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Kulig K, Karnas E, Woznicka O, Kuleta P, Zuba-Surma E, Pyza E, Osyczka A, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. Insight Into the Properties and Immunoregulatory Effect of Extracellular Vesicles Produced by Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:879237. [PMID: 35734578 PMCID: PMC9207348 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.879237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, non-albicans Candida species, including C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis, are becoming an increasing epidemiological threat, predominantly due to the distinct collection of virulence mechanisms, as well as emerging resistance to antifungal drugs typically used in the treatment of candidiasis. They can produce biofilms that release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanometric spherical structures surrounded by a lipid bilayer, transporting diversified biologically active cargo, that may be involved in intercellular communication, biofilm matrix production, and interaction with the host. In this work, we characterize the size and protein composition of these structures for three species of non-albicans Candida fungi forming biofilm, indicating considerable heterogeneity of the investigated population of fungal EVs. Examination of the influence of EVs on cytokine production by the human monocytic cell line THP-1 differentiated into macrophage-like cells revealed that the tested vesicles have a stimulating effect on the secretion of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 8, while they reduce the production of interleukin 10. This may indicate the proinflammatory nature of the effect of EVs produced by these species on the host immune cells. Moreover, it has been indicated that vesicles may be involved in C. tropicalis biofilm resistance to fluconazole and caspofungin. This reveals the important role of EVs not only in the physiology of C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis fungi but also in the pathogenesis of infections associated with the production of fungal biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kulig
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Karnas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patryk Kuleta
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- *Correspondence: Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta,
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2
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Flores-Maldonado OE, González GM, Andrade-Torres Á, Treviño-Rangel R, Donis-Maturano L, Silva-Sánchez A, Hernández-Bello R, Montoya A, Salazar-Riojas R, Romo-González C, Becerril-García MA. Distinct innate immune responses between sublethal and lethal models of disseminated candidiasis in newborn BALB/c mice. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105061. [PMID: 34157411 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is associated with a high incidence and mortality rates in infants, especially in preterm newborns. The immunopathogenesis of the mycosis during the neonatal period is poorly understood. Although several in vivo models exist to study invasive candidiasis, the majority of studies employ distinct routes of infection and use 2 to 6 day-old mice that could be less comparable in studying candidiasis in preterm infants. In this study, by using 0-days-old mice we developed a new neonatal murine model of intravenous Candida albicans infection. Using different inoculums of Candida albicans we evaluated survival, dissemination of the fungus, frequency of CD45+ cells, and cytokine production in the liver, brain, and kidneys of newborn and adult BALB/c mice. Unexpectedly, the newborn mice infected with a low inoculum (1×105 cfu per mouse) of Candida albicans survive to the infection. Compared to adult mice, the liver and brain of newborn animals had the greatest fungal burden, fungal invasion and leukocyte infiltrate. A moderate production of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFNγ was detected in tissues of newborn mice infected with a non-lethal inoculum of Candida albicans. In contrast, overproduction of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 was determined when injecting with a lethal inoculum. In agreement, flow cytometry of brain and liver showed an inoculum-dependent CD45+ leukocyte infiltration in newborn mice infected with Candida albicans. Overall, our data shows that Candida albicans infection in newborn mice affects mainly the brain and liver and a 2-fold increase of the inoculum rapidly becomes lethal probably due to massive fungal invasion and exacerbated CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate and cytokine production. This study is the first analysis of innate immune responses in different tissues during early neonatal disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando E Flores-Maldonado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Ángel Andrade-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Rogelio Treviño-Rangel
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Luis Donis-Maturano
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina (UBIMED), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES)-Iztacala, Estado de México, México
| | - Aarón Silva-Sánchez
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Alexandra Montoya
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Rosario Salazar-Riojas
- Servicio de Hematología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México
| | - Carolina Romo-González
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (INP). Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A Becerril-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, México.
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3
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Cribas ES, Denny JE, Maslanka JR, Abt MC. Loss of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signaling Promotes IL-22-Dependent Host Defenses against Acute Clostridioides difficile Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00730-20. [PMID: 33649048 PMCID: PMC8091099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00730-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the bacterial pathogen Clostridioides difficile causes severe damage to the intestinal epithelium that elicits a robust inflammatory response. Markers of intestinal inflammation accurately predict clinical disease, however, the extent to which host-derived proinflammatory mediators drive pathogenesis versus promote host protective mechanisms remains elusive. In this report, we employed Il10-/- mice as a model of spontaneous colitis to examine the impact of constitutive intestinal immune activation, independent of infection, on C. difficile disease pathogenesis. Upon C. difficile challenge, Il10-/- mice exhibited significantly decreased morbidity and mortality compared to littermate Il10 heterozygote (Il10HET) control mice, despite a comparable C. difficile burden, innate immune response, and microbiota composition following infection. Similarly, antibody-mediated blockade of interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling in wild-type C57BL/6 mice conveyed a survival advantage if initiated 3 weeks prior to infection. In contrast, no advantage was observed if blockade was initiated on the day of infection, suggesting that the constitutive activation of inflammatory defense pathways prior to infection mediated host protection. IL-22, a cytokine critical in mounting a protective response against C. difficile infection, was elevated in the intestine of uninfected, antibiotic-treated Il10-/- mice, and genetic ablation of the IL-22 signaling pathway in Il10-/- mice negated the survival advantage following C. difficile challenge. Collectively, these data demonstrate that constitutive loss of IL-10 signaling, via genetic ablation or antibody blockade, enhances IL-22-dependent host defense mechanisms to limit C. difficile pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Cribas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Maslanka
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael C Abt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Zangl I, Pap IJ, Aspöck C, Schüller C. The role of Lactobacillus species in the control of Candida via biotrophic interactions. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 7:1-14. [PMID: 31921929 PMCID: PMC6946018 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.01.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities have an important role in health and disease. Candida spp. are ubiquitous commensals and sometimes opportunistic fungal pathogens of humans, colonizing mucosal surfaces of the genital, urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and the oral cavity. They mainly cause local mucosal infections in immune competent individuals. However, in the case of an ineffective immune defense, Candida infections may become a serious threat. Lactobacillus spp. are part of the human microbiome and are natural competitors of Candida in the vaginal environment. Lactic acid, low pH and other secreted metabolites are environmental signals sensed by fungal species present in the microbiome. This review briefly discusses the ternary interaction between host, Lactobacillus species and Candida with regard to fungal infections and the potential antifungal and fungistatic effect of Lactobacillus species. Our understanding of these interactions is incomplete due to the variability of the involved species and isolates and the complexity of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zangl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Tulln, Austria
| | - Ildiko-Julia Pap
- University Hospital of St. Pölten, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Aspöck
- University Hospital of St. Pölten, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Schüller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Tulln, Austria.,Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), BOKU, Tulln, Austria
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5
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Wang YH, Tsai DY, Ko YA, Yang TT, Lin IY, Hung KH, Lin KI. Blimp-1 Contributes to the Development and Function of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1909. [PMID: 31474988 PMCID: PMC6702260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a B cell subset that plays a suppressive role in immune responses. The CD19+CD1dhiCD5+ Bregs that can execute regulatory functions via secreting IL-10 are defined as B10 cells. Bregs suppress autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, whereas they exacerbate infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Notably, the molecular mechanisms regulating the development and functions of Bregs are still largely unknown. Furthermore, the biological impact of Bregs in fungal infection has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we compared the gene expression profiles of IL-10-producing and -non-producing mouse splenic B cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-CD40 antibody. Blimp-1, a transcription factor known to be critical for plasma cell differentiation, was found to be enriched in the IL-10-producing B cells. The frequency of Blimp-1+ B10 cells was increased in LPS-treated mice and in isolated B10 cells that were stimulated with LPS. Surprisingly, B cell-specific Blimp-1 knockout (Cko) mice, generated by CD19 promoter driven Cre recombinase-dependent deletion of Prdm1 (gene encoding Blimp-1), showed higher frequencies of B10 cells both in the steady state and following injection with LPS, as compared with control littermates. However, B10 cells lacking Blimp-1 failed to efficiently suppress the proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells primed with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. B10 cells can be stimulated for further differentiation into plasmablasts, and a subset of plasmablasts express IL-10. We found that B10 cells from Cko mice failed to generate both IL-10-non-producing and IL-10-producing plasmablasts. Mechanistically, we found that Blimp-1 can directly suppress Il-10, whereas, in the presence of activated STAT3, Blimp-1 works together with activated STAT3 to upregulate Il-10. Moreover, we also found that B10 cells improve the clearance of Candida albicans infection but worsen the infection mortality. Notably, a lack of Blimp-1 in B10 cells did not change these effects of adoptively transferred B10 cells on fungal infections. Together, our data show that Blimp-1 regulates the generation, differentiation, and IL-10 production of Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsiu Wang
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yan Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Tzu Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Ying Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Viglianti SP, Roussey JA, Levitz SM, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Autocrine IL-10 Signaling Promotes Dendritic Cell Type-2 Activation and Persistence of Murine Cryptococcal Lung Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2004-2015. [PMID: 30097531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The substantial morbidity and mortality caused by invasive fungal pathogens, including Cryptococcus neoformans, necessitates increased understanding of protective immune responses against these infections. Our previous work using murine models of cryptococcal lung infection demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate critical transitions from innate to adaptive immunity and that IL-10 signaling blockade improves fungal clearance. To further understand interrelationships among IL-10 production, fungal clearance, and the effect of IL-10 on lung DCs, we performed a comparative temporal analysis of cryptococcal lung infection in wild type C57BL/6J mice (designated IL-10+/+) and IL-10-/- mice inoculated intratracheally with C. neoformans (strain 52D). Early and sustained IL-10 production by lung leukocytes was associated with persistent infection in IL-10+/+ mice, whereas fungal clearance was improved in IL-10-/- mice during the late adaptive phase of infection. Numbers of monocyte-derived DCs, T cells, and alveolar and exudate macrophages were increased in lungs of IL-10-/- versus IL-10+/+ mice concurrent with evidence of enhanced DC type-1, Th1/Th17 CD4 cell, and classical macrophage activation. Bone marrow-derived DCs stimulated with cryptococcal mannoproteins, a component of the fungal capsule, upregulated expression of IL-10 and IL-10R, which promoted DC type-2 activation in an autocrine manner. Thus, our findings implicate fungus-triggered autocrine IL-10 signaling and DC type-2 activation as important contributors to the development of nonprotective immune effector responses, which characterize persistent cryptococcal lung infection. Collectively, this study informs and strengthens the rationale for IL-10 signaling blockade as a novel treatment for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven P Viglianti
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Jonathan A Roussey
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Research Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; .,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Pulmonary Section Medical Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Health System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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7
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Che CY, Yuan KL, Zhao GQ, Li C, Lin J, Zhu GQ, Liu M. Regulation of lipoxygenase-1 and Dectin-1 on interleukin-10 in mouse Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:905-909. [PMID: 29977799 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the regulation of lipoxygenase (LOX)-1 and Dectin-1 on interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in mice with Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS The corneas of C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with LOX-1 inhibitor Poly(I) or Dectin-1 siRNA separately before the infection of A. fumigatus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression of IL-10. RESULTS The mRNA and protein expressions of IL-10 were significantly increased in mice with A. fumigatus keratitis. Compared with the group pretreated with sterile water before infection, Poly(I) pretreatment suppressed IL-10 expression significantly. Compared with the group pretreated with scrambled siRNA before infection, Dectin-1 siRNA pretreatment significantly reduced IL-10 expression in response to A. fumigatus infection. CONCLUSION LOX-1 and Dectin-1 regulate IL-10 production in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ke-Lan Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Gui-Qiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
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8
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Khosravi AR, Shokri H, Eshghi S. In vitro lymphoproliferative response and cytokine production in mice with experimental disseminated candidiasis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 20:193-198. [PMID: 28293397 PMCID: PMC5339661 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2017.8248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Systemic candidiasis is an infection of Candida albicans (C. albicans) causing disseminated disease and sepsis, invariably when host defenses are compromised. We investigated the histopathological changes as well as the lymphoproliferative responses and cytokine production of splenic cells after stimulation with Concanavalin A (Con A) and Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in mice with disseminated candidiasis. Materials and Methods: Lymphoproliferative responses were stimulated in vitro with Con A (1 µg/ml) and PWM (1 µg/ml) mitogens in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 media, and the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The results revealed that C. albicans organisms multiplied to a greater extent in the kidneys than in the liver and spleen of infected mice. The most predominant forms of C. albicans in different parts of the kidneys were yeast mixed with hyphal forms. Infected mice had a significantly increased proliferative response when splenocytes were stimulated with PWM (2.0±0.16) and Con A (1.9±0.19) (P<0.05). PWM and Con A-stimulated production of IFN-γ significantly tended to be higher in infected mice (PWM: 68.4±14.0 pg/ml; Con A: 53.7±17.3 pg/ml) when compared to controls (P<0.05). Stimulation with PWM and Con A showed no differences in IL-4 production between infected mice and controls. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated a significant increase in both cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in supernatants of PWM and Con A- stimulated splenocyte cultures obtained from mice with disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
| | - Shahin Eshghi
- Department of Food Sciences, Iranian Veterinary Organization, Qazvin, Iran
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9
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Roussey JA, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4040047. [PMID: 27973396 PMCID: PMC5192530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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10
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Haraguchi N, Kikuchi N, Morishima Y, Matsuyama M, Sakurai H, Shibuya A, Shibuya K, Taniguchi M, Ishii Y. Activation of murine invariant NKT cells promotes susceptibility to candidiasis by IL-10 induced modulation of phagocyte antifungal activity. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1691-703. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Haraguchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Norihiro Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Kasumigaura Medical Center; Tsuchiura Japan
| | - Yuko Morishima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masashi Matsuyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sakurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation; RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology; Yokohama Japan
| | - Yukio Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
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11
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Tyc KM, Herwald SE, Hogan JA, Pierce JV, Klipp E, Kumamoto CA. The game theory of Candida albicans colonization dynamics reveals host status-responsive gene expression. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:20. [PMID: 26927448 PMCID: PMC4772284 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The fungal pathogen Candida albicans colonizes the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammalian hosts as a benign commensal. However, in an immunocompromised host, the fungus is capable of causing life-threatening infection. We previously showed that the major transcription factor Efg1p is differentially expressed in GI-colonizing C. albicans cells dependent on the host immune status. To understand the mechanisms that underlie this host-dependent differential gene expression, we utilized mathematical modeling to dissect host-pathogen interactions. Specifically, we used principles of evolutionary game theory to study the mechanism that governs dynamics of EFG1 expression during C. albicans colonization. Results Mathematical modeling predicted that down-regulation of EFG1 expression within individual fungal cells occurred at different average rates in different hosts. Rather than using relatively transient signaling pathways to adapt to a new environment, we demonstrate that C. albicans overcomes the host defense strategy by modulating the activity of diverse fungal histone modifying enzymes that control EFG1 expression. Conclusion Based on our modeling and experimental results we conclude that C. albicans cells sense the local environment of the GI tract and respond to differences by altering EFG1 expression to establish optimal survival strategies. We show that the overall process is governed via modulation of epigenetic regulators of chromatin structure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-016-0268-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Tyc
- Theoretische Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115, Berlin, Germany. .,Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Sanna E Herwald
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Hogan
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Jessica V Pierce
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretische Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, D-10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carol A Kumamoto
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Ahmad E, Zia Q, Fatima MT, Owais M, Saleemuddin M. Vaccine potential of plasma bead-based dual antigen delivery system against experimental murine candidiasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 81:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, van de Veerdonk FL. Immune defence against Candida fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:630-42. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Krause P, Morris V, Greenbaum JA, Park Y, Bjoerheden U, Mikulski Z, Muffley T, Shui JW, Kim G, Cheroutre H, Liu YC, Peters B, Kronenberg M, Murai M. IL-10-producing intestinal macrophages prevent excessive antibacterial innate immunity by limiting IL-23 synthesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7055. [PMID: 25959063 PMCID: PMC4428691 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are regulated in the intestine to prevent excessive inflammation. Here we show that a subset of mouse colonic macrophages constitutively produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium, a model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in humans, these macrophages are required to prevent intestinal pathology. IL-23 is significantly increased in infected mice with a myeloid cell-specific deletion of IL-10, and the addition of IL-10 reduces IL-23 production by intestinal macrophages. Furthermore, blockade of IL-23 leads to reduced mortality in the context of macrophage IL-10 deficiency. Transcriptome and other analyses indicate that IL-10-expressing macrophages receive an autocrine IL-10 signal. Interestingly, only transfer of the IL-10 positive macrophages could rescue IL-10 deficient infected mice. Therefore, these data indicate a pivotal role for intestinal macrophages that constitutively produce IL-10, in controlling excessive innate immune activation and preventing tissue damage after an acute bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Krause
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Venetia Morris
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jason A Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yoon Park
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Unni Bjoerheden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Tracy Muffley
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gisen Kim
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yun-Cai Liu
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Masako Murai
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Chotirmall SH, McElvaney NG. Fungi in the cystic fibrosis lung: bystanders or pathogens? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 52:161-73. [PMID: 24625547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improvement to the life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (PWCF) brings about novel challenges including the need for evaluation of the role of fungi in the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung. To determine if such organisms represent bystanders or pathogens affecting clinical outcomes we review the existing knowledge from a clinical, biochemical, inflammatory and immunological perspective. The prevalence and importance of fungi in the CF airway has likely been underestimated with the most frequently isolated filamentous fungi being Aspergillus fumigatus and Scedosporium apiospermum and the major yeast Candida albicans. Developing non-culture based microbiological methods for fungal detection has improved both our classification and understanding of their clinical consequences including localized, allergic and systemic infections. Cross-kingdom interaction between bacteria and fungi are discussed as is the role of biofilms further affecting clinical outcome. A combination of host and pathogen-derived factors determines if a particular fungus represents a commensal, colonizer or pathogen in the setting of CF. The underlying immune state, disease severity and treatment burden represent key host variables whilst fungal type, form, chronicity and virulence including the ability to evade immune recognition determines the pathogenic potential of a specific fungus at a particular point in time. Further research in this emerging field is warranted to fully elucidate the spectrum of disease conferred by the presence of fungi in the CF airway and the indications for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Noel G McElvaney
- Respiratory Research Division, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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Costa TA, Bazan SB, Feriotti C, Araújo EF, Bassi ÊJ, Loures FV, Calich VLG. In pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis IL-10 deficiency leads to increased immunity and regressive infection without enhancing tissue pathology. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2512. [PMID: 24205424 PMCID: PMC3812093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular immunity is the main defense mechanism in paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Th1 immunity and IFN-γ activated macrophages are fundamental to immunoprotection that is antagonized by IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Both in human and experimental PCM, several evidences indicate that the suppressive effect of IL-10 causes detrimental effects to infected hosts. Because direct studies have not been performed, this study was aimed to characterize the function of IL-10 in pulmonary PCM. Methodology/Principal Findings Wild type (WT) and IL-10−/− C57BL/6 mice were used to characterize the role of IL-10 in the innate and adaptive immunity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) infection. We verified that Pb-infected peritoneal macrophages from IL-10−/− mice presented higher phagocytic and fungicidal activities than WT macrophages, and these activities were associated with elevated production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO) and MCP-1. For in vivo studies, IL-10−/− and WT mice were i.t. infected with 1×106 Pb yeasts and studied at several post-infection periods. Compared to WT mice, IL-10−/− mice showed increased resistance to P. brasiliensis infection as determined by the progressive control of pulmonary fungal loads and total clearance of fungal cells from dissemination organs. This behavior was accompanied by enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, precocious humoral immunity and controlled tissue pathology resulting in increased survival times. In addition, IL-10−/− mice developed precocious T cell immunity mediated by increased numbers of lung infiltrating effector/memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The inflammatory reactions and the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines were reduced at late phases of infection, paralleling the regressive infection of IL-10−/− mice. Conclusions/Significance Our work demonstrates for the first time that IL-10 plays a detrimental effect to pulmonary PCM due to its suppressive effect on the innate and adaptive immunity resulting in progressive infection and precocious mortality of infected hosts. Paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important deep mycosis from Latin America, is acquired by inhalation of fungal spores. The pulmonary infection can remain as a quiescent infection or evolve to overt, life-threatening disease. Immunoprotection is mainly mediated by Th1 lymphocytes secreting IFN- γ, the most important macrophage activating cytokine. It is well established that the severe forms of infection are associated with elevated production of anti-inflammatory or suppressive cytokines such as IL-10. However, direct approaches investigating the role of this cytokine in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis were never employed. This led us to investigate the innate and adaptive aspects of immunity in pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis using IL-10-deficient mice in comparison with their IL-10-normal counterparts. We verified that IL-10 absence leads to a regressive disease, resulting in reduced mortality rates of infected mice. This better disease outcome was associated with precocious and enhanced mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity that allow the control of fungal growth without excessive inflammatory reactions and harmful tissue pathology. These evidences on the detrimental effects of IL-10 to pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis suggest that therapeutic measures aimed to control IL-10 production or activity could exert a protective effect to this severe fungal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia A. Costa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B. Bazan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Feriotti
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliseu F. Araújo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ênio J. Bassi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio V. Loures
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera L. G. Calich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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17
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Thompson CD, Zurko JC, Hanna BF, Hellenbrand DJ, Hanna A. The therapeutic role of interleukin-10 after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:1311-24. [PMID: 23731227 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition affecting 270,000 people in the United States. A potential treatment for decreasing the secondary inflammation, excitotoxic damage, and neuronal apoptosis associated with SCI, is the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10. The best characterized effects of IL-10 are anti-inflammatory-it downregulates pro-inflammatory species interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-9, nitric oxide synthase, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen species. Pro-apoptotic factors cytochrome c, caspase 3, and Bax are downregulated by IL-10, whereas anti-apoptotic factors B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X, B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl) are upregulated by IL-10. IL-10 also provides trophic support to neurons through the IL-10 receptor. Increased tissue sparing, functional recovery, and neuroprotection are seen with an immediate post-SCI systemic administration of IL-10. Treatment of SCI with IL-10 has been used successfully in combination with Schwann cell and olfactory glial cell grafts, as well as methylprednisolone. Minocycline, tetramethylpyrazine, and hyperbaric oxygen treatment all increase IL-10 levels in a SCI models and result in increased tissue sparing and functional recovery. A chronic systemic administration of IL-10 does not appear to be beneficial to SCI recovery and causes increased susceptibility to septicemia, pneumonia, and peripheral neuropathy. However, a localized upregulation of IL-10 has been shown to be beneficial and can be achieved by herpes simplex virus gene therapy, injection of poliovirus replicons, or surgical placement of a slow-release compound. IL-10 shows promise as a treatment for SCI, although research on local IL-10 delivery timeline and dosage needs to be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton D Thompson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Fraga-Silva TFDC, Venturini J, de Arruda MSP. Trafficking of phagocytic peritoneal cells in hypoinsulinemic-hyperglycemic mice with systemic candidiasis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:147. [PMID: 23521724 PMCID: PMC3616899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candidemia is a severe fungal infection that primarily affects hospitalized and/or immunocompromised patients. Mononuclear phagocytes have been recognized as pivotal immune cells which act in the recognition of pathogens, phagocytosis, inflammation, polarization of adaptive immune response and tissue repair. Experimental studies have showed that the systemic candidiasis could be controlled by activated peritoneal macrophages. However, the mechanism to explain how these cells act in distant tissue during a systemic fungal infection is still to be elucidated. In the present study we investigate the in vivo trafficking of phagocytic peritoneal cells into infected organs in hypoinsulinemic-hyperglycemic (HH) mice with systemic candidiasis. Methods The red fluorescent vital dye PKH-26 PCL was injected into the peritoneal cavity of Swiss mice 24 hours before the intravenous inoculation with Candida albicans. After 24 and 48 hours and 7 days of infection, samples of the spleen, liver, kidneys, brain and lungs were submitted to the microbiological evaluation as well as to phagocytic peritoneal cell trafficking analyses by fluorescence microscopy. Results In the present study, PKH+ cells were observed in the peritoneum, kidney, spleen and liver samples from all groups. In infected mice, we also found PKH+ cells in the lung and brain. The HH condition did not affect this process. Conclusions In the present study we have observed that peritoneal phagocytes migrate to tissues infected by C. albicans and the HH condition did not interfere in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Experimental (LIPE), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
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Soltani M, Khosravi AR, Asadi F, Shokri H. Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina platensis in Balb/C mice with candidiasis. J Mycol Med 2012; 22:329-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lionakis MS, Fischer BG, Lim JK, Swamydas M, Wan W, Richard Lee CC, Cohen JI, Scheinberg P, Gao JL, Murphy PM. Chemokine receptor Ccr1 drives neutrophil-mediated kidney immunopathology and mortality in invasive candidiasis. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002865. [PMID: 22916017 PMCID: PMC3420964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is the 4th leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection in the US with mortality that exceeds 40% despite administration of antifungal therapy; neutropenia is a major risk factor for poor outcome after invasive candidiasis. In a fatal mouse model of invasive candidiasis that mimics human bloodstream-derived invasive candidiasis, the most highly infected organ is the kidney and neutrophils are the major cellular mediators of host defense; however, factors regulating neutrophil recruitment have not been previously defined. Here we show that mice lacking chemokine receptor Ccr1, which is widely expressed on leukocytes, had selectively impaired accumulation of neutrophils in the kidney limited to the late phase of the time course of the model; surprisingly, this was associated with improved renal function and survival without affecting tissue fungal burden. Consistent with this, neutrophils from wild-type mice in blood and kidney switched from Ccr1lo to Ccr1high at late time-points post-infection, when Ccr1 ligands were produced at high levels in the kidney and were chemotactic for kidney neutrophils ex vivo. Further, when a 1∶1 mixture of Ccr1+/+ and Ccr1−/− donor neutrophils was adoptively transferred intravenously into Candida-infected Ccr1+/+ recipient mice, neutrophil trafficking into the kidney was significantly skewed toward Ccr1+/+ cells. Thus, neutrophil Ccr1 amplifies late renal immunopathology and increases mortality in invasive candidiasis by mediating excessive recruitment of neutrophils from the blood to the target organ. Invasive infection by the yeast Candida represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients in the intensive care unit. Neutrophils, which are recruited to sites of Candida infection by chemokines and their receptors, are important immune cells in host defense against invasive candidiasis. Consistent with that, lack of neutrophils is a well-established risk factor for adverse outcome after infection. In this study, we performed a broad survey of the chemokine system in a mouse model of invasive candidiasis with an aim to determine factors that regulate neutrophil trafficking to sites of infection. We used that survey to identify Ccr1 as a mediator of mortality in the model via excessive recruitment of neutrophils from the blood to the kidney that results in kidney tissue injury. Strikingly, the effect of Ccr1 on neutrophil accumulation in the kidney was not seen until the late phase of the infection, when the receptor was up-regulated on the neutrophil surface. Together these data demonstrate that neutrophils, besides their recognized protective roles in antifungal host defense, may also exert detrimental effects by causing uncontrolled tissue damage, and identify Ccr1 as a mediator of neutrophil tissue injury in a mouse model of invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- Clinical Mycology Unit, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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Emami CN, Chokshi N, Wang J, Hunter C, Guner Y, Goth K, Wang L, Grishin A, Ford HR. Role of interleukin-10 in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Surg 2012; 203:428-35. [PMID: 22450025 PMCID: PMC3907113 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal emergency in premature neonates. The pathogenesis of NEC is characterized by an intestinal epithelial injury caused by perinatal insults, leading to the activation of the mucosal innate immune system and exacerbation of the epithelial barrier damage. Cytokines play an important role in mucosal immunity. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play a role in epithelial integrity and modulation of the mucosal immune system. We hypothesized that IL-10 may protect against the development of experimental NEC by blunting the inflammatory response in the intestine. METHODS Wild-type and IL-10 -/- mice underwent a NEC-inducing regimen of formula feeding in combination with hypoxia and hypothermia (FF+HH). Integrity of the gut barrier was assessed through measurement of epithelial apoptosis, tight junction disruption, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. A total of 5 μg of exogenous IL-10 was administered intraperitoneally to IL-10-/-mouse pups before the initiation of FF+HH to test dependence of gene knockout phenotype on IL-10. RESULTS IL-10 -/- FF+HH showed more severe morphologic and histologic changes compared with controls as evidenced by increased epithelial apoptosis, decreased junctional adhesion molecule-1 localization, and increased intestinal inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Administration of exogenous IL-10 alleviated the mucosal injury. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that IL-10 plays a protective role in the pathogenesis of NEC by attenuating the degree of intestinal inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Biopsy, Needle
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/drug therapy
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Necrotizing/pathology
- Female
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy, Animal
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N. Emami
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Nikunj Chokshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Catherine Hunter
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Yigit Guner
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kerstin Goth
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Larry Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Anatoly Grishin
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Henri R. Ford
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Penthouse, MS 72, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Increased susceptibility to Candida infection following cecal ligation and puncture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:37-43. [PMID: 21939638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Secondary infection following septic insult represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Sepsis induced immunosuppression is a major factor in the host's susceptibility to nosocomial infections and Candida albicans accounts for a growing number of these. Given the importance of improving our understanding of the immune response to sepsis and the increasing rates of C. albicans infections, we sought to develop a murine model of double injury consisting of primary peritonitis, i.e., cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), followed by a secondary challenge of C. albicans. As observed in previous work, after primary injury the immune profile of the host changes over time. Therefore, while keeping the mortality rates from the respective individual injuries low, we altered the timing of the secondary injury between two post-CLP time points, day two and day four. Mice subjected to C. albicans infection following CLP have significantly different survival rates dependent upon timing of secondary injury. Animals challenged with C. albicans at two days post CLP had 91% mortality whereas animals challenged at four days had 47% mortality. This improvement in survival at four days was associated with restoration of innate cell populations and as evidenced by stimulated splenocytes, increases in certain inflammatory cytokines. In addition, we show that susceptibility to C. albicans infection following CLP is dependent upon the depth of immunosuppression. Although at four days post-CLP there is a partial reconstitution of the immune system, these animals remain more susceptible to infection compared to their single injury (C. albicans alone) counterparts. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that immunosuppression following initial septic insult changes over time. This novel, two hit model of CLP followed by Candida provides additional insight into the immune compromised state created by primary peritonitis, and thereby opens up another avenue of investigation into the causes and possible cures of an emerging clinical problem.
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Li WQ, Hu XC, Zhang X, Ge Y, Zhao S, Hu Y, Ashman RB. Immunisation with the glycolytic enzyme enolase confers effective protection against Candida albicans infection in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:5526-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Interleukin-10 and immunity against prokaryotic and eukaryotic intracellular pathogens. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2964-73. [PMID: 21576331 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00047-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of an effective immune response against an infection while also limiting tissue damage requires a delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has potent immunosuppressive effects and is essential for regulation of immune responses. However, the immunosuppressive properties of IL-10 can also be exploited by pathogens to facilitate their own survival. In this minireview, we discuss the role of IL-10 in modulating intracellular bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. Using information from several different infection models, we bring together and highlight some common pathways for IL-10 regulation and function that cannot be fully appreciated by studies of a single pathogen.
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Jacobsen ID, Grosse K, Berndt A, Hube B. Pathogenesis of Candida albicans infections in the alternative chorio-allantoic membrane chicken embryo model resembles systemic murine infections. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19741. [PMID: 21603634 PMCID: PMC3094387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative models of microbial infections are increasingly used to screen virulence determinants of pathogens. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of Candida albicans and C. glabrata infections in chicken embryos infected via the chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) and analyzed the virulence of deletion mutants. The developing immune system of the host significantly influenced susceptibility: With increasing age, embryos became more resistant and mounted a more balanced immune response, characterized by lower induction of proinflammatory cytokines and increased transcription of regulatory cytokines, suggesting that immunopathology contributes to pathogenesis. While many aspects of the chicken embryo response resembled murine infections, we also observed significant differences: In contrast to systemic infections in mice, IL-10 had a beneficial effect in chicken embryos. IL-22 and IL-17A were only upregulated after the peak mortality in the chicken embryo model occurred; thus, the role of the Th17 response in this model remains unclear. Abscess formation occurs frequently in murine models, whereas the avian response was dominated by granuloma formation. Pathogenicity of the majority of 15 tested C. albicans deletion strains was comparable to the virulence in mouse models and reduced virulence was associated with significantly lower transcription of proinflammatory cytokines. However, fungal burden did not correlate with virulence and for few mutants like bcr1Δ and tec1Δ different outcomes in survival compared to murine infections were observed. C. albicans strains locked in the yeast stage disseminated significantly more often from the CAM into the embryo, supporting the hypothesis that the yeast morphology is responsible for dissemination in systemic infections. These data suggest that the pathogenesis of C. albicans infections in the chicken embryo model resembles systemic murine infections but also differs in some aspects. Despite its limitations, it presents a useful alternative tool to pre-screen C. albicans strains to select strains for subsequent testing in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse D Jacobsen
- Department for Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany.
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Candida and invasive candidiasis: back to basics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:21-31. [PMID: 21544694 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous Candida spp. is an opportunistic fungal pathogen which, despite treatment with antifungal drugs, can cause fatal bloodstream infections (BSIs) in immunocompromised and immunodeficient persons. Thus far, several major C. albicans virulence factors have been relatively well studied, including morphology switching and secreted degradative enzymes. However, the exact mechanism of Candida pathogenesis and the host response to invasion are still not well elucidated. The relatively recent discovery of the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol and the existence of quorum sensing as a basic regulatory phenomenon of the C. albicans population behavior has revolutionized Candida research. Through population density regulation, the quorum-sensing mechanism also controls the cellular morphology of a C. albicans population in response to environmental factors, thereby, effectively placing morphology switching downstream of quorum sensing. Thus, the quorum-sensing phenomenon has been hailed as the 'missing piece' of the pathogenicity puzzle. Here, we review what is known about Candida spp. as the etiological agents of invasive candidiasis and address our current understanding of the quorum-sensing phenomenon in relation to virulence in the host.
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Radovanovic I, Mullick A, Gros P. Genetic control of susceptibility to infection with Candida albicans in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18957. [PMID: 21533108 PMCID: PMC3080400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes acute disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts, representing an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. To study the genetic control of susceptibility to disseminated C. albicans in mice, we phenotyped a group of 23 phylogenetically distant inbred strains for susceptibility to infection as measured by extent of fungal replication in the kidney 48 hours following infection. Susceptibility was strongly associated with the loss-of-function mutant complement component 5 (C5/Hc) allele, which is known to be inherited by approximately 40% of inbred strains. Our survey identified 2 discordant strains, AKR/J (C5-deficient, resistant) and SM/J (C5-sufficient, susceptible), suggesting that additional genetic effects may control response to systemic candidiasis in these strains. Haplotype association mapping in the 23 strains using high density SNP maps revealed several putative loci regulating the extent of C. albicans replication, amongst which the most significant were C5 (P value = 2.43×10(-11)) and a novel effect on distal chromosome 11 (P value = 7.63×10(-9)). Compared to other C5-deficient strains, infected AKR/J strain displays a reduced fungal burden in the brain, heart and kidney, and increased survival, concomitant with uniquely high levels of serum IFNγ. C5-independent genetic effects were further investigated by linkage analysis in an [A/JxAKR/J]F2 cross (n = 158) where the mutant Hc allele is fixed. These studies identified a chromosome 11 locus (Carg4, Candida albicans resistance gene 4; LOD = 4.59), and a chromosome 8 locus (Carg3; LOD = 3.95), both initially detected by haplotype association mapping. Alleles at both loci were inherited in a co-dominant manner. Our results verify the important effect of C5-deficiency in inbred mouse strains, and further identify two novel loci, Carg3 and Carg4, which regulate resistance to C. albicans infection in a C5-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Radovanovic
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alaka Mullick
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Experimental chemotherapy in paracoccidioidomycosis using ruthenium NO donor. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:95-107. [PMID: 21437728 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a granulomatous disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb). To determine the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on this disease, we tested cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NO)SO3](PF6), ruthenium nitrosyl, which releases NO when activated by biological reducing agents, in BALB/c mice infected intravenously with Pb 18 isolate. In a previous study by our group, the fungicidal activity of ruthenium nitrosyl was evaluated in a mouse model of acute PCM, by measuring the immune cellular response (DTH), histopathological characteristics of the granulomatous lesions (and numbers), cytokines, and NO production. We found that cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NO)SO3](PF6)-treated mice were more resistant to infection, since they exhibited higher survival when compared with the control group. Furthermore, we observed a decreased influx of inflammatory cells in the lung and liver tissue of treated mice, possibly because of a minor reduction in fungal cell numbers. Moreover, an increased production of IL-10 and a decrease in TNF-α levels were detected in lung tissues of infected mice treated with cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NO)SO3](PF6). Immunohistochemistry showed that there was no difference in the number of VEGF- expressing cells. The animals treated with cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NO)SO3](PF6) showed high NO levels at 40 days after infection. These results show that NO is effectively involved in the mechanism that regulates the immune response in lung of Pb-infected mice. These data suggest that NO is a resistance factor during paracoccidioidomycosis by controlling fungal proliferation, influencing cytokine production, and consequently moderating the development of a strong inflammatory response.
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Ghosh S, Howe N, Volk K, Tati S, Nickerson KW, Petro TM. Candida albicans cell wall components and farnesol stimulate the expression of both inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the murine RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 60:63-73. [PMID: 20618847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes candidiasis, secretes farnesol, and switches from yeast to hyphae to escape from macrophages after phagocytosis. However, before escape, macrophages may respond to C. albicans' pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and dectin-1 receptors by expressing cytokines involved in adaptive immunity, inflammation, and immune regulation. Therefore, macrophages and the RAW264.7 macrophage line were challenged with C. albicans preparations of live wild-type cells, heat-killed cells, a live mutant defective in hyphae formation, a live mutant producing less farnesol, or an isolate producing farnesoic acid instead of farnesol. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression were evaluated by ELISA and/or qRT-PCR within 6 h after challenge. All viable strains producing farnesol, regardless of hyphae phenotype, induced IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α. To determine which components of C. albicans induced IL-6, RAW264.7 cells were incubated with farnesol, farnesoic acid, with or without zymosan, a yeast cell wall preparation that contains PAMPs recognized by TLR2 and dectin-1. The highest expression of IL-6, TLR2, and dectin-1 occurred when RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with zymosan and farnesol together. Our results suggest that the rapid expression of cytokines from macrophages challenged with C. albicans is due to cell-wall PAMPs combined with farnesol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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IL-12 and related cytokines: function and regulatory implications in Candida albicans infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:686597. [PMID: 21052539 PMCID: PMC2968417 DOI: 10.1155/2011/686597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
IL-12 is a cytokine with links to both innate and adaptive immunity systems. In mice, its deletion leads to acute susceptibility to oral infection with the yeast Candida albicans, whereas such mice are resistant to systemic disease. However, it is an essential component of the adaptive response that leads to the generation of Th1-type cytokine responses and protection against disseminated disease. This paper presents an overview of the role of IL-12 in models of systemic and mucosal infection and the possible relationships between them.
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31
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Sarazin A, Poulain D, Jouault T. In vitropro- and anti-inflammatory responses to viableCandida albicansyeasts by a murine macrophage cell line. Med Mycol 2010; 48:912-21. [DOI: 10.3109/13693781003767592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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32
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Chotirmall SH, Greene CM, McElvaney NG. Candidaspecies in cystic fibrosis: A road less travelled. Med Mycol 2010; 48 Suppl 1:S114-24. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.503320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Sabat R, Grütz G, Warszawska K, Kirsch S, Witte E, Wolk K, Geginat J. Biology of interleukin-10. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:331-44. [PMID: 21115385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sabat
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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Kerrigan AM, Brown GD. Syk-coupled C-type lectin receptors that mediate cellular activation via single tyrosine based activation motifs. Immunol Rev 2010; 234:335-52. [PMID: 20193029 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Different dendritic cell (DC) subsets have distinct specialized functions contributed in part by their differential expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a group of PRRs expressed by DCs and other myeloid cells that can recognize endogenous ligands as well as a wide range of exogenous structures present on pathogens. Dual roles in homeostasis and immunity have been demonstrated for some members of this receptor family. Largely due to their endocytic ability and subset specific expression, DC-expressed CLRs have been the focus of significant antigen-targeting studies. A number of CLRs function on the basis of signaling via association with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adapter proteins. Others contain ITAM-related motifs or immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails. Here we review CLRs that induce intracellular signaling via a single tyrosine-based ITAM-like motif and highlight their relevance in terms of DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Kerrigan
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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35
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Moreira AP, Dias-Melicio LA, Soares AMVC. Interleukin-10 but not Transforming Growth Factor beta inhibits murine activated macrophages Paracoccidioides brasiliensis killing: effect on H2O2 and NO production. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:196-203. [PMID: 20417928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (P. brasiliensis). Most often, this mycosis runs as a chronic progressive course affecting preferentially the lungs. In vitro fungicidal activity against a high virulent strain of P. brasiliensis by murine peritoneal macrophages preactivated with IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha is high and correlates with increased NO and H2O2 production. Within this context, the purpose of this work was to study the role of suppressor cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-beta, in this process. Incubation of either IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha with IL-10 inhibits fungicidal activity of these cells. However, TGF-beta had no effect on fungicidal activity of IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha-activated macrophages. The suppression of fungicidal activity by IL-10 correlated with the inhibition of NO and H2O2 production supporting the involvement of these metabolites in P. brasiliensis killing. These results suggest that IL-10 production in vivo could represent an evasion mechanism of the fungus to avoid host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Moreira
- UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências-Campus Botucatu, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, CEP 18618-000, SP, Brazil
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36
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Steidler L, Rottiers P, Coulie B. Actobiotics as a novel method for cytokine delivery. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1182:135-45. [PMID: 20074282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is central in immune downregulation, but so far its use in inflammatory diseases remains cumbersome. For treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, adequate amounts of IL-10 must reach the intestinal lining. Systemic injection of a pharmacologically active doses of recombinant human (rh) IL-10 results in very low mucosal levels of protein and severe toxicity and side effects. In animal models, topical and active delivery of IL-10 by ingestion of recombinant Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) was shown to be a valuable alternative. Starting thereof we have developed a novel pharmaceutical platform. Our expertise and TopAct (topical and active) delivery technology allows use of recombinant L. lactis- ActoBiotics- in clinical practice. Here we discuss the development of recombinant L. lactis for intestinal delivery of rhIL-10 in humans.
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37
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MacCallum DM. Massive induction of innate immune response to Candida albicans in the kidney in a murine intravenous challenge model. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:1111-22. [PMID: 19845042 PMCID: PMC2784217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the experimental Candida albicans intravenous challenge model, the kidney is one of the main organs involved in disease. In progressive infection, fungal burdens are found to increase over time, with rapid increases occurring from 24 h postinfection. Renal transcriptional responses were analyzed at this time in the kidneys of mice infected by either a virulent or an attenuated C. albicans strain, allowing comparison of host responses in progressive and nonprogressive infection. The results of this study demonstrate that both infections share a common transcriptional response, consisting of functions associated with the acute-phase reaction. In addition, challenge with the virulent strain led to a massively increased expression of cytokine genes, other innate response genes and genes suggestive of initiation of the adaptive immune response. This immune response to C. albicans infection, which occurs only in progressive infection, may contribute to development of sepsis and, ultimately, host death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2D, UK.
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38
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Camargo MR, Venturini J, Vilani-Moreno FR, Arruda MSP. Modulation of macrophage cytokine profiles during solid tumor progression: susceptibility to Candida albicans infection. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:98. [PMID: 19534779 PMCID: PMC2705374 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to attain a better understanding of the interactions between opportunist fungi and their hosts, we investigated the cytokine profile associated with the inflammatory response to Candida albicans infection in mice with solid Ehrlich tumors of different degrees. METHODS Groups of eight animals were inoculated intraperitoneally with 5 x 106 C. albicans 7, 14 or 21 days after tumor implantation. After 24 or 72 hours, the animals were euthanized and intraperitoneal lavage fluid was collected. Peritoneal macrophages were cultivated and the levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-10 and IL-4 released into the supernatants were measured by ELISA. Kidney, liver and spleen samples were evaluated for fungal dissemination. Tumor-free animals and animals that had only been subjected to C. albicans infection were used as control groups. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that the mice produced more IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and less IL-10, and also exhibited fungal clearance, at the beginning of tumor evolution. With the tumor progression, this picture changed: IL-10 production increased and IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha release decreased; furthermore, there was extensive fungal dissemination. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that solid tumors can affect the production of macrophage cytokines and, in consequence, affect host resistance to opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela R Camargo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Experimental Immunopathology Laboratory, College of Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Bauru, SP 17047-001, Brazil.
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Jouault T, Sarazin A, Martinez-Esparza M, Fradin C, Sendid B, Poulain D. Host responses to a versatile commensal: PAMPs and PRRs interplay leading to tolerance or infection by Candida albicans. Cell Microbiol 2009; 11:1007-15. [PMID: 19388906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interactions between commensal microorganisms and their host are basically different from those triggered by pathogens since they involve tolerance. When the commensal is genetically equipped to become an opportunistic pathogen, as is the case with Candida albicans, the picture becomes more complex. In this case, the balance between protection and invasion depends on host reactivity to altered microbial expression of ligands interacting with innate immune sensors. Based on experimental evidence obtained with C. albicans, we discuss the different molecular processes involved in the sensing of this important opportunistic human pathogen by a panel of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) according to the numerous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that can be exposed at its surface. Beneficial or deleterious immune responses that either maintain a commensal state or favour damage by the yeast result from this dynamic interplay.
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Effects of Microbiota on GI Health: Gnotobiotic Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 635:41-56. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09550-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Bourgeois C, Majer O, Frohner I, Kuchler K. In vitro systems for studying the interaction of fungal pathogens with primary cells from the mammalian innate immune system. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 470:125-139. [PMID: 19089381 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-204-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of invasive fungal diseases has increased over the past decades, particularly in relation with the increase of immunocompromised patient cohorts (e.g., HIV-infected patients, transplant recipients, immunosuppressed patients with cancer). Opportunistic fungal pathogens such as Candida spp. are most often associated with serious systemic infections. Currently available antifungal drugs are rather unspecific, often with severe side effects. In some cases, their prophylactic use has favored emergence of resistant fungal strains. Major antifungal drugs target the biosynthesis of lipid components of the fungal plasma membrane or the assembly of the cell wall. For a more specific and efficient treatment and prevention of fungal infection, new therapeutic strategies are needed, including strengthening or stimulation of the residual host immune response. Achieving such a goal requires a better understanding of factors important for the defense and the survival of the host combating Candida spp. Where possible, primary cultures of mammalian immune cells of the innate immune system constitute a better suited model than transformed cell lines to study host-pathogen response and virulence. Hence, in vitro primary cell culture systems are a good strategy for a first screening of mutant strains of Candida spp. to identify virulence traits with regard to host cell response and pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bourgeois
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sun L, Guo RF, Newstead MW, Standiford TJ, Macariola DR, Shanley TP. Effect of IL-10 on neutrophil recruitment and survival after Pseudomonas aeruginosa challenge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 41:76-84. [PMID: 19097982 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0202oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a potent, endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokine known to decrease cytokine and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) expression. Traditionally, in vivo effects of IL-10 were extrapolated from studies employing systemic antibody neutralization. As a result, divergent data regarding the protective and/or harmful roles of IL-10 have been reported. In this study, we used a lung-specific, tetracycline-inducible IL-10 overexpression-transgenic (IL-10 OE) mouse to study the effects of IL-10 overexpression on Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung inflammation and corresponding survival in mice. Overexpression of IL-10 in the lung significantly increased mortality. During the early phase after infection (6-hours after infection), neutrophil recruitment as well as cytokine (TNF-alpha) and chemokine (KC) expression were significantly decreased in the IL-10 OE mice, which resulted in attenuated bacterial clearance. In contrast, overzealous production of KC and TNF-alpha intensified neutrophil infiltration and increased vascular leakage in IL-10 OE mice at the later stage of infection (24 hours after infection). Neutrophil depletion showed impaired bacterial clearance in both control and IL-10 OE mice, and further enhanced mouse mortality, whereas exogenous administration of KC reversed this finding. Our data indicate that early neutrophil recruitment is important for combating bacterial infection, and that the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment by IL-10 results in insufficient bacteria clearance in the lung, leading to excessive development of inflammation and increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4460 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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45
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Vonk AG, Netea MG, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ. Host defence against disseminated Candida albicans infection and implications for antifungal immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 6:891-903. [PMID: 16918256 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.6.9.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The different manifestations of Candida albicans infection are dictated by an underlying defect in the immune response of the host. Protective immunity to disseminated candidiasis, the manifestation of C. albicans infection discussed in this review, has traditionally been ascribed to innate immunity with emphasis on the role of granulocytes. Lately, however, immunological studies have learned that host defence against disseminated candidiasis is based on a complex interplay between innate and cell-mediated immunity. Despite the availability of new antifungal agents, mortality associated with disseminated C. albicans infection remains high. Immunotherapy that augments host defence is an important strategic option in the battle against disseminated candidiasis. Here, the authors review the chronological events in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis that aid in predicting the impact of existing immunotherapy and the development of future immunomodulating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alieke G Vonk
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Department of Medicine 463, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jimenez MDP, Walls L, Fierer J. High levels of interleukin-10 impair resistance to pulmonary coccidioidomycosis in mice in part through control of nitric oxide synthase 2 expression. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3387-95. [PMID: 16714569 PMCID: PMC1479230 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01985-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that there is a direct correlation between IL-10 levels and susceptibility to Coccidioides immitis peritonitis in C57BL/6 (B6), DBA/2, and BXD recombinant inbred mice. We now show that B6 mice are also more susceptible to C. immitis pneumonia and that interleukin-10 (IL-10)-deficient (IL-10-/-) B6 mice are more resistant to C. immitis pneumonia. In addition, we established that high levels of IL-10 are sufficient to make genetically resistant mice susceptible to both C. immitis peritonitis and pneumonia by infecting h.IL-10 transgenic mice. Infected h.IL-10 transgenic mice express lower levels of gamma interferon, IL-12 p40, and inducible nitric oxide synthetase 2 (NOS2) mRNA in their lungs, implicating inducible NOS as a defense mechanism in this disease. We treated DBA/2 mice with aminoguanidine, and they became more susceptible to C. immitis peritonitis and pneumonia. We conclude that high levels of IL-10 are both necessary and sufficient to make mice susceptible to C. immitis, regardless of the genetic background of the mice, and that IL-10 impairs resistance to C. immitis in part by suppressing NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Pilar Jimenez
- Infectious Diseases Section (111F), VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Abstract
Dectin-1 is a natural killer (NK)-cell-receptor-like C-type lectin that is thought to be involved in innate immune responses to fungal pathogens. This transmembrane signalling receptor mediates various cellular functions, from fungal binding, uptake and killing, to inducing the production of cytokines and chemokines. These activities could influence the resultant immune response and can, in certain circumstances, lead to autoimmunity and disease. As I discuss here, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these functions has revealed new concepts, including collaborative signalling with the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the use of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), that have implications for the role of other non-TLR pattern-recognition receptors in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Brown
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, CLS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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van der Graaf CAA, Netea MG, Verschueren I, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ. Differential cytokine production and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways by Candida albicans blastoconidia and hyphae. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7458-64. [PMID: 16239547 PMCID: PMC1273874 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7458-7464.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are crucial for an efficient antifungal defense. We investigated the differential recognition of blastoconidia and hyphae of Candida albicans by TLRs. In contrast to Candida blastoconidia, which stimulated large amounts of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), the tissue-invasive Candida hyphae did not stimulate any IFN-gamma by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or murine splenic lymphocytes. After stimulation with blastoconidia, the production of IFN-gamma was TLR4 dependent, as shown by the significantly decreased IFN-gamma production in anti-TLR4-treated PBMC and in splenic lymphocytes from TLR4-defective ScCr mice. In addition, peritoneal macrophages from ScCr mice produced less tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) than macrophages of control mice did when stimulated with Candida blastoconidia, but not with hyphae, indicating that TLR4-mediated signals are lost during hyphal germination. In contrast, macrophages from TLR2 knockout mice had a decreased production of TNF-alpha in response to both Candida blastoconidia and hyphae. Candida hyphae stimulated production of interleukin-10 through TLR2-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, TLR4 mediates proinflammatory cytokine induction after Candida stimulation, whereas Candida recognition by TLR2 leads mainly to anti-inflammatory cytokine release. TLR4-mediated proinflammatory signals are lost during germination of Candida blastoconidia into hyphae. Phenotypic switching during germination may be an important escape mechanism of C. albicans, resulting in counteracting host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A A van der Graaf
- Department of Medicine (541), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The very poor outcome of invasive fungal infections (IFI) in patients with haematological malignancies or recipients of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is largely attributed to their compromised host defence mechanisms. The restoration or augmentation of immune responses in these patients is now considered as one of the cornerstones of effective antifungal therapy. Major advances in the field of experimental immunology have provided insight on the important regulatory role of cytokines in both innate and adaptive immunity to fungal pathogens. Preclinical studies have convincingly demonstrated that immunomodulation with cytokines can enhance the antifungal activity of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages as well as upregulate protective T-helper type 1 adaptive immune responses. Evidence on the clinical use of cytokines in immunocompromised hosts with IFI is, however, still scant and inconclusive. The present review summarizes experimental and clinical data on the role of cytokines in the immune response to fungal pathogens and on their potential use for prevention or treatment of fungal infections. Implications for future research are also briefly discussed.
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Tuite A, Mullick A, Gros P. Genetic analysis of innate immunity in resistance to Candida albicans. Genes Immun 2005; 5:576-87. [PMID: 15372070 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Systemic candidiasis is a significant cause of nosocomial infections and the mechanisms of defense against Candida albicans in humans remain poorly understood. Studies in animal models have demonstrated the importance of innate immunity in controlling the response to infection. Although Th1 cytokines have been shown to direct the overall outcome of infection, the precise role of the Th1/Th2 response and, more generally, the adaptive immune response as a whole, in systemic candidiasis, appears to apply mainly to the development of resistance to reinfection. A genetic approach to the identification of host factors regulating pathogenesis and susceptibility to C. albicans infection has been used in humans and in mouse models of infection. Mouse mutants bearing experimentally induced mutations in specific genes have provided a systematic tool for directly assessing the role of individual proteins in C. albicans susceptibility. Inbred mouse strains have been valuable in showcasing the spectrum of naturally occurring variations in initial susceptibility to infection, and type of disease developed. Crosses between resistant and susceptible strains have led to the detection of additional gene effects affecting innate immunity. Of particular interest is the major effect of a naturally occurring loss-of-function mutation in the C5 complement component that has become fixed in many inbred strains. These and other studies have shown that both a functional complement pathway and robust inflammatory response are critical for resistance to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tuite
- 1Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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