA, and Western blotting confirmed that these mutants did not express these proteins. In two separate in vivo screenings, two GapA-deficient mutants (ST mutants 02-1 and 06-1) were occasionally recovered from birds, suggesting that GapA expression may not always be essential for persistence of strain Ap3AS. CrmA-deficient ST mutant 33-1 colonized birds poorly and had reduced virulence, indicating that CrmA was a significant virulence factor, but was not absolutely essential for colonization. ST mutant 04-1 contained a single transposon insertion in malF, a predicted ABC sugar transport permease, and could not be reisolated even when inoculated by itself into a group of birds, suggesting that expression of MalF was essential for persistence of M. galliseptium strain Ap3AS in infected birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wen Tseng
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anna Kanci
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christine Citti
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.,INRA, ENVT, UMR 1225, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chien-Ju Chiu
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zheng-Hong Chen
- Microbiology Department, Basic Medical College, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, PR China
| | - Steven J Geary
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Philip F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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6
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Vink C, Rudenko G, Seifert HS. Microbial antigenic variation mediated by homologous DNA recombination. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:917-948. [PMID: 22212019 PMCID: PMC3334452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms employ numerous molecular strategies in order to delay or circumvent recognition by the immune system of their host. One of the most widely used strategies of immune evasion is antigenic variation, in which immunogenic molecules expressed on the surface of a microorganism are continuously modified. As a consequence, the host is forced to constantly adapt its humoral immune response against this pathogen. An antigenic change thus provides the microorganism with an opportunity to persist and/or replicate within the host (population) for an extended period of time or to effectively infect a previously infected host. In most cases, antigenic variation is caused by genetic processes that lead to the modification of the amino acid sequence of a particular antigen or to alterations in the expression of biosynthesis genes that induce changes in the expression of a variant antigen. Here, we will review antigenic variation systems that rely on homologous DNA recombination and that are found in a wide range of cellular, human pathogens, including bacteria (such as Neisseria spp., Borrelia spp., Treponema pallidum, and Mycoplasma spp.), fungi (such as Pneumocystis carinii) and parasites (such as the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei). Specifically, the various DNA recombination-based antigenic variation systems will be discussed with a focus on the employed mechanisms of recombination, the DNA substrates, and the enzymatic machinery involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Vink
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gloria Rudenko
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College-South Kensington, London, UK
| | - H. Steven Seifert
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Abstract
The cell wall-less prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a major cause of community-acquired bronchitis and pneumonia in humans. Colonization is mediated largely by a differentiated terminal organelle, which is also the leading end in gliding motility. Cytadherence-associated proteins P30 and P65 appear to traffic concurrently to the distal end of developing terminal organelles. Here, truncation of P65 due to transposon insertion in the corresponding gene resulted in lower gliding velocity, reduced cytadherence, and decreased steady-state levels of several terminal organelle proteins, including P30. Utilizing fluorescent protein fusions, we followed terminal organelle development over time. New P30 foci appeared at nascent terminal organelles in P65 mutants, as in the wild type. However, with forward cell motility, P30 in the P65 mutants appeared to drag toward the trailing cell pole, where it was released, yielding a fluorescent trail to which truncated P65 colocalized. In contrast, P30 was only rarely observed at the trailing end of gliding wild-type cells. Complementation with the recombinant wild-type P65 allele by transposon delivery restored P65 levels and stabilized P30 localization to the terminal organelle.
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8
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Cloward JM, Krause DC. Loss of co-chaperone TopJ impacts adhesin P1 presentation and terminal organelle maturation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:528-39. [PMID: 21631602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07712.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a wall-less human respiratory tract pathogen that colonizes mucosal epithelium via a polar terminal organelle having a central electron-dense core and adhesin-related proteins clustered at a terminal button. A mutant lacking J-domain co-chaperone TopJ is non-cytadherent and non-motile, despite having a core and normal levels of the major cytadherence-associated proteins. J-domain co-chaperones work with DnaK to catalyse polypeptide binding and subsequent protein folding. Here we compared features of the topJ mutant with other cytadherence mutants to elucidate the contribution of TopJ to cytadherence function. The topJ mutant was similar ultrastructurally to a non-cytadherent mutant lacking terminal organelle proteins B/C, including aberrant core positioning and cell morphology in thin sections, but exhibited a hybrid satellite growth pattern with features of mutants both having and lacking a core. Time-lapse images of mycoplasmas expressing a YFP fusion with terminal organelle protein P41 suggested that terminal organelle formation/positioning was delayed or poorly co-ordinated with cell growth in the absence of TopJ. TopJ required a core for localization, perhaps involving HMW1. P1 trypsin accessibility on other non-cytadherent mutants was significantly enhanced over wild type but unexpectedly was reduced with topJ mutant cells, suggesting impaired processing, translocation and/or folding of this adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Cloward
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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9
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Spuesens EBM, van de Kreeke N, Estevão S, Hoogenboezem T, Sluijter M, Hartwig NG, van Rossum AMC, Vink C. Variation in a surface-exposed region of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae P40 protein as a consequence of homologous DNA recombination between RepMP5 elements. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:473-483. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.045591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a human pathogen that causes a range of respiratory tract infections. The first step in infection is adherence of the bacteria to the respiratory epithelium. This step is mediated by a specialized organelle, which contains several proteins (cytadhesins) that have an important function in adherence. Two of these cytadhesins, P40 and P90, represent the proteolytic products from a single 130 kDa protein precursor, which is encoded by the MPN142 gene. Interestingly, MPN142 contains a repetitive DNA element, termed RepMP5, of which homologues are found at seven other loci within the M. pneumoniae genome. It has been hypothesized that these RepMP5 elements, which are similar but not identical in sequence, recombine with their counterpart within MPN142 and thereby provide a source of sequence variation for this gene. As this variation may give rise to amino acid changes within P40 and P90, the recombination between RepMP5 elements may constitute the basis of antigenic variation and, possibly, immune evasion by M. pneumoniae. To investigate the sequence variation of MPN142 in relation to inter-RepMP5 recombination, we determined the sequences of all RepMP5 elements in a collection of 25 strains. The results indicate that: (i) inter-RepMP5 recombination events have occurred in seven of the strains, and (ii) putative RepMP5 recombination events involving MPN142 have induced amino acid changes in a surface-exposed part of the P40 protein in two of the strains. We conclude that recombination between RepMP5 elements is a common phenomenon that may lead to sequence variation of MPN142-encoded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel B. M. Spuesens
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick van de Kreeke
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Estevão
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Hoogenboezem
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Sluijter
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico G. Hartwig
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. C. van Rossum
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Vink
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunity, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Balish MF, Krause DC. Mycoplasmas: a distinct cytoskeleton for wall-less bacteria. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 11:244-55. [PMID: 16983199 DOI: 10.1159/000094058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial genus Mycoplasma includes a large number of highly genomically-reduced species which in nature are associated with hosts either commensally or pathogenically. Several Mycoplasma species, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, feature a multifunctional polar structure, the terminal organelle. Essential for colonization of the host and for gliding motility, the terminal organelle is associated with an internal cytoskeleton crucial to its assembly and function. This cytoskeleton is structurally and compositionally novel as compared with the cytoskeletons of other organisms, including other bacteria, is also involved in the cell division process. In this review we discuss the cytoskeletal structures and protein components of the attachment organelle and how they might interact and contribute to its various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell F Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA.
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11
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Broaders SA, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae subtype-independent induction of proinflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells. Microb Pathog 2006; 40:286-92. [PMID: 16678382 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae can be divided into two main subtypes depending on the amino acid sequences of the P1 adhesin and the P65 protein, both located in the attachment organelle. Differences between these subtypes in infectivity, virulence and interaction with host cells have not been extensively studied. Using ELISA to measure released protein and real-time PCR to quantify mRNA, we have demonstrated that both M. pneumoniae subtypes significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) at comparable levels in THP-1 cells over a 72 h period of time. However, subtype 2 induced a statistically significant increase (P<0.001) in the release of interleukin-1beta at 24 h post-infection compared to subtype 1. These data provide evidence that the induction of proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression by M. pneumoniae is not dependent on the infecting subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Broaders
- Mail Stop C03, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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12
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Waldo RH, Krause DC. Synthesis, stability, and function of cytadhesin P1 and accessory protein B/C complex of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:569-75. [PMID: 16385047 PMCID: PMC1347290 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.2.569-575.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes MPN141 and MPN142 encode the major adhesin P1 and the cytadherence-related B/C proteins (P90/P40), respectively, in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Using reverse transcriptase PCR we found open reading frames MPN140 to MPN142 constitute a polycistronic transcriptional unit. Cytadherence mutant IV-22 has a frameshift mutation in MPN141 and lacks the P1, B, or C proteins. Recombinant MPN141 and/or MPN142 were introduced into mutant IV-22 by transposon delivery in several configurations, and the levels of the P1, B, and C proteins were assessed by immunoblotting. MPN142 in mutant IV-22 has a wild-type nucleotide sequence, yet the introduction of recombinant MPN141 alone to mutant IV-22, although it restored P1 levels, failed to restore levels of B or C. In contrast, recombinant MPN141 and MPN142 delivered in cis or in trans were sufficient to restore all three proteins. Taken together, our data indicated that some but not all synthesis of B or C is dependent on coupling to the translation of P1 immediately upstream of MPN142 and demonstrated that proteins B and C are not stable in the absence of P1. The linkage of MPN141 and MPN142 at the levels of transcription, translation, and protein stability, in addition to their previously demonstrated colocalization and the requirement of B and/or C for P1 function, reinforces the conclusion that these proteins constitute a multiprotein complex that functions in receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Waldo
- Department of Microbiology, 523 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Bencina D, Slavec B, Narat M. Antibody response to GroEL varies in patients with acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 43:399-406. [PMID: 15708314 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although heat-shock proteins represent major antigens in a wide spectrum of bacterial infections, their immunogenicity is not known for Mycoplasma pneumoniae. M. pneumoniae is a major human respiratory pathogen and it has been suggested that its groEL gene might be dispensable in vitro. Using the specific monoclonal antibody 2C2/C3 we found an abundant synthesis of about 58 kDa GroEL in M. pneumoniae reference strains and in 15 clinical isolates examined at low and higher passages. In patients with acute respiratory disease caused by M. pneumoniae immunoblot analyses showed relatively low prevalence of systemic antibodies against its GroEL protein. Whereas all patients had strong antibody response to the P1 adhesin, only 5 of 29 patients (17.2%) had antibodies to GroEL. Among them, patient RI raised an early and very strong antibody response to GroEL. During the convalescent phase, levels of his serum IgG (mainly IgG2) to GroEL increased and were higher than levels of IgG to P1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Bencina
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
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14
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Waldo RH, Jordan JL, Krause DC. Identification and complementation of a mutation associated with loss of Mycoplasma pneumoniae virulence-specific proteins B and C. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:747-51. [PMID: 15629945 PMCID: PMC543562 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.2.747-751.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A mutation in gene MPN142 (orf6) was identified in the Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence mutant III-4. MPN142 encodes virulence-specific proteins P90 and P40 (proteins B and C, respectively). Analysis of MPN142 in a cytadhering revertant and complementation using a recombinant wild-type allele confirmed the role of this mutation in the cytadherence defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Waldo
- Department of Microbiology, 523 Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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15
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Chaudhry R, Nisar N, Hora B, Chirasani SR, Malhotra P. Expression and immunological characterization of the carboxy-terminal region of the P1 adhesin protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:321-5. [PMID: 15634989 PMCID: PMC540095 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.321-325.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia in humans. Adherence of M. pneumoniae to host cells requires several adhesin proteins, such as P1, P30, and P116. A major limitation in developing a specific diagnostic test for M. pneumoniae is the inability to express adhesin proteins in heterologous expression systems due to unusual usage of the UGA stop codon, leading to premature termination of these proteins in Escherichia coli. In the present study, we successfully expressed the C-terminal (P1-C1) and N-terminal (P1-N1) regions of the P1 protein in E. coli. On screening these recombinant proteins with sera from M. pneumoniae-infected patients, only the P1-C1 protein was found to be immunogenic. This protein can be used as an antigen for immunodiagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection, as well as in adherence inhibition studies to understand the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Dumke R, Catrein I, Herrmann R, Jacobs E. Preference, adaptation and survival of Mycoplasma pneumoniae subtypes in an animal model. Int J Med Microbiol 2004; 294:149-55. [PMID: 15493825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its natural host, humans, cannot be studied directly for obvious reasons. Therefore, we used guinea pigs instead, which had been recently introduced as an acceptable alternative host organism. The following experimental approaches were taken to study the pathogen-host relationship: characterization and subtyping of M. pneumoniae strains isolated from human patients, infection of guinea pigs with selected M. pneumoniae strains, and analysis of adaptation, preference and survival of individual strains in guinea pigs under competitive conditions. The results of our study indicated that the species M. pneumoniae is genetically very homogeneous. From 115 independently isolated strains two subtypes and one variant were found. The subtypes differed significantly in the amino acid composition of the P1 protein, the main adhesin of M. pneumoniae, while the variant showed only minor amino acid exchanges. Infection of guinea pigs indicated differences between the subtypes and the variant in their ability to colonize and survive in the animal. Preinfection of the host with a certain subtype or variant caused a subtype-specific immunity and had a strong influence on the type of surviving bacteria in superinfection experiments. The results of these studies explain the shift of subtypes frequently observed in epidemic outbreaks of M. pneumoniae infection appearing in intervals of 3-7 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Dumke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstr 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Seto S, Layh-Schmitt G, Kenri T, Miyata M. Visualization of the attachment organelle and cytadherence proteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by immunofluorescence microscopy. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1621-30. [PMID: 11160093 PMCID: PMC95047 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.5.1621-1630.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for protein localization in Mycoplasma pneumoniae by immunofluorescence microscopy. The P1 adhesin protein was revealed to be located at least at one cell pole in all adhesive cells, as has been observed by immunoelectron microscopy. Cell images were classified according to P1 localization and assigned by DNA content. Cells with a single P1 focus at one cell pole had a lower DNA content than cells with two foci, at least one of which was positioned at a cell pole. Those with one focus at each cell pole had the highest DNA content, suggesting that the nascent attachment organelle is formed next to the old one and migrates to the opposite cell pole before cell division. Double staining revealed that the accessory proteins for cytadherence-HMW1, HMW3, P30, P90, P40, and P65-colocalized with the P1 adhesin in all cells. The localization of cytadherence proteins was also examined in cytadherence-deficient mutant cells with a branched morphology. In M5 mutant cells, which lack the P90 and P40 proteins, HMW1, HMW3, P1, and P30 were focused at the cell poles of short branches, and P65 showed no signal. In M7 mutant cells, which produce a truncated P30 protein, HMW1, HMW3, P1, P90, and P40 were focused, and P65 showed no signal. In M6 mutant cells, which express no HMW1 and a truncated P30 protein, the P1 adhesin was distributed throughout the entire cell body, and no signal was detected for the other proteins. These results suggest that the cytadherence proteins are sequentially assembled to the attachment organelle with HMW1 first, HMW3, P1, P30, P90, and P40 next, and P65 last.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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18
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Yoshida S, Fujisawa A, Tsuzaki Y, Saitoh S. Identification and expression of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum surface antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody capable of inhibiting both growth and metabolism. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3186-92. [PMID: 10816462 PMCID: PMC97558 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.6.3186-3192.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/1999] [Accepted: 02/26/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify antigenic proteins of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against virulent M. gallisepticum R strain were produced in mice. MAb 35A6 was selected for its abilities to inhibit both growth and metabolism of M. gallisepticum in vitro. The MAb recognized a membrane protein with an apparent molecular mass of 120 kDa. The corresponding gene, designated the mgc3 gene, was cloned from an M. gallisepticum genomic DNA expression library and sequenced. The mgc3 gene is a homologue of the ORF6 gene encoding 130-kDa protein in the P1 operon of M. pneumoniae and is localized downstream of the mgc1 gene, a homologue of the P1 gene. To assess the characteristics of MGC3 protein, all 10 TGA codons in the mgc3 gene, which encode a tryptophan in the Mycoplasma species, were replaced with TGG codons, and recombinant fowlpox viruses (FPV) harboring the altered mgc3 gene were constructed. One of the recombinant FPVs was improved to express MGC3 protein on the cell surface in which the signal peptide of MGC3 protein was replaced with one from Marek's disease virus gB. These results should provide the impetus to develop a vaccine based on MGC3 protein which can induce antibodies with both growth inhibition and metabolic-inhibition activities using a recombinant FPV.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Viral
- Bacterial Vaccines
- Chick Embryo
- Cloning, Molecular
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Fowlpox virus
- Genes, Bacterial
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycoplasma/drug effects
- Mycoplasma/genetics
- Mycoplasma/immunology
- Mycoplasma/pathogenicity
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Analysis
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Viral Envelope Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Life Science Laboratory, Research and Development Center, Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd., 1-2-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8507, Japan
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19
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Gaunson JE, Philip CJ, Whithear KG, Browning GF. Lymphocytic infiltration in the chicken trachea in response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 5):1223-1229. [PMID: 10832650 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-5-1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A prominent feature of disease induced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a lymphoproliferative response in the respiratory tract. Although this is also seen in other mycoplasma infections, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the phenotype of the lymphocytes infiltrating the respiratory tract has not been determined. In this study, the numbers and distribution of lymphocytes in the tracheas of chickens infected with a virulent strain of M. gallisepticum were examined. Three groups of chickens were experimentally infected with M. gallisepticum and three unchallenged groups were used as controls. One infected and one control group were culled at 1, 2 and 3 weeks post infection. Tracheas were removed and examined for the presence and number of T cells carrying CD4, CD8, TCRgamma7, TCRalphabeta1 or TCRalphabeta2 markers. There was no significant difference in the number of CD8+ cells in the upper, middle and lower trachea. High numbers of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells were found with variable numbers of TCRalphabeta1+ and TCRalphabeta2+, but no TCRgammadelta+, cells throughout the time course. The distribution of CD4 cells was dispersed, while the CD8+ cells were clustered in follicular-like arrangements. No difference was detected in the distribution of TCRalphabeta1+ and TCRalphabeta2+ cells. The titre of mycoplasma genomes in the trachea decreased significantly from 1 to 2 weeks, while the mucosal thickness of the trachea increased significantly from 1 to 2 weeks then decreased from 2 to 3 weeks, indicating resolution of the lesions following control of infection. This study is the first to examine the phenotypes of T lymphocytes infiltrating the respiratory tract during mycoplasma infections. The findings suggest involvement of specific stimulation of CD8+ cells, particularly in the acute phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Gaunson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia1
| | - C J Philip
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia1
| | - K G Whithear
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia1
| | - G F Browning
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia1
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20
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Layh-Schmitt G, Podtelejnikov A, Mann M. Proteins complexed to the P1 adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 ( Pt 3):741-747. [PMID: 10746778 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-3-741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adherence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae to host cells requires several mycoplasmal membrane proteins and cytoskeleton-like proteins in addition to the adhesin P1, a transmembrane protein of 170 kDa. To analyse interactions of the P1 adhesin with other membrane proteins or with cytoskeleton-like proteins, cross-linking studies were performed in vivo using the permeant reagent paraformaldehyde. The cross-linked protein complex was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography, and proteins complexed to the P1 protein were identified by immunoblot analysis followed by high mass accuracy tryptic peptide mapping using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). In addition to the P1 protein and a truncated form of the same protein, the adhesin-related 30 kDa protein, two membrane proteins of 40 and 90 kDa, the cytoskeleton-associated 65 kDa protein and two cytoskeleton-forming proteins, HMW1 and HMW3, were found to be components of the isolated protein complex. Furthermore, the cross-linked complex contained the chaperone DnaK and the E1alpha subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase. In summary, it was shown that cytadherence-associated membrane proteins are located in close proximity to cytoskeleton-like proteins, suggesting a functional interaction between membrane and cytoskeleton-like proteins. DnaK might be involved in translocation of proteins from the cytoplasm to the membrane and pyruvate dehydrogenase might be a structural protein of the attachment organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Layh-Schmitt
- Hygiene-Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany1
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21
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Layh-Schmitt G, Harkenthal M. The 40- and 90-kDa membrane proteins (ORF6 gene product) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae are responsible for the tip structure formation and P1 (adhesin) association with the Triton shell. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 174:143-9. [PMID: 10234833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After Triton X-100 treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells, a portion of the adhesin P1 (transmembrane protein) proved to remain tightly associated with the Triton insoluble material (Triton shell) as shown previously by several authors. However, the spontaneous loss of two cytadherence-associated membrane proteins of 90 and 40 kDa (gene product of the open reading frame 6 of the P1 operon) in a hemadsorption-negative mutant, designated M5, resulted in a 100% release of the P1 protein into the Triton phase and in the lack of the characteristic tip-like attachment organelle of M. pneumoniae indicating an essential role of the open reading frame 6 gene product in tip structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Layh-Schmitt
- Hygiene-Institut, Abt. Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Goh MS, Gorton TS, Forsyth MH, Troy KE, Geary SJ. Molecular and biochemical analysis of a 105 kDa Mycoplasma gallisepticum cytadhesin (GapA). MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1998; 144 ( Pt 11):2971-2978. [PMID: 9846732 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-144-11-2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of a gene (gapA) from Mycoplasma gallisepticum with homology to the P1 cytadherence gene of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is reported. The gapA gene is a 2895 bp ORF encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 105 kDa. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gapA gene revealed 45% homology to the M. pneumoniae P1 gene, 46% homology to the Mycoplasma genitalium MgPa gene and 47% homology to the Mycoplasma pirum P1-like protein gene. It has a 64 mol % A+T content compared to 46, 60 and 72 mol % respectively for the P1, MgPa and the P1-like protein genes. As with the P1 and MgPa genes, gapA is a central gene in a multi-gene operon, but unlike the P1 and MgPa genes, there is only a single copy of gapA in the genome. GapA is a trypsin-sensitive surface-exposed protein. Chicken tracheal-ring inhibition-of-attachment assays, using anti-GapA Fab fragments, resulted in 64% inhibition of attachment. These results indicated that GapA plays a role in cytadherence of M. gallisepticum to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Goh
- Department of Pathobiology, U-89, 61 N Eagleville Rd, University of Connecticut,Storrs, CT 06269-3089,USA
| | - T S Gorton
- Department of Pathobiology, U-89, 61 N Eagleville Rd, University of Connecticut,Storrs, CT 06269-3089,USA
| | - M H Forsyth
- Department of Pathobiology, U-89, 61 N Eagleville Rd, University of Connecticut,Storrs, CT 06269-3089,USA
| | - K E Troy
- Department of Pathobiology, U-89, 61 N Eagleville Rd, University of Connecticut,Storrs, CT 06269-3089,USA
| | - S J Geary
- Department of Pathobiology, U-89, 61 N Eagleville Rd, University of Connecticut,Storrs, CT 06269-3089,USA
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23
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Mammen M, Choi SK, Whitesides GM. Polyvalente Wechselwirkungen in biologischen Systemen: Auswirkungen auf das Design und die Verwendung multivalenter Liganden und Inhibitoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19981016)110:20<2908::aid-ange2908>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Salih BA, Rosenbusch RF. Identification and localization of a 94 kDa membrane protein found in Mycoplasma bovoculi strains. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 21:281-90. [PMID: 9775358 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(98)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Six isolates of Mycoplasma bovoculi obtained from cattle herds with bovine keratoconjunctivitis were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting techniques. All six strains showed similarity in their protein profiles although no two patterns were identical. Antigenic differences between strains were detected in immunoblots reacted with post-exposure calf serum. A common 94 kDa protein band designated p94 was detected in all six strains reacted with monoclonal antibody MA25.5 developed to one of the strains. The p94 was also recognized in these strains by the calf serum. Trypsin treatment of intact mycoplasma cells resulted in the removal of p94 from immunoblots reacted with MA or hyperimmune rabbit serum. Other trypsin-resistant antigens shared between strains or being strain-specific in nature were identified when trypsin-treated mycoplasma cells were reacted with hyperimmune rabbit serum. The p94 antigen was shown to be of mycoplasmal origin by radio-immunoprecipitation using the MA or hyperimmune rabbit serum. These studies identify the presence of a surface antigen (p94) on M. bovoculi membrane in all strains examined that is trypsin sensitive by the use of monoclonal antibody, calf serum and hyperimmune rabbit serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Salih
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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25
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Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae has no cell wall but possesses a complex terminal structure that is required for polar localization of adhesins and is thought to participate in cell division. Several protein components of this structure have been identified by analysis of non-cytadhering mutants. Genetic manipulation of mycoplasmas now allows elucidation of the assembly and regulation of the terminal organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Krause
- Dept of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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26
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Popham PL, Hahn TW, Krebes KA, Krause DC. Loss of HMW1 and HMW3 in noncytadhering mutants of Mycoplasma pneumoniae occurs post-translationally. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13979-84. [PMID: 9391138 PMCID: PMC28418 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomic sequence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae establish this cell-wall-less prokaryote as among the smallest known microorganisms capable of self-replication. However, this genomic simplicity and corresponding biosynthetic austerity are sharply contrasted by the complex terminal structure found in this species. This tip structure (attachment organelle) directs colonization of the human respiratory mucosa, leading to bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. Furthermore, formation of a second tip structure appears to precede cell division, implying temporal regulation. However, the organization, regulation, and assembly of the attachment organelle in M. pneumoniae are poorly understood, and no counterparts have been identified among the walled bacteria. M. pneumoniae possesses a cytoskeleton-like structure required to localize adhesin proteins to the attachment organelle. The cytadherence-associated proteins HMW1, HMW2, and HMW3 are components of the mycoplasma cytoskeleton, with HMW1 localizing strictly along the filamentous extensions from the cell body and HMW3 being a key structural element of the terminal organelle. Disruptions in hmw2 result in the loss of HMW1 and HMW3. However, the hmw1 and hmw3 genes were transcribed and translated at wild-type levels in hmw2 mutants. HMW1 and HMW3 were relatively stable in the wild-type background over 8 h but disappeared in the mutants over this time period. Evaluation of recombinant HMW1 levels in mycoplasma mutants suggested a requirement for the C-terminal domain of HMW1 for turnover. Finally, an apparent defect in the processing of the precursor for the adhesin protein P1 was noted in the HMW- mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Popham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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27
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Krause DC, Proft T, Hedreyda CT, Hilbert H, Plagens H, Herrmann R. Transposon mutagenesis reinforces the correlation between Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytoskeletal protein HMW2 and cytadherence. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:2668-77. [PMID: 9098066 PMCID: PMC179017 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.8.2668-2677.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new genetic locus associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence was previously identified by transposon mutagenesis with Tn4001. This locus maps approximately 160 kbp from the genes encoding cytadherence-associated proteins HMW1 and HMW3, and yet insertions therein result in loss of these proteins and a hemadsorption-negative (HA-) phenotype, prompting the designation cytadherence-regulatory locus (crl). In the current study, passage of transformants in the absence of antibiotic selection resulted in loss of the transposon, a wild-type protein profile, and a HA+ phenotype, underscoring the correlation between crl and M. pneumoniae cytadherence. Nucleotide sequence analysis of crl revealed open reading frames (ORFs) orfp65, orfp216, orfp41, and orfp24, arranged in tandem and flanked by a promoter-like and a terminator-like sequence, suggesting a single transcriptional unit, the P65 operon. The 5' end of orfp65 mRNA was mapped by primer extension, and a likely promoter was identified just upstream. The product of each ORF was identified by using antisera prepared against fusion proteins. The previously characterized surface protein P65 is encoded by orfp65, while the 190,000 Mr cytadherence-associated protein HMW2 is a product of orfp216. Proteins with sizes of 47,000 and 41,000 Mr and unknown function were identified for orfp41 and orfp24, respectively. Structural analyses of HMW2 predict a periodicity highly characteristic of a coiled-coil conformation and five leucine zipper motifs, indicating that HMW2 probably forms dimers in vivo, which is consistent with a structural role in cytadherence. Each transposon insertion mapped to orfp216 but affected the levels of all products of the P65 operon. HMW2 is thought to form a disulfide-linked dimer, formerly designated HMW5, and examination of an hmw2 deletion mutant confirms that HMW5 is a product of the hmw2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Krause
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia in older children and young adults. Mycoplasma adherence to the respiratory epithelium (cytadherence) is required for colonization and pathogenesis. Although considered to be among the smallest and simplest known prokaryotes, this cell-wall-less bacterium possesses a highly differentiated terminal structure that is thought to be functional in mycoplasma cell division, gliding motility, and cytadherence. Mutant analysis has identified mycoplasma proteins associated with cytadherence, and revealed novel regulatory features. Ultrastructural and biochemical studies have established the subcellular location and interaction of key components, several of which are phosphorylated by ATP-dependent kinase(s) in a manner that is responsive to changing nutritional conditions. This review summarizes recent progress in defining the composition, organization and regulation of the attachment organelle. What emerges is a picture of M. pneumoniae cytadherence as a multifactorial process that extends well beyond adhesin-receptor recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Krause
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA.
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29
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Layh-Schmitt G, Hilbert H, Pirkl E. A spontaneous hemadsorption-negative mutant of Mycoplasma pneumoniae exhibits a truncated adhesin-related 30-kilodalton protein and lacks the cytadherence-accessory protein HMW1. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:843-6. [PMID: 7836325 PMCID: PMC176669 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.3.843-846.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A spontaneous, hemadsorption-negative mutant of Mycoplasma pneumoniae lacks the cytoskeleton-forming HMW1 protein and exhibits a truncated adhesin-related 30-kDa protein. Genetic analyses revealed deletion of one nucleotide in the hmw1 gene and loss of eight repeated sequences comprising 144 nucleotides in the gene for the adhesin-related 30-kDa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Layh-Schmitt
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Abstract
The ORF6 gene product of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is involved in a yet-unknown manner in the adhesion of the bacterium to its host cell. Part of the ORF6 gene is a repetitive DNA sequence (RepMP5), about 1,900 bp long. Seven additional similar copies of RepMP5 are dispersed on the genome. In the independently isolated strains M. pneumoniae M129 and FH, the RepMP5 copies residing in the ORF6 gene are not identical. Two conserved regions, ranging from nucleotides 1 to 799 and from nucleotide 1795 to the end of the gene, border a variable region, ranging from nucleotides 800 to 1794. This variable region differs in DNA sequence and by 201 bp. Analysis of RepMP5 copies outside the ORF6 gene showed that both M. pneumoniae M129 and M. pneumoniae FH carry a RepMP5 copy on a 6-kbp EcoRI fragment which has the same DNA sequence as the variable region of RepMP5 in the M. pneumoniae FH ORF6 gene. According to these data, a switch from the M. pneumoniae M129 ORF6 gene to the M. pneumoniae FH ORF6 gene could take place by gene conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ruland
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Dawson JR, Ellen RP. Clustering of fibronectin adhesins toward Treponema denticola tips upon contact with immobilized fibronectin. Infect Immun 1994; 62:2214-21. [PMID: 8188343 PMCID: PMC186500 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.6.2214-2221.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Treponema denticola has been shown to bind to immobilized fibronectin (Fn) by its tips. Yet labeling of cells in suspension with an Fn-gold conjugate to localize the Fn adhesins shows that they are distributed in patches along the entire cell length. Subsequent experiments have shown that the number and proportion of tip-oriented cells increase with time, suggesting that Fn contact stimulates T. denticola to rearrange adhesins toward its tips. To test this hypothesis, T. denticola cells were allowed to migrate in a 2% methylcellulose column toward nitrocellulose filters coated with Fn, laminin, bovine serum albumin, or phosphate-buffered saline. Cells close to and distant from the filters were collected, labeled with Fn-gold probes, and examined by transmission electron microscopy. The number of gold particles on each of 20 cells was counted, dividing each cell into thirds along its length: the end third with the most label (end 1), the middle third, and the end with the least label (end 2). The mean number (+/- standard deviation) of gold probes per third was calculated. Fn-gold probes clustered toward one end of T. denticola cells when in contact with Fn-coated nitrocellulose, with > 55% of probes in end 1. In contrast, no clustering toward T. denticola ends occurred with laminin-, bovine serum albumin, or phosphate-buffered saline-coated filters or in the absence of a filter. Blocking access of the T. denticola cells to the Fn-coated nitrocellulose filter by placing an uncoated filter between them prevented clustering of Fn-gold. Removal of T. denticola cells from direct contact with the Fn-coated filter did not promote redistribution of clustered probes. These data suggest that T. denticola is stimulated to cluster Fn adhesins irreversibly toward its tips when it migrates into contact with immobilized Fn. This might be significant for establishing multiple adhesive interactions with host cells and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dawson
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Barile MF, Grabowski MW, Kapatais-Zoumbois K, Brown B, Hu PC, Chandler DK. Protection of immunized and previously infected chimpanzees challenged with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Vaccine 1994; 12:707-14. [PMID: 8091848 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Following immunization, peak geometric mean serum metabolism inhibition antibody (MIT) titres were 1:13 and 1:16 for groups of three chimpanzees each that received either the formalin-inactivated OSU-1A or experimental acellular extract vaccine, respectively. Following challenge, the mean titres for chimpanzees given the acellular vaccine peaked at 1:256 in 4 weeks and was 1:48 at 10 weeks. Chimpanzees given the OSU-1A vaccine peaked at 1:80 in 4 weeks and remained at 1:80 at 10 weeks. There was no direct correlation between the serum MIT response and the severity of disease or colonization, and thus the MIT response was not a reliable measurement of protection. The two non-immunized chimpanzees showed significant signs of disease, including cough, pharyngitis, rhinitis, fever and abnormal X-ray findings, for about 5 weeks. The chimpanzees immunized with either vaccine were less colonized and showed far less disease than non-immunized controls. Protection afforded the chimpanzees was similar to that of vaccinees in the human clinical trial given the same OSU-1A vaccine (Wenzel et al., 1977). The two previously infected chimpanzees were most protected against colonization and disease on challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Barile
- Laboratory of Mycoplasma, Center for Biologics Evaluation, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Franzoso G, Hu PC, Meloni GA, Barile MF. Immunoblot analyses of chimpanzee sera after infection and after immunization and challenge with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1994; 62:1008-14. [PMID: 8112834 PMCID: PMC186217 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.3.1008-1014.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Consecutive weekly or biweekly serum specimens obtained during a 3- or 4-month study from 16 chimpanzees were examined by immunoblot analyses to identify the immunogenic components of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Six experimentally infected chimpanzees showed significant signs of overt disease, including cough, pharyngitis, rhinitis, fever, and loss of appetite. The sera of these infected chimpanzees recognized from 17 to 20 protein bands. Two control chimpanzees that were not inoculated were included in the study. Three chimpanzees immunized with a formalin-inactivated OSU-1A vaccine and three chimpanzees immunized with an experimental acellular vaccine showed minimal signs of disease on challenge. After challenge, the serum immunoblot responses of the immunized chimpanzees were similar to those of the infected chimpanzees. Before challenge, the sera of two previously infected chimpanzees recognized protein bands of 169 (which comigrated with the P1 adhesin), 148, 130, 117, 86, 61, 44, 35, 30, and 29 kDa. After challenge, the previously infected chimpanzees showed the most intense serum immunoblot responses and were most protected against colonization and disease. The sera from each of the 16 chimpanzees examined recognized a large number of immunogenic components, and the serum immunoblot responses were virtually identical to those of patients. Sera from each chimpanzee and patient recognized 169-, 148-, 130-, 117-, 86-, 44-, and 35-kDa bands and many of them recognized 67-, 63-, 61-, 56-, 32-, 30-, and 29-kDa protein bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzoso
- Laboratory of Mycoplasma, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Layh-Schmitt G, Herrmann R. Spatial arrangement of gene products of the P1 operon in the membrane of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 1994; 62:974-9. [PMID: 8112872 PMCID: PMC186212 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.3.974-979.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The spatial arrangement of three P1 operon-encoded proteins--attachment protein P1 (ORF5 gene product) and the ORF6-derived proteins of 40 and 90 kDa--in the membrane of Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129 was investigated by nearest-neighbor analysis. For these studies, the homobivalent, thiol-cleavable, and nonmembrane-permeating cross-linking reagent 3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidylpropionate) (DTSSP) was used. The cross-linked proteins were isolated by immunoprecipitation with antibodies directed against fusion proteins of selected regions of the 40-kDa, the 90-kDa, or the P1 protein. The individual components of the immunoprecipitated protein complexes were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, autoradiography, and immunoblot analysis. This study showed that the P1 protein, the ORF6 gene product, and an unidentified 30-kDa protein were linked to each other in the intact bacterial membrane by the reagent DTSSP, indicating that these proteins are located at a maximal distance of 12 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) on the tip structure of M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Layh-Schmitt
- ZMBH, Mikrobiologie, Universität Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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