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Pal S, Ausar SF, Tifrea DF, Cheng C, Gallichan S, Sanchez V, de la Maza LM, Visan L. Protection of outbred mice against a vaginal challenge by a Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E recombinant major outer membrane protein vaccine is dependent on phosphate substitution in the adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2537-2547. [PMID: 32118511 PMCID: PMC7644203 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1717183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually-transmitted pathogen for which there is no vaccine. We previously demonstrated that the degree of phosphate substitution in an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant in a TLR-4-based C. trachomatis serovar E (Ser E) recombinant major outer membrane protein (rMOMP) formulation had an impact on the induced antibody titers and IFN-γ levels. Here, we have extended these observations using outbreed CD-1 mice immunized with C. trachomatis Ser E rMOMP formulations to evaluate the impact on bacterial challenge. The results confirmed that the rMOMP vaccine containing the adjuvant with the highest phosphate substitution induced the highest neutralizing antibody titers while the formulation with the lowest phosphate substitution induced the highest IFN-γ production. The most robust protection was observed in mice vaccinated with the formulation containing the adjuvant with the lowest phosphate substitution, as shown by the number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, number of positive cultures and number of C. trachomatis inclusion forming units recovered. This is the first report showing that vaccination of an outbred strain of mice with rMOMP induces protection against a vaginal challenge with C. trachomatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Delia F Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Chunmei Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott Gallichan
- Analytical Research and Development Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Violette Sanchez
- Research & Non Clinical Safety Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California , Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lucian Visan
- Research & Non Clinical Safety Department, Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Badamchi-Zadeh A, McKay PF, Korber BT, Barinaga G, Walters AA, Nunes A, Gomes JP, Follmann F, Tregoning JS, Shattock RJ. A Multi-Component Prime-Boost Vaccination Regimen with a Consensus MOMP Antigen Enhances Chlamydia trachomatis Clearance. Front Immunol 2016; 7:162. [PMID: 27199987 PMCID: PMC4848310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A vaccine for Chlamydia trachomatis is of urgent medical need. We explored bioinformatic approaches to generate an immunogen against C. trachomatis that would induce cross-serovar T-cell responses as (i) CD4(+) T cells have been shown in animal models and human studies to be important in chlamydial protection and (ii) antibody responses may be restrictive and serovar specific. METHODS A consensus antigen based on over 1,500 major outer membrane protein (MOMP) sequences provided high epitope coverage against the most prevalent C. trachomatis strains in silico. Having designed the T-cell immunogen, we assessed it for immunogenicity in prime-boost regimens. This consensus MOMP transgene was delivered using plasmid DNA, Human Adenovirus 5 (HuAd5) or modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectors with or without MF59(®) adjuvanted recombinant MOMP protein. RESULTS Different regimens induced distinct immune profiles. The DNA-HuAd5-MVA-Protein vaccine regimen induced a cellular response with a Th1-biased serum antibody response, alongside high serum and vaginal MOMP-specific antibodies. This regimen significantly enhanced clearance against intravaginal C. trachomatis serovar D infection in both BALB/c and B6C3F1 mouse strains. This enhanced clearance was shown to be CD4(+) T-cell dependent. Future studies will need to confirm the specificity and precise mechanisms of protection. CONCLUSION A C. trachomatis vaccine needs to induce a robust cellular response with broad cross-serovar coverage and a heterologous prime-boost regimen may be an approach to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F McKay
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Bette T Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division , Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Guillermo Barinaga
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Adam A Walters
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Alexandra Nunes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - João Paulo Gomes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Frank Follmann
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - John S Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Mucosal Infection and Immunity Group, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Cerny KL, Van Fleet M, Slepenkin A, Peterson EM, Bridges PJ. Differential Expression of mRNA Encoding Cytokines and Chemokines in the Reproductive Tract after Infection of Mice with Chlamydia trachomatis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4. [PMID: 26779389 PMCID: PMC4712740 DOI: 10.4172/2161-038x.1000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis targets epithelial cells within the genital tract which respond by secreting chemokines and cytokines. Persistent inflammation can lead to fibrosis, tubal infertility and/or ectopic pregnancy; many infections are asymptomatic. Most studies have investigated the inflammatory response in the initial stages of infection, less is known about the later stages of infection, especially with a low, potentially asymptomatic, bacterial load. Our objective was to determine the inflammatory mediators involved in clearance of low-grade infection and the potential involvement in chronic inflammation. Six to eight week old C3H/HeJ mice were pretreated with 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate on day -10 and -3 before infection. Mice (n=3 for 28 d, n=3 for 35 d) were infected with 5 × 102 inclusion-forming units of C. trachomatis, serovar D; vaginal cultures were obtained weekly to monitor infection. Control mice (n=3 for 28 d, n=3 for 35 d) were sham infected. Mice were killed on day 28 (experiment 1) and day 35 (experiment 2) post-infection and vaginal tissue, uterine horns and oviducts collected for analysis of mRNAs encoding inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Total RNA was isolated and a superarray analysis performed using mouse Cytokines and Chemokines PCR arrays (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). Statistical differences in gene expression were determined using a paired Students t-test. At 28 days after infection, the expression of mRNA encoding 6, 35 and 3 inflammatory genes differed from controls in vaginal, uterine and oviductal tissues, respectively (P<0.05). At 35 days after infection, the expression of mRNA encoding 16, 38 and 14 inflammatory genes differed from controls in vaginal, uterine and oviductal tissues, respectively (P<0.05). Understanding the mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response at later stages of infection should aid in the development of treatment options that minimize the development of asymptomatic, chronic inflammation-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn L Cerny
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Maranda Van Fleet
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anatoly Slepenkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ellena M Peterson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Phillip J Bridges
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Dixit S, Singh SR, Yilma AN, Agee RD, Taha M, Dennis VA. Poly(lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles provide sustained delivery of a Chlamydia trachomatis recombinant MOMP peptide and potentiate systemic adaptive immune responses in mice. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1311-21. [PMID: 24602605 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED PLA-PEG [poly(lactic acid)-poly (ethylene glycol)], a biodegradable copolymer, is underexploited for vaccine delivery although it exhibits enhanced biocompatibility and slow release immune-potentiating properties. We document here successful encapsulation of M278, a Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP (major outer-membrane protein) peptide, within PLA-PEG nanoparticles by size (~73-100nm), zeta potential (-16 mV), smooth morphology, encapsulation efficiency (~60%), slow release pattern, and non-toxicity to macrophages. Immunization of mice with encapsulated M278 elicited higher M278-specific T-cell cytokines [Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2), Th17 (IL-17)] and antibodies [Th1 (IgG2a), Th2 (IgG1, IgG2b)] compared to bare M278. Encapsulated-M278 mouse serum inhibited Chlamydia infectivity of macrophages, with a concomitant transcriptional down-regulation of MOMP, its cognate TLR2 and CD80 co-stimulatory molecule. Collectively, encapsulated M278 potentiated crucial adaptive immune responses, which are required by a vaccine candidate for protective immunity against Chlamydia. Our data highlight PLA-PEG's potential for vaccines, which resides in its slow release and potentiating effects to bolster immune responses. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This study highlights the potential of a PLA-PEG-based nanoparticle formulation containing a major outer membrane protein of chlamydia trachomatis in inducing a sustained enhanced immune response, paving the way to the development of a vaccination strategy against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Abebayehu N Yilma
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA; Global Institue of Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald D Agee
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA; College of Podiatric Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Murtada Taha
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Albany State University, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research (CNBR), Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA.
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Gat O, Galen JE, Tennant S, Simon R, Blackwelder WC, Silverman DJ, Pasetti MF, Levine MM. Cell-associated flagella enhance the protection conferred by mucosally-administered attenuated Salmonella Paratyphi A vaccines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1373. [PMID: 22069504 PMCID: PMC3206010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A, the agent of paratyphoid A fever, poses an emerging public health dilemma in endemic areas of Asia and among travelers, as there is no licensed vaccine. Integral to our efforts to develop a S. Paratyphi A vaccine, we addressed the role of flagella as a potential protective antigen by comparing cell-associated flagella with exported flagellin subunits expressed by attenuated strains. METHODOLOGY S. Paratyphi A strain ATCC 9150 was first deleted for the chromosomal guaBA locus, creating CVD 1901. Further chromosomal deletions in fliD (CVD 1901D) or flgK (CVD 1901K) were then engineered, resulting in the export of unpolymerized FliC, without impairing its overall expression. The virulence of the resulting isogenic strains was examined using a novel mouse LD(50) model to accommodate the human-host restricted S. Paratyphi A. The immunogenicity of the attenuated strains was then tested using a mouse intranasal model, followed by intraperitoneal challenge with wildtype ATCC 9150. RESULTS Mucosal (intranasal) immunization of mice with strain CVD 1901 expressing cell-associated flagella conferred superior protection (vaccine efficacy [VE], 90%) against a lethal intraperitoneal challenge, compared with the flagellin monomer-exporting mutants CVD 1901K (30% VE) or CVD 1901D (47% VE). The superior protection induced by CVD 1901 with its cell-attached flagella was associated with an increased IgG2a:IgG1 ratio of FliC-specific antibodies with enhanced opsonophagocytic capacity. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly suggest that enhanced anti-FliC antibody-mediated clearance of S. Paratyphi A by phagocytic cells, induced by vaccines expressing cell-associated rather than exported FliC, might be contributing to the vaccine-induced protection from S. Paratyphi A challenge in vivo. We speculate that an excess of IgG1 anti-FliC antibodies induced by the exported FliC may compete with the IgG2a subtype and block binding to specific phagocyte Fc receptors that are critical for clearing an S. Paratyphi A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Gat
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James E. Galen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon Tennant
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raphael Simon
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William C. Blackwelder
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Silverman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Cunningham KA, Carey AJ, Hafner L, Timms P, Beagley KW. Chlamydia muridarum Major Outer Membrane Protein-Specific Antibodies Inhibit In Vitro Infection but Enhance Pathology In Vivo. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:118-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Cochrane M, Armitage CW, O’Meara CP, Beagley KW. Towards a Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine: how close are we? Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1833-56. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections and preventable blindness worldwide. The incidence of chlamydial sexually transmitted infections has increased rapidly and current antibiotic therapy has failed as an intervention strategy. The most accepted strategy for protection and/or control of chlamydial infections is a vaccine that induces both local neutralizing antibodies to prevent infections by the extracellular elementary bodies and a cell-mediated immune response to target the intracellular infection. This article will discuss the challenges in vaccine design for the prevention of chlamydial urogenital infection and/or disease, including selection of target antigens, discussion of effective delivery systems, immunization routes and adjuvants for induction of protective immunity at the targeted mucosal surface whilst minimizing severe inflammatory disease sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cochrane
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles W Armitage
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Connor P O’Meara
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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CD4+ T cells and antibody are required for optimal major outer membrane protein vaccine-induced immunity to Chlamydia muridarum genital infection. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4374-83. [PMID: 20660610 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00622-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective antimicrobial chemotherapy, control of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection will likely require a vaccine. We have assessed the protective effect of an outer membrane protein-based vaccine by using a murine model of chlamydial genital infection. Female mice were first vaccinated with Chlamydia muridarum major outer membrane protein (MOMP) plus the adjuvants CpG-1826 and Montanide ISA 720; then they were challenged with C. muridarum. Vaccinated mice shed 2 log(10) to 3 log(10) fewer inclusion-forming units (IFU) than ovalbumin-vaccinated or naïve animals, resolved infection sooner, and had a lower incidence of hydrosalpinx. To determine the relative contribution of T cells to vaccine-induced protection, mice were vaccinated, depleted of CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, and then challenged vaginally with C. muridarum. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells, but not depletion of CD8(+) T cells, diminished vaccine-induced protection, with CD4-depleted mice shedding 2 log(10) to 4 log(10) more IFU than CD8-depleted or nondepleted mice. The contribution of antibodies to vaccine-induced protection was demonstrated by the absence of protective immunity in vaccinated B-cell-deficient mice and by a 2 log(10) to 3 log(10) decrease in bacterial shedding by mice passively administered an anti-MOMP serum. Thus, optimal protective immunity in this model of vaccine-induced protection depends on contributions from both CD4(+) T cells and antibody.
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Papp K, Szekeres Z, Erdei A, Prechl J. Two-dimensional immune profiles improve antigen microarray-based characterization of humoral immunity. Proteomics 2008; 8:2840-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Iankov ID, Pandey M, Harvey M, Griesmann GE, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ. Immunoglobulin g antibody-mediated enhancement of measles virus infection can bypass the protective antiviral immune response. J Virol 2006; 80:8530-40. [PMID: 16912303 PMCID: PMC1563851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00593-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to viral surface glycoproteins play a crucial role in immunity to measles by blocking both virus attachment and subsequent fusion with the host cell membrane. Here, we demonstrate that certain immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies can also enhance the entry of measles virus (MV) into monocytes and macrophages. Antibody-dependent enhancement of infectivity was observed in mouse and human macrophages using virions opsonized by a murine monoclonal antibody against the MV hemagglutinin (H) glycoprotein, polyclonal mouse anti-MV IgG, or diluted measles-immune human sera. Neither H-specific Fab fragments nor H-specific IgM could enhance MV entry in monocytes or macrophages, indicating involvement of a Fc gamma receptor (FcgammaR)-mediated mechanism. Preincubation with an anti-fusion protein (anti-F) monoclonal antibody or a fusion-inhibitory peptide blocked infection, indicating that a functional F protein was required for viral internalization. Classical complement pathway activation did not promote infection through complement receptors and inhibited anti-H IgG-mediated enhancement. In vivo, antibody-enhanced infection allowed MV to overcome a highly protective systemic immune response in preimmunized IfnarKo-Ge46 transgenic mice. These data demonstrate a previously unidentified mechanism that may contribute to morbillivirus pathogenesis where H-specific IgG antibodies promote the spread of MV infection among FcgammaR-expressing host cells. The findings point to a new model for the pathogenesis of atypical MV infection observed after immunization with formalin-inactivated MV vaccine and underscore the importance of the anti-F response after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianko D Iankov
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens: two-dimensional thinking comes full circle. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4225-8. [PMID: 12874297 PMCID: PMC166024 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4225-4228.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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Hawkins RA, Rank RG, Kelly KA. A Chlamydia trachomatis-specific Th2 clone does not provide protection against a genital infection and displays reduced trafficking to the infected genital mucosa. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5132-9. [PMID: 12183563 PMCID: PMC128225 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.9.5132-5139.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A T helper type 1 (Th1) response is essential for resolving genital infections with the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis (MoPn). However, T-cell-dependent anti-chlamydial antibody is produced and may also contribute to protective immunity. We produced a MoPn-specific CD4 Th2 clone (Th2-MoPn) to study the role of a Th2 response during infection. We found that Th2-MoPn was unable to eradicate chlamydiae from the genital tract (GT) when it was transferred into MoPn-infected nude mice. Mice that received Th2-MoPn produced greater titers of MoPn-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody than mice that received a MoPn-specific Th1 clone (Th1-MoPn) (log(10) titers, 1.89 +/- 0.84 and 0.58 +/- 0.76 [mean +/- standard deviation], respectively [P < 0.01]). Also, the IgG isotypes were different for the two groups; whereas IgG1 was associated with Th2-MoPn, IgG2a was associated with Th1-MoPn. Also, infected nude mice that received Th2-MoPn produced higher levels of IgA in vaginal secretions. Although clone Th2-MoPn was detected in the GT, it was less efficient at migrating (112 +/- 35.6 labeled Th2 clone cells/10(5) GT cells) than Th1-MoPn (505 +/- 51.6 Th1 clone cells/10(5) GT cells) (P < 0.001, as determined by a t test). This may have been due to reduced expression of alpha4beta7 and P-selectin ligand 1 on Th2-MoPn. However, Th2-MoPn cells were retained in the GT during chronic infection and comprised 10 to 15% of the total GT cells 80 days after transfer. The data show that the MoPn-specific Th2 cells are important for serum and vaginal antibody production and may accumulate in the GT during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Hawkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Haralambieva IH, Iankov ID, Petrov DP, Mladenov IV, Mitov IG. Monoclonal antibody of IgG isotype against a cross-reactive lipopolysaccharide epitope of Chlamydia and Salmonella Re chemotype enhances infectivity in L-929 fibroblast cells. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 33:71-6. [PMID: 12052561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 202D7 of IgG3 isotype recognizes a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) epitope of Chlamydia spp. and cross-reacts with the Re chemotype LPS of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The antibody exhibits strong complement activating properties and stimulates phagocytosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Minnesota Re mutant by murine macrophages. Salmonella Re mutants are non-invasive for cell monolayers but still can enter and replicate in L-929 murine fibroblast cells. The entry of bacteria within the cells increases five-fold in the presence of MAb 202D7. The antibody mediates attachment and enhances five-fold the infectivity of Chlamydia pneumoniae into L-929 cells, which suggests a possible IgG-mediated mechanism of entry and survival of the pathogen in fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H Haralambieva
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Sofia, Zdrave 2 street, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717, USA.
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Mladenov IV, Haralambieva IH, Iankov ID, Mitov IG. Characterisation of 20-kDa lectin-spermagglutinin from Arum maculatum that prevents Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of L-929 fibroblast cells. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 32:249-54. [PMID: 11934571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel lectin from the root of Arum maculatum was isolated by saline extraction and purified by cold ethanol precipitation and subsequent fractionation on Superose 6 column. The lectin named A. maculatum agglutinin is a non-glycosylated protein with 20-kDa molecular mass agglutinating human ejaculated spermatozoa, but not human erythrocytes. The agglutination was blocked in the presence of N-acetylneuraminic acid indicating that the lectin is sialoglycoprotein specific. Chlamydia pneumoniae strain AR-39 showed considerable potential to grow in murine L-929 fibroblast cells. Pretreatment of the cell monolayers with purified lectin reduced the entry and intracellular replication of C. pneumoniae. These results suggest that the isolated lectin prevents attachment by binding to a C. pneumoniae specific sialoglycoprotein receptor expressed on the surface of L-929 fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Mladenov
- Department of Biology, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Bessho H, Arita S, Yamane K, Hori Y. A simple titration method for determining Chlamydia infectivity using an image analyzing system. J Microbiol Methods 2001; 45:21-9. [PMID: 11295194 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the biological study of Chlamydia, it is very important to determine the infectivity titer of the organism. For many years researchers used the serial dilution method to determine this titer. This method consists of diluting the material to be examined, inoculating suitable dilutions into susceptible cell cultures and cultivating them. The number of inclusions formed in host cells can be calculated with the naked eye under a microscope. The precision and accuracy of this method, however, depend on the number of inclusions per field and the number of fields counted. In this report, we present a simple and rapid method for counting a large number of inclusions using an image analysis system and an appropriate number of samples, and propose a sampling method based on a statistical analysis of the data obtained with 84 microscopic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bessho
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
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Morrison SG, Morrison RP. Resolution of secondary Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection in immune mice with depletion of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:2643-9. [PMID: 11254630 PMCID: PMC98202 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.4.2643-2649.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential role of T cells in the resolution of primary murine Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection is inarguable; however, much less is known about the mechanisms that confer resistance to reinfection. We previously established that CD4+ T cells and B cells contribute importantly to resistance to reinfection. In our current studies, we demonstrate that immune mice concurrently depleted of both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells resisted reinfection as well as immunocompetent wild-type mice. The in vivo depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells resulted in diminished chlamydia-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, but antichlamydial antibody responses were unaffected. Our data indicate that immunity to chlamydial genital tract reinfection does not rely solely upon immune CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and further substantiate a predominant role for additional effector immune responses, such as B cells, in resistance to chlamydial genital tract reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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Hess J, Schaible U, Raupach B, Kaufmann SH. Exploiting the immune system: toward new vaccines against intracellular bacteria. Adv Immunol 2001; 75:1-88. [PMID: 10879281 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(00)75001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Hess
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Zeitlin L, Cone RA, Whaley KJ. Using monoclonal antibodies to prevent mucosal transmission of epidemic infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:54-64. [PMID: 10081672 PMCID: PMC2627706 DOI: 10.3201/eid0501.990107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with antibodies has been shown to prevent a wide variety of diseases. Recent advances in monoclonal antibody technology are enabling the development of new methods for passive immunization of mucosal surfaces. Human monoclonal antibodies, produced rapidly, inexpensively, and in large quantities, may help prevent respiratory, diarrheal, and sexually transmitted diseases on a public health scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zeitlin
- ReProtect, LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Infections of the eye and genital tract with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis are a major cause of morbidity worldwide and are costly to treat. Development of a vaccine capable of protecting against infection or severe disease presents special challenges but would be the most effective long-term option for control of chlamydial disease. Progress has been made in understanding protective and pathological immune mechanisms in these infections, and a number of potential vaccine candidates have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Stagg
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College School of Medicine at Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, UK.
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