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Shivshankar P, Mueller-Ortiz SL, Domozhirov AY, Bi W, Collum SD, Doursout MF, Patel M, LeFebvre IN, Akkanti B, Yau S, Huang HJ, Hussain R, Karmouty-Quintana H. Complement activity and autophagy are dysregulated in the lungs of patients with nonresolvable COVID-19 requiring lung transplantation. Respir Res 2025; 26:68. [PMID: 40016722 PMCID: PMC11866606 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-025-03152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged the current understanding of the complement cascade mechanisms of host immune responses during infection-induced nonresolvable lung disease. While the complement system is involved in opsonization and phagocytosis of the invading pathogens, uncontrolled complement activation also leads to aberrant autophagic response and tissue damage. Our recent study revealed unique pathologic and fibrotic signature genes associated with epithelial bronchiolization in the lung tissues of patients with nonresolvable COVID-19 (NR-COVID-19) requiring lung transplantation. However, there is a knowledge gap if complement components are modulated to contribute to tissue damage and the fibrotic phenotype during NR-COVID-19. We, therefore, aimed to study the role of the complement factors and their corresponding regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of NR-COVID-19. We further examined the association of complement components with mediators of the host autophagic response. We observed significant upregulation of the expression of the classical pathway factor C1qrs and alternative complement factors C3 and C5a, as well as the anaphylatoxin receptor C5aR1, in NR-COVID-19 lung tissues. Of note, complement regulatory protein, decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) was significantly downregulated at both transcript and protein levels in the NR-COVID-19 lungs, indicating a dampened host protective response. Furthermore, we observed significantly decreased levels of the autophagy mediators PPARγ and LC3a/b, which was corroborated by decreased expression of factor P and the C3b receptor CR1, indicating impaired clearance of damaged cells that may contribute to the fibrotic phenotype in NR-COVID-19 patients. Thus, our study revealed previously unrecognized complement dysregulation associated with impaired cell death and clearance of damaged cells, which may promote NR-COVID-19 in patients, ultimately necessitating lung transplantation. The identified network of dysregulated complement cascade activity indicates the interplay of regulatory factors and the receptor-mediated modulation of host immune and autophagic responses as potential therapeutic targets for treating NR-COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivshankar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Hans J. Müller-Eberhard and Irma Gigli Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth-McGovern Medical School, 1825 Pressler Street, #407-07, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Stacey L Mueller-Ortiz
- Hans J. Müller-Eberhard and Irma Gigli Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aleksey Y Domozhirov
- Hans J. Müller-Eberhard and Irma Gigli Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, UTHealth-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weizhen Bi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Collum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Manish Patel
- Center for Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation at UTHealth/McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabella N LeFebvre
- Center for Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation at UTHealth/McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bindu Akkanti
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6.214, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Simon Yau
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Transplant Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Howard J Huang
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Transplant Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rahat Hussain
- Center for Advanced Cardiopulmonary Therapies and Transplantation at UTHealth/McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6.214, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Ivanov SS, Castore R, Juarez Rodriguez MD, Circu M, Dragoi AM. Neisseria gonorrhoeae subverts formin-dependent actin polymerization to colonize human macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010184. [PMID: 34962968 PMCID: PMC8746766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton dictates plasma membrane morphogenesis and is frequently subverted by bacterial pathogens for entry and colonization of host cells. The human-adapted bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae can colonize and replicate when cultured with human macrophages, however the basic understanding of how this process occurs is incomplete. N. gonorrhoeae is the etiological agent of the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and tissue resident macrophages are present in the urogenital mucosa, which is colonized by the bacteria. We uncovered that when gonococci colonize macrophages, they can establish an intracellular or a cell surface-associated niche that support bacterial replication independently. Unlike other intracellular bacterial pathogens, which enter host cells as single bacterium, establish an intracellular niche and then replicate, gonococci invade human macrophages as a colony. Individual diplococci are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages and transported to lysosomes for degradation. However, we found that surface-associated gonococcal colonies of various sizes can invade macrophages by triggering actin skeleton rearrangement resulting in plasma membrane invaginations that slowly engulf the colony. The resulting intracellular membrane-bound organelle supports robust bacterial replication. The gonococci-occupied vacuoles evaded fusion with the endosomal compartment and were enveloped by a network of actin filaments. We demonstrate that gonococcal colonies invade macrophages via a process mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis that is regulated by the actin nucleating factor FMNL3 and is independent of the Arp2/3 complex. Our work provides insights into the gonococci life-cycle in association with human macrophages and defines key host determinants for macrophage colonization. During infection, the human-adapted bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae and causative agent of gonorrhea can invade the submucosa of the urogenital tract where it encounters tissue-resident innate immune sentinels, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Instead of eliminating gonococci, macrophages support robust bacterial replication. Here, we detail the life cycle of N. gonorrhoeae in association with macrophages and define key regulators that govern the colonization processes. We uncovered that N. gonorrhoeae establishes two distinct subcellular niches that support bacterial replication autonomously–one niche was on the macrophage surface and another one was intracellular. Gonococci subverted the host actin cytoskeleton through the actin nucleating factor FMNL3 to invade colonized macrophages and occupy a membrane-bound intracellular organelle. We propose that N. gonorrhoeae ability to occupy distinct subcellular niches when colonizing macrophages likely confers broad protection against multiple host defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanimir S. Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSI); (AMD)
| | - Reneau Castore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Maria Dolores Juarez Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Magdalena Circu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSI); (AMD)
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3
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Kim WJ, Mai A, Weyand NJ, Rendón MA, Van Doorslaer K, So M. Neisseria gonorrhoeae evades autophagic killing by downregulating CD46-cyt1 and remodeling lysosomes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007495. [PMID: 30753248 PMCID: PMC6388937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative human pathogen N. gonorrhoeae (Ngo) quickly attaches to epithelial cells, and large numbers of the bacteria remain on the cell surface for prolonged periods. Ngo invades cells but few viable intracellular bacteria are recovered until later stages of infection, leading to the assumption that Ngo is a weak invader. On the cell surface, Ngo quickly recruits CD46-cyt1 to the epithelial cell cortex directly beneath the bacteria and causes its cleavage by metalloproteinases and Presenilin/γSecretease; how these interactions affect the Ngo lifecycle is unknown. Here, we show Ngo induces an autophagic response in the epithelial cell through CD46-cyt1/GOPC, and this response kills early invaders. Throughout infection, the pathogen slowly downregulates CD46-cyt1 and remodeling of lysosomes, another key autophagy component, and these activities ultimately promote intracellular survival. We present a model on the dynamics of Ngo infection and describe how this dual interference with the autophagic pathway allows late invaders to survive within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won J. Kim
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Annette Mai
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. Weyand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Rendón
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Magdalene So
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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Prusty BK, Siegl C, Gulve N, Mori Y, Rudel T. GP96 interacts with HHV-6 during viral entry and directs it for cellular degradation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113962. [PMID: 25470779 PMCID: PMC4254946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD46 and CD134 mediate attachment of Human Herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and HHV-6B to host cell, respectively. But many cell types interfere with viral infection through rapid degradation of viral DNA. Hence, not all cells expressing these receptors are permissive to HHV-6 DNA replication and production of infective virions suggesting the involvement of additional factors that influence HHV-6 propagation. Here, we used a proteomics approach to identify other host cell proteins necessary for HHV-6 binding and entry. We found host cell chaperone protein GP96 to interact with HHV-6A and HHV-6B and to interfere with virus propagation within the host cell. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), GP96 is transported to the cell surface upon infection with HHV-6 and interacts with HHV-6A and -6B through its C-terminal end. Suppression of GP96 expression decreased initial viral binding but increased viral DNA replication. Transient expression of human GP96 allowed HHV-6 entry into CHO-K1 cells even in the absence of CD46. Thus, our results suggest an important role for GP96 during HHV-6 infection, which possibly supports the cellular degradation of the virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Membrane Cofactor Protein/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Biological
- Protein Binding
- Proteolysis
- RNA Interference
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh K. Prusty
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (TR); (BKP)
| | - Christine Siegl
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nitish Gulve
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (TR); (BKP)
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5
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Asmat TM, Tenenbaum T, Jonsson AB, Schwerk C, Schroten H. Impact of calcium signaling during infection of Neisseria meningitidis to human brain microvascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114474. [PMID: 25464500 PMCID: PMC4252121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pili and outer membrane proteins of Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci) facilitate bacterial adhesion and invasion into host cells. In this context expression of meningococcal PilC1 protein has been reported to play a crucial role. Intracellular calcium mobilization has been implicated as an important signaling event during internalization of several bacterial pathogens. Here we employed time lapse calcium-imaging and demonstrated that PilC1 of meningococci triggered a significant increase in cytoplasmic calcium in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, whereas PilC1-deficient meningococci could not initiate this signaling process. The increase in cytosolic calcium in response to PilC1-expressing meningococci was due to efflux of calcium from host intracellular stores as demonstrated by using 2-APB, which inhibits the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, pre-treatment of host cells with U73122 (phospholipase C inhibitor) abolished the cytosolic calcium increase caused by PilC1-expressing meningococci demonstrating that active phospholipase C (PLC) is required to induce calcium transients in host cells. Furthermore, the role of cytosolic calcium on meningococcal adherence and internalization was documented by gentamicin protection assay and double immunofluorescence (DIF) staining. Results indicated that chelation of intracellular calcium by using BAPTA-AM significantly impaired PilC1-mediated meningococcal adherence to and invasion into host endothelial cells. However, buffering of extracellular calcium by BAPTA or EGTA demonstrated no significant effect on meningococcal adherence to and invasion into host cells. Taken together, these results indicate that meningococci induce calcium release from intracellular stores of host endothelial cells via PilC1 and cytoplasmic calcium concentrations play a critical role during PilC1 mediated meningococcal adherence to and subsequent invasion into host endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef M. Asmat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias Tenenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ann-Beth Jonsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Schwerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Horst Schroten
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are multifunctional protein fibers produced on the surfaces of a wide variety of bacteria and archaea. The major subunit of T4P is the type IV pilin, and structurally related proteins are found as components of the type II secretion (T2S) system, where they are called pseudopilins; of DNA uptake/competence systems in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive species; and of flagella, pili, and sugar-binding systems in the archaea. This broad distribution of a single protein family implies both a common evolutionary origin and a highly adaptable functional plan. The type IV pilin is a remarkably versatile architectural module that has been adopted widely for a variety of functions, including motility, attachment to chemically diverse surfaces, electrical conductance, acquisition of DNA, and secretion of a broad range of structurally distinct protein substrates. In this review, we consider recent advances in this research area, from structural revelations to insights into diversity, posttranslational modifications, regulation, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. Burrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
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8
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Chen Y, Sjölinder M, Wang X, Altenbacher G, Hagner M, Berglund P, Gao Y, Lu T, Jonsson AB, Sjölinder H. Thyroid hormone enhances nitric oxide-mediated bacterial clearance and promotes survival after meningococcal infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41445. [PMID: 22844479 PMCID: PMC3402396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Euthyroid sick syndrome characterized by reduced levels of thyroid hormones (THs) is observed in patients with meningococcal shock. It has been found that the level of THs reflects disease severity and is predictive for mortality. The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of THs on host defense during meningococcal infection. We found that supplementation of thyroxine to mice infected with Neisseria meningitidis enhanced bacterial clearance, attenuated the inflammatory responses and promoted survival. In vitro studies with macrophages revealed that THs enhanced bacteria-cell interaction and intracellular killing of meningococci by stimulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos)-mediated NO production. TH treatment did not activate expression of TH receptors in macrophages. Instead, the observed TH-directed actions were mediated through nongenomic pathways involving the protein kinases PI3K and ERK1/2 and initiated at the membrane receptor integrin αvβ3. Inhibition of nongenomic TH signaling prevented iNos induction, NO production and subsequent intracellular bacterial killing by macrophages. These data demonstrate a beneficial role of THs in macrophage-mediated N. meningitidis clearance. TH replacement might be a novel option to control meningococcal septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Sjölinder
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Altenbacher
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Hagner
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Berglund
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yumin Gao
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Beth Jonsson
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Sjölinder
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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9
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Söderholm N, Vielfort K, Hultenby K, Aro H. Pathogenic Neisseria hitchhike on the uropod of human neutrophils. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24353. [PMID: 21949708 PMCID: PMC3174955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are important components of the human innate immune system and are rapidly recruited at the site of bacterial infection. Despite the effective phagocytic activity of PMNs, Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections are characterized by high survival within PMNs. We reveal a novel type IV pilus-mediated adherence of pathogenic Neisseria to the uropod (the rear) of polarized PMNs. The direct pilus-uropod interaction was visualized by scanning electron microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. We showed that N. meningitidis adhesion to the PMN uropod depended on both pilus-associated proteins PilC1 and PilC2, while N. gonorrhoeae adhesion did not. Bacterial adhesion elicited accumulation of the complement regulator CD46, but not I-domain-containing integrins, beneath the adherent bacterial microcolony. Electrographs and live-cell imaging of PMNs suggested that bacterial adherence to the uropod is followed by internalization into PMNs via the uropod. We also present data showing that pathogenic Neisseria can hitchhike on PMNs to hide from their phagocytic activity as well as to facilitate the spread of the pathogen through the epithelial cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Söderholm
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Vielfort
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helena Aro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Lütschg V, Boucke K, Hemmi S, Greber UF. Chemotactic antiviral cytokines promote infectious apical entry of human adenovirus into polarized epithelial cells. Nat Commun 2011; 2:391. [PMID: 21750545 PMCID: PMC7091692 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelia provide strong barriers against pathogens. For instance, the outward facing apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells lacks receptors for agents, such as hepatitis C virus, herpesvirus, reovirus, poliovirus or adenovirus. In addition, macrophages eliminate pathogens from the luminal space. Here we show that human adenovirus type 5 engages an antiviral immune response to enter polarized epithelial cells. Blood-derived macrophages co-cultured apically on polarized epithelial cells facilitate epithelial infection. Infection also occurs in the absence of macrophages, if virus-conditioned macrophage-medium containing the chemotactic cytokine CXCL8 (interleukin-8), or recombinant CXCL8 are present. In polarized cells, CXCL8 activates a Src-family tyrosine kinase via the apical CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors. This activation process relocates the viral co-receptor ανβ3 integrin to the apical surface, and enables apical binding and infection with adenovirus depending on the primary adenovirus receptor CAR. This paradigm may explain how other mucosal pathogens enter epithelial cells. Studying how pathogens enter polarized epithelial cells is important for understanding infection. Here, activation of chemokine receptors on the apical membrane of epithelial cells, is shown to engage Src family tyrosine signalling, resulting in relocation of the viral co-receptor αvβ3 to the apical membrane and adenovirus entry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Lütschg
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Ni Choileain S, Weyand NJ, Neumann C, Thomas J, So M, Astier AL. The dynamic processing of CD46 intracellular domains provides a molecular rheostat for T cell activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16287. [PMID: 21283821 PMCID: PMC3023775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adequate termination of an immune response is as important as the induction of an appropriate response. CD46, a regulator of complement activity, promotes T cell activation and differentiation towards a regulatory Tr1 phenotype. This Tr1 differentiation pathway is defective in patients with MS, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, underlying its importance in controlling T cell function and the need to understand its regulatory mechanisms. CD46 has two cytoplasmic tails, Cyt1 and Cyt2, derived from alternative splicing, which are co-expressed in all nucleated human cells. The regulation of their expression and precise functions in regulating human T cell activation has not been fully elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we first report the novel role of CD46 in terminating T cell activation. Second, we demonstrate that its functions as an activator and inhibitor of T cell responses are mediated through the temporal processing of its cytoplasmic tails. Cyt1 processing is required to turn T cell activation on, while processing of Cyt2 switches T cell activation off, as demonstrated by proliferation, CD25 expression and cytokine secretion. Both tails require processing by Presenilin/γSecretase (P/γS) to exert these functions. This was confirmed by expressing wild-type Cyt1 and Cyt2 tails and uncleavable mutant tails in primary T cells. The role of CD46 tails was also demonstrated with T cells expressing CD19 ectodomain-CD46 C-Terminal Fragment (CTF) fusions, which allowed specific triggering of each tail individually. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that CD46 acts as a molecular rheostat to control human T cell activation through the regulation of processing of its cytoplasmic tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Ni Choileain
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J. Weyand
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christian Neumann
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joelle Thomas
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5534, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Magdalene So
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne L. Astier
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Hawkins ED, Oliaro J. CD46 signaling in T cells: Linking pathogens with polarity. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4838-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Weyand NJ, Calton CM, Higashi DL, Kanack KJ, So M. Presenilin/gamma-secretase cleaves CD46 in response to Neisseria infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:694-701. [PMID: 20018629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD46 is a type I transmembrane protein with complement and T cell regulatory functions in human cells. CD46 has signaling and receptor properties in immune and nonimmune cells, many of which are dependent on the expression of cytoplasmic tail (cyt) isoforms cyt1 or cyt2. Little is known about how cyt1 and cyt2 mediate cellular responses. We show that CD46-cyt1 and CD46-cyt2 are substrates for presenilin/gamma-secretase (PS/gammaS), an endogenous protease complex that regulates many important signaling proteins through proteolytic processing. PS/gammaS processing of CD46 releases immunoprecipitable cyt1 and cyt2 tail peptides into the cell, is blocked by chemical inhibitors, and is prevented in dominant negative presenilin mutant cell lines. Two human pathogens, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, stimulate PS/gammaS processing of CD46-cyt1 and CD46-cyt2. This stimulation requires type IV pili and PilT, the type IV pilus retraction motor, implying that mechanotransduction plays a role in this event. We present a model for PS/gammaS processing of CD46 that provides a mechanism by which signals are transduced via the cyt1 and cyt2 tails to regulate CD46-dependent cellular responses. Our findings have broad implications for understanding the full range of CD46 functions in infection and noninfection situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Weyand
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Higashi DL, Zhang GH, Biais N, Myers LR, Weyand NJ, Elliott DA, So M. Influence of type IV pilus retraction on the architecture of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae-infected cell cortex. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:4084-4092. [PMID: 19762436 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.032656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Early in infection, Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be observed to attach to the epithelial cell surface as microcolonies and induce dramatic changes to the host cell cortex. We tested the hypothesis that type IV pili (Tfp) retraction plays a role in the ultrastructure of both the host cell cortex and the bacterial microcolony. Using serial ultrathin sectioning, transmission electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction of serial 2D images, we have obtained what we believe to be the first 3D reconstructions of the N. gonorrhoeae-host cell interface, and determined the architecture of infected cell microvilli as well as the attached microcolony. Tfp connect both wild-type (wt) and Tfp retraction-deficient bacteria with each other, and with the host cell membrane. Tfp fibres and microvilli form a lattice in the wt microcolony and at its periphery. Wt microcolonies induce microvilli formation and increases of surface area, leading to an approximately ninefold increase in the surface area of the host cell membrane at the site of attachment. In contrast, Tfp retraction-deficient microcolonies do not affect these parameters. Wt microcolonies had a symmetrical, dome-shaped structure with a circular 'footprint', while Tfp retraction-deficient microcolonies were notably less symmetrical. These findings support a major role for Tfp retraction in microvilli and microcolony architecture. They are consistent with the biophysical attributes of Tfp and the effects of Tfp retraction on epithelial cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin L Higashi
- Department of Immunobiology and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gina H Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Lauren R Myers
- Department of Immunobiology and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan J Weyand
- Department of Immunobiology and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - David A Elliott
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Magdalene So
- Department of Immunobiology and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Griffiths NJ, Bradley CJ, Heyderman RS, Virji M. IFN-gamma amplifies NFkappaB-dependent Neisseria meningitidis invasion of epithelial cells via specific upregulation of CEA-related cell adhesion molecule 1. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:2968-83. [PMID: 17764466 PMCID: PMC3020365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Temporal relationship between viral and bacterial infections has been observed, and may arise via the action of virus-induced inflammatory cytokines. These, by upregulating epithelial receptors targeted by bacteria, may encourage greater bacterial infiltration. In this study, human epithelial cells exposed to interferon-gamma but not tumour necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin 1-beta supported increased meningococcal adhesion and invasion. The increase was related to Opa but not Opc or pili adhesin expression. De novo synthesis of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), a major Opa receptor, occurred in epithelial cells exposed to the cytokine, or when infected with Opa-expressing bacteria. Cell line-dependent differences in invasion that were observed could be correlated with CEACAM expression levels. There was also evidence for Opa/pili synergism leading to high levels of monolayer infiltration by capsulate bacteria. The use of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) inhibitors, diferuloylmethane (curcumin) and SN50, abrogated bacterial infiltration of both untreated and interferon-gamma-treated cells. The studies demonstrate the importance of CEACAMs as mediators of increased cellular invasion under conditions of inflammation and bring to light the potential role of NFκB pathway in Opa-mediated invasion by meningococci. The data imply that cell-surface remodelling by virally induced cytokines could be one factor that increases host susceptibility to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Griffiths
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of BristolBristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Robert S Heyderman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of BristolBristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research ProgrammePO Box 30096, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Mumtaz Virji
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of BristolBristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- *For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+44) 1173312035; Fax (+44) 117 3312035
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Abstract
Background Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are responsible for a large variety of human and animal diseases. Serological typing of Bartonella is a method that can be used for differentiation and identification of Bartonella subspecies. Results We have developed a novel multiple antigenic microarray to serotype Bartonella strains and to select poly and monoclonal antibodies. It was validated using mouse polyclonal antibodies against 29 Bartonella strains. We then tested the microarray for serotyping of Bartonella strains and defining the profile of monoclonal antibodies. Bartonella strains gave a strong positive signal and all were correctly identified. Screening of monoclonal antibodies towards the Gro EL protein of B. clarridgeiae identified 3 groups of antibodies, which were observed with variable affinities against Bartonella strains. Conclusion We demonstrated that microarray of spotted bacteria can be a practical tool for serotyping of unidentified strains or species (and also for affinity determination) by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. This could be used in research and for identification of bacterial strains.
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